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Juvenile Facility Census Program (JFCP)

All Attachments

OMB: 1121-0381

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JFCP Attachments: Table of Contents
A: PDF Forms for the JFCP ...................................................................................................................... 1
B: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act .................................................................................. 51
C: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act ............................................................................ 55
D: Executive Summary of RTI Report ................................................................................................... 58
E: Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report .......................................................................................... 66
F: Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP ..................................................................................... 145
G: Screenshots of Web Collection Instrument ..................................................................................... 151
H: Experts and Outside Consultation ................................................................................................... 153
I: Title 34 Protections ............................................................................................................................. 156
J: Privacy Certification Requirements ................................................................................................. 158
K.JFCP Request Letters ......................................................................................................................... 165
L.Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots ........................................................................................ 169

M.Screenshot of OMB Expiration Date Placeholder .......................................................................... 191
N.NRFU Specs for JRFC/CJRP ............................................................................................................ 192

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
ACTING AS A COLLECTING AGENT FOR U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION

2025 Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement

This questionnaire asks about persons who had assigned beds
in this facility on Wednesday, March 26, 2025.
Important Instructions:
1. A juvenile residential facility is a place
where young persons who have committed
offenses may be housed overnight as a direct
result of those offenses. A facility has
living/sleeping units, such as wings, floors,
dorms, barracks, or cottages on one campus
or in one building.
2. Any buildings with living/sleeping units that
are not on the same campus should be
considered separate facilities and should
submit a separate questionnaire. Please
request additional questionnaires using the
contact information below.

You may find it helpful to use this form to gather
the requested information. We ask that you submit
your response online BY APRIL 30, 2025:

https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
If you cannot submit your information online,
please mail or fax your information to the following:
U.S. Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Fax: 1–888–262–3974

If you have any questions, contact the U.S. Census Bureau: 1–800–352–7229 | erd.jfcp@census.gov
FACILITY NAME

PERSON COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE
Name

E-mail address

Title
Street Address or P.O. Box
Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)

Telephone
State

City

FORM

CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

ZIP Code

Area code

Number

Extension

OMB No. 1121-0381: Approval Expires 12-31-2027
Page 1 of 199

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

MAILING ADDRESS OF FACILITY
Street Address or P.O. Box

Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)
City

State

ZIP Code

State

ZIP Code

PHYSICAL ADDRESS OF FACILITY
Physical address is the same as the mailing address
Street Address (DO NOT provide P.O. Box)
Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)
City

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION
1a. Is this facility part of a larger agency?
01
Yes
No ➔ Go to Note A
02
1b. What is the name of this agency?

NOTE
A

Questions 2 and 3 ask who OWNS this
facility. Later you will be asked who
OPERATES this facility.

2a. Who OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
a private non-profit agency
01
a for profit agency
02
03
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 3
2b. What is the name of the private non-proﬁt
or for-proﬁt agency that OWNS this facility?

➔
3.

Page 2

Go to
NOTE B

What is the level of the government agency
that OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
A Native American Tribal Government
02
Federal
03
State
04
County
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
05
06
Other – Specify

NOTE
B

Questions 4 and 5 ask who OPERATES this
facility (either directly or under contract).

4a. Who OPERATES this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
01
a private non-profit agency
02
a for profit agency
03
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 5
4b. What is the name of the private non-proﬁt
or for-proﬁt agency that OPERATES this
facility?

➔
5.

Go to
Question
6

What is the level of the government agency
that OPERATES this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
A Native American Tribal Government
02
Federal
03
State
04
County
05
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
06
Other – Specify

Page
2 ofCJ-14
199 (02-07-2025)
FORM

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
6. What type of residential facility is the one
listed on the front cover?
Mark (X) all that apply.

INSTRUCTIONS

Detention center: A short-term facility that
provides temporary care in a physically restricting
environment for young persons in custody pending
court disposition and, often, for young persons who
are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or
placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to
another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold young persons committed for
short periods of time as part of their disposition (e.g.,
weekend detention).

The following items ask you to use your
records to provide counts of persons who had
assigned beds in this facility at the end of the
day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025.
This date has been chosen carefully to give a
standardized count of persons in facilities like
yours across the country. You will be asked to
classify your facility population into two age
groups:

Long-term secure facility: A specialized type of
facility that provides strict confinement and long-term
treatment generally for post-adjudication committed
young persons placed for delinquency or status
offenses. Includes training schools, juvenile
correctional facilities, youth development centers.

1. those persons under age 21; and

Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term
facility that screens young persons committed by the
courts and assigns them to appropriate correctional
facilities.

Group home or Halfway house: These facilities
are generally non-secure and typically intended for
post-adjudication commitments in which young
persons are allowed extensive contact with the
community, such as attending school or holding a
job.

2. those persons age 21 and older.
You will then be asked to classify each person
UNDER THE AGE OF 21 into one of the two
following categories:
1. those here because they have been
charged with or court-adjudicated for an
offense. An offense is any behavior that is
illegal in your state for underage persons
alone or for both underage persons and
adults.
2. those here for reasons other than offenses.
Please classify each person under age 21
into just one of these categories. Detailed
descriptions of the above categories are
provided in the questions themselves and on
the Offense Codes on pages 30 and 31 of the
CJRP form.

Residential treatment center: A facility that
focuses on providing some type of individually
planned treatment program for young persons
(substance use, sex offender, mental health, etc.) in
conjunction with residential care. Such facilities
generally require specific licensing by the state that
may require that treatment provided is
Medicaid-reimbursable.
Ranch or Wilderness Program: A long-term
facility focused on providing structured outdoor
programs, such as farming, forestry, wildlife
conservation, and environmental education. These
facilities are generally non-secure and typically
located in a remote area.
Runaway and/or homeless shelter: A
short-term facility that provides temporary care in a
physically unrestricted environment. It can also
provide longer-term care under a juvenile court
disposition order.
Other type of shelter: This includes emergency
non-secure shelters where young persons are
housed short-term until another placement can be
found.
Other: This includes independent living programs
and anything that cannot be classified above.
Specify

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Please use your records to answer the
following questions.

7a. According to your records, at the end of
the day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025,
did ANY persons have assigned beds in
this facility? Include persons who were
temporarily away, but had assigned beds on March
26, 2025. Do NOT include staff.
01
02

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 7c

7b. According to your records, at the end of
the day on March 26, 2025, how many
persons had assigned beds in this facility?

Persons

➔

Go to Question 8

Page 3 of 199

Page 3

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
7c. Specify why there were not ANY persons
assigned beds in this facility on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025:
Facility permanently closed
Date of Closure:

(MM/DD/YYYY)
02

Facility temporarily closed

Other - Specify

10. How many of the persons who had
assigned beds at the end of the day on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025, were AGE 21
or older? Include persons who were temporarily
away, but had assigned beds on March 26, 2025.
Do NOT include staff. Please write "0" if there
were NO persons age 21 or older.

Persons age 21 or older

11a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
March 26, 2025, did ANY persons UNDER
AGE 21 have assigned beds in
this facility? INCLUDE juveniles being tried as
adults in criminal court. Do NOT include staff.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. If you did NOT have ANY persons
assigned beds in this facility on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025, STOP
HERE and submit this form.
2. If you DID HAVE persons assigned beds
in this facility on Wednesday,
March 26, 2025, CONTINUE BELOW.

Yes

Go to Question 11c

11b. According to your records at the end of
the day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025,
how many persons UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility? Include
persons who were temporarily away but had
assigned beds on March 26, 2025. Do NOT
include staff.

What was the TOTAL NUMBER OF
STANDARD BEDS in this facility on the
night of Wednesday, March 26, 2025?
Do NOT include staff beds.
● A single bed is one standard bed
● A double bunked bed is two standard beds

➔

Persons under
age 21

➔

Go to
NOTE C

11c. Specify why there were not ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in this
facility on Wednesday, March 26, 2025:
Mark (X) all that apply.

Total number of standard beds

01
02

9a. On the night of Wednesday, March 26,
2025, were there ANY OCCUPIED
MAKESHIFT BEDS in this facility?
Makeshift beds are:
●
●
●
●
●
●

Roll-out mats
Fold-out cots
Roll-away beds
Pull-out mattresses
Sofas
Any other beds that are put away or
moved during non-sleeping hours

Yes

➔

Go to Question 10

9b. How many makeshift beds were occupied
that night?

Adult only facility
No persons under age 21 were placed in
this facility
Other - Specify

As a check, the sum of question 10 (persons 21 and

NOTE older) and 11b (persons under age 21) should equal
the sum reported in question 7b (number of persons
C
assigned beds in the facility).

INSTRUCTIONS
1. If you did NOT have ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in this
facility on Wednesday, March 26, 2025,
STOP HERE and submit this form.
2. If you DID HAVE persons UNDER AGE
21 assigned beds in this facility on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025,
CONTINUE BELOW.

Occupied makeshift beds
Page 4

Page
4 ofCJ-14
199(02-07-2025)
FORM

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
12a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
March 26, 2025, did ANY of the persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in
this facility SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they
were CHARGED WITH OR COURTADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE?
An offense is any behavior that is illegal in your
state for underage persons alone or for both
underage persons and adults. See the Offense
Codes on page 30.
INCLUDE in your count persons UNDER AGE 21
here BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR:

12b. According to your records at the end of the
day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025, HOW
MANY PERSONS UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility SPECIFICALLY
BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR
COURT- ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE,
as deﬁned in question 12a?
Later you will be asked to provide information
about each of these persons. Include persons who
were temporarily away but had assigned beds on
March 26, 2025. Do NOT include staff.
Persons under age 21 here because
they were charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense.
➔ Go to Question 13a

● ANY offense that is illegal for both adults and
underage persons.
● ANY offense that is ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE
for underage persons but not for adults.
Examples are running away, truancy,
incorrigibility, curfew violation, and underage
liquor violations. Count persons with these
behaviors here ONLY IF THE BEHAVIORS ARE
ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE. This includes those
CHINS (Children in Need of Services) and PINS
(Persons in Need of Services) who are here
BECAUSE of an offense.
● ANY offense being adjudicated in juvenile or
criminal court, including a probation or parole
violation.

12c. Specify why there were not ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in this
facility on Wednesday, March 26, 2025
SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were
CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE:
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

No persons under age 21 were placed in
this facility for an offense.

This facility is no longer under contract to
hold persons under age 21 for offense
reasons.

Other – Specify

DO NOT INCLUDE here:
● Persons under age 21 who have committed one
or more offenses in the past, BUT HAVE
ASSIGNED BEDS ON MARCH 26, 2025 FOR
REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES such as
neglect, abuse, dependency, abandonment, or
another NON-OFFENSE reason.
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems,
substance use problems, etc. UNLESS THE
OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED REQUIRED
TREATMENT AS PART OF THE COURT
ORDER.
● Persons under age 21 who have run away,
been truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew,
IF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
These persons will be counted in question
13b.
● Those persons who are PINS (Persons in
Need of Services) or CHINS (Children in
Need of Services) who have assigned
beds because of REASONS OTHER
THAN OFFENSES.
01
02

Yes
No ➔

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Go to Question 12c

Page 5 of 199

Page 5

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
13a. At the end of the day on Wednesday,
March 26, 2025, did ANY of the persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this
facility FOR REASONS OTHER THAN
OFFENSES? Do NOT include staff.
INCLUDE here:
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here for
NON-OFFENSE REASONS such as neglect,
abuse, dependency, abandonment, or another
NON-OFFENSE reason.
● Persons under age 21 assigned beds here
because of mental health problems
UNLESS THE OFFENSE THEY COMMITTED
REQUIRED TREATMENT AS PART OF THE
COURT ORDER.
● Persons under age 21 who have run away,
been truant or incorrigible, or violated curfew,
IF THESE BEHAVIORS ARE NOT
CONSIDERED ILLEGAL IN YOUR STATE.
● Persons assigned beds here due to voluntary or
non-offense related admissions.

INSTRUCTIONS
1. If you did NOT have ANY persons under
age 21 assigned beds in this facility on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025
SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were
CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN
OFFENSE, STOP HERE and submit this
form.
2. If you DID HAVE persons under age 21
assigned beds in this facility on
Wednesday, March 26, 2025
SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were
CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN
OFFENSE, CONTINUE BELOW.

14a. Are ANY young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by staff
at ANY time to conﬁne them?

DO NOT INCLUDE here:

Yes

● Persons assigned beds here BECAUSE
THEY WERE CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE.
These persons are counted in question 12b.

01
02

Yes
No ➔

Go to Question 15

14b. (If yes) In what situations are young
persons locked in their sleeping rooms?
Mark (X) all that apply.

Go to Note D

01
02
03

13b. According to your records at the end of
the day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025,
HOW MANY PERSONS UNDER AGE 21 had
assigned beds in this facility FOR
REASONS OTHER THAN OFFENSES, as
deﬁned in question 13a?
Include persons who were temporarily away but
had assigned beds on March 26, 2025. Do NOT
include staff.
Persons under age 21 here
because of non-offense reasons.

04
05
06
07

When they are out of control
When they are suicidal
For medical reasons other than suicide
During shift changes
Whenever they are in their sleeping rooms
As part of a set schedule
Other – Specify

14c. (If part of a set schedule) When are young
persons in this facility locked into their
sleeping rooms?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

As a check, the sum of questions 12b (persons
NOTE under 21 with offenses) and 13b (persons under 21
with reasons other than offenses) should equal 11b
D
(the number of persons under age 21).

Page 6

➔

02
03
04

All of the time
During the day for 2 hours or less
During the day for more than 2 hours
At night

FORM
CJ-14
(02-07-2025)
Page
6 of
199

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
15. Does this facility have any of the following
features utilized by staff to secure or
conﬁne young persons within speciﬁc
areas?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Locked doors for secure day rooms
Locked internal security doors (e.g., wing,
floor, corridor)
Locked outside doors
External fences or walls without razor wire
External fences or walls with razor wire
Other – Specify

17a. Is treatment provided INSIDE this
facility?
Inside refers to any location on the facility grounds.
01
02

17b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE
this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

The facility has NONE of the above features.

05
06

16a. Are outside doors to any buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility ever
locked?
01

Yes

➔

Mark (X) all that apply.

To keep intruders out
To keep young persons inside this facility

16c. When are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05

All of the time
During the day for 2 hours or less
During the day for more than 2 hours
At night
Other – Specify

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

07
08
09

Mental health treatment
Treatment for substance use problems
Sex offender treatment
Treatment for arsonists
Treatment specifically for violent offenders
Behavioral modification or therapy
Trauma treatment
Anger management
Other – Specify

Go to Question 17a

16b. Why are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility locked?
01

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 18a

18a. During the YEAR between March 1, 2024
and February 28, 2025, did ANY young
persons die while assigned a bed at this
facility at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?
01

Yes

➔

Go to Section 2 on page 8

18b. How many young persons died while
assigned beds at this facility during the
year between March 1, 2024 and February
28, 2025?

Person(s)

Page 7 of 199 Page 7

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH

INSTRUCTIONS
FOR SECTION 2
1. Record individual-level information in Section 2
for the persons under age 21 who were
assigned a bed on the reference date because
they were charged with or adjudicated for an
offense (the same persons you counted in
Section 1, question 12b).
2. You may choose one of the following ways to
record this information:
■ Complete all data entry on the web
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a preﬁx) and
enter Section 1, Section 2, and Section 3
data.
■ Upload a data ﬁle
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a preﬁx) and
enter Section 1 data. You can then upload
data files with Section 2 and Section 3 data.
■ Manual data entry
Continue to write information directly on
this form.
3. BE SURE TO KEEP COPIES OF THE
DATA YOU SUBMIT.

Page 8

Page
8 of
199(02-07-2025)
FORM
CJ-14

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH

☞

START HERE

Questions continue
on next page ➔

A. UNDER age 21; AND
B. assigned a bed in this facility at the end of the day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025; AND
C. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
D. assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.

Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section 1, 13a.
1.
Enter an identifying
number or ﬁrst
name and last initial
for all persons
meeting ALL 4
requirements
above. Use an
identiﬁer that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

What is this
person’s date
of birth?

What is
this
person’s
sex?

What is this person’s race and/or Which one of the following
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the placed this person at this
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
facility?
codes, separate with a comma.
Enter the code on the line.
Enter the 1 – White
1 – Court, probation agency, or
code on
2 – Black or African American
law enforcement agency
the line.
3 – Hispanic or Latino
1 – Male
2 – Corrections or other justice
2 – Female 4 – American Indian or Alaska Native
agency not included in 1
5 – Asian

3 – Social services agency

6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

4 – Other – Specify

7 – Middle Eastern or North African
8 – They use a different term – Specify

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.
Mo. Day

Line number

9 – Unknown

50716

Year

07 03 2011

Code

Code(s)

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Page 9 of 199

Page 9

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
List ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS:
A. UNDER age 21; AND
B. assigned a bed in this facility at the end of the day on Wednesday, March 26, 2025; AND
C. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
D. assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.
Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section 1, 13a.

What was the
most serious
offense for
which this
person was
assigned a
bed in this
facility? Enter
the code for the
most serious
offense resulting
in this placement.

In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state is
not
known,
enter 99.

Line number

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State
4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

See Offense
Codes on pages
30 and 31.
Code

Specify Other only

9.
On March 26, 2025, what was this
person’s court adjudication status
for the offense listed in question 7?
"Adjudication" is the court process which
determines whether or not the person
committed the offense.
01 – Agreement not to adjudicate (diversion)
02 – Awaiting adjudication hearing in juvenile
court
03 – Adjudicated, awaiting disposition by
juvenile court
04 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court and awaiting placement elsewhere
05 – Adjudicated and disposed in juvenile
court, in placement here
06 – Awaiting transfer hearing to adult criminal
court
07 – Awaiting hearing or trial in adult criminal
court
08 – Convicted in adult criminal court
99 – Don’t know
10 – Other – Specify

Code

State

Code

Specify Other only

10.
On what date
was this person
admitted to this
facility for the
offense listed in
question 7? If
more than one date
applies, enter the
earliest one for the
offense listed in
question 7.

Mo. Day

Year

01 14 2025

Line number

6.
Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

Page 10

Page 10 of 199

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
1.

Enter an identifying What is this
number or ﬁrst
person’s date
name and last initial of birth?
for all persons
meeting ALL 4
requirements
above. Use an
identiﬁer that will
allow YOU to
reidentify each
person 6 months
from now, if a
callback is needed.

What is
this
person’s
sex?

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

Enter the
code on
the line.
1 – Male
2 – Female

1 – White

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility?
Enter the code on the line.

2 – Black or African American
3 – Hispanic or Latino

1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency

4 – American Indian or Alaska Native

2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1

5 – Asian

3 – Social services agency

6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African

4 – Other – Specify

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Line number

9 – Unknown

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.
Mo. Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Page 11 of 199

Page 11

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
7.

Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

What was the
most serious
offense for
which this
person was
assigned a
bed in this
facility? Enter
the code for the
most serious
offense resulting
in this placement.

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State

Line number

4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state is
not
known,
enter 99.

See Offense
Codes on pages
30 and 31.
Code

Specify Other only

Code

State

Specify Other only

10.
On what date
was this person
admitted to this
facility for the
offense listed in
question 7? If
more than one date
applies, enter the
earliest one for the
offense listed in
question 7.

Mo. Day

Year

Line number

Page12

Page
12 of 199
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
1.

What is
this
person’s
sex?

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

Enter the
code on
the line.
1 – Male
2 – Female

1 – White

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility?
Enter the code on the line.

2 – Black or African American
3 – Hispanic or Latino

1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency

4 – American Indian or Alaska Native

2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1

5 – Asian

3 – Social services agency

6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African

4 – Other – Specify

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Line number

9 – Unknown

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.
Mo. Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
7.

Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

What was the
most serious
offense for
which this
person was
assigned a
bed in this
facility? Enter
the code for the
most serious
offense resulting
in this placement.

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State

Line number

4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state is
not
known,
enter 99.

See Offense
Codes on pages
30 and 31.
Code

Specify Other only

Code

State

Specify Other only

10.
On what date
was this person
admitted to this
facility for the
offense listed in
question 7? If
more than one date
applies, enter the
earliest one for the
offense listed in
question 7.

Mo. Day

Year

Line number

Page 14

Page
14 of 199
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
1.

What is
this
person’s
sex?

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

Enter the
code on
the line.
1 – Male
2 – Female

1 – White

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility?
Enter the code on the line.

2 – Black or African American
3 – Hispanic or Latino

1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency

4 – American Indian or Alaska Native

2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1

5 – Asian

3 – Social services agency

6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African

4 – Other – Specify

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Line number

9 – Unknown

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.
Mo. Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
7.

Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

What was the
most serious
offense for
which this
person was
assigned a
bed in this
facility? Enter
the code for the
most serious
offense resulting
in this placement.

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State

Line number

4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state is
not
known,
enter 99.

See Offense
Codes on pages
30 and 31.
Code

Specify Other only

Code

State

Specify Other only

10.
On what date
was this person
admitted to this
facility for the
offense listed in
question 7? If
more than one date
applies, enter the
earliest one for the
offense listed in
question 7.

Mo. Day

Year

Line number

Page 16

Page 16 of 199

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
1.

What is
this
person’s
sex?

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

Enter the
code on
the line.
1 – Male
2 – Female

1 – White

5.
Which one of the following
placed this person at this
facility?
Enter the code on the line.

2 – Black or African American
3 – Hispanic or Latino

1 – Court, probation agency, or
law enforcement agency

4 – American Indian or Alaska Native

2 – Corrections or other justice
agency not included in 1

5 – Asian

3 – Social services agency

6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African

4 – Other – Specify

8 – They use a different term – Specify

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.
Mo. Day

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Line number

9 – Unknown

Year

Code

Code(s)

Specify Other only

Code

Specify Other only

Page 17 of 199

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – HOUSED YOUTH
7.

Is the court, probation
or law enforcement
agency, or other agency
referred to in question 5
at the federal, tribal,
state, county, or
municipal level?

What was the
most serious
offense for
which this
person was
assigned a
bed in this
facility? Enter
the code for the
most serious
offense resulting
in this placement.

1 – Federal
2 – A Native American
Tribal Government
3 – State

Line number

4 – County
5 – Municipal (includes
Washington, DC)
6 – Other – Specify

8.
In which
state or
territory
did this
person
commit
the
offense?
State or
territory
name
may be
abbreviated.
If state is
not
known,
enter 99.

See Offense
Codes on pages
30 and 31.
Code

Page 18

Specify Other only

Code

State

Specify Other only

10.
On what date
was this person
admitted to this
facility for the
offense listed in
question 7? If
more than one date
applies, enter the
earliest one for the
offense listed in
question 7.

Mo. Day

Year

Page 18 of 199

Line number

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH

INSTRUCTIONS
FOR SECTION 3
1. Record individual-level information in Section 3
for persons under age 21, charged with or
adjudicated for an offense, who were released
from your facility from February 1, 2025
through February 28, 2025.
2. You may choose one of the following ways to
record this information:
■ Complete all data entry on the web
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a preﬁx) and
enter Section 1, Section 2, and Section 3
data.
■ Upload a data ﬁle
Go to our website at
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp
(Do not type "www" as a preﬁx) and
enter Section 1 data. You can then upload
data files with Section 2 and Section 3 data.
■ Manual data entry
Continue to write information directly on
this form.
3. BE SURE TO KEEP COPIES OF THE
DATA YOU SUBMIT.

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
1a. According to your records, were any young
persons released from this facility from
February 1, 2025 through February 28,
2025?
INCLUDE persons who were:
● Under age 21 on date of admission; AND
● Charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for
an offense; AND
● Assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE
OFFENSE; AND
● RELEASED from this facility from February 1,
2025 through February 28, 2025.
DO NOT INCLUDE here:
● Young persons assigned a bed here for a
reason other than an offense.
● Young persons who were only temporarily
released, such as those released for medical
care at a hospital.
01
02

Yes
No ➔

STOP HERE and submit this form

1b. How many young persons were released
from this facility from February 1, 2025
through February 28, 2025?

persons

Page 20

➔

Go to Section 3 on
page 21

PageFORM
20 ofCJ-14
199(02-07-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

☞

START HERE

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
Please COMPLETE a LINE on the table below for EACH person who was:

A. Under age 21 on date of admission; AND
B. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
C. assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE; AND
D. RELEASED from this facility from February 1, 2025 through February 28, 2025.

Questions continue ➔
on next page

Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section 1, 13a.
1.

Enter an identifying number
or ﬁrst name and last initial
for all persons meeting ALL 4
requirements above. Use an
identiﬁer that will allow YOU
to reidentify each person
6 months from now, if a
callback is needed.

What is this person’s
date of birth?

What is this
person’s
sex?
Enter the code
on the line.

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

1 – Male
2 – Female

2 – Black or African American

1 – White
3 – Hispanic or Latino
4 – American Indian or Alaska Native
5 – Asian
6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

8 – They use a different term – Specify
9 – Unknown

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.

50716

Mo.

Day

Year

14 2012

Code

Code(s)

Line number

7 – Middle Eastern or North African
Please do not include any young
persons who were only temporarily
released from this facility, such as
those released for medical care at
a hospital.

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
List ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS:
A. Under age 21 on date of admission; AND
B. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
C. assigned a bed here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE; AND
D. RELEASED from this facility from February 1, 2025 through February 28, 2025.

What was the most serious offense for
which this person was assigned a bed in
this facility? Enter the code for the most serious
offense resulting in this placement.

On what date was this person
ADMITTED TO this facility?

On what date was this person
RELEASED FROM this facility?

Code

Mo.

Day

Year

Mo.

Day

Year

2024

2025

Line number

Do NOT list persons assigned beds here for reasons other than offenses, as described in Section 1, 13a.

See Offense Codes on pages 30 and 31.

Page 22

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22 CJ-14
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
1.

What is this person’s
date of birth?

What is this
person’s
sex?
Enter the code
on the line.

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

1 – Male
2 – Female

2 – Black or African American

1 – White
3 – Hispanic or Latino
4 – American Indian or Alaska Native
5 – Asian
6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African
9 – Unknown

Please do not include any young
persons who were only temporarily
released from this facility, such as
those released for medical care at
a hospital.

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.

Mo.

Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Line number

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

What was the most serious offense for
which this person was assigned a bed in
this facility? Enter the code for the most serious
offense resulting in this placement.

On what date was this person
ADMITTED TO this facility?

On what date was this person
RELEASED FROM this facility?

Mo.

Line number

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH

See Offense Codes on pages 30 and 31.

Code

Day

Year

Day

Year

Page 24

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24CJ-14
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
1.

What is this person’s
date of birth?

What is this
person’s
sex?
Enter the code
on the line.

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

1 – Male
2 – Female

2 – Black or African American

1 – White
3 – Hispanic or Latino
4 – American Indian or Alaska Native
5 – Asian
6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African
9 – Unknown

Please do not include any young
persons who were only temporarily
released from this facility, such as
those released for medical care at
a hospital.

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.

Mo.

Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Line number

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Specify Other only

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Page 25 of 199
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

What was the most serious offense for
which this person was assigned a bed in
this facility? Enter the code for the most serious
offense resulting in this placement.

On what date was this person
ADMITTED TO this facility?

On what date was this person
RELEASED FROM this facility?

Mo.

Line number

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH

See Offense Codes on pages 30 and 31.

Code

Day

Year

Day

Year

Page 26

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26CJ-14
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH
1.

What is this person’s
date of birth?

What is this
person’s
sex?
Enter the code
on the line.

What is this person’s race and/or
ethnicity? List all that apply. Enter the
code(s) on the line. If listing multiple
codes, separate with a comma.

1 – Male
2 – Female

2 – Black or African American

1 – White
3 – Hispanic or Latino
4 – American Indian or Alaska Native
5 – Asian
6 – Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North African
9 – Unknown

Please do not include any young
persons who were only temporarily
released from this facility, such as
those released for medical care at
a hospital.

For definitions of these categories,
please refer to page 29.

Mo.

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Day

Year

Code

Code(s)

Line number

8 – They use a different term – Specify

Specify Other only

Page 27 of 199
Page 27

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

What was the most serious offense for
which this person was assigned a bed in
this facility? Enter the code for the most serious
offense resulting in this placement.

On what date was this person
ADMITTED TO this facility?

On what date was this person
RELEASED FROM this facility?

Mo.

Line number

Section 3 – RELEASED YOUTH

See Offense Codes on pages 30 and 31.

Code

Page 28

Day

Year

Day

Year

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

The Federal Government uses the following definitions for the various racial categories:
White – Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, including, for example,
English, German, Irish, Italian, Polish, and Scottish.
Black or African American – Individuals with origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa,
including, for example, African American, Jamaican, Haitian, Nigerian, Ethiopian, and Somali.
Hispanic or Latino – Includes individuals of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Salvadoran, Cuban,
Dominican, Guatemalan, and other Central or South American or Spanish culture or origin.
American Indian or Alaska Native – Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of
North, Central, and South America, including, for example, Navajo Nation, Blackfeet Tribe of the
Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Montana, Native Village of Barrow Inupiat Traditional Government,
Nome Eskimo Community, Aztec, and Maya.
Asian – Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of Central or East Asia, Southeast
Asia, or South Asia, including, for example, Chinese, Asian Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean,
and Japanese.
Native Hawaiian or Paciﬁc Islander – Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of
Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands, including, for example, Native Hawaiian, Samoan,
Chamorro, Tongan, Fijian, and Marshallese.
Middle Eastern or North African – Individuals with origins in any of the original peoples of the
Middle East or North Africa, including, for example, Lebanese, Iranian, Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and
Israeli.

Thank you for completing this questionnaire. Please make copies for your own records of this
completed questionnaire, so that if we need to call you about an answer, you will be able to refer
to your copies.
If you would like to give us any comments on this form, please write them below.
If you cannot respond online, please mail or fax the completed form to:
Fax: 1–888–262–3974
U.S. Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/CJRP
Comments

FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Page 29
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

OFFENSE CODES
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
These Offense Codes are divided into two main categories: (1) offenses for both underage persons and for adults,
and (2) possible offenses for underage persons only. Information on these codes may make it easier for you to
classify persons placed in the facility because of an offense.
Section 2, question 7, and Section 3, question 5 refer to these offense codes. You are asked to match each young
person’s offense to the type of offense listed below. Note the two-digit code number, and write that number on the
line for that person. Please record the most serious offense related to that person’s placement within the reference
dates.
Attempted offenses should be coded as if they were actual offenses, except for attempted murder which should be
coded as 20 (assault, aggravated).
Definitions of the offenses are provided on page 31.

OFFENSES FOR BOTH UNDERAGE PERSONS AND ADULTS
OFFENSES AGAINST PROPERTY

DRUG-RELATED OFFENSES

10 Arson
11 Auto theft, unauthorized use of auto, joyriding
12 Burglary, breaking and entering, household
larceny
13 Theft, non-household larceny
14 Property damage, vandalism
19 Other property offense

30 Drugs or narcotics, trafficking
31 Drugs or narcotics, possession
39 Other drug-related offense

OFFENSES AGAINST THE PUBLIC ORDER
40 Alcohol or drugs, driving under the
influence of
41 Obstruction of justice
42 Non-violent sex offense, statutory rape
43 Weapons-related offenses
49 Other public order offense

OFFENSES AGAINST PERSONS
20 Assault, aggravated
(include attempted murder)
21 Assault, simple
22 Kidnapping
23 Murder, manslaughter, negligent homicide
24 Violent sexual assault including forcible
rape
25 Robbery
29 Other person offense

PROBATION OR PAROLE VIOLATION
50 Probation or parole violation,
violation of a valid court order

POSSIBLE OFFENSES FOR UNDERAGE PERSONS ONLY
The behaviors identified below are considered offenses in this census ONLY IF THEY ARE ILLEGAL in your state for
underage persons:
60 Curfew violation
61 Incorrigible, ungovernable
62 Running away

63 Truancy
64 Alcohol: underage use, possession or consumption of
69 Other offense that is illegal for underage persons only

UNKNOWN OFFENSES
97 Unknown offense for both underage persons and adults
98 Unknown offense for underage persons only
99 Unknown offense
Page 30

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

DEFINITIONS OF OFFENSES
Alcohol or drugs, driving under the inﬁuence of –
Driving or operating a motor vehicle while under the
influence of alcohol, a drug or controlled substance.
Code 40.
Alcohol: underage use, possession, or
consumption of – Possession, use, or consumption of
alcohol by a minor. Code 64.
Arson – Actual or attempted intentional damaging or
destroying of property by fire or explosion, without the
owner’s consent. Code 10.
Assault, aggravated – An actual, attempted, or
threatened physical attack on a person that 1) involves the
use of a weapon or 2) causes serious physical harm.
Include attempted murder. Code 20. For assaults with less
than serious harm and without use of a weapon – See
Assault, simple.
Assault, simple – An actual, attempted, or threatened
physical attack on a person that causes less than serious
physical harm and without a weapon. Include non-physical
attacks causing the fear of an attack.
Code 21.
Auto theft, unauthorized use of auto, joyriding –
Actual or attempted unauthorized taking or use of a motor
vehicle, intending to deprive the owner of it temporarily or
permanently. Include joyriding and grand theft auto.
Code 11.
Burglary, breaking and entering, household
larceny – Actual or attempted unlawful entry of a building,
structure, or vehicle with intent to commit larceny or another
crime. Code 12.
Curfew violation – Violation of an ordinance forbidding
persons below a certain age from being in public places
during set hours. Code 60.
Drugs or narcotics, possession – Actual or attempted
purchase, possession or use of any illegal drug or
substance, excluding alcohol. Code 31.
Drugs or narcotics, trafﬁcking – Actual or attempted
making, selling, or distributing of a controlled or illegal drug
or substance. Code 30.
Incorrigible, ungovernable – Being beyond the control
of parents, guardians, or custodians. Code only if this is
considered an offense in your state. Code 61.
Kidnapping – Actual or attempted unlawful
transportation or confinement of a person without his/her
consent (or, if a minor, consent of a guardian).
Code 22.
Murder/manslaughter/negligent homicide –
Causing the death of a person without legal justification.
Code 23. For attempted murder/manslaughter – See
Assault, aggravated.
Non-violent sex offense, statutory rape – Actual
or attempted offenses with a sexual element, without
violence. Include consensual sex with an underage
person, prostitution, solicitation, indecent exposure,
pornography, and obscenity. Code 42. For sexual
abuse by a minor against another minor – See Violent
sexual assault.
Obstruction of justice – Any act that intentionally
impedes the enforcement of a law or court order.
Examples: Escape from confinement, contempt of court,
perjury, failing to report a crime, nonviolently resisting
arrest, and bribery. Code 41. See Probation or parole
violation.
FORM CJ-14 (02-07-2025)

Other drug-related offense – Use this code if the drug
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: possession of drug
paraphernalia, visiting a place where drugs are found, etc.
Code 39.
Other offense that is illegal for underage persons
only – Use this code if the drug offense is not illegal for
adults and is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: underage smoking, unruliness
in school, etc. Code 69.
Other person offense – Use this code if the person
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: harassment, coercion,
reckless endangerment, etc. Code 29.
Other property offense – Use this code if the property
offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes or
definitions. Examples include: trespassing, selling stolen
property, possession of burglar’s tools, fraud, etc. Code 19.
Other public order offense – Use this code if the public
order offense is not specifically listed on the offense codes
or definitions. Examples include: cruelty to animals,
disorderly conduct, traffic offenses, etc. Code 49.
Probation or parole violation, violation of valid
court order – Acts that disobey or go against the
conditions of probation or parole. Examples: failure to
participate in a specific program, failure to appear for
drug tests or meetings, and failure to pay restitution.
Code 50.
Property damage, vandalism – Actual or attempted
damaging or destroying of property of a person or public
property. Code 14. For destroying or damaging by fire or
explosion – See Arson.
Robbery – Actual or attempted unlawful taking of property
in the direct possession of a person by force or threat of
force. Include purse snatching with force and carjacking.
Code 25. For purse snatching without force – See Theft,
non-household larceny.
Running away – Leaving the custody and home of
parents or guardians without permission and failing to return
within a reasonable length of time. Code only if this is
considered an offense in the state in which it occurred.
Code 62. For running away from a facility – See
Obstruction of justice.
Theft, non-household larceny – Actual or attempted
taking of property (other than an auto) from a person without
force or deceit. Include shoplifting, pickpocketing, and purse
snatching without force. Code 13.
● For purse snatching with force – See Robbery.
● For theft using deceit – See Other property offense.
● For household larceny – See Burglary, breaking and
entering, household larceny.
Truancy – Violation of a compulsory school attendance
law. Code only if this is considered an offense in your state.
Code 63.
Violent sexual assault including forcible rape –
Actual or attempted sexual intercourse or sexual assaults
against a person against her/his will by force or threat of
force. Includes incest, sodomy, and sexual abuse by a minor
against another minor. Code 24. See also Non-violent sex
offense, statutory rape.
Weapons-related offenses – Actual or attempted illegal
sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration, transportation,
possession, or use of a deadly or dangerous weapon or
accessory. Code 43.
Page 31 of 199Page 31

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Court-adjudicated – Refers to a youth who has been
determined by a court to have committed the delinquent act
or status offense for which they were charged.
Date Admitted – The calendar date on which a youth
officially enters a residential facility or program.
Date Released – The calendar date on which a youth
officially exits or is discharged from a residential facility or
program. It does not include any temporary releases from
this facility, such as releases for medical care at a hospital.
Facility – A place that has living/sleeping units such as
wings, floors, dorms, barracks, or cottages on one campus
or in one building.
Makeshift Beds – Alternative beds including roll-out
mats, fold-out cots, roll-away beds, pull-out mattresses,
sofas, and any other beds that are put away or moved
during non-sleeping hours.
Residential Facility – A facility that houses persons
overnight.

Status Offense – An offense that is illegal in a state for
underage persons but not for adults. Examples include
running away, truancy, incorrigibility, curfew violation, and
underage liquor violations.

Page 32

PageFORM
32 ofCJ-14
199(02-07-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
ACTING AS A COLLECTING AGENT FOR U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE OFFICE OF JUVENILE JUSTICE AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION

2025 Juvenile Facility Census Program:
Facility Operations Module

This questionnaire asks about services, staff, and persons
assigned beds in this facility on Wednesday, March 25, 2026.
Instructions:
1. A juvenile residential facility is a place
where young persons who have committed
offenses may be housed overnight as
direct result of those offenses. A facility
has living/sleeping units, such as wings,
floors, dorms, barracks, or cottages on one
campus or in one building.
2. Any buildings with living/sleeping units that
are not on the same campus should be
considered separate facilities and should
submit a separate questionnaire. Please
request additional questionnaires using the
contact information below.

You may find it helpful to use this form to gather
the requested information. We ask that you submit
your response online BY APRIL 30, 2026:

https://respond.census.gov/jfcp
If you cannot submit your information online,
please mail or fax your information to the following:
U.S. Census Bureau
PO Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199-5000
GOVS/JFCP
Fax: 1–888–262–3974

If you have any questions, contact the U.S. Census Bureau: 1–800–352–7229 | erd.jfcp@census.gov
FACILITY NAME

PERSON COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE
Name

E-mail address

Title
Street Address or P.O. Box
Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)

Telephone
State

City

FORM

CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

ZIP Code

Area code

Number

Extension

OMB No. 1121-0381: Approval Expires 12-31-2027
Page 33 of 199

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

MAILING ADDRESS OF FACILITY
Street Address or P.O. Box

Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)
City

State

ZIP Code

State

ZIP Code

PHYSICAL ADDRESS OF FACILITY
Physical address is the same as the mailing address
Street Address (DO NOT provide P.O. Box)
Apt, Suite, or Unit (Optional)
City

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION
1a. Is this facility part of a larger agency?
01
Yes
02
No ➔ Go to Note A

NOTE
B

Questions 4 and 5 ask who OPERATES this
facility (either directly or under contract).

1b. What is the name of this agency?

NOTE Questions 2 and 3 ask who OWNS this facility. Later
you will be asked who OPERATES this facility.
A
2a. Who OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
01
a private non-profit agency
02
a for profit agency
03
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 3

4a. Who OPERATES this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
01
a private non-profit agency
02
a for profit agency
03
a government agency ➔ Go to Question 5

4b. What is the name of the private non-proﬁt
or for-proﬁt agency that OPERATES this
facility?

➔

2b. What is the name of the private non-proﬁt
or for-proﬁt agency that OWNS this facility?

➔
3.

Go to
NOTE B

What is the level of the government agency
that OWNS this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
A Native American Tribal Government
02
Federal
03
State
04
County
05
Municipal (includes Washington, DC)
06
Other – Specify

Page 2

Go to
Question 6

PageFORM
34 ofCJ-15
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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
6. What type of residential facility is the one
listed on the front cover?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

Detention Center: A short-term facility that
provides temporary care in a physically restricting
environment for young persons in custody pending
court disposition and, often, for young persons who
are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or
placement elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to
another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold young persons committed for
short periods of time as part of their disposition
(e.g., weekend detention).
Long-term Secure Facility: A specialized type
of facility that provides strict confinement and
long-term treatment generally for post-adjudication
committed young persons placed for delinquency or
status offenses. Includes training schools, juvenile
correctional facilities, youth development centers.
Reception or Diagnostic Center: A short-term
facility that screens young persons committed by the
courts and assigns them to appropriate correctional
facilities.
Group Home or Halfway house: These facilities
are generally non-secure and typically intended for
post-adjudication commitments in which young
persons are allowed extensive contact with the
community, such as attending school or holding a
job.
Residential Treatment Center: A facility that
focuses on providing some type of individually
planned treatment program for young persons
(substance use, sex offender, mental health, etc.) in
conjunction with residential care. Such facilities
generally require specific licensing by the state that
may require that treatment provided is
Medicaid-reimbursable.

Ranch or Wilderness Camp: A long-term facility
focused on providing structured outdoor programs,
such as farming, forestry, wildlife conservation, and
environmental education. These facilities are
generally non-secure and typically located in a remote
area.

Runaway and Homeless Shelter: A short-term
facility that provides temporary care in a physically
unrestricted environment. It can also provide
longer-term care under a juvenile court disposition
order.

Other Type of Shelter: This includes emergency
non-secure shelters where young persons are
housed short-term until another placement can be
found.
Other: This includes independent living programs
and anything that cannot be classified above.
Specify

7a. What was the TOTAL NUMBER OF
STANDARD BEDS in this facility on the
night of Wednesday, March 25, 2026?
Do NOT include staff beds.
● A single bed is one standard bed
● A double bunk bed is two standard beds
Total number of standard beds

7b. On the night of Wednesday, March 26,
2026, were there ANY OCCUPIED
MAKESHIFT BEDS in this facility?
Makeshift beds are:
●
●
●
●
●
●

Roll-out mats
Fold-out cots
Roll-away beds
Pull-out mattresses
Sofas
Any other beds that are put away or
moved during non-sleeping hours

Yes

➔

Go to Question 8

7c. How many makeshift beds were occupied
that night?
Occupied makeshift beds

INSTRUCTIONS
The following items ask you to use your
records to provide counts of persons who had
assigned beds in this facility at the end of the
day on Wednesday, March 25, 2026.
This date has been chosen carefully to give a
standardized count of persons in facilities like
yours across the country. You will be asked to
classify this facility population into two age
groups:
1. those persons under age 21; and
2. those persons age 21 and older.
You will then be asked to classify each person
UNDER THE AGE OF 21 into just one of the
two following categories:
1. those here because they have been
charged with or court-adjudicated for an
offense. An offense is any behavior that is
illegal in your state for underage persons
alone or for both underage persons and
adults.
2. those here for reasons other than offenses.

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Page 35 of 199

Page 3

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 1 – GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION – Continued
8. According to your records, at the end of the day on March 25, 2026, how many persons had
assigned beds in this facility in the following categories?
Include persons who were temporarily away but had assigned beds on the reference date. Do not include staff.
Write "0" if there are No persons in a category.

Number of Persons

Category
a. Total persons assigned beds

Skip Instructions
If "0" go to Question 9a

(sum of b + c)

Age Group
b. Persons age 21 or older
c. Persons under age 21

If "0" go to Question 9b

Include persons under 21 being tried as adults in criminal court.

(sum of d + e)

Reason for Admission

d. Persons under age 21 charged with or
court-adjudicated for an offense
An offense is any behavior that is illegal in your state for an underage person alone or both underage persons and
adults. This includes a CRIMINAL OR DELINQUENCY OFFENSE, a STATUS OFFENSE (e.g., running away, truancy,
curfew violation IF ILLEGAL in your state), or an offense being ADJUDICATED IN JUVENILE OR CRIMINAL COURT,
including a probation or parole violation. It includes CHINS (Children in Need of Services) and PINS (Persons in Need
of Services) here BECAUSE of an offense.
e. Persons under age 21 assigned beds for reasons
other than an offense
Include persons here for NON-OFFENSE reasons (e.g., neglect, abuse, dependency, mental health, or substance use
problems, or other non-offense reasons); who have committed one or more offenses in the past but are here on the
census date for reasons OTHER THAN THESE OFFENSES; here for behaviors such as running away, truancy,
incorrigibility, or curfew violations if such behaviors are NOT ILLEGAL in your state; or voluntarily admitted. Include
CHINS (Children in Need of Services) and PINS (Persons in Need of Services) not held for an offense.

If "0" go to Question 9c

Go to Section 2

9a. Specify why there were "0" persons reported in 8a.
Mark (x) only one and THEN STOP and submit this form.
01

Facility permanently closed

Facility temporarily closed

Other - Specify:

Date of Closure:

_ _ /_ _ /_ _ _ _

9b. Specify why there were "0" persons reported in 8c.
Mark (x) only one and THEN STOP and submit this form.
01

Adult only facility

No persons under age 21 were placed in this facility

Other - Specify:

9c. Specify why there were "0" persons reported in 8d.
Mark (x) only one and THEN STOP and submit this form.
01

No persons under age 21 were placed in this facility for an offense.

This facility is no longer under contract to hold persons under age 21 for offense reasons.

Other – Specify:

Page 4

PageFORM
36 ofCJ-15
199 (05-09-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS
1a. Are ANY young persons in this facility
locked into their sleeping rooms by staff
at ANY time to confine them?
01

Yes

➔

3c. When are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility locked?
Mark (X) all that apply.

Go to Question 2

01
02

1b. (If yes) In what situations are young
persons locked in their sleeping rooms?

03
04

Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

When they are out of control
When they are suicidal
For medical reasons other than suicide
During shift changes
Whenever they are in their sleeping rooms
As part of a set schedule
Other – Specify

4a. Is treatment provided INSIDE this
facility?
Inside refers to any location on the facility grounds.
01
02

1c. (If part of a set schedule) When are young
persons in this facility locked into their
sleeping rooms?

02
03
04

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 5

4b. What kind of treatment is provided INSIDE
this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

Mark (X) all that apply.
01

All of the time
During the day for 2 hours or less
During the day for more than 2 hours
At night
Other – Specify

All of the time
During the day for 2 hours or less
During the day for more than 2 hours
At night

03
04
05
06

2. Does this facility have any of the following
features utilized by staff to secure or
conﬁne young persons within speciﬁc
areas?

07
08
09

Mental health treatment
Substance use treatment
Sex offender treatment
Treatment for arsonists
Treatment specifically for violent offenders
Behavioral modification or therapy
Trauma treatment
Anger management
Other – Specify

Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Locked doors for secure day rooms
Locked internal security doors (e.g., wing,
floor, corridor)
Locked outside doors
Fences or walls without razor wire
Fences or walls with razor wire
Other – Specify

Which of the following training
requirements are front-line supervision
staff and direct care staff required to take
before working with young persons?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

None of the above

3a. Are outside doors to any buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility ever
locked?
01

Yes

➔

Go to Question 4a

Mark (X) all that apply.
02

04
05
06

3b. Why are outside doors to buildings with
living/sleeping units in this facility locked?

07
08
09
10

Behavioral health interventions and resources
Conflict de-escalation training and
communication with young persons
Cross-sex supervision
Defensive tactics and restraint techniques
Gang identification, prevention, and management
Managing young persons with mental health
problems
Professional conduct and ethics
Staff boundaries
Trauma-informed care
Other – Specify

To keep intruders out
To keep young persons inside this facility

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Page 37 of 199

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 2 – FACILITY CHARACTERISTICS – Continued
6a. Does this facility provide any of the following activities or services for the young persons in
this facility through either the facility’s own staff or by bringing in external providers?
Mark (X) all that apply.
Provided by the
facility’s staff
(1)

Provided by bringing
in external providers
(2)

This facility does
not provide this
(3)

a. Artistic opportunities (e.g., music, painting, drama)

b. Formal mentoring program

c. Recreation (e.g., team sports, playing games)

d. Reentry planning

e. Religious/Spiritual/Faith-based

f. Wellness (e.g., yoga, meditation)

g. Workforce development or vocational training

6b. Are there any other activities or services not listed above that are provided for young
persons in this facility? Please list any other activities or services provided.

7. Which of the following best describes the
physical layout of this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
This facility is 01
02
03
04

a part of one building
all of one building
more than one building at a single site or on
one campus
Other – Specify

9a. Are there any other juvenile residential
facilities located within the same building
or on the same campus as the facility
being reported on here?
01

Yes

➔

Go to Section 3

9b. How many OTHER juvenile residential
facilities are located within the same
building or on the same campus as the
facility being reported on here?
Juvenile residential facilities

8. Are there any other buildings with
living/sleeping units that are associated
with this facility that are not next to this
facility building or on the same campus?
01
02

Yes
No

9c. Does the facility being reported on here
share any of the following with the other
facilities located in the same building or
on the same campus?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

INSTRUCTIONS
Please use the contact information on Page
1 to request additional questionnaires for
each building with living/sleeping units
associated with this facility that is not at the
site of this facility building or campus.

03
04

05
06
07
08
09
10
11

Page 6

The same agency affiliation
The same mailing address
The same on-site administrators
One or more staff directly caring for the young
persons
One or more security staff
The same school rooms
The same infirmary
The same food services
The same dining room
The same laundry services
None of the above services are shared
Page
38 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES
1a. For each of the following behavioral/mental health providers, please indicate if young
persons have access to these providers as paid facility employees, contract staff, or are
available as needed in the community.
Mark (X) all that apply.
Available as
paid facility
employees
(1)

Available as
contract staff
(2)

Available as
needed in the
community
(3)

Not available
(4)

a. Psychiatrists (MDs or DOs)

b. Licensed clinical psychologists (PhDs)

c. Licensed clinical social worker or licensed mental
health clinicians (e.g., persons with a master’s
degree in social work)

1b. Do young persons have access to any other behavioral/mental health providers not listed
above?
Please list any other behavioral/mental health providers.

2a. After arrival in this facility, are ANY young
persons asked questions or administered
a form which asks questions to determine
risk for suicide?
01

Yes

➔

INSTRUCTIONS
Mental health professionals are limited in
this census to:
● psychiatrists
● psychologists with at least a Master’s
degree in PSYCHOLOGY
● social workers with at least a Master’s in
SOCIAL WORK (MSW, LCSW)

Go to Question 7

2b. What best describes the process through
which young persons are asked questions
or administered a form which asks
questions to determine risk of suicide?

Counselors in this census are:
● persons with a Master’s degree in a field
other than psychology or social work
● persons whose highest degree is a
Bachelor’s in any field

Mark (X) all that apply.
01

04
05
06
07

One or more questions about suicide
incorporated into the medical history or
intake process
A form or questions designed by this facility
to assess suicide risk
A form or questions designed by a county or
state juvenile justice system to assess suicide
risk
MAYSI – Full Form
MAYSI – Suicide/depression module
C-SSRS
Other – Specify

3. Who asks questions or administers a form
which asks questions to determine risk of
suicide?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

03
04

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Counselors/intake workers who have NOT been
trained by mental health professionals
Counselors/intake workers who have been
trained by mental health professionals
A mental health professional
Some other person – Specify

Page 39 of 199

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Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES – Continued
4. When are young persons FIRST asked
questions or administered a form which
asks questions to determine risk of
suicide?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Within less than 24 hours after arrival
Between 24 hours and less than 7 days
after arrival
Seven or more days after arrival
Other – Specify

5. Which young persons are asked questions
or administered a form which asks
questions to determine risk of suicide?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

ALL young persons are asked questions or
administered a form which asks questions to
determine suicide risk ➔ Go to Question 6

Young persons who come directly from
home, rather than from another facility
Young persons who display or communicate
suicide risk
Young persons known to have prior suicide
attempts
Young persons for whom no mental health
care record is available
Other young persons not listed above –
Specify

03
04
05
06

6. Are ANY young persons re-asked questions or
re-administered a form to evaluate suicide risk?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

Yes, as necessary on a case-by-case basis
Yes, systematically, based on length of stay,
facility events, or negative life events (for
example, after each court appearance, every
time the young person re-enters the facility,
after a death in the family)
Other – Specify

7. Does this facility assign different levels of
risk to young persons based on their
perceived risk of suicide?
01
02

The following questions ask about preventative
taken once a young person is identified
NOTE measures
to be at risk for suicide. Please include all levels of
E
suicide risk used by this facility, if any, when
answering these questions.

8a. Are young persons who are determined to
be at risk for suicide ever placed in a
sleeping room or observation room that is
locked or under staff security?
01
02

Page 8

No, they are not re-asked questions or readministered a form to determine suicide risk

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 9

8b. Which of the following best describes
what happens in the sleeping room or
observation room that is locked or under
staff security?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Camera observation
15-minute staff checks
5-minute staff checks
Line of site supervision (direct or through glass)
Staff assigned to doorway or in sleeping room/
One-on-one supervision/Arms length supervision
Other – Specify

9. Are any of the following preventative
measures taken when a young person is
determined to be at risk for suicide?
Mark (X) all that apply.

One-on-one supervision/Arms length supervision
Line-of-sight supervision
Special clothing to identify young persons as at
risk for suicide
Special clothing designed to prevent suicide
attempts
Restraints used to prevent suicide attempts
Removal of personal items that may be used to
attempt suicide
Removal from the general population

Other – Specify

No preventative measures are taken when a
young person is determined to be at risk for
suicide

01
02
03
04
05
06

Yes
No

Page
40 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES – Continued
Questions 10 through 14 ask about mental health
provided at a location either INSIDE or
NOTE services
OUTSIDE this facility. INSIDE refers to any
F
location on the facility grounds. OUTSIDE refers to
any location in the community or off facility grounds.

10. Do young persons assigned beds receive
mental health services other than a suicide
evaluation either INSIDE or OUTSIDE this
facility?
Mental health services include:
● evaluations and appraisals conducted by
mental health professionals to diagnose or
to identify mental health needs
● ongoing mental health therapy
● ongoing counseling
Yes, provided both INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
01
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility
02
Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility
03
No, this facility does not provide mental health
04
services ➔ Go to Question 14a

11a. Is ongoing COUNSELING for mental health
problems provided INSIDE or OUTSIDE this
facility by a COUNSELOR?
Counselors are limited to:
● persons with a Master’s degree in a field
other than psychology or social work
● persons whose highest degree is a
Bachelor’s in any field
01
02
03
04

Yes, INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, INSIDE this facility
Yes, OUTSIDE this facility
No, ongoing counseling is not
provided ➔ Go to Question 12a

11b. Which forms of ongoing COUNSELING for
mental health problems are provided by a
COUNSELOR?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Individual counseling
Group counseling
Family counseling
Other – Specify

12a. Are ANY young persons evaluated or
appraised by a MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL at a location INSIDE or
OUTSIDE this facility?
Evaluations and appraisals are conducted by
mental health professionals to diagnose or to
identify mental health needs.
Mental health professionals are limited to:
● psychiatrists
● psychologists with at least a Master’s
degree in PSYCHOLOGY
● social workers with at least a Master’s
degree in SOCIAL WORK (MSW, LCSW)
01
02
03
04

12b. When are young persons evaluated or
appraised by a MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Within less than 24 hours
Between 24 hours and less than 7 days after
arrival
Seven or more days after arrival
Other – Specify

12c. Which young persons are evaluated or
appraised by a MENTAL HEALTH
PROFESSIONAL?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

ALL young persons are evaluated or appraised
by a MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL

➔

02
03
04
05
06
07

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Yes, INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, INSIDE this facility
Yes, OUTSIDE this facility
No ➔ Go to Question 13a

Go to Question 13a

Young persons who come directly from home,
rather than from another facility
Young persons who are ordered by the court to
get an evaluation
Young persons whom staff identify as needing
an evaluation
Young persons known to have mental health
problems
Young persons for whom no mental health
record is available
Other young persons not listed above –
Specify

Page 41 of 199

Page 9

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 3 – MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES – Continued
13a. Is ongoing THERAPY for mental health
problems provided to young persons by a
MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INSIDE
or OUTSIDE this facility?
Mental health professionals are limited to:
● psychiatrists
● psychologists with at least a Master’s
degree in PSYCHOLOGY
● social workers with at least a Master’s
degree in SOCIAL WORK (MSW, LCSW)
01
02
03
04

Yes, INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, INSIDE this facility
Yes, OUTSIDE this facility
No, ongoing THERAPY is not
provided ➔ Go to Question 14a

13b. Which forms of ongoing THERAPY for
mental health problems are provided by
MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Individual therapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
Other – Specify

14a. Are there one or more special
living/sleeping unit(s) in this facility
reserved just for young persons with
mental health problems that are separate
from other living/sleeping units?
01
02

Yes
No ➔

Go to Section 4 on page 11

14b. What are the differences between special
living/sleeping units reserved just for young
persons with mental health problems and
the other living/sleeping units?
Mark (X) all that apply.

average length of stay
physical security and/or monitoring of young
persons
number of staff per young persons
type of treatment program
characteristics of young persons
specialized criteria for staff selection
specialized curriculum of treatment for the
residents of these units
Other – Specify

No differences between units

01
02

03
04
05
06
07

Page 10

Page
42 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 4 – EDUCATIONAL SERVICES
1. After arrival in this facility, are ANY young
persons evaluated to determine their
educational grade levels and their
educational needs at a location either
INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility?
01
Yes
02
No ➔ Go to Note G

5a. Do ANY young persons assigned beds here
attend school or receive teacher
instruction at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE this facility?
Mark (X) only one.
01
02

2. After arrival in this facility, when are
young persons evaluated to determine
their educational grade level?

03
04

Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Within less than 24 hours after arrival
Between 24 hours and less than 7 days after
arrival
Seven or more days after arrival
Other – Specify

3. Which of the following methods are used to
evaluate young persons to determine their
educational grade levels and their
educational needs?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06

Review of previous academic records
Interview with an education specialist
Administration of one or more written or
computerized tests
Interview with an intake or admissions
counselor
Interview with guidance counselor
Other – Specify

4. Which young persons are evaluated to
determine their educational grade levels
and their educational needs?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

ALL young persons are
evaluated ➔ Go to Note G

Young persons who come directly from home,
rather than from another facility
Young persons whom the staff identify as
needing an assessment
Young persons for whom no educational record
is available
Young persons with known educational problems
Other young persons not listed
above – Specify

03
04
05
06

5b. Which young persons attend school or
receive teacher instruction?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01

All young persons are required to
attend school or receive teacher
instruction ➔ Go to Question 6

Those young persons who have not completed
high school or their GED
Those young persons with special needs for
remedial education
Those young persons who have been in the
facility long enough to receive educational
services
Those young persons who are required by the
state to attend school because of their age
Those young persons assigned beds in special
living/sleeping units – Specify unit type

03
04

05
06

Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04
05
06
07

NOTE
G

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Other young persons not listed
above – Specify

6. Which of the following educational services
are provided to young persons assigned
beds here at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE this facility?

Questions 5 through 6 ask about educational services
provided either INSIDE and/or OUTSIDE this facility.
INSIDE this facility refers to any location on the facility
grounds. OUTSIDE this facility refers to any location in
the community or off facility grounds.

Yes, provided both INSIDE and OUTSIDE
this facility
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility
Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility
No, educational services are not provided
to young persons while assigned beds
here ➔ Go to Section 5 on page 12

Elementary-level education
Middle school-level education
High school-level education
Special education
GED preparation
GED testing
post-high school education or post-high school
correspondence courses
Vocational/technical education
Life skills training
Other – Specify

Page 43 of 199

Page 11

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 5 – SUBSTANCE USE SERVICES
1a. After arrival in this facility, are ANY young
persons evaluated to determine whether
they have substance use problems?

Mark (X) all that apply.

Substance use problems include problems with
drugs and/or alcohol.
01
02

2. When are young persons FIRST evaluated
to determine whether they have substance
use problems?
Within less than 24 hours after arrival
Between 24 hours and less than 7 days after
arrival
Seven or more days after arrival
Other – Specify

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 4a

02
03

1b. Which of the following methods are used
to evaluate persons after arrival in this
facility to determine whether they have
substance use problems?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Visual observation
Standardized self-report instruments, such as
the SASSI, JASI, ACDI, ASI
Self-report check list inventory which asks about
substance use
A staff-administered series of questions which
asks about substance use
Other – Specify

3. After arrival in this facility, which young
persons are evaluated for substance use
problems?
Mark (X) all that apply.

➔

ALL young persons

Young persons charged with or adjudicated for
a drug or alcohol-related offense
Young persons identified by the court or a
probation officer as potentially having
substance use problems

Go to Question 4a

Young persons identified by facility staff as
potentially having substance use problems
Other young persons not listed
above – Specify

4a. Are ANY young persons required to provide urine FOR DRUG ANALYSIS after arrival IN
THIS FACILITY?
01
02

Yes
No ➔ Go to NOTE H

4b. Which statements below describe the circumstances under which young persons are
required to provide urine INSIDE this facility FOR DRUG ANALYSIS?
Mark (X) all that apply.

PERSONS
PROVIDING URINE
SAMPLE

After initial
arrival in this
facility
(1)

CIRCUMSTANCES OF TESTING
Each time
young persons
At randomly When drug use At the request
reenter the
scheduled
facility during
is suspected or of the court or
times
their stay
drug is present probation officer
(5)
(3)
(2)
(4)

a. Young persons who are suspected of recent
drug or alcohol use

b. Young persons with substance use problems

c. ALL young persons assigned beds here

Page 12

Page
44 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 5 – SUBSTANCE USE SERVICES – Continued
Questions 5 through 9 ask about substance use services provided

NOTE at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility. INSIDE
refers to any location within facility grounds. OUTSIDE refers to
H
any location in the community or off facility grounds.

INSTRUCTIONS
Substance use services include:
● developing a substance use treatment plan assigning a
● case manager to oversee substance use treatment
● assigning young persons to special living units just for those
with substance use problems

● ongoing substance use therapy or counseling
● substance use education
Substance use treatment professionals are limited in
this census to:
● CERTIFIED substance use or addictions counselors
● psychiatrists
● psychologists with a Master’s or higher in PSYCHOLOGY
● social workers with a Master’s or higher in SOCIAL WORK
(MSW, LCSW)

Counselors who are NOT substance use treatment
professionals are limited to:
● persons with a Master’s degree in a field other than
psychology or social work

● persons whose highest degree is a Bachelor’s in any field
5. Do ANY young persons assigned beds here
receive substance use services INSIDE or
OUTSIDE this facility other than urinalysis
or a substance use screening?
Yes, both INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
01
Yes, INSIDE this facility
02
03
Yes, OUTSIDE this facility
04
No, this facility does not provide substance
use services ➔ Go to Section 6
6. Which of the following SUBSTANCE USE
services are provided INSIDE or OUTSIDE
this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
Substance use education
01
Assignment of a case manager to oversee
02
substance use treatment
03
Development of a treatment plan to
specifically address substance use problems
Special living units in which all young persons
04
have substance use offenses and/or problems
None of these services are offered
05
7. Which of the following self-led, self-help
groups are provided INSIDE or OUTSIDE
this facility?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
Alcoholics Anonymous or other related groups
02
Narcotics Anonymous or other related groups
03
Other – Specify

8a. Is ongoing COUNSELING for substance use
problems provided to young persons
INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility by a
COUNSELOR who is NOT a substance use
treatment professional?
Counselors who are NOT substance use treatment
professionals are:
● persons with a Master’s degree in a field
other than psychology or social work
● persons whose highest degree is a
Bachelor’s in any field
01
02
03
04

8b. Which forms of ongoing COUNSELING for
substance use problems are provided
INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility to young
persons by a COUNSELOR who is NOT a
substance use treatment professional?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Individual counseling
Group counseling
Family counseling
None of these are provided

ongoing
THERAPY
for
substance
use
problems
9a. Is
provided to young persons INSIDE or OUTSIDE this
facility by a SUBSTANCE USE TREATMENT
PROFESSIONAL?
01
02
03
04

Yes, both INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, INSIDE this facility
Yes, OUTSIDE this facility
No, ongoing THERAPY for substance use
problems is not provided ➔ Go to Section 6

9b. Which forms of ongoing THERAPY for
substance use problems are provided
INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility to young
persons by a SUBSTANCE USE
TREATMENT PROFESSIONAL?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02
03
04

Yes, provided both INSIDE and OUTSIDE this
facility
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility
Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility
No, this facility does not provide
COUNSELING for substance use
problems ➔ Go to Question 9a

Individual therapy
Group therapy
Family therapy
None of these are provided

No self-led, self-help groups are provided

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Page 45 of 199

Page 13

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 6 – MEDICAL SERVICES

INSTRUCTIONS
Questions 1 through 7 ask about the availability of medical services at locations either INSIDE and/or
OUTSIDE this facility.
INSIDE this facility refers to any location on the facility grounds.
OUTSIDE this facility refers to any location in the community or off facility grounds.

1. For each of the following medical providers, please indicate if this facility has access to
these providers as paid facility employees, contract staff, available as needed in the
community, or if the medical providers are not available.
Mark (X) all that apply.
Available as paid Available as paid
facility employee
contract staff
(1)
(2)

Available as
needed in the
community
(3)

Not available
(4)

a. Physicians (MDs or DOs)

b. Nurse practitioners (NPs) or physician
assistants (PAs)

c. Registered nurses (RNs)

d. Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) or licensed
vocational nurses (LVNs)

e. Certified nursing assistants, nursing assistants,
medication technicians or medication aides

f. Licensed social workers or persons with a
bachelor’s or master’s degree in social work

2. Do ANY young persons assigned beds here receive the following examinations by a
qualiﬁed provider, including a physician or ophthalmologist (MD or DO), nurse practitioner
(NP), physician assistant (PA), optometrist (OD), or audiologist (AuD), either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?
Mark (X) only one in each row.

Yes, provided
INSIDE and
OUTSIDE this
facility
(1)

Yes, provided
only INSIDE
this facility
(2)

Yes, provided
only OUTSIDE
this facility
(3)

No, not provided
(4)

a. Physical Examination

b. Dental Examination

c. Vision Examination

d. Hearing Examination

Page 14

Page 46 of 199

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 6 – MEDICAL SERVICES – Continued
3. When a medical provider orders
vaccinations for ANY young persons
assigned beds here, can the young persons
receive the vaccinations at a location
either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this facility?
Yes, provided INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility
Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility
No, vaccinations are not provided

01
02
03
04

4. Do medical providers INSIDE or OUTSIDE
this facility prescribe psychotropic
medication for young persons?
01
02
03
04

Yes, prescribed INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, prescribed INSIDE this facility
Yes, prescribed OUTSIDE this facility
No, psychotropic medications are not prescribed

7a. Were ANY young persons assigned beds in
this facility known by facility staff to be
pregnant between March 1, 2025 and
February 28, 2026?
01
Yes
02
No ➔ Go to Section 7 on page 16
7b. How many young persons assigned beds
in this facility were pregnant between
March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026?
Number of pregnant young persons

7c. Did ANY young persons assigned beds in
this facility who were pregnant between
March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026
receive prenatal care from a physician (MD
or DO), nurse practitioner (NP), or physician
assistant (PA) at a location either INSIDE
or OUTSIDE of this facility?
01

5. Do medical providers INSIDE or OUTSIDE
this facility monitor psychotropic
medication for young persons?
01
02
03
04

Yes, monitored INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, monitored INSIDE this facility
Yes, monitored OUTSIDE this facility
No, psychotropic medications are not monitored

02
03
04

Yes, provided INSIDE and OUTSIDE this
facility
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility
Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility
No, prenatal care was not provided

6. Do ANY female young persons assigned
beds here receive a gynecological
examination by a physician (MD or DO),
nurse practitioner (NP), or physician
assistant (PA) at a location either INSIDE
or OUTSIDE of this facility?
A gynecological examination involves the medical
provider gathering a medical history regarding
reproductive health and sexual behavior and
conducting a pelvic and breast exam.

Yes, provided INSIDE and OUTSIDE this facility
Yes, provided INSIDE this facility

Yes, provided OUTSIDE this facility

No, gynecological examinations are not provided
No, this facility does not house female young persons

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Page 47 of 199

Page 15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 7 – THE PRIOR MONTH

INSTRUCTIONS
The following items ask you to answer
questions about different events that may
have occurred at this facility over a 28-day
period.

2b. For what reason(s) were the young persons
transported to a hospital emergency room
DURING THIS 28 DAY PERIOD in February?
Mark (X) all that apply.
01
02

The 28-day REFERENCE PERIOD for this
section covers the time between the
beginning of the day on February 1, 2026
and the end of the day on February 28,
2026.

During the month of February 2026, were
there ANY UNAUTHORIZED DEPARTURES
of any young persons who were assigned
beds at this facility?

06
07
08

An "unauthorized departure" includes any incident in
which a young person leaves without staff permission
or approval for more than 10 minutes from:

● The physical security perimeter of the
facility
● The mandatory supervision of a staff
member when there is no physical security
● The mandatory supervision of
transportation staff
● Any other approved area
01
02

Yes
No

2a. During the month of February 2026, were
ANY young persons assigned beds at this
facility transported to a hospital
emergency room by facility staff,
transportation staff, or by an ambulance?
01
02

Sports-related injury
Work or chore-related injury
An injury that resulted from interpersonal
conflict between one or more young
persons, not including a sports-related injury
An injury that resulted from interpersonal
conflict between a young person and a
non-resident (including staff, visitors, or
persons from the community)
Illness
Pregnancy complications
Labor and delivery
Suicide attempt
A non-emergency injury or illness that
occurred when no physical health professional
was available at the facility or on call
A non-emergency injury or illness that
occurred when no doctor’s appointment could
be obtained in the community
Other – Specify

During the month of February 2026, were
ANY of the young persons assigned beds
here restrained by facility staff with a
mechanical restraint?
Mechanical restraints include handcuffs, leg cuffs,
waist bands, leather straps, restraining chairs, strait
jackets, or other mechanical devices
If the facility staff ONLY used mechanical restraints
during transportation to and from this facility answer NO.

Yes
No ➔ Go to Question 3

01
02

Yes
No

During the month of February 2026 were
ANY of the young persons assigned beds
here locked for more than four hours alone
in an isolation, seclusion, or sleeping room
to regain control of their unruly behavior?
Answer NO if:
● Young persons were locked in their
sleeping rooms as part of the facility routine
OR
● Young persons were locked in their rooms
ONLY for purposes of quarantine, suicide
watch, facility wide lockdown, or
self-requested seclusion
01
02

Page 16

Yes
No
Page
48 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

Section 8 – THE PAST YEAR
INSTRUCTIONS
Questions 1 through 3 ask about deaths of young persons at locations either INSIDE and/or OUTSIDE
this facility during the period between March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026.
INSIDE this facility refers to any location on the facility grounds.
OUTSIDE this facility refers to any location in the community or off facility grounds.

1. During the YEAR between March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026, did ANY young persons die
while assigned a bed at this facility at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this facility?
01

Yes

➔

Go to Note I

2. How many young persons died while assigned beds at this facility during the year between
March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026?
Person(s)

3. What was the cause of death, location of death, age, sex, race, date of admission to the facility,
and date of death for each young person who died while assigned a bed at this facility?

a. Cause of death
1 – Illness/natural causes
2 – Injury suffered prior to
placement here
3 – Suicide
4 – Homicide or manslaughter
by another resident
5 – Homicide or manslaughter
by non-resident(s)
6 – Accidental death
7 – Other – Specify in box ➔
b. Location of death
1 – Inside this facility
2 – Outside this facility

Young person 1

Young person 2

Young person 3

(1)

(2)

(3)

Code

c. Age at death (in years)
d. Sex
1 – Male
2 – Female
e. Race
1 – White, not Hispanic origin
2 – Black or African American,
not of Hispanic origin
3 – Hispanic or Latino
4 – American Indian/
Alaskan Native
5 – Asian
6 – Native Hawaiian or other
Pacific Islander
7 – Middle Eastern or North
African
8 – Other – Specify in box ➔
f. Date of admission to
facility (mm/dd/yyyy)
g. Date of death
(mm/dd/yyyy)

FORM CJ-15 (05-09-2025)

Page 49 of 199

Page 17

Appendix A. PDF Forms for the JFCP

COMMENTS
Thank you for completing this questionnaire. If you would like to give us any comments on this
form, please write them on this page or attach another sheet.

NOTE
I

Please make a copy of this questionnaire for your records so that if we need to contact you about
a response, you will be able to refer to your copy.
If you are unable to submit online, please mail the completed form to –
U.S. Census Bureau
P.O. Box 5000
Jeffersonville, IN 47199–5000
ERD/JFCP
or FAX toll free to: 1–888–262–3974.

Comments

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Court-adjudicated: Refers to a youth who has been
determined by a court to have committed the delinquent act
or status offense for which they were charged.
Facility: A place that has living/sleeping units such as
wings, floors, dorms, barracks, or cottages on one campus
or in one building.
Gynecological Exam: Involves the medical provider
gathering a medical history regarding reproductive health
and sexual behavior and conducting a pelvic and breast
exam.

Services “Inside” a Facility: A service provided at any
location on the facility grounds.
Services “Outside” a Facility: A service provided at
any location in the community or off facility grounds.
Status Offense: An offense that is illegal in a state for
underage persons but not for adults. Examples include
running away, truancy, incorrigibility, curfew violation, and
underage liquor violations.

Makeshift Beds: Alternative beds including roll-out mats,
fold-out cots, roll-away beds, pull-out mattresses, sofas, and
any other beds that are put away or moved during nonsleeping hours.

Substance Use Services: Include substance use
evaluations, developing a substance use treatment plan,
assigning a case manager to oversee substance use
treatment, assigning young persons to special living units for
those with substance use problems, ongoing substance use
therapy or counseling, and substance use education.

Medical Providers: Individuals who are authorized to
practice by the state and are performing within the scope of
their practice as defined by state law, such as physicians
(MDs or DOs), registered nurses (RNs), nurse practitioners
(NPs), etc.

Substance Use Treatment Professionals:
Individuals that are certified substance use or addiction
counselors, psychiatrists, or psychologists, with at least a
master’s degree in psychology, as well as social workers
with at least a Master’s degree in social work (MSW, LCSW).

Mental Health Professionals: Individuals that are
Psychiatrists or Psychologists with at least a master’s
degree in psychology, and Social Workers with at least a
Master’s in social work (MSW, LCSW).

Therapy: Treatment of physical, mental, or behavioral
disorders or disease.

Mental Health Services: Includes evaluations and
appraisals conducted by mental health professionals to
diagnose or to identify mental health needs, as well as
ongoing mental health therapy and ongoing counseling.
Residential Facility: A facility that houses persons
overnight.

Page 18

Treatment: Intervention designed to manage illness,
injury, disease or disorders.
Unauthorized Departures: Incidents in which a young
person leaves without staff permission or approval for more
than 10 minutes from the following: the physical security
perimeter of the facility, the mandatory supervision of a staff
member when there is no physical security; the mandatory
supervision of transportation staff, or any other approved
area.
Page
50 of
199(05-09-2025)
FORM
CJ-15

Appendix B. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act

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Page 51 of 199

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Appendix C. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

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Appendix C. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

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Appendix C. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

February 28, 2022

Redesign Study of OJJDP’s
Juveniles in Corrections Data
Collections
Executive Summary

Prepared for

Prepared by

National Institute of Justice
810 7th Street N.W.
Washington, DC 20531

RTI International
3040 E. Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
NIJ Grant Number 2018-JX-X-K001
RTI Project Number 0216671

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

Acknowledgments
This project was supported by Award No. 2018-JX-FX-K001, awarded by the National Institute of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect
those of the Department of Justice.

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

Table of Contents

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

Executive Summary
Introduction
The Department of Justice (DOJ) conducts the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement
(CJRP) and the Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC). These surveys provide the most
comprehensive information available on national- and state-level trends and characteristics of juveniles
in residential placement. Every 2 years, the CJRP asks facilities to submit a detailed record on each youth
in their custody on the census date. In the intervening years, the JRFC asks facilities holding juveniles
about the facility’s physical characteristics, policies, and practices.
Despite changes in juvenile justice populations and juvenile residential facilities’ practices and
procedures, the CJRP and JRFC have not changed, with minor exceptions, over the past 20 years. The
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and the National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
collaborated with RTI International (RTI) to develop recommendations for improving the federal
government’s ability to interpret and report the national- and state-level characteristics of and trends
for youth charged with or adjudicated for a delinquency or status offense in out-of-home placement
(and the facilities in which they are held). The recommendations included in this report are made based
on a thorough review of the strengths and limitations of prior waves of the CRJP and JRFC that included
a combination of expert and methodological reviews, as well as the pilots test results of new
instrumentation and enhanced methodologies. The recommendations span 4 areas: the sample frame,
the data collection process, the questionnaires, and the imputation process.

Sample Frame
Over time, ambiguity developed regarding what types of facilities should be included in the
sample frame for the CJRP and JRFC data collections. A facility can be included if it provides care for
youth who are not charged or adjudicated for delinquency or status offenses, if the facility's primary
function is to hold youth who are charged with delinquency or status offenses. Maintaining an up-to-

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

date frame will require ongoing effort and asking specific inclusion and exclusion screening questions on
each survey.
Recommendations
•

Identity a state-level agency or entity for each state that can verify the list of facilities on the
existing CJRP and JRFC frame with a special focus on identifying any that are not listed.

•

Conduct an annual pre-survey effort to verify the universe list’s contact information and
eligibility with individual facilities or central reporters.

•

If facility verification data are not available prior to survey administration, have each facility
on the existing frame respond at the beginning of each survey form to a set of items that
together document the facility meets (or does not meet) the criteria for being a member of
CJRP/JRFC universe frame.

Data Collection
The CJRP and JRFC data collections typically launch in late October with several months of
follow-up. Changing the reference date to March during the pilot test did not result in any notable
impact on response rate; yet it offers a solution to any relevant end-of-year concerns that result from an
October launch date. Forty percent of JRFC submissions and 31% of CJRP submissions occurred within 1
week of launch, suggesting many respondents were able to submit data within a very short time period.
Recommendations:
•

Evaluate the impact of a change in the recommended reference date from October to a
month early in the calendar year on any meaningful variations in the reported data.

•

Reduce time between outreach steps in the existing data collection schedule.

•

Continue to contact facilities by a mix of email, mail, and phone, while using a push-to-web
approach.

•

Share the survey form with all facilities on the universe list at least 2 weeks in advance of
the reference date.

•

Provide the roster template no later than 2 weeks prior to the reference date.

Questionnaires

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

The pilot test was offered in three response modes: web, mail, and email. Most facilities elected
to respond via the web option (94.3%), and this process should continue. Several recommendations
were made to align the data collections with advances in survey design best practices. Other contentrelated recommendations were made based on the analysis of new and modified survey items from the
pilot test, as well as feedback from the experts. These recommendations include three broad areas: the
juvenile population, facility staff and services, and juvenile facilities.
Recommendations:
Demographic items in the person-level section of the CJRP:
•

Add a new item to capture youth Hispanic ethnicity and drop “Hispanic or Latino” as a
response option for race.

•

Add a new item to capture youth gender identity apart from sex assigned at birth.

•

Add a new section on the CJRP to capture person-level length-of-stay data.

Facility staff and services:
•

Add items for required staff trainings.

•

Add items for activities offered to youth in facility.

•

Revise response options for specific types of treatment offered to youth.

•

Add items on availability of mental health providers.

•

Add a series of items on medical care, including care specific to female youths.

Juvenile facilities:
•

Keep the facility self-classification labels but remove ”Boot camp” from facility selfclassification list.

•

Develop and test a set of facility functions that allow respondents to select their facility’s
primary and secondary functions. If these items prove to be discriminating, these facility
functions should be considered to replace the existing facility definitions.

•

Add facility attribute items to focus on the preparation of individualized treatment or
service plans.

•

Revise sleeping room confinement items to separately collect information on when vs. in
what situations youths may be locked in their sleeping room.

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In addition to the added or modified items, several items were recommended for removal from
the CJRP and JRFC based on expert feedback and item-level assessment of the CJRP and JRFC.
Recommendations
Items to remove from the CJRP and the JRFC:
•

Items about overflow detention population

•

Items about the provision of foster care

•

Items about the provision of independent living arrangements

Items to remove from the JRFC
•

Items about building or campus layout

•

Items about large muscle activity

•

Items about sleeping room arrangements/occupancy

Imputation
A central component of imputation and estimation procedures used by the Census Bureau for
both the CJRP and JFRC is the stratification of the facility universe into subgroups (i.e., stratum) that hold
“similar” facilities, such that the nonresponding facilities in each stratum can be represented by (or
imputed using) the reporting facilities in that stratum. Evidence appears to be lacking to support why
geographic location is a meaningful stratification dimension. The validity and usability of the data from
the CJRP and JRFC data collections are critical; thus, non-response bias and response rates are important
to monitor.
Recommendations
•

Explore alternatives to geographic stratification in the imputation processes by conducting
detailed nonresponse bias studies of the most current reported CJRP and JFRC databases to
identify inherent biases in the reported data to which new stratification dimensions could
help to compensate.

•

Explore reasons for low participation among private facilities.

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Appendix D. Executive Summary of RTI Report

The data collected annually by both the CJRP and JRFC can be classified as incomplete censuses.
Although the imputation process yields an analytic file overwriting all (or nearly all) missing values with
acceptable response codes, each of these imputed values should be viewed as an estimate. However,
over the years, federally sponsored reports have presented CJRP and JRFC national- and state-level
statistics as if they had come from a complete census of facilities with no reported degree of uncertainty
stemming from the imputation process. Careful users of these estimates would prefer to have some
understanding of the levels of uncertainty of the reported estimates when assessing trends over time or
comparisons between states or between subgroups of facilities and youth.
Recommendations
•

Develop and disseminate documentation for all imputation procedures.

•

Remove imputation restrictions that suppress the imputation of detained status offenders
and the transfer of youth to the criminal (i.e., adult) justice system.

•

Develop standard error estimates for key facility-level and youth-level descriptive statistics.

Conclusion
Ongoing monitoring of the performance of the CJRP and JRFC data collections is needed. It
should become standard practice to monitor item-level indicators of quality (such as missingness). In
addition, analyses of historical data (and repeated with each new survey administration) should be
conducted to determine how much the information produced by each of the CJRP and JRFC attribute
items changes from year to year. Last, routinely incorporating a detailed non-response bias study with
each wave of data collection will also benefit the ongoing improvements to the CJRP and JRFC data
collections. Establishing these activities as standard practice can highlight potential areas of
improvement with respect to survey design and implementation, identify the limitations of findings
within the data, and inform the imputation and weighting processes.

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Findings and Recommendations from
Cognitive Interviews for the Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP)
and the Juvenile Residential Facility
Census (JRFC)
Prepared for:
Liz Accetta Willhide, Governments and Business Owners Programs, Economic Reimbursable Surveys
Division (ERD)
Megan E. Minnich, ERD
Jonathan R. Albers, ERD
Kayla Nicolette Patti, ERD
Tracy A. Loveless, ERD
Kaitlyn Sill, National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
Benjamin Adams, NIJ
Prepared by:
Hillary Steinberg, Data Collection and Methodology Research Staff (DCMRB), Economic Statistical
Methods Division (ESMD)
Kristin Stettler, DCMRB, ESMD
Office of Economic Planning & Innovation
Economic Programs Directorate

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

U.S. Census Bureau

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Research Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Research Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 5
Findings and Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 10
Finding #1: The type of facility dictates the fit for certain questions. ................................................ 10
Finding #2: Burden varied dramatically and depended on facility characteristics. ............................ 10
Finding #3: This population may be prone to social desirability. ....................................................... 12
Finding #4: Facilities often either had complete demographic information or lacked it entirely for
specific questions and answer items. .................................................................................................. 13
Findings and Recommendations for Topics and Questions ........................................................................ 16
Type of Facility ................................................................................................................................... 16
Criteria for Roster ............................................................................................................................... 17
Length of Stay ..................................................................................................................................... 17
Excel Roster ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Release ................................................................................................................................................ 19
Offense Codes ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Facility – Screening Process ............................................................................................................... 22
Facility – Programming ...................................................................................................................... 23
Demographics – Sex Assigned at Birth .............................................................................................. 25
Demographics – Gender Identity ........................................................................................................ 26
Demographics – Sexual Orientation ................................................................................................... 28
Demographics – Intersex .................................................................................................................... 31
Demographics – Race ......................................................................................................................... 31
Privacy ................................................................................................................................................ 34
Form .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Reminder ............................................................................................................................................. 35
About the Data Collection Methodology and Research Branch (DCMRB) ............................................... 36
Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 37
Cognitive Interviewing Protocol ................................................................................................................. 37

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Appendix B ................................................................................................................................................. 59
Moderated Instrument ................................................................................................................................. 59
Appendix C ................................................................................................................................................. 71
Unmoderated Instrument ............................................................................................................................ 71
Appendix D ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Recruitment Emails..................................................................................................................................... 77

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Executive Summary

The Data Collection Methodology and Research Branch (DCMRB) of the Economic Statistical
Methods Division (ESMD) utilized cognitive interviewing and unmoderated testing to garner
feedback on items for possible inclusion on two surveys: the Census of Juveniles in Residential
Placement (CJRP) and the Juvenile Residential Facility (JRFC). These surveys have the same
population of respondents representing residential facilities in which juveniles are held and are
conducted in alternating years. Representatives of 178 facilities took part in this evaluation. We
accounted for type of facility, geography, and mode of submission in recruitment.
Finding #1: The type of facility dictates the fit for certain questions.
Recommendation: Analyze responses, especially nonresponse, to uncover patterns in how
facility type may influence answers.
Finding #2: Burden varied dramatically and depended on facility characteristics.
Recommendation: Expect an increase in burden with the introduction of a new roster,
especially for some types of facilities.
Finding #3: This population may be prone to social desirability.
Recommendation: Allow options for ambiguity to minimize social desirability bias.
Finding #4: Facilities often either had complete demographic information or lacked it
entirely for specific questions and answer items.
Recommendation: We recommend that items or questions be included in the surveys.
This includes SOGI measures, the combined race question with a Hispanic/Latino option,
and the Middle Eastern or North African option.

Research Objectives
•
•
•

Do respondents understand the concepts and questions as intended?
What is the process like to gather data for these surveys?
What is the burden like for each survey?

Research Methodology
1.1 Development of testing

To determine priorities for this testing, DCMRB staff met with the Census Bureau team and the
sponsor Priorities were determined by the interests of the group, analysis from previous surveys,
and OPM guidelines on demographic questions. For example, Sexual Orientation Gender
Identity (SOGI) items would be new to these surveys, so we provided the team with question
options for testing that were in line with White House guidelines (found here:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SOGI-Best-Practices.pdf). A report

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

written by a contracted entity from the last round of testing served as the foundation for this
testing.
1.2 Rounds of data collection
Two main rounds of data collection were used to test the JRFC/CJRP surveys. An initial nine
moderated interviews were completed in the fall of 2023 (1A). Round one of moderated
interviews resumed and was completed in the winter of 2024 (1B). After review of Round 1
findings were reviewed, revisions were made and round two featured both moderated and
unmoderated testing in winter 2024. Table 1 outlines the components of each round.
Table 1. The components of each round of testing.

Timing

Mode

Number of
Responses

Round 1
October 2023

Initial moderated, 9
1A

January 2024

Moderated, 1B

February – March
2024

Moderated, 2

February – March
2024

Unmoderated, 2

139

Round 2

1.3 Recruitment
We used the sampling frame for the CJRP to target recruitment. We did two rounds of cognitive
testing. Our initial round of testing, called round 1A, included nine moderated interviews.
However, we had more sign ups than we could address because our OMB generic clearance
request was not approved yet. Thus, these participants were contacted and asked to reschedule
for round 1B or round 2.
Recruiting for round 2 began in February 2024. Both moderated cognitive interviews and
unmoderated testing were used. While most participants signed up for moderated interviews
within a few days, unmoderated survey answers rolled in over the following few weeks.

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

We purposively sampled for a mix of facility type and mode of collection throughout all the
rounds of testing. For mode of collection, we made sure to include facilities that mailed in their
responses rather than responding online. In round 2, we further purposively sampled to ensure
geographic representation.
In general, the participants were most often the head of administrative staff or directors of a
facility/collection of facilities.
Table 2 shows the types of facilities covered in moderated and unmoderated testing.

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Table 2. Types of facilities in moderated/unmoderated testing. Please note facilities may select more than one type or program.

TYPE OF FACILITY

MODERATED
(N = 39)

UNMODERATED
(N = 139)

DETENTION

TRAINING SCHOOL

GROUP/HALFWAY HOME

RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT

CATEGORY

RUNAWAY/BOOTCAMP/RANCH 5

OTHER

MENTAL HEALTH

107

EDUCATION

113

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

NORTHEAST

SOUTH

MIDWEST

WEST

ONLINE

126

MAIL-IN

SERVICES

GEOGRAPHIC REGION

MODE OF COLLECTION

Note that the mail in percentages here are slightly less than that of the survey (8.2% in 2021 and
12.6% in 2023). However, the rate of mail in surveys seems to be declining. Respondents who

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

prefer mail in surveys may have been less likely to participate in this testing, as it was virtual and
the invitations were extended by email.
1.4 Procedures
1.4.1 Round One
For moderated interviews, facilities received emails asking them to participate and allowing
them to schedule their interviews. We completed 19 cognitive interviews between rounds 1A and
1B. Interviews lasted about 45 minutes, with participants joining a Teams meeting and clicking
through a Qualtrics survey instrument (found in Appendix B) with the draft questions, and the
interviewer taking notes in the protocol (found in Appendix A).
1.4.2 Round Two
During the break between rounds, changes were made to the substantive content of questions that
did not perform well, based on collaboration with the CJRP/JRFC and respondent research
teams.
In all, 20 moderated interviews were conducted in round 2. A smaller instrument was used in the
unmoderated interviews. The foundation of the probes was the same but tweaked for an
unmoderated style. This meant we added multiple choice options for close ended questions. (The
unmoderated instrument can be found in Appendix C.) While some participants opened the
survey or completed the consent form, we only included responses where any part of the survey
was filled out beyond consent. This accounted for 139 responses out of 194.
Of note, multiple participants in the unmoderated testing did not seem to understand that the
questions presented to them were hypothetical. For example, when we showed a question about
assigned sex at birth, we were not asking about a specific youth, but some participants seemed to
think we were. This has not come up in previous unmoderated testing and may have impacted
some answers.

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

Findings and Recommendations
Finding #1: The type of facility dictates the fit for certain questions.
There are several types of facilities surveyed in both the JRFC and CJRP. There are factors about
these facilities that dictate burden, and which questions will be easier or more difficult to answer.
Some facilities had multiple programs to report for on the same campus. Many were larger
incarceration settings, which are often public and house pre- and post-adjudicated offenders.
These types of facilities often had robust databases to pull information from, and collected a
large amount of data about each youth based on state or federal requirements. Other facilities
were sometimes smaller, but more complicated. Some had mixes of offenders and nonoffenders.
Some, such as treatment centers, were later in a youth’s experience with residential placement,
and they did not always have as robust documentation. Small facilities, such as runaway shelters,
did not always need to collect the data that would answer the questions on these surveys.
Respondents from facilities without robust databases were likely to have to go into records by
hand for details, or hand calculate certain items, such as length of stay. This could be harder for
them, although often they were smaller facilities so had fewer youth to report for. It was rarer
that a larger facility did not have such a database, but in these instances, burden was higher. Two
facilities noted they used databases that were provided by their state systems, which were usually
robust but did not always have the information the surveys were asking for.
If a facility was PREA compliant or had a certain type of grant this often meant that facility had
information the surveys asked for because they already reported it elsewhere. For example, the
SOGI measures were asked of all youth and readily available if a facility was PREA compliant
or reported these demographics to a federal runaway grant.
Respondents from some types of facilities, such as treatment centers or halfway houses,
struggled with questions relating to offenses or release. They often had less documentation or
control over the intake and discharge processes.
Recommendation: Analyze responses, especially nonresponse, to uncover patterns in how
facility type may influence answers.
Finding #2: Burden varied dramatically and depended on facility characteristics.
Burden varied dramatically across the types of facilities for reasons we will enumerate below.
This variation in types of facility cannot be helped but should be taken into account. Some
facilities had lower burden. These included facilities with experienced reporters, small facilities,
or those with robust databases. The lowest reported burden was 15-30 minutes. Some facilities,
such as one in a state without digitized records or one with multiple programs to report for, had

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Appendix E. Census Bureau Cognitive Testing Report

higher burden, like a full workday. The highest reported burden was ten hours. Most facilities
reported it took about one to two hours to complete one of the surveys.
As with most surveys, the amount of time a reporter has been at the facility related to their
familiarity with the survey and often resulted in a streamlined process for completion, meaning
there was less burden. One newer participant said the pervious reporter had retired so he might
take “longer than most. I pull an old one and go off it since I'm newer.” Many respondents said
they had access to previous surveys, and some offered to pull up their answers. Some
participants said they had been reporting for years and seemed to feel confident about the
surveys.
First, size determined some burden, especially for the roster on the CJRP. If a facility has more
youth released in the past month, they have more rows on the Excel spreadsheet to fill out on the
roster. One larger facility with over 100 beds spread across several programs said the surveys
would take “Four to five hours. Because we are large.” That being said, these facilities often only
had offenders, which made the roster less burdensome. Facilities with mixed populations of
offenders and non-offenders had the added burden of having to identify and remove nonoffenders from the roster. This was easier for some versus others depending on how robust their
databases were. Facilities with these databases did not struggle to report length of stay or most
demographics because the system made these records easily accessible. These programs often
generated reports on length of stay or which youth were released in the past month based off
whatever the participant inputted.
Interestingly, very few participants remembered a difference between the CJRP and the JRFC.
While they likely had about the same burden given the nature of the questions, the CJRP was
most likely more difficult from some respondents given the roster (for the reasons explained
above). However, of the few that did point out the differences in the surveys, they had been in
the position longer and seemed to be naturally well organized with good memories. There could
be a number of reasons that participants did not remember the differences. The surveys alternate
annually, and the last survey was the CJRP, which may have been more burdensome. Most
participants submit their surveys online and may not remember seeing the differences in color
and name on the paper survey. However, it is possible participants were not recalling burden
accurately, since most thought the surveys were the same.
We note that the roster was very burdensome, particularly for some facilities. This included those
without centralized data systems or with many youth. Adding an additional roster, especially
with demographics and release details, will likely increase burden.

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Recommendation: Expect an increase in burden with the introduction of a new roster,
especially for some types of facilities. Further testing is needed to see how the addition of
the new roster impacts overall survey burden and response. Consider messaging around
the increase in burden with the addition of the Length of Stay roster. Specifically, we
recommend a convening of respondents, such as a virtual meeting with a presentation
where they can ask questions, since this group is responsive and cares about accurate
reporting of the population they work with. Debriefing interviews with respondents
would better pinpoint an increase in burden and how the introduction of the Excel was
received by respondents. Respondent debriefing interviews would also provide feedback
on how respondents were answering new items.
Finding #3: This population may be prone to social desirability.
There is some evidence that respondents for these surveys may be particularly prone to social
desirability and may report positively more often than is accurate. Many of the participants in the
respondent research were administrative directors or directors of smaller facilities. They are
proud of the work they do and stay in a field that can be challenging or disheartening, and we
speculate this is due to a level of vocational satisfaction. They feel the youth they work with are
important and want to give whatever information they had. They were generally enthusiastic and
eager to help.
As with most respondent research, this may be due to the nature of who signs up for testing.
Indeed, we had a number of signs ups we needed to postpone due to an issue with OMB
approval, and many still signed up a second time. However, in the unmoderated testing, we had a
surprising number of breakoffs after the first question or first block. This may indicate
participants are more likely to tell an interviewer what they believe an interviewer wants to hear.
We also had more sign ups from the Midwest, which may indicate an obliging culture in
interactions.
We saw this social desirability issue most clearly in two areas of testing. The first was the roster,
specifically including youth who were not appropriate for reporting. This meant some
participants would list non-offenders and give more information than necessary. The second was
questions about screening or programs in the facility. Participants were eager to say yes to these
questions, such as assigning youth to living conditions or counting outdoor recreation as a
structured program, even if they did not meet those requirements.
These reports were not egregious, and often were stretches of the truth. However, it is important
to note that this might be a characteristic common to this population when designing the
questions and analyzing data from specific items.

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Recommendation: Include write in, “don’t know,” and unknown options to minimize
social desirability bias. Pathways for respondents to give more information for analysts to
code may ensure more accuracy.
Finding #4: Facilities often either had complete demographic information or lacked it entirely
for specific questions and answer items.
Facilities that had demographic information that was easily accessed resulted in participants who
felt it was easy to report this information. Most facilities had access to most of the demographic
information we tested. The SOGI questions and Middle Eastern or North African (MENA)
category in the race question were harder for facilities that did not store this information. Some
participants said their facilities recorded multiracial information differently than how it was
asked in testing. It is likely that these questions are more burdensome for facilities that do not
store this information in a way that matches our questions.
Perhaps the most obvious example of this process was the SOGI questions. The majority of
participants reported that they had sex assigned at birth in records. As stated earlier, those
facilities that were PREA compliant or had the federal runaway grant asked all youth SOGI
questions and had it easily accessible in records. This mechanism had the added benefit of
categorical answers. Some facilities asked this or had this information on file, but not in their
system. They would need to look into the therapeutic files or write ups by case managers to find
this demographic information, resulting in more burden. This was often a write in rather than a
categorical answer for identity. Some facilities clearly had fewer transgender youth (these youth
were probably not assigned to these places), and participants often described conditions or
policies for transgender youth that were less than ideal. (We describe this more when we discuss
gender identity below.) Such facilities were often in places with hostile laws concerning
transgender youth or that are less LGBTQ+ friendly. These facilities often did not ask about
SOGI in assessments or intakes, and relied on disclosure from youth, who may not be
comfortable disclosing. Therefore, respondents may not know about these youth. Some
participants mentioned that they did not understand what the data would be used for.
Notably, two participants (both from shelters in the Northeast) expressed concern about reporting
SOGI information on a government survey. Both preferred an aggregate reporting mechanism.
They were also the two participants who expressed distrust with confidentiality and privacy with
these surveys in general and felt it may not be permissible to report this information.
For the inclusion of the Middle Eastern and North African option on the race question, most
participants were positive about its inclusion. Some facilities, dependent on region, said they had
not had experience with youth of these ethnicities, and so this did not matter very much for them.

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Others said they had this option, and that this inclusion would align with their records. Most
facilities with MENA youth had this noted in their “write ins” and would be able to report it.
Some respondents noted they would have to move from their database into individual records to
do so.
Some participants told us their facility would be willing to record SOGI or MENA data in the
future if these surveys requested such information. These were facilities that currently did not
store this demographic data systematically.
Some participants were unsure of how to report multiracial youth. A few participants said they
did not collect data on specific identities and merely categorized youth as multiracial or “two or
more races” in their records. They were likely to write this in. Some did not notice that they
could select all races that applied.
Finally, some participants did not understand the importance of these surveys, or how the data
would be used. This came up in moderated interviews as well as in the qualitative answers in the
unmoderated testing. One participant wanted to know “Why is this information so important?”
writing, “It would be beneficial to see outcomes from these surveys I take the time to complete
every year.” Although he likely received the email sent to respondents describing how the data is
used, it is possible he did not remember this, or it did not apply to him. Some participants did not
understand why demographics were important because they did not know how the data was used.
One participant wrote “These factors do not matter when it comes to running a jail or prison.
What we truly care about is classification for housing and the behavior of the inmates while they
are in custody.” Another seemed uncomfortable reporting demographics, writing “In my role, all
inmates are treated equally, regardless of race, sexual orientation, or gender.” A participant
connected a lack of understanding about the need of demographics with why he did not think it
was relevant to report: “I understand the need for and importance of collecting statistics because
they can be a helpful tool when analyzing data at the end of the year. However, I find the
majority of the stats you are interested in compiling to be pointless and irrelevant to the prison
system. While basic stats like the average age of inmates, gender, and length of stay are
important and relevant, I fail to see the relevance of other stats such as sexual orientation or
gender identity. As a prison facilitator, it is also challenging for me to obtain that kind of
information about inmates.” We are unsure if this difference is significant for private versus
public institutions. Understanding why demographics are important to reporting may help
minimize nonresponse.
Recommendation: We recommend that items or questions that test well and are within
federal guidelines be included in the surveys. This includes SOGI measures, the

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combined race question with a Hispanic/Latino option, and the Middle Eastern or North
African option. Keeping an eye on these answers and performing a more rigorous
analysis of nonresponse by type of facility might demonstrate differences in reporting.
Consider more aggressive outreach about data products and adding a blurb to the
demographics or SOGI questions explaining the use of this information (which is within
White House guidelines). Highlight the “select all that apply” option on the race question
as specific to multiracial youth. Consider adding information about how the data is used,
either next to certain questions, in the emails, or in another way.

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Findings and Recommendations for Topics and Questions

Type of Facility
The question asking participants to categorize their facility was overall not a problem for
participants, and their answers matched up to what they had inputted on the last survey. As one
participant who had been filling the surveys out for years said “We answer the same every year,
so it was straightforward.” No one reported an issue with the definitions themselves, and many
spoke positively about them. One called the definitions “perfect.”
The first option, detention, seemed to be the easiest to recognize. The specific term “secure”
signaled that the option meant detention to participants, and most saw themselves as detention.
“Detention. It’s easy to pick,” said one participant who oversaw two programs, a residential and
juvenile detention program.
Many participants chose more than one option and liked the ability to do so. This was especially
true of those who had pre- and post-adjudication populations or were later in a youth’s
residential sequence. One participant had two separate programs on the same campus, so she
chose “Detention center first, then residential treatment.” Another facility was named a group
home, and the participant knew her facility was not considered detention. She said “We’re an
unlocked facility…so residential treatment center. I would usually click group home. That’s
semantics, but it’s technically group home. It’s just court-involved kids.” The ability to check
more than one option was helpful for certain types of facilities (such as those for youth postdetention), and those with multiple programs.
There were two “other” options (other shelter and other with a write in), both of which
participants utilized. Even if the way the participant saw their facility did not exactly match,
participants found categories that fit. For example, one participant chose “other type of shelter.”
She said “I can double check really quick. Emergency nonsecure shelter…although we consider
ourselves more triage or emergency.” Sometimes participants chose “other” because of external
factors. One such influence was certification. A participant said “I think we do other. We aren't
classified as a formal RTC because we don't have the mental health credential. We're not fully
detention center. We're like a detention correction residential without the actual certification of
those. Training school, long term secure facility. We could be a combination but just that one
[other] that we checked.” Sometimes this factor included funding mechanisms. Another
participant chose other, saying “Emergency youth shelter. We receive funding from different
sources: state government, federal grants, private nonprofit. Other type of shelter. Runaway and
homeless shelter. We have a federal runaway and homeless youth grant so that's why I choose
that one.”

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Recommendation: Keep question as is, including allowing respondents to select all that
apply and choose “other” designations.
Criteria for Roster
Most participants felt the criteria for inclusion on the roster were clear. It was easiest for
detention centers, who generally had all youth fall into this category since they were all
considered offenders. A few knew to leave off youth older than 21. Participants told us they now
have youth older than 21 due to changes in state laws regarding who goes to juvenile facilities.
Those participants noted they would not include the older young adults. It did not present a
pressing issue during testing. Some of the smaller facilities that fulfilled many roles, such as
shelters, struggled a bit more with who to include. They were a minority. What counted as a
release differed by facility type (see finding below). However, participants knew not to include
temporary releases. Some larger detention centers said they were part of the Interstate Juvenile
Compact and would hold runaways for a few days. They did not include these youth either. One
participant in round 1A without this clarification said “I would like a definition of what is an
offender, fight with parents, runaway charges. Not clear what we would consider offenders,
they're not in the juvenile justice system but have juvenile offenses.”
We assume these criteria make more sense in the CJRP itself, rather than in testing. It is likely as
clearly worded as possible. Due to some ambiguity and the desire to include the information for
as many youth as possible, certain facilities will have respondents over report youth that do not
belong in the roster.
Recommendation: We recommend keeping this description, and possibly giving more
examples in another location that respondents could be directed to. Future testing should
consider patterns in how respondents understand release.
Length of Stay
Most facilities were easily able to obtain length of stay information. It was often required for
other reporting mechanisms and was attached to a daily roster. No participants reported trouble
obtaining admitted and released dates. However, some of the facilities that did not have
databases or digitized records struggled slightly more than those who could input a request into
their system. For these facilities, a full calendar month reporting period was easier. One larger
detention center said “Full calendar month [is easier] because it’s how I already run reports.”
Another said “We already calculate this on a monthly basis. Calendar month.”
We asked participants if they preferred to report on the aggregate or roster level. About half of
facilities had some sort of average length of stay on file. In the unmoderated testing, 58% had a
monthly length of stay, and 42% had a yearly length of stay. However, the roster level was
overwhelmingly preferred, even though it posed significantly more burden, for two reasons.
First, different populations had different lengths of stay. This was particularly true for facilities

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that had pre- and post-adjudicated youth, and treatment centers that had programs for both
substance use and sexual offenders. One participant from such a treatment center said “Sexual
offenders have longer lengths of stay because they have other requirements to get to the
transition phase.” Some youth had a harder time finding foster placements once they were
discharged or had longer sentences due to the nature of their charges. The second was that some
participants understood the value of roster input to inform more granular findings. One
participant had a female and male program that was separate and said the average lengths of stay
in days were “males 9.3, females 6.4 days” and the average would put them together. Another
participant from a racially diverse area worried an aggregate would obscure if certain
populations, such as Black boys, had longer lengths of stay.
According to the sponsor of the survey, 28 days is preferred for a number of reasons. The first is
continuity, as it is the time period of information previously collected for the survey. More
importantly, a time period of a month is sufficient to track the number of releases, but 28 days
(four weeks) is preferred because of population flow. That is, there are different peaks of
admittances and releases over the week, so including four full weeks captures this flux.
Recommendation: Collect length of stay in the roster for the calendar month.
Specifically, February 1st through 28th is likely a good candidate to collect Length of Stay
information, because it is both a calendar month and 28 days (in non-leap years).
Consider testing and adding a question about what type of program a youth is in (like
treatment program or adjudication status). This may reveal patterns in length of stay.
Excel Roster
Participants described the Excel roster as “straight forward,” “self explanatory,” and “clear.”
Many participants described themselves as very experienced with Excel (especially in
comparison to other economic surveys we test). For example, while some said their initial
impression was that the font was small, many knew to “zoom in.” Another participant who felt it
was “a lot of information, very detailed,” asked “where would you get information?” and
correctly answered herself “the tabs.” Participants had an expectation that errors be emailed to
them. In round 1, we asked how they would like to fill out the roster information, and the
majority preferred an Excel spreadsheet over other methods like the online survey or fillable
PDF.
Some participants reported that this was similar to other mechanisms of reporting. One
participant said “We already capture that, so that’s not a problem for us.” One participant said
the roster was “pretty much the same thing we fill out for our state every month.” Another noted
it was “more comprehensive, more time consuming.” There was some concern that it was

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overwhelming. One participant said “I did think it was a lot of information. This is going to take
a while.” Another said it was “Way too much, way too complicated.” However, most felt it was
manageable. One participant had the initial reaction “Wow, a lot of data!” but amended “If you
tab over, it doesn’t go very far.” Another said he would “Just be getting my compliance person to
help me. It’s very doable.”
One participant did note that the office had moved over to the program Google Sheets, which did
not read the spreadsheet as well. “The formulas and cells disappear,” she explained. She would
deliberately use one of the computers in the office, not her own, that had Excel. She said “I like it
still because I can copy and paste in bulk, but I have to be cognizant. Some of the computers
only have Google Sheets.” Another participant said she used Google Sheets for her own
purposes but knew to use Excel for this spreadsheet.
Several respondents mentioned that they liked the updated version of the CJRP spreadsheet,
noting that it was very user friendly.
Recommendation: Use an Excel spreadsheet for roster data collection. Consider future
usability testing.
Release
Release was especially tricky to operationalize and track given huge differences in knowledge of
what happened to youth after release, and how facilities understood and recorded release. We
tested several versions of this question, including a qualitative response. None exactly matched
how all or even most participants thought about release. One participant representing a boot
camp said “Youth can be discharged to family, foster family, group home, other residential
facility, or jail. The term ‘release’ sounds like a correctional placement, which we are not.”
Another participant wasn’t sure about what residential meant in terms of transfer to other
facilities: “Residential does that denote secure placement – group home, are those the same to
Census? Residential means group home to us. Secure for secure facilities. Define residential.”
Many factors dictate how a facility would think about release and store it in their records.
Additionally, if facilities recorded release, it was often either where they went (treatment
program, group home) or who they went to (family, parole). Those who recorded who youth
were released to struggled with the question. One participant said “Through our system, have to
put who they’re released to. Mom, dad, CPS, grandma, facility.” Another said that his records
reflected “Who, not where they went. Into whose custody released.” A moderated participant
explained it would be hard to access release information and that they would need to access
separate records. She said it would involve “Locating release paperwork, reading every release

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paperwork to answer.” In unmoderated testing, some facilities, especially smaller ones, recorded
their release as an open textbox that did not map onto the answer options provided.
Some facilities, especially those who took youth after detention, did not have some or all release
information. Some did not have specific information. One participant said “I don’t know if I
would have it like that, probation or parole. I have treatment, detention, home, foster care. Don’t
have probation or parole.” Some participants said their data was not usable: “Some of it might be
unknown. Sometimes difficult.” Another said “The staff that populate the field don’t always
know, so the folks that do know need to get into the database to have this. A good chunk is
missing and inconsistent.” Treatment centers in particular relied on the court system for this
information, and it wasn’t always accessible to the facility respondent. A director of
administration said “Sometimes that’s not as easy for me to obtain in my position because I don’t
work in the realm of re-entry.” Another spoke of the court system: “We don’t know supervision,
we’re not in that decision…We don’t have anywhere to track that, so we would ask the courts.”
Another agreed: “We don’t have information about supervision. It would fall to the court
officer.”
In terms of the question itself, the term “community” was considered vague or too much like
jargon to parse out. One participant wasn’t sure why: “To the community with supervision?
Seems a little off to me but can’t put my finger on what that would be.” Further, participants
miscategorized given examples. When asked where to place a youth who was released to a group
home without parole or probation, many incorrectly placed the hypothetical youth in a residential
facility with supervision, rather than the correct answer of to the community without supervision.
Participants also provided some examples of situations that were unclear. One participant from a
treatment center/group home had a youth who no longer lived onsite but was not discharged
because the youth was receiving aftercare services there. This was not easily categorized.
Although there was not a strong preference between the one step version and two step version of
this question, we recommend the one step question, as it has a write in option. Many participants
said they would use the write in option to denote transfer to an adult facility or “AWOL” youth.
One unmoderated participant wrote “Sometimes a youth is AWOL and never comes back…I
would like another category for “absconded.” Another said that if the facility knows where a
youth would be released to, it is inputted by an outside case worker after 30-60 days. She would
have to go into the discharge summary. “If they AWOL and runaway, we never hear from them
again.”
Recommendation: Include the one step question, and conduct analysis of the write-ins
and patterns in types of answers. Analyze write ins, particularly about transfers to adult

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facilities or AWOL youth, to discern if these categories are necessary in the future. We
caution that this question and topic are particularly problematic and require further
testing.
Offense Codes
Reporting the most severe offense codes was often tricky for participants because offense codes
were often unranked in records and sometimes difficult to access. In our testing, we asked for the
three most severe offense codes that were related to the residential placement, and whether they
were parole or probation violations. The previous CJRP surveys asked for only one. Finding and
categorizing offense codes was burdensome. One participant reported “Offense code part is what
takes me the longest.” Another called the process “time consuming and subjective.” Another
agreed, stating “I am not really interested in entering codes. Even more time consuming.”
There were several complicating factors participants dealt with to report offense codes. First was
identifying the original charges versus those charges that resulted in placement. A youth might
have “up to thirty offenses,” one participant noted. And as one director of a detention center
pointed out “Sometimes we don’t have an initial charge.” The way court records connected
charges was not always clear cut for how it related to the placement. One participant who
oversaw multiple programs including detention said “We can see if it’s a probation violation, but
we’re not sure which offense relates. ‘For this current placement’ we would look during this time
frame and think about the full history of the youth.”
Second, charges could change after the adjudication process, or if there was a probation or parole
violation. As one participant said “We don’t always know until the youth attends court
proceedings.” Another director of a detention center explained “We have every charge that they
were initially charged with, sometimes the charges changes, the JCO are not good about calling
us and telling us the changes in the charges…I don’t know what is the worst offense, I do have to
Google what charge is more severe.”
Other participants pointed out that it may be difficult or burdensome to find the records that list
charges, and this information might be incomplete. One participant with three treatment
programs found the question “A little tricky. It’s not handy information. I would go back and
review all files.” Some files were archived when the youth turned 18 so he would “Go back and
access their comprehensive individual treatment plan and look and see what was addressed while
they were here. It’s a lot more work.” Another participant who represented multiple kinds of
facilities said “I would have to go somewhere else to get that. Our spreadsheet does not have
offenses. I would have to go into each kid’s individual file to see offense…It’s a hard question.
Easy to understand. But it might be sort of difficult. More time consuming.”

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Whether or not an offense was a parole or probation violation, especially in regards to why the
youth was in a residential placement, was another layer of complexity. One participant from a
detention center said he felt this question would “take a little more effort, but nothing that we are
not used to.” He acknowledged “We would not know with data we have if it was a probation or
parole offense.”
The subjective nature of coding was also a problem for participants. Offense codes differ by state
and county. A participant representing detention centers said “Our generic categories don’t
match up with yours. I would have to recode, hand code what I have to, including strange
offenses.” Another participant from a group home said she would pull from a youth’s “social
history, described in words” and use her “judgment and knowledge” to discern which was the
most severe.
The attached list of offenses was helpful for participants, even if it did not match up completely.
There was no way to create a list that would match with every context. Participants said they
used the list and liked it. Some mentioned the omission of domestic violence as a charge they
saw commonly.
Recommendation: Ask for only the most severe offense, with a full list for reference
during coding. Consider allowing respondents to give all offense information on file and
using Machine Learning to code offenses. We suggest testing the specific dimensions of
probation or parole violations leading to placement, and possibly breaking it out as a
question unlinked from the most severe offense.
Facility – Screening Process
The question combined several yes/no questions about facility processes into a single item. This
was a question that was vulnerable to social desirability. Many participants wanted to be able to
check off an option to this question to show they were meeting expectations for their jobs. This
means that respondents may be more likely to check off answers, even if their facility does not
meet the requirements. We found, for whatever reason, it was not common for participants to
pick the first answer option. The answer option may not reflect how youth are assigned to
facilities.
Respondents from some facilities did select “none of the above.” Many of these facilities were
smaller and had youth assigned to them through another entity like the court system. One
participant with both detention and treatment programs said “Well we don’t actually assign. The
court says they go wherever.” The director of a youth shelter said “We don’t screen them. We

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don’t have a choice.” A participant from a temporary emergency shelter said she would choose
“’none of the above’ because we are a no reject facility under contract with the state; we don’t
get to screen kids out.” Such facilities were comfortable choosing “none of the above” because
their existence was predicated on a lack of a screening process.
The question in the second round included the term “structured” to describe the screening
process. This meant most PREA compliant detention centers chose the option “the appropriate
living arrangements within this facility”. This was reliant on the vulnerability assessment that is
required during intake. Some participants were unsure if this option meant such a screening. One
participant explained “We use a screening process for appropriate living arrangement. Within
PREA as a requirement, we do a vulnerability assessment for sexual risk and aggression. This
decides whether they get a roommate or not. We have another determination for dorm or
program, but not a structured screening.” Indeed, another participant requested a definition for a
“structured screening process,” telling us “I’m kind of unsure what we mean for appropriate
living arrangements. That could be yes or no for us. For living arrangements, all of our youth are
in units, but we screen if it’s appropriate for single bunk, double bunk, male or female unit onsite
for transgender individuals. Depending on what it means, yes, we do that.” We cannot conclude
with certainty that the addition of the word “structured” reduced social desirability.
No participants said they were concerned about the clarity of the question. However, some were
not sure how this applied to their facility. One participant with multiple programs on one campus
said “We think about each program separately.” Another told us “The response options make
sense but are not exactly right for our facility. It probably reads more for residential. This doesn’t
apply to us.” This reinforces the importance of a “none of the above” option.
Finally, the question did not indicate what time period the respondent should think of when
answering. Most assumed that this was referencing intake assessments. If this is the intention of
the question, then there is no need to clarify. However, an interviewee rightly pointed out that he
would include screening decisions at discharge as well. He said “It’s not clear if this question is
for while the youth is at our facility or at release. While they’re there or after they leave.” This is
an important distinction.
Recommendation: Use this mode of the question, rather than separate yes/no items, and
keep the “none of the above” option. Include the preferred timeframe if necessary.
Facility – Programming
This question, like the one before it, combines several yes/no questions. It is also vulnerable to
social desirability. While most of the participants understood “INSIDE” the facility to mean on

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the physical campus, it was sometimes misconstrued in order for participants to check it off. One
participant, who eventually said that the “outdoor experience” option was too general, at first
mistakenly checked off this option, saying “Kids can't go offsite. First category, each group
home, assisted program managers are required to make schedule for rec, going to park, beach,
planetarium.” In fact, there were several participants who checked off this option when they did
not have a structured outdoor experience that would qualify. One such participant said “We have
an outdoor rec space, but none of the other.” In fact, youth are entitled to time outdoors legally.
This is not notable. Another participant was not sure how to categorize their program, saying
“We have outdoor activities. We have considerable wood space and trails. We encourage youth
to take walks when they become overwhelmed, to being in nature. We do have a landscaping
management group that we teach the youth to work, along with the vocational training program,
garden is run through that in a greenhouse.” This may qualify, but it is not clear by this
description.
There were similar issues with vocational programs. Some would list educational programs as
maybe falling into this category. Education is also a right for juvenile offenders and should be
present in all facilities. Some weren’t sure what counted as vocational programing. A participant
representing multiple group homes said “We do some job training, like resume building. For an
official vocation training program, we would refer out. So, it’s hard to decide what to answer. It's
not an ‘official’ training program.” It was unclear what would meet the threshold here.
Some had trouble with the treatment plan option, although most talked through it and came to the
right answer for their facilities. This may not happen if respondents are not filling this out with
someone. One participant paused a long time on this option and said “What's your question? We
do have individual treatment plans for the kids. It wasn't super clear, what doesn't apply. The
way worded, individually planned...I guess that’s what we do.” However, the most common
issue with this answer option was that it gave two examples (substance use and mental health
treatment). Participants did not respond well and this narrowed their conception of the answer.
One said of the question “I hate questions like this. Because asking multiple statements -- all at
same time.” Another pointed out that the item was “two different things in same question. We
would say no to second part. It’s a two-pronged question.”
Further complicating this, some participants had multiple programs on one campus, and were
unsure how to answer if one had the program but another did not. One participant said “The first
one would be for treatment, wouldn't bring detention outdoors besides rec areas.” The biggest
point of ambiguity and confusion was if third party providers who came onsite counted for these
answers. One group home director said of treatment services “We have staff that provide
services in my facility, versus outside providers coming in and providing, or outpatient.” Another

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interpreted “inside” as “Something we offer ourselves and not contracted. Contractors coming
into the space, I would include that.” Participants were not united on how to answer in these
situations.
Recommendation: Use this mode of the question, rather than separate yes/no items, and
keep the “none of the above” option. Test a definition that includes third party
programming on site. Eliminate the examples for the treatment answer option.
Demographics – Sex Assigned at Birth
Sex assigned at birth was the easiest demographic to confirm of the questions we tested. This
was universally on record. No one in the unmoderated testing said they did not have this
information. Only two percent of participants in the unmoderated testing found this question
difficult.
The information itself came from many sources, often triangulated. In the unmoderated testing,
80% of participants said sex was self-reported by youth, 85% said it was asked at intake, and
66% said this information came from external documents such as referrals or court records. One
participant said this information was “in records,” and specified “the referral packet from the
county.” Another said that they received this information from “court records or CPS.
Sometimes the kid confirms.” Another participant mentioned this triangulation, saying it was
recorded at the intake assessment, plus court order.” Sometimes this information was found in
medical records. When this information was collected at intake, it was often asked with questions
about gender identity (which may be included in the PREA screener). One participant
representing detention centers said “Staff enter at intake. Have transgender and intersex. We ask
our youth these questions.” Some felt the process of triangulation was confusing.
There were a few participants who reported this information may be challenging to get because
their facility only had one gender on record. One participant from a detention center told us his
records only had one gender indicator. He said “Tricky question because we have initial contact
with juvenile, not by records. Go by what juvenile tells us…I do not have access to
documentation.” The sex at birth was not sourced from official records in this case. However,
they had gender identity on the intake assessment and he said this was accessible. Some were
single sex facilities, and from their descriptions, did not receive transgender youth often. One
such participant said “We know if it's provided. We're an all male facility. We assume the youth
is currently male, was always assigned male unless otherwise specified.” One participant said
they always had it for their youth, but the records “only have one gender variable currently.
Recorded when youth come into our care. Probably intake process conducted by probation and

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parole staff.” Though it might be different than what the youth was assigned at birth, he felt the
question was easy.
Recommendation: Include question as tested, next to the gender identity question.
Demographics – Gender Identity
Gender identity varied with how easy it was to report based on the accessibility of the
information and how it was collected. Only 6% of the unmoderated participants said they did not
have this on file. This may be an underreport, as it does not match with how many moderated
participants said they did not have this data. Fourteen percent of the unmoderated participants
considered this question difficult to answer, which also may be an undercount. In general,
participants did not feel negatively about answering this question, and no one found it
inappropriate. This represents a more positive response than other economic surveys.
Gender identity was more likely to be collected from the youth themselves, rather than
documents. In the unmoderated testing, 81% said they had this information from self-report, 72%
from intake (including the PREA vulnerability screener and the federal runaway grant), and 42%
used documents. It is possible that there was social desirability in reporting the presence of this
data in records and familiarity with the topic or terms.
Many facilities kept this in records, although not always accessibly. Some facilities did not have
this information at all. One participant said “I don't have this in records. I would have to make
some assumptions.” Another said “This is something we are not currently gathering or asking
yet. It’s not in records. I expect it to be added in future.” Another participant who did not have
this information in records was less optimistic, saying “It would require a change to the system. I
would have to check with each location’s superintendent. I could possibly look in individual
records, but that would be very burdensome.” Most facilities that did not have this information
were in geographic locations that may be less welcoming to transgender youth, due to many
reasons such as laws, culture, or a lack of community. This is not to say that transgender youth
were not in these facilities or locations – but they were not likely being recorded as such. These
facilities were more likely to say they did not have this information on file. Interestingly, one
participant in an area with a significant LGBTQ+ community did not track this, and tshe facility
was not PREA compliant. He said “We have a lot of gender fluidity. We could have some
identifying differently female nonbinary. Kids move around the spectrum. That could make it a
difficult one. Kids who [are] very fluid. We would have to go in the file, and don't have a place
we track.” We do not believe that genderfluidity or changes in how youth identify precludes
tracking this data.

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Most PREA compliant facilities had this in records and did not consider the question difficult.
One participant said simply “I would have that in records. We do PREA. It has that question
there.” One participant from a PREA compliant dentition center said “It’s in records, we do a
PREA vulnerability and risk screening when they arrive…It wouldn't be difficult, but time
consuming. It might involve going into individual records. It’s not difficult but can take time
where I need to go to get information.” Many facilities who did not use PREA screenings also
had this question in an intake assessment. One participant said “Whatever the kid says, we give
them a form they have to fill out. Youth reporting to staff at intake.” These participants also felt
the question was easy. One said “We have a questionnaire so if they fill this out, then we go by
that data, so pretty easy. In records.” Another participant with a group home felt it was a legal
obligation to record what youth identified as, saying “If that's what they identify with, that's what
we would put down…We wouldn't discriminate [taking them], we have no choice. They’re
mandated to us. It would not be a problem and would come up in intake.” These mechanisms
were most in line with the proposed questions. These questions, when asked at intake, were
asked of all youth, no matter age.
Participants were familiar with the terms. Those who had categories in their records felt they
could match them onto this question. There were more write ins in unmoderated testing, and
participants could not explain their answers as they would in moderated interviews. Some writeins in the unmoderated included genderfluid, genderqueer, agender, and prefer not to answer. An
interesting pattern was that facilities with more Native youth often wrote in. One participant
whose facility covered an area with reservations said that they had gender identity in reports and
would write in “two spirit” as an identity. Another had a population of Native Hawaiian youth,
with some identifying as “mahu,” a third gender designation.
Participants who said they would rely on disclosure often were unfamiliar with transgender
youth (as described above). They did not have many, if any, transgender youth at their facility.
This may indicate that transgender youth were not assigned to these facilities and went
elsewhere, or that youth were not disclosing their identities. Some participants thought this was
due to their populations (like pulling from certain geographical areas or rural communities), but
this did not seem to be the case. This mechanism seemed unreliable. One participant from a
detention center said “We don't record this right now. Not really yet. We had one years ago
obviously male but wanted to be female, so we isolated him. We didn't have anything on file. I
would know if they tell us.” Many such participants were confident they would know if there
was a transgender youth. Another participant from a detention facility said “Our record does not
include transgender/nonbinary. I have young lady claiming to be transgender, but that would not
be in any formalized way I can scan. She requested to see me. I would happen to know. I could
not run in system. I would go back to answering what I know. You would have missing data.”

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These facilities were often in places with hostile laws toward transgender youth. Those who were
unfamiliar with transgender youth often described approaches that did not align with best
practices. This included isolation (which is not legal with juveniles), asking youth to disclose in
front of parents and deferring to parent report, needing caseworker approval to respect a youth’s
identity, or pathologizing their identities as a mental health issue.
Interestingly, although this question was “select all that apply,” participants nearly always only
selected one option. This was especially true if they were not familiar with transgender youth.
When given an example of a transgender or nonbinary girl, for example, participants would
select just transgender or nonbinary. One participant who was not very familiar with transgender
youth spoke about a nonbinary youth. She said “I would put her transgender, she never actually
said nonbinary. I would just put transgender.” This is in opposition to the self-report literature.
Recommendation: Add question with only one option to select. It is possible to
triangulate this information with the assigned sex at birth question for the team to identify
transgender youth. Consider testing a “select all that apply mechanism” when
respondents are more familiar with the question. Keep the write in option. Consider an
option for respondents to report they do not record gender identity.
Demographics – Sexual Orientation
The findings for sexual orientation measures were similar to gender identity. The main difference
was that for many participants, the records were less accessible. In the unmoderated testing 28%
said they did not have this information in their records, and 31% rated it difficult to answer. This
had the highest rate of difficulty to answer of any of the demographics. Many more of the
records for sexual orientation were entered as write ins. In unmoderated testing, 66% said this
information was coming from self reports from youth, 45% from intake assessments, and 14%
from documents.
As with gender identity, those facilities who already reported sexual orientation for PREA or a
grant had this information accessible and in similar categories. One participant from a detention
facility answered simply the information was asked of all youth “in the PREA vulnerability
screening.” A participant from a youth shelter said “Yes, we do ask that question, for purposes of
our federal grant. During an intake. It’s part of the assessment we do at intake.” However, often
those participants who had this information did not have it in the same place as other
demographic information. Often this meant it was not in the centralized database, if a facility had
one. One participant who said the questions were asked during intake also said “This one does
not live in our database, not in the main area… I would open the record for each youth, look for
note, go into assessment.” A participant from a school program said it was in the records,

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specifically a separate form at admission, but was not easy to pull up. One participant with
multiple programs said the question was only asked of youth in detention, so they would have to
go in and pull information for just those youth. Another therapeutic school administrator said all
SOGI measures were captured by clinical staff. She explained “We do not have an electronic
field for [that in] the database. It’s not easily pulled from records. The information would be
captured in intake process with clinical staff. I do have access to the individual information but
it's written case notes so not easy to get.” This means there is likely higher burden for this
question than other demographic questions.
Many participants emphasized the importance of an “unknown” answer choice. One participant
said the facility had this information but “it would come off a form if they filled it out. You
might have a lot of unknowns.” Another participant said the question was asked of all youth, but
some might not be certain: “I would put unknown. I wouldn't put not certain.” This may be a
different mechanism for unknown. Some participants from facilities who did not have this
information at all would put unknown for all youth in the roster. One participant said “We don't
ask those questions, so I would put unknown. I would not report it.” Another said, “Right now
we do not collect that as a separate data variable. I would say unknown for all.” Allowing
respondents to select unknown was an important response option but may be used differently by
respondents from different types of facilities.
Like gender identity, some facilities only had this information if youth were volunteering it. This
seemed an unreliable way of collecting this data, and it was not applicable to all youth. One
participant said the facility did not have the option to report if a youth was LGBTQ+, including
at intake. “We would only know if they told us. Parents tell us, since we call them after we book
them in.” As discussed in the gender identity section, parents are not a reliable source of
information around sexual orientation/gender identity. One participant laughed when we asked if
this information was recorded. He said “Sometimes you know, a kid will be here a week or two
before they mention that they might be gay or bisexual. Sometimes they tell us at intake,
sometimes they never say.” However, he followed up that this information would be “Easy
enough, well, yeah. Most of our kids are repeaters, know them pretty well. The newer kids I
guess I would have to put unknown if we hadn't heard them say what they are, not in our intake.”
Most facilities did not have the ability to build relationships with youth over time like this.
Another participant said it was a “A good question. I feel like we do know if they want to tell us.
It’s something extra we've added, but I’m not sure it's required. If a youth didn't want to answer,
couldn't make them. Could be choppy data.”
Write ins were especially important for this question. Many participants only had this
information in a qualitative field. More still wanted to honor the identity a youth professed. One

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participant said the facility did not have very many LGBTQ+ youth, but they asked during
intake. He said “I would be looking into the intake files to see what they answered…It’s pretty
accurate answer choices here. If they gave me something totally different, I would write in.”
Most participants were familiar with the answer options, and would write in asexual, pansexual,
or queer if they heard these terms. The unmoderated testing indicated some conflation of gender
identity and sexual orientation. A few participants wrote in answers more appropriate for the
gender identity question, such as cisgender, or vice versa. Finally, we tested combing the
gay/lesbian option in the second round, as is becoming standard across federal agencies. There
was no change in reporting.
Facilities who did not have this information seemed split on if they would add it in the future. It
seemed to more clearly reflect why they might not collect this data. One participant from a
shelter said “We have it in our records. We have recently had to be more cognizant of [this
identity].” Although fewer participants volunteered to add this question to their database or
intake should we ask than other demographic information, a few still did. One participant
offered, saying “We could add this to intake and to daily population if specifically we were
asking. It would make it easier for me once I did this.” However, another participant representing
a detention and treatment program said they did not track this information even though “It’s in
the PREA guidelines and residents have expressed it to us, but not something we track. I’m not
sure about adding in future.” This participant was less familiar with LGBTQ+ youth. The
interviewer asked about specific terms he might write in by name. He said “I’m not aware of
queer, asexual, pansexual orientations. It wasn’t covered in LGBTQ training. We don’t ask. It
should not matter while they’re here.” This finding links with finding 4, that participants may not
understand why demographic data is important, or what it is used for.
Similarly, some participants had interesting reasoning for not recording this information, and it
often was not in line with best practices. For example, one older participant said the youth were
“all straight currently. I would be pulling from how they carry themselves. You can pretty much
tell, or they come in and tell you.” We note there is no way to discern a person’s sexual
orientation by how they carry themselves. A participant in the unmoderated testing wrote in that
the “Sexual Orientation question would be difficult especially for youth ages 10-14.” While it is
true that youth may be figuring out their identities in adolescence, there is no indication that they
would be untruthful in reporting at this age. Finally, two participants brought up a concern that
youth change their sexual orientations too frequently to be recorded. The unmoderated
participant wrote in “You don't know when the person comes out…Today a youth is gay,
tomorrow not anymore, today they want to stay in a female facility because they identify as a
female, but tomorrow they are uncomfortable and say they are not really gay. It is often not clear.
A lot of young people search for themselves, who they are, what they are, who they belong to,

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who they trust.” The other said they did not have these categories on record, but would ask “if
you envision partner in the future, are they male female or other? We have several questions like
that. Teenagers very rarely have a firm grasp if they are questioning any part of that. We would
be using terms that are specific may not be accurate for what the youth feels…It would be
difficult, impossible to answer accurately.” Asking about the object of desire, or the envisioned
gender of a partner in the future, is not considered best practice for collecting sexual orientation
identities. Further, we are not in agreement that youth report unreliably. Even if a youth’s sexual
orientation may change, it is still important to report what they identify as in that moment.
Recommendation: Add the round two version of the question. Keep unknown and write
ins. We suggest analyzing write ins to triangulate with the sex and gender identity
questions, and to keep an eye on what answers may be popular enough for inclusion in
the future. Consider an option for respondents to report they do not record sexual
orientation.
Demographics – Intersex
We tested a question on intersex identity in the first rounds of moderated interviews. We found
that participants had rarely encountered this population. Further, many were unfamiliar with the
concept. The inclusion of this question, even with a definition, confused them. One participant
pointed out that they knew this identity because of medical records, not youth self-report.
Therefore, it fell under HIPAA, and she would not be comfortable reporting. The population of
individuals who identify as intersex is growing (the condition is not, but less corrective surgery
at birth and more acceptance means a demographic increase in identity). However, it is not yet
salient enough to include here. That being said, we did see a few write ins for intersex identity in
the unmoderated testing.
Recommendation: Keep an eye on write-ins for intersex identity on the gender identity
question. If there are more specific definitions for what would be included in a write in,
consider adding intersex as an example.
Demographics – Race
Participants expected to report racial demographics. Only 5% of unmoderated participants said
this was difficult. first glance, most moderated respondents said these categories matched what
they had. In unmoderated testing, 65% of participants said it matched their records. Some would
then amend that they did not have MENA categories or that Hispanic/Latino was its own
ethnicity question. A few participants mentioned their categories were in alphabetical order.
However, only 5% of unmoderated respondents said this would be difficult.

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Participants overwhelmingly pulled data from self report or intake assessments as their source
for youth’s race. In the unmoderated testing, 85% of participants used self report, 84% intake,
and 59% documentation such as referrals or court records. A participant from a detention said the
staff use “self report. Whatever youth tells you. It's not on paperwork we get in.” Some
participants said that the documentation and a youth’s report did not always match. With the
exception of some cases discussed below, staff usually went with what the youth reported. One
participant with many youth of color said they ask race “at intake. We're going to go with what a
kid tells us. Don’t always trust a police officer.” Another participant in a racially diverse area
gave a good example of how they think about recording race, saying, “We go with what the
youth tell us. Hispanic/Latino matches up like this [in the race question]. We match the standard.
We have Middle Eastern in our database. We have a lot multiracial youth, two or more races,
combos of categories. When I'm filling it out, I can click more than one. We don't have
multiracial where you don't know what the races are.” Participants generally wanted to defer to
the youth’s understanding of their racial identity (which we discuss below).
An interesting issue that came up twice in our testing was that some detention facilities used a
state database, and they could not change the race categories. One participant from one such state
said that he could not specify multiple races for multiracial youth: “It’s just biracial in our
system, or if they just identify as Black, put Black…Some kids identify as Middle Eastern.
Would not have in records. We enter it into the state system. So [the state] would have to change
it.” Another participant lamented the state categories did not always match how youth identified,
and it would be difficult to add categories. She said “It would cost money and then you have
training. It would be difficult but there's a possibility. [The state] is trying to be up to date and
progressive as it can be. We want to align with stuff like the federal guidelines.” This was an
added complication for facilities in these states.
There was little resistance to adding the MENA category. Those who reported they did not have
such youth, or were unfamiliar, did not seem to think it would impact them very much. In
unmoderated testing, 31% of participants said they did not have a MENA category (which may
be an undercount). Those who had MENA youth were enthusiastic about its inclusion. One
participant from a shelter said “That’s pretty cool.” Another said the facility had MENA youth
they had been reporting under “other.” Some did note that these youth might be categorized as
white in paperwork or records. One unmoderated participant said “Middle Eastern and North
African would typically be listed as white on official court paperwork.” Some facilities had
MENA as a write in. One participant said “We don’t have MENA youth. If we did, we can put
other, describe. It would be some translation.” Another said “We can type in anything, other
describe.”

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We do note that not all respondents may be good with geography. We encountered some
mistakes about what would regionally be considered MENA. For example, one participant at a
facility with MENA youth said they write down Middle Eastern. However, he seemed to confuse
children of all African immigrants with MENA youth. He explained “They say, ‘I’m from Africa
but I was born here.’ For any youth that says that's where they're from. I don't know, I am
assuming North Africa would be from Africa.” We conclude that respondents will need a list of
countries of origin that fall under this category to reference.
Similarly, most participants were supportive of Hispanic/Latino being integrated into the race
question. In the unmoderated testing, only 10% of participants said Hispanic/Latino was its own
ethnicity question. However, moderated participants with separate Hispanic/Latino questions
were fine with checking all that apply once they realized the question had that option for
multiracial youth. One participant from a facility with the separate question said “Hispanic is a
separate category so it’s always a struggle to do this one. I never know how to do his. I asked for
guidance, and they told us to overcount. If we can only report one, that’s kind of an issue.” Many
participants felt that the integrated question reflected better how Hispanic/Latino youth saw
themselves. One participant from a shelter said “It would make it considerably easier to combine.
When we meet with kids and ask them that question, if they are Hispanic or Latino that's what
they say. They don't identify that way like white or Black Hispanic is what we've found.” An
added complication, like MENA, is that one unmoderated participant said that both MENA and
Hispanic/Latino populations were considered white in the facility’s records. However, no one
saw an issue with the integrated question.
Some participants had issues inputting multiracial youth when they did not realize they could
enter more than one race on the question. We had to point this out occasionally in moderated
testing. In unmoderated testing, most of the write ins were about biracial identity. In rare cases, a
participant would not have a mechanism in their records to specify what races a multiracial youth
identified as. One unmoderated participant said “Our software does not allow for further
specificity when selecting bi-racial.” However, most participants were able to enter this
information once they took into account they could enter more than one race.
We believe it may be important to ask about racial identity, rather than race, given the nature of
proxy reporting in this survey. One participant said that rather than race, “racial identity would
indicate more I should go with what youth reported.” As we discussed, this was the
overwhelming preference of participants. They wanted to defer to the youth’s understanding of
their own identity. Two moderated participants from majority white areas admitted that the race
in records may reflect staff understandings of a youth’s race, rather than their own. One
participant, who did not have a good understanding of world geography, said “In intake, we ask

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the child what their race is. Sometimes we don't know a youth's race, because staff will look at
the child and will say he looks light even though the name says something else. Then I will ask
what their race is and change on the intake. Kids self report but staff will assume by looking and
will write in what they feel instead of asking.” Another participant said that race reports are not
always reliable, saying “We use a lot that is self-reported. Sometimes I put in multi-racial even
though child identifies as one.” We also found some respondents had odd views about race that
may translate over to how they report. These mainly came up in the unmoderated testing. One
participant wrote in “Many are mixed race. Over the years, who has a pure race? Many define
themselves as white and are Hispanic. What is white? What is black? Some are offended if
Latino and Hispanic are in one category together. Many times we do not have the birth
certificate. It is all not that simple.” Another participant felt that biracial youth should be counted
as white, saying “They say they are black because that is closer to the color of their skin. I don't
believe 1/2 black and 1/2 white should be considered a minority.” Emphasizing racial identity, or
adding an instruction to prioritize how youth see their own race, may minimize some of these
issues.
Recommendation: Add MENA and integrate Hispanic/Latino into one question.
Emphasize check all that apply for multiracial youth, and consider adding an instruction
to write in multiracial if the respondent does not know what races. Consider testing and
changing the question to say racial identity rather than race. Add definitions for racial
identities that include the countries of origins within OPM guidelines.
Privacy
The vast majority of participants did not have any concerns about with privacy. Most trusted that
the data was protected and that it was their duty to report fully. Only two participants in round
one would leave questions intentionally blank because of a lack of trust, and they professed this
early in the interview. The privacy page did not sway them. This may be due to the demographic
characteristics of the respondent, the geographic location, and type of facility. For example, both
of these participants represented runaway shelters in the northeastern United States. They
thought that it was illegal to report potentially identifying information. This meant they would
leave the date of birth blank on the roster. They also preferred reporting SOGI measures on the
aggregate.
Recommendation: Look for patterns in missingness on certain measures. Further test why
there may be distrust from certain populations. Consider asking for birth year, rather than
date of birth, or consider the possibility of offering an aggregate option for SOGI
measures if the issues persist.

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Form
We asked participants in round one how they would feel about eliminating the paper survey
forms. Most participants already reported online and did not have an issue with eliminating the
mailing of the paper survey. We tried to purposively sample for participants who usually submit
by mail. They were less likely to participate in these interviews, which involved connecting
technologically and checking email. However, those we did interview from that group did not
have a problem with this elimination. The participants wanted to be able access a PDF form with
the survey. This would allow them to work from the paper version and keep a paper copy in their
records if they chose to.
Recommendation: Eliminate the paper form. Clearly communicate that the survey is
online, and that respondents can access and print a PDF version to fill out.
Reminder
If the paper survey were to be eliminated, some participants requested a mailing. In line with
other surveys, this would include an invitation and reminder postcard. In the unmoderated
testing, 75% of participants said they would want such a reminder. In moderated testing, some
participants did not feel the need for a mailed invitation or reminder postcard. In general, these
were participants who had often been in their positions for a long time and had reliable access to
their emails. However, other participants pointed out that the invitation and reminder could be
helpful. Due to turnover, not every facility will be able to access an email invitation.
Recommendation: Send a mailed invitation letter and a reminder postcard to each facility.

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About the Data Collection Methodology and Research Branch (DCMRB)

The Data Collection Methodology and Research Branch (DCMRB) in the Economic Statistical
Methods Division (ESMD) assists economic survey program areas and other governmental
agencies with research associated with the behavioral aspects of survey response and data
collection. The mission of DCMRB is to improve data quality in surveys while reducing survey
nonresponse and respondent burden. This mission is achieved by:
•

•

•
•

Conducting expert reviews, cognitive pretesting, site visits and usability testing, along
with post-collection evaluation methods, to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the
data collection instruments and associated materials;
Conducting early stage scoping interviews to assist with the development of survey
content (concepts, specifications, question wording and instructions, etc.) by getting early
feedback from respondents;
Assisting program areas with the development and use of nonresponse reduction methods
and contact strategies;
And conducting empirical research to help better understand behavioral aspects of survey
response, with the aim of identifying areas for further improvement as well as evaluating
the effectiveness of qualitative research.

For more information on how DCMRB can assist your economic survey program area or agency,
please visit the DCMRB net site or contact the branch chief, Amy Anderson Riemer.

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Appendix A
Cognitive Interviewing Protocol
Notes in red indicate what round of testing the question was asked on. If it is not notes, then the
question was asked in all rounds of testing.

Hello. Thank you for your time today. We are looking to obtain feedback on some changes being
considered for the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the Juvenile Residential
Facility Census.
We plan to use your feedback to improve the survey questions and make sure they make sense to
respondents like you. We are not testing you– we only want to evaluate the questionnaire.
Today, we will review some of the proposed questions with you to get your feedback.
Thank you for signing the consent form. As noted, this study is being conducted under the
authority of Title 13 USC. (If they did not yet sign: I just sent you an email. Can you please click
on the link to the Qualtrics survey and read over the first page? This study is being conducted
under the authority of Title 13 USC. Do you agree to participate? Thank you. Please click on the
checkboxes at the bottom of the screen, but do not advance the screen just yet.)
•
•

What is the facility name(s)?
What is your job title or role within the facility?

•

Do you recall if you completed the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP)
when it was last conducted? How about the or Juvenile Residential Facility Census
(JRFC)?
o [If yes] Could you please tell me about your experience?
o (Or about how much experience do you have completing the CJRP/JRFC)?

•

Can you tell me the difference in your approach to these surveys?

•

Do you work with anyone else in your facility to gather data for these surveys?
o If yes, what are their job titles? And what was their role in gathering/providing
data?

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•

Approximately how much time do you spend completing the CJRP? How about the
JRFC? Please include the time spent gathering data, completing the forms, and
submitting the data in your estimate. (Note: If respondent answers in terms of the
timeframe to complete or number of weeks or months it takes them to complete the
survey, please rephrase the question to probe about the approximate number of hours they
spend working on the CJRP/JRFC.)

Type of facility
What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? (Select that apply.)
•

•

•
•

•

Detention center: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a physically
restricting environment for juveniles in custody pending court disposition and, often, for
juveniles who are adjudicated delinquent and awaiting disposition or placement
elsewhere, or are awaiting transfer to another jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, detention
centers may also hold juveniles committed for short periods of time as part of their
disposition (e.g., weekend detention).
Training school/Long-term secure facility: A specialized type of facility that provides
strict confinement and long-term treatment generally for post-adjudication committed
juvenile offenders. Includes training schools, juvenile correctional facilities, youth
development centers.
Reception or diagnostic center: A short-term facility that screens juvenile offenders
committed by the courts and assigns them to appropriate correctional facilities.
Group home/Halfway house: A long-term facility that is generally non-secure and
intended for post-adjudication commitments in which young persons are allowed
extensive contact with the community, such as attending school or holding a job.
Residential treatment center: A facility that focuses on providing some type of
individually planned treatment program for youth (substance abuse, sex offender, mental
health, etc.) in conjunction with residential care. Such facilities generally require specific
licensing by the state that may require that treatment provided is Medicaid-reimbursable.
Boot camp: A secure facility that operates like military basic training. It is designed to
combine elements of basic military training programs, correctional components and
treatment programs. The emphasis is on strict discipline, drills, and work.
Ranch, forestry camp, wilderness or marine program or farm: These are long-term
generally non-secure residential facilities often located in a relatively remote area. The
juveniles participate in a structured program that emphasizes outdoor work, including
conservation and related activities.

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•

•
•

Runaway and homeless shelter: A short-term facility that provides temporary care in a
physically unrestricted environment. It can also provide longer-term care under a juvenile
court disposition order.
Other type of shelter: This includes emergency non-secure shelters where juveniles are
housed short-term until another placement can be found.
Other: This includes independent living programs and anything that cannot be classified
above. [Textbox]

How do you usually describe your facility?
Is this a public or private facility?

In rounds 1A and 1B:
•

Do you have any nonoffenders?

In round 2:
•
•

How would you answer the question below?
Do the categories/descriptions match how you think of them?

Now we are going to review some potential questions. This is not the whole survey, but parts of
the survey we'd like your feedback on.

Criteria for Roster
Asked in Round 2:
List ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS:
A. UNDER age 21 AND
B. released from this facility between 1/1/2024 and 1/28/2024; AND
C. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
D. admitted here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.

This screen shows the instruction for reporting roster data for the youth in your facility.
• Is it clear who to include?

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•
•
•
•

Do you have any youth that would NOT be considered offenders? If yes, are you able to
exclude them in the roster?
Do you have any youth that you're not sure if they fit into this category?
Where do you access this information?
Does this facility have offenders? Yes, No

Roster of Released Youth
How many young persons were released from your facility in the 28 days between January 1 and
January 28, 2024?
Please do not include any young persons who were only temporarily released from this facility,
such as those released for medical care at a hospital.
[Textbox]

•
•
•

How would you obtain this information?
What does “released from your facility” mean to you?
Is there anything about the wording of this question that is confusing or unclear?

In round 1B:
•
•

•
•

•

In your own words, how would you describe what the question means by “young
person”?
What does “released from your facility” mean to you? Are you including those released
back into the community as well as those transferred to another facility? Are there any
other types of releases?
How do you think about temporary releases? Are you including those?
What do you think about the time frame requested here -- 28 days between December 1
and December 28, 2023? Would there be an easier time frame to report for? What about a
21 day time period? What about a calendar month?
[For those with non offenders] How easy or difficult is it for you to separate out offenders
from non offenders?

In round 2:
•
•

How would you determine which young people would be included?
What does “released from your facility” mean to you?

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•

Which would be the least burdensome to you? Reporting for 21 days, reporting for 28
days, reporting for a full calendar month, no difference.

Average Length of Stay
They are currently looking at two options for collecting Length of Stay information – average
length of stay or roster information.
What was the average length of stay for the young persons who were released from your facility
in the 28 days between December 1 and December 28, 2023 (in days)?
[Textbox]

•
•
•
•
•

How did/would you obtain the information to answer this question?
How did/would you determine which young people would be included?
In your own words, what does “average length of stay” mean to you?
How did/would you calculate the average length of stay?
Would you like to see a definition of “average length of stay”? What would you like to
know?

In round 1B;
•
•
•

Do you have a yearly average length of stay in your records?
Is there any other way you calculate length of stay in your records?
Do any grants or PREA require you to calculate length of stay?

In round 2:
•
•
•

Do you have a yearly average length of stay in your records?
Does your average length of stay differ for different populations (like contained vs
committed or pre/post adjudication)?
If yes, how does it differ?

•

Would you rather report length of stay on a roster with individual youth or on the
aggregate for the facility as a whole? Roster, aggregate, no preference

•

Having reviewed the length of stay roster, approximately how much time do you think it
would take to provide the information on the roster for released individuals in the 28 days
requested?

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•
•

Are there any additional comments you would like to provide regarding collecting
information on the length of stay for recently released young persons?
Do you have any suggestions on how to collect length of stay information?

Roster Excel
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Roster Information for Length of Stay: Excel Spreadsheet

Here is a screenshot of a draft Excel spreadsheet with the Length of Stay information we are
considering collecting for recently released young people.
•
•
•

•

What is your first impression?
Looking at each of the columns, would you be able to provide the data requested? Are
any of the columns more difficult to provide data for?
Given the following options, would you be most likely to fill out this roster information
using
o a. An Excel template,
o b. The online survey, filling each individual’s information
o c. printed form, or
o d. A fillable pdf form?
Looking at this spreadsheet, how would you like to be notified of missing cells or errors?

In round 2:
Please refer to the Excel spreadsheet attached to the email we sent you.

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•

This is a draft of a roster for youth that have been released from your facility during a 28
day time frame.
o What is your first impression?
Do you always use Excel for spreadsheets or do you use another program, such as Google
Sheets? Excel, Google Sheets, other describe: [textbox]

Admissions and Releases
Enter date person was ADMITTED to this facility (MM/DD/YY)
[Textbox]
Enter date person was RELEASED from this facility (MM/DD/YY)
[Textbox]

In rounds 1A and 1B:
•
•
•
•

How did/would you obtain this information?
Approximately how much time will it take to provide this information for length of stay
for released individuals in the past 28 days?
Are there any additional comments you would like to provide regarding collecting
information on the length of stay for recently released young persons?
Do you have any suggestions on how to collect length of stay information?

In round 2:
•
•
•

Now lets' look at some of the columns in the spreadsheet.
How would you obtain this information?
How easy or difficult would you say these questions are to answer?

Release
In round 1A:
Describe where this young person went to after release.
•
•
•
•

Released to another facility
Released to the supervision of probation or parole
Released without supervision of probation or parole
Other, describe [textbox]

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•

Unknown

•
•
•
•
•

How did/would you obtain this information?
In your own words, what would you say this question is asking for?
What is available in your records?
What might you write in for an “other” answer?
Do you have any suggestions on how to collect length of stay information?

In round 1B:
Describe where this young person went to after release.
[Textbox]
•
•
•
•

How did/would you obtain this information?
In your own words, what would you say this question is asking for?
What is available in your records?
If we made this into a select all question, what categories should we include?

In round 2:
Where did this youth go after release?

•
•

To another juvenile residential placement (such as a detention center or treatment center)
To the community WITH the supervision of the justice system (such as probation or
parole)
Other, describe [textbox]
Unknown

•
•
•
•
•
•

In your own words, what would you say this question is asking for?
What do each of the response options mean to you?
What does "To the community" mean to you?
How would you obtain this information?
What is available in your records?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

•
•

1. RELEASE TO FACILITY
Was this youth released to another juvenile residential placement (such as a detention
center or treatment center)?
o Yes
o No
o Unknown
2. RELEASE WITH SUPERVISION

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Was this youth released under the supervision of the justice system, such as probation
or parole?
o Yes
o No
o Unknown
This next screen shows two alternative Yes/No questions asking for the same information.
• Which version do you prefer?
Offense codes
Enter the codes for up to three of the most serious offenses resulting in this placement. If the
offense was also a probation or parole violation, please add an x to the second column.
Offense 1 Violation 1 Offense 2
Violation 2 Offense 3 Violation
3
Youth Name
•
•
•
•

How would you determine the three most serious offenses?
What is available in your records?
Would you know if an offense was a parole or probation violation?
How would you determine the three most serious offenses?

In round 1B:
• How are these offenses listed in your records?
• Is there another way you would prefer to report offense information?
• Would giving us all the offense information you have on file be easier or harder than
this?
In round 2:
The current CJRP roster asks for the one most serious offense relating in this placement.
This version asks for "up to three" of the most serious offenses resulting in this placement.
• How are these offenses listed in your records?
• How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?
• Is there another way you would prefer to report offense information?
• Would giving us all the offense information you have on file be easier or harder than
this?
In round 2:

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These next screens show the Offense Code descriptions.
• Do you remember seeing or referring to these when you answered the Offense Code
question on the CJRP roster?

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•
•
•

How do these categories match the offense information in your records?
How would you use these codes to answer the Offense Code question?
Do you have any other comments or suggestions regarding Offense Codes?

Facility – Screener
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Does this facility screen young persons to assign them to any of the following? (Select all that
apply)
• The appropriate program within this facility
• The appropriate living arrangements within this facility
• Another facility
• A community-based program
• None of the above
Now, let’s talk about the green Juvenile Residential Facility Census. The JRFC is looking to
collect additional information about a facility’s attributes . Let’s look at the first of the proposed
questions.
• How would you answer this question?
• What do each of the response options mean to you?
• Is any part of this question unclear?
• Do you have multiple programs on the same campus? What about multiple buildings?
• Does that impact your approach to these questions?
• How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?
In round 2:
Does this facility use a structured screening process to assign young persons to any of the
following?
(Select all that apply.)
•
•
•
•
•

The appropriate program within this facility
The appropriate living arrangements within this facility
Another facility
A community-based program
None of the above

Now, let’s talk about the green Juvenile Residential Facility Census. The JRFC is looking to
collect additional information about a facility’s attributes . Let’s look at the first of the proposed
questions.

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•
•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question?
What do each of the response options mean to you?
What does "structured screening process" mean to you here?
Do you have multiple programs on the same campus? What about multiple buildings?
If yes, does that impact your approach to this question?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

Facility – Programming
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Does this facility provide any of the following to young persons INSIDE this facility? (Select all
that apply)

•
•

A structured program for young persons emphasizing outdoor experiences, such as
outdoor work or conservation training
An individually planned treatment program for young persons in conjunction with
residential care
A vocation training program, workforce development services, or job training
None of the above

•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question?
What do you think is meant by "inside" the facility?
What do each of the response options mean to you?
Is any part of this question unclear?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

•
•

In round 2:
Does this facility provide any of the following to young persons INSIDE this facility? (Select all
that apply)
•
•
•
•

A structured program for young persons emphasizing outdoor experiences, such as
outdoor work or conservation training
An individually planned treatment program for young persons in conjunction with
residential care, such as mental health or substance use treatment
A vocation training program, workforce development services, or job training
None of the above

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•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question?
What do you think is meant by "inside" the facility?
What do each of the response options mean to you?
What are some examples of these programs?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

Demographics – Sex Assigned at Birth
Please enter this person’s sex assigned at birth.
•
•

Male
Female

•
•
•

Where does this information come from (court orders, police reports, assessments)?
How do/would you answer this question? What records are available?
How easy or difficult would it be to only answer this question for offenders?

In round 2:
The next set of questions are about youth demographics. They would be part of the roster of
offenders in this facility reported in the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the
proposed roster of recently released youth.
• Where does this information come from (from self reports from the youth? from intake
assessments? from police reports, court records, or CPS?)?
• Do you ever not know the answer to this question?
• How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?
In rounds 1A and 1B:
How many of the youth currently in this facility are the following sexes as assigned at birth?
• Male [textbox]
• Female [textbox]
•
•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Do you have a preference between providing this at the individual/roster level or
providing it at the aggregate level?
How easy or difficult would it be to only answer this question for offenders?

Demographics – Gender Identity
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Please enter this person's gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.

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•
•
•
•
•
•

Male
Female
Transgender
Nonbinary
The use a different term, describe [textbox]
Unknown

•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Where does this information come from (court orders, police reports, assessments)?
Are you able to answer this question for all young persons in your facility?

•
•

In round 1B:
• Do you collect this information for all ages of youth?
In round 2:
Please enter this person's gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
(Select all that apply).
• Male
• Female
• Transgender
• Nonbinary
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Where does this information come from (from self reports from the youth? from intake
assessments? from police reports, court records, or CPS?)?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Are you able to answer this question for all young persons in your facility?
Do you collect this information for all ages of youth?
Would you prefer to answer this question on the aggregate for all youth in the facility,
rather than reporting on a roster for each individual youth? If yes, why?
Are there any gender identity terms you have come across that you might write in? If so,
what are they?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

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In rounds 1A and 1B:
How many of the youth currently in this facility identify as the following gender identities?
(Please select one category per youth)
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
• Male [textbox]
• Female [textbox]
• Transgender [textbox]
• Nonbinary [textbox]
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown [textbox]
•
•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Do you have a preference between providing this at the individual/roster level or
providing it at the aggregate level?
Would you want to write something in for they use a different term?
Are there any complications to only selecting one category per youth?
How would you categorize transgender girls/boys? If you could only pick one category
for a transgender girl, where would you put that youth?

Demographics – Sexual Orientation
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Please enter this person's sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
o Straight
o Gay
o Lesbian
o Bisexual
o They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
o Unknown
•
•
•
•

In round 2:
Please enter this person's sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.

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o
o
o
o
o

Straight
Gay/Lesbian
Bisexual
They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
Unknown

•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Where does this information come from (from self reports from the youth? from intake
assessments? from police reports, court records, or CPS?)?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Are you able to answer this question for all young persons in your facility?
Would you prefer to answer this question on the aggregate for all youth in the facility,
rather than reporting on a roster for each individual youth? If yes, why?
Are there any sexual orientation terms you have come across that you might write in? If
so, what are they?
Are you familiar with queer, asexual, or pansexual orientations? Do you ever have youth
that identify as such?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

•
•
•
•
•
•

In rounds 1A and 1B:
How many of the youth currently in this facility identify as the following sexual orientations?
(Please select one category per youth)
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
• Straight [textbox]
• Gay [textbox]
• Lesbian [textbox]
• Bisexual [textbox]
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown [textbox]
•
•
•
•
•

How would you answer this question? What records are available?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Do you have a preference between providing this at the individual/roster level or
providing it at the aggregate level?
Would you want to write anything for "They use a different term"?
Are there any complications to only selecting on category per youth?

Demographics – Intersex
In rounds 1A and 1B:

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Do you record in your records if a youth is intersex?
Intersex: a person whose sexual or reproductive anatomy or chromosomal pattern does not seem
to fit typical definitions of male or female. Intersex medical conditions are sometimes referred to
as differences in sex development.
o Yes
o No
o Unknown
•
•
•

Are you familiar with this term?
Do you have “Intersex” in your records?
Have you had experience with youth that fall into this category?

How do/would you answer this question? What records are available?
Where does this information come from (court orders, police reports, assessments)?
What would you do if you don't know a youth's race?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Is “Middle Eastern or North African” broken out in your records?
o If yes, how do you report “Middle Eastern or North African” now?
o If no, how would you approach this question?

In round 1B:
Please enter this person’s race.
• White
• Black or African American
• Hispanic or Latino
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian

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•
•
•
•

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Middle Eastern or North African
Two or more races, describe: [textbox]
Unknown

•
•
•
•

How do/would you answer this question? What records are available?
Where does this information come from (court orders, police reports, assessments)?
What would you do if you don't know a youth's race?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Do your records have these categories in the same or different order?
If you have Hispanic/Latino in the same question, where is it listed?
Is “Middle Eastern or North African” broken out in your records?
• If yes, how do you report “Middle Eastern or North African” now?
• If no, how would you approach this question?

•
•
•

In round 2:
Please enter this person’s race.
• White
• Black or African American
• Hispanic or Latino
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
• Middle Eastern or North African
• They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
• Unknown
•
•
•
•
•
•

How do/would you answer this question? What records are available?
Where does this information come from (from self reports from the youth? from intake
assessments? from police reports, court records, or CPS?)?
What would you do if you don't know a youth's race?
Do you ever have multiracial youth where you do not know their racial identities?
Are you familiar with each of the answer categories? Do you have each of these in your
records?
Do you have Hispanic/Latino in the same question or is it a separate item?

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•

Is “Middle Eastern or North African” broken out in your records?
• If yes, how do you report “Middle Eastern or North African” now?
• If no, how would you approach this question?
How easy or difficult would you say this question is to answer?

Race Codes/Definitions
1 White - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in
Europe.
2 Black or African American - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic
groups originating in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.
3 Hispanic or Latino - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups
originating in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central or South America and other Spanish cultures.
4 American Indian or Alaska Native - A person who identifies with any of the original peoples of
North, Central and South America.
5 Asian - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in
East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.
6 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander - A person who identifies with one or more
nationalities or ethnic groups originating in Hawaii, Guam, Samoa or other Pacific Islands.
7 Middle Eastern or North African - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or
ethnic groups originating in the Middle East or North Africa.
8 They use a different term - Describe in Column F.
9 Unknown

This screen shows some proposed definitions for the Race response categories.
•
•
•

Do these definitions make sense to you?
Do they line up with how you usually define each race?
How would you expect to access these definitions?

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Privacy
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Do you ever leave certain items blank?
•

Is it because you don’t have the data, or do you have concerns about confidentiality?

In round 1A:
When you log into the survey, have you ever clicked on the link to the privacy information (the
blue link in the box on the bottom of this screen)?

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Here is the linked privacy statement. Could you take a moment to read it over? What is your
reaction? Would seeing this information impact your confidence about the privacy and security
of the information you provide to this survey?
This screen shows the privacy information included in the current paper mailout package: “The
confidentiality of the information you provide is protected by federal law (Title 34, Section
10231 of the United States Code) and will only be revealed or used for research purposes (see
reverse side for more details).”
•
•
•

Do you remember seeing this privacy statement the last time you responded to the
survey?
Would seeing this statement impact your confidence about the privacy and security of the
information you provide to this survey?
What additional information, if any, would be useful and encourage providing individual
level information?

Form
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Web Collection Only
•
•
•

How do you currently respond to the two surveys (online? by paper form?)?
Do you utilize the paper forms to gather information prior to responding online?
Are there any challenges that could arise from eliminating the paper form?

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•

If a pdf version of the form were provided online, could you use that to gather
information?

In round 2:
Web Collection Only
•
•

Do you currently respond to the two surveys online or do you mail in the paper form?
If we eliminated the paper survey, and only sent you the survey online, would you
want an invitation and/or reminder postcard mailed to your facility?

Wrap up
Our session is almost complete.
Is there any additional information that you would like to share about any of the items we have
looked at today or about the CJRP or JRFC in general?
Thank you so much for your time and assistance!

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Appendix B
Moderated Instrument
Notes in red indicate what round of testing the question was asked on. If it is not notes, then the
question was asked in all rounds of testing.
Type of facility
What type of residential facility is the one listed on the front cover? (Select that apply.)
•

•

•
•

•

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•

•
•

Average Length of Stay
What was the average length of stay for the young persons who were released from your facility
in the 28 days between December 1 and December 28, 2023 (in days)?
[Textbox]

Roster Excel

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In rounds 1A and 1B:
Roster Information for Length of Stay: Excel Spreadsheet

In round 2:
Please refer to the Excel spreadsheet attached to the email we sent you.

Admissions and Releases
Enter date person was ADMITTED to this facility (MM/DD/YY)
[Textbox]
Enter date person was RELEASED from this facility (MM/DD/YY)
[Textbox]

Release
In round 1A:
Describe where this young person went to after release.
•
•
•
•
•

Released to another facility
Released to the supervision of probation or parole
Released without supervision of probation or parole
Other, describe [textbox]
Unknown

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In round 1B:
Describe where this young person went to after release.
[Textbox]
In round 2:
Where did this youth go after release?
•
•
•
•

Was this youth released to another juvenile residential placement (such as a detention
center or treatment center)?
o Yes
o No
o Unknown
4. RELEASE WITH SUPERVISION
Was this youth released under the supervision of the justice system, such as probation
or parole?
o Yes
o No
o Unknown
Offense codes
Enter the codes for up to three of the most serious offenses resulting in this placement. If the
offense was also a probation or parole violation, please add an x to the second column.
Offense 1 Violation 1 Offense 2
Violation 2 Offense 3 Violation
3
Youth Name
In round 2:

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Facility – Screener
In rounds 1A and 1B:

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Does this facility screen young persons to assign them to any of the following? (Select all that
apply)
• The appropriate program within this facility
• The appropriate living arrangements within this facility
• Another facility
• A community-based program
• None of the above
In round 2:
Does this facility use a structured screening process to assign young persons to any of the
following?
(Select all that apply.)
•
•
•
•
•

The appropriate program within this facility
The appropriate living arrangements within this facility
Another facility
A community-based program
None of the above

Facility – Programming
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Does this facility provide any of the following to young persons INSIDE this facility? (Select all
that apply)
•
•
•
•

In round 2:
Does this facility provide any of the following to young persons INSIDE this facility? (Select all
that apply)
•
•

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•
•

A vocation training program, workforce development services, or job training
None of the above

Demographics – Sex Assigned at Birth
Please enter this person’s sex assigned at birth.
•
•

Male
Female

In rounds 1A and 1B:
How many of the youth currently in this facility are the following sexes as assigned at birth?
• Male [textbox]
• Female [textbox]
Demographics – Gender Identity
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Please enter this person's gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
• Male
• Female
• Transgender
• Nonbinary
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown
In round 2:
Please enter this person's gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
(Select all that apply).
• Male
• Female
• Transgender
• Nonbinary
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown
In rounds 1A and 1B:

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How many of the youth currently in this facility identify as the following gender identities?
(Please select one category per youth)
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
• Male [textbox]
• Female [textbox]
• Transgender [textbox]
• Nonbinary [textbox]
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown [textbox]
Demographics – Sexual Orientation
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Please enter this person's sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
o Straight
o Gay
o Lesbian
o Bisexual
o They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
o Unknown
In round 2:
Please enter this person's sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
o Straight
o Gay/Lesbian
o Bisexual
o They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
o Unknown
In rounds 1A and 1B:
How many of the youth currently in this facility identify as the following sexual orientations?
(Please select one category per youth)
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
• Straight [textbox]
• Gay [textbox]
• Lesbian [textbox]
• Bisexual [textbox]
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown [textbox]

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Demographics – Intersex
In rounds 1A and 1B:
Do you record in your records if a youth is intersex?
Intersex: a person whose sexual or reproductive anatomy or chromosomal pattern does not seem
to fit typical definitions of male or female. Intersex medical conditions are sometimes referred to
as differences in sex development.
o Yes
o No
o Unknown

Demographics – Race
In round 1A:
Please enter this person’s race.
o White
o Black or African American
o Hispanic or Latino
o American Indian or Alaska Native
o Asian
o Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
o Middle Eastern or North African
o Two or more races, describe: [textbox]
o Unknown
In round 1B:
Please enter this person’s race.
• White
• Black or African American
• Hispanic or Latino
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
• Middle Eastern or North African
• Two or more races, describe: [textbox]
• Unknown
In round 2:
Please enter this person’s race.
• White

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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Black or African American
Hispanic or Latino
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Middle Eastern or North African
They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
Unknown

Race Codes/Definitions

1 White - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in
Europe.
2 Black or African American - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic
groups originating in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.
3 Hispanic or Latino - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups
originating in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central or South America and other Spanish cultures.
4 American Indian or Alaska Native - A person who identifies with any of the original peoples of
North, Central and South America.
5 Asian - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or ethnic groups originating in
East Asia, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent.
6 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander - A person who identifies with one or more
nationalities or ethnic groups originating in Hawaii, Guam, Samoa or other Pacific Islands.
7 Middle Eastern or North African - A person who identifies with one or more nationalities or
ethnic groups originating in the Middle East or North Africa.
8 They use a different term - Describe in Column F.
9 Unknown

Privacy
In round 1A:

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Appendix C
Unmoderated Instrument

PURPOSE
The U.S. Census Bureau is conducting a short study. The Census Bureau routinely conducts
research on how to collect information in order to produce the best statistics possible. You are
invited to take part in this study, which seeks to help the Census Bureau understand respondents'
experiences with questions on the Annual Business Survey. If you agree to participate, you will
be asked to review a few survey questions and discuss your experience with answering these
questions during a confidential interview.
AUTHORITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
This survey is conducted by the Census Bureau under the authority of Title 13 U.S. Code
(U.S.C.), Sections 131, 182, and 193. Section 9 of Title 13 U.S.C. ensures the confidentiality of
data reported by private companies. Routine uses of these data are limited to those identified in
the Privacy Act System of Record Notice titled “COMMERCE/CENSUS-4, Economic Survey
Collection.” The Census Bureau can use your responses only to produce statistics and is not
permitted to publicly release your responses in a way that could identify you, your business,
organization, or institution. Additionally, per the Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of
2015, your data are protected from cybersecurity risks through screening of the systems that
transmit your data.
This study has been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). This eight-digit
OMB number, 1121-0360, confirms this approval and expires on 12/31/2024. Without this
approval, we could not conduct this study.
BURDEN ESTIMATE
We estimate that completing this questionnaire will take no more than 10 minutes.
CONSENT
You have volunteered to take part in a study of data collection procedures.
Only the people who work on this study will see your answers.
Please select the appropriate option below to indicate your consent.
I have read the above, understand that my participation is voluntary, and I agree to participate.
Please type your name: [textbox]

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Hello. Thank you for your time today. We are looking to obtain feedback on some potential new
questions for two Census Bureau surveys - the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placements
(CJRP) and Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC). We have included images of the front
pages below.
We plan to use your feedback to improve the survey questions and make sure they make sense to
respondents like you.
We are not testing you– we only want to evaluate the questions.
Today, we will have you review a small number of questions, and then you will be asked some
questions to get your feedback.
[Pictures of the two surveys].
The first questions are about the length of stay and release for youth at your facility.
Please read this instruction for filling out the roster of the CJRP.
List ONLY THOSE PERSONS WHO FULFILL ALL 4 REQUIREMENTS:
A. UNDER age 21 AND
B. released from this facility between 1/1/2024 and 1/28/2024; AND
C. charged with an offense or court-adjudicated for an offense; AND
D. admitted here BECAUSE OF THE OFFENSE.
Do you have any youth that meet these criteria?
• Yes
• No
• I don’t know
Please describe what you have in your records regarding where youth go after release from your
facility.
[Textbox]
Do you have an average monthly length of stay already calculated and available?
• Yes
• No
• I don’t know

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Do you have an average yearly length of stay already calculated and available?
• Yes
• No
• I don’t know
Do you have any general feedback about the these questions?
[Textbox]
The next set of questions are about youth demographics. They would be part of the roster of
offenders in this facility reported in the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement.
1. SEX
Please enter this person’s sex assigned at birth.
• Male
• Female
Is this information you would have on record?
(Select all that apply.)
o Yes, from self-reports from youth
o Yes, from intake assessments
o Yes, from police reports, court orders, or CPS
o No
How easy or difficult would it be to answer this question?
• Very easy
• Somewhat easy
• Neither easy nor difficult
• Somewhat difficult
• Very difficult
2. GENDER IDENTITY
Please enter this person's gender identity.
Gender identity is a person's core internal understanding of who they are regardless of sex
assigned at birth.
• Male
• Female
• Transgender
• Nonbinary
• The use a different term, describe [textbox]
• Unknown

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Is this information you would have on record?
(Select all that apply.)
o Yes, from self-reports from youth
o Yes, from intake assessments
o Yes, from police reports, court orders, or CPS
o No
How easy or difficult would it be to answer this question?
• Very easy
• Somewhat easy
• Neither easy nor difficult
• Somewhat difficult
• Very difficult
Are there any gender identity terms you have come across that you might write in? If so, what
are they?
[Textbox]
3. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
Please enter this person's sexual orientation.
Sexual orientation is a person's emotional or physical attraction to others.
• Straight
• Gay/Lesbian
• Bisexual
• They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
• Unknown
Is this information you would have on record?
(Select all that apply.)
o Yes, from self-reports from youth
o Yes, from intake assessments
o Yes, from police reports, court orders, or CPS
o No
How easy or difficult would it be to answer this question?
• Very easy
• Somewhat easy
• Neither easy nor difficult
• Somewhat difficult
• Very difficult

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Are there any sexual orientation terms you have come across that you might write in? If so, what
are they?
[Textbox]
4. RACE
Please enter this youth’s race.
Select all that apply.
o White
o Black or African American
o Hispanic or Latino
o American Indian or Alaska Native
o Asian
o Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
o Middle Eastern or North African
o They use a different term, describe: [textbox]
o Unknown
Is this information you would have on record?
(Select all that apply.)
o Yes, from self-reports from youth
o Yes, from intake assessments
o Yes, from police reports, court orders, or CPS
o No
How easy or difficult would it be to answer this question?
• Very easy
• Somewhat easy
• Neither easy nor difficult
• Somewhat difficult
• Very difficult
Do these answer categories match those you have in your records?
(Select all that apply.)
• Yes
• No, we do not have Middle Eastern or North African
• No, Hispanic or Latino is its own question
• No, describe [textbox]
• Unsure
Do these answer categories match those you have in your records?

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[Textbox]
If we eliminated the paper survey, and only sent you the survey online, would you want an
invitation and/or reminder postcard mailed to your facility?
• Yes
• No
• I don’t know
Do you have any overall feedback about the questions we asked you today, or these surveys in
general?
[Textbox]

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Appendix D
Recruitment Emails
Moderated Invitation
Action Requested: Short Virtual Meeting with the US Census Bureau
Check our email address - it's official if it's from census.gov
Hello,
You are listed as the contact for your facility, and we are reaching out to gather feedback on
some changes being considered for the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the
Juvenile Residential Facility Census.
We would like to meet with you over Microsoft Teams or the phone for less than 45 minutes.
Any information you provide will be confidential and used only to improve the survey.
To make scheduling this conversation easier, you can choose the day and time that works best
with your schedule, by clicking the link below:
${l://SurveyLink?d=Take the Survey}
Should you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me via email. Your
participation in this research is voluntary and invaluable!
Thank you in advance for your help,
Hillary
Moderated Reminder
Reminder: Short Virtual Meeting with the US Census Bureau
Check our email address - it's official if it's from census.gov
Hello,

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I’m Hillary Steinberg with the U.S. Census Bureau and I am a part of a team that talks to
respondents to let others know what you think. I’d love to get more feedback from you about the
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the Juvenile Residential Facility Census. Do
you have a forty-five minutes to check in? You can fill out the scheduler below or reply to this
email to find a time.
${l://SurveyLink?d=Take the Survey}
Should you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me via email. Your
participation in this research is voluntary and invaluable!
Thank you for your help,
Hillary
Postponed Interview
Postponing Your Interview
Hello [name],
You signed up for an interview on [time, date] to give us feedback for the CJRP/JRFC.
I’m reaching out because we are experiencing some issues on our end that mean we need to
postpone your interview.
We will reach out again in a few weeks to reschedule your interview. We appreciate your
flexibility and apologize for any inconvenience.
Thank you,
Hillary
Unmoderated Invitation
Action Requested: Feedback for the US Census Bureau
Check our email address - it's official if it's from census.gov
Hello,

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You are listed as the contact for your facility, and we are reaching out to gather feedback on
some changes being considered for the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the
Juvenile Residential Facility Census.
We would like you to complete a short self-administered survey which includes some additional
questions to get your feedback. Any information you provide will be confidential and used only
to improve the survey. The survey should take less than 10 minutes.
You can access the survey by clicking the link below:
${l://SurveyLink?d=Take the Survey}
Thanks in advance for your consideration. If you have additional questions, please feel free to
contact me using the information provided below.
Sincerely,
Hillary
Unmoderated Reminder
Reminder: Feedback for the US Census Bureau
Check our email address - it's official if it's from census.gov
Hello,
I’m Hillary Steinberg with the U.S. Census Bureau and I am a part of a team that talks to
respondents to let others know what you think. I’d love to get more feedback from you about the
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement and the Juvenile Residential Facility Census.
Please click the link below to answer a few questions on a self administered survey that should
take no more than 10 minutes..
${l://SurveyLink?d=Take the Survey}
Should you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to contact me via email. Your
participation in this research is voluntary and invaluable!
Thank you for your help,
Hillary

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Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

Content Deletions
Note: Question numbers in Content Deletions refer to the 2023 CJRP and 2022 JRFC forms.

CJRP
1. Section 1, Question 13:“Does this facility provide foster care?”
2. Section 1, Question 14: “Does this facility provide independent living arrangements for any
young persons?”
3. Section 1, Question 15: “On [reference date}, did this facility house any overﬂow detention
population?”

JFCP Facility Operations Module
1. Section 1, Question 4: “On [reference date], did this facility house any overﬂow detention
population?”
2. Section 1, Question 5c – “Specify why there were not ANY persons assigned beds in your facility
on [Reference Date].”
3. Removal of facility population screener questions:
a. Section 1, Question 5a: “According to your records, at the end of the day on [reference
date], did ANY persons have assigned beds in this facility?”
b. Section 1, Question 7a: “At the end of the day on [reference date], did ANY persons
UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this facility?”
c. Section 1, Question 8a: “At the end of the day on [reference date], did ANY of the young
persons UNDER AGE 21 have assigned beds in this facility SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they
were CHARGED WITH OR COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE?”
4. Section 1, Question 11: ““Does this facility provide foster care?”
5. Section 1, Question 12: “Does this facility provide independent living arrangements for any
young person?”
6. Section 1, Question 14a: “Does this facility have one or more living/sleeping units, such as wings,
ﬂoors, dorms, barracks, or cottages, designed to keep any young persons separate in housing
and activities from other residents for specialized care or security?”
7. Section 1, Question 14b: “Do any of these separate living/sleeping units diﬀer in terms of –“
8. Section 1, Question 14c: “What is the purpose for having separate living/sleeping
arrangements?”
9. Section 1, Question 14d: “Do the separate living/sleeping units within this facility share any of
the following –“
10. Section 1, Question 24: “On the night of [census date], what were the sleeping room
arrangements for young persons assigned beds in this facility in terms of the number of ACTUAL
OCCUPANTS per sleeping room?”

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Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

11. *Section 1, Question 25: “Are young persons assigned beds in this facility given opportunities for
VOLUNTARY participation in large muscle activity at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this
facility?”
12. *Section 1, Question 26a: “Are young persons assigned beds in this facility REQUIRED to
participate in large muscle activity at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this facility?”
13. *Section 1, Question 26b: “How many MINUTES per day are young persons REQUIRED to
participate in large muscle activity at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility?”
14. *Section 1, Question 26c: “How many DAYS per week are young persons REQUIRED to
participate in large muscle activity at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility?”
15. Section 2, Question 14c: “Which of the following best describes this facility policy on providing
THERAPY by a MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility?”
16. Section 2, Question 17a: “Is there a specialized SEX OFFENDER treatment program located inside
this facility?”
17. Section 2, Question 17b: “Are any of the following provided to young persons charged with or
adjudicated for a sex oﬀense?”
18. Section 2, Question 18: “Are there one or more special living/sleeping units reserved just for sex
oﬀenders that are separate from other living/sleeping units?”
19. Section 2, Question 19a: “Upon a young person’s departure from this facility, is information
regarding their mental health status, services and/or needs communicated to the young persons’
new placement or residence?”
20. Section 2, Question 19b: “For which young persons is this information shared?”
21. Section 3, Question 5: “As part of the DISCHARGE process from this facility, are ANY young
persons evaluated to determine their educational grade levels and their educational needs?”
22. Section 3, Question 6: “Which young persons are evaluated to determine their educational grade
levels and their educational needs as part of the DISCHARGE process from this facility?”
23. Section 3, Question 9a: “How many hours per WEEK do young persons attend school or receive
teacher instruction during the scheduled academic school year at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE this facility?”
24. Section 3, Question 9b: “How many months per YEAR do young persons assigned beds attend
school or receive teacher instruction at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility?”
25. Section 3, Question 10a: “Upon a young person’s departure from this facility, is information
regarding their educational status, services and/or needs communicated to the young persons’
new placement or residence?”
26. Section 3, Question 10b: “For which young persons is this information shared?”
27. Section 4, Question 9c: “Which of the following best describes this facility policy on providing
ongoing therapy for substance abuse problems INSIDE or OUTSIDE this facility to persons by a
SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROFESSIONAL?”
28. Section 4, Question 10a: “Upon a young person’s departure from this facility, is information
regarding their substance abuse status, services and/or needs communicated to the young
persons’ new placement or residence?”
29. Section 4, Question 10b: “For which young persons is this information shared?”

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Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

30. Section 5, Question 5a: “During the month of September 2022 were there any instances in which
this facility was unable to secure PHYSICAL HEALTH CARE (at locations either inside or outside of
this facility) for any young persons with a physical health complaint or need for physical health
care (both urgent and non-urgent)?”
31. Section 5, Question 5b: “What reasons prevented PHYSICAL HEALTH CARE from being secured
for young persons in need?”
32. Section 5, Question 6a: “During the month of September 2018 were there any instances in which
this facility was unable to secure MENTAL HEALTH CARE (at locations either inside or outside of
this facility) for any young persons with a mental health complaint or need for mental health
care (both urgent and non-urgent)?
33. Section 5, Question 6b: “What reasons prevented MENTAL HEALTH CARE from being secured for
young persons in need?
34. Section 5, Question 7a: “During the[reference month] were there any instances in which this
facility was unable to secure EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION (at locations either inside or outside of
this facility) for any young persons who are required by state statute to receive educational
instruction?”
35. Section 5, Question 7b: “What reasons prevented EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION from being
secured for young persons in need?”
36. Section 5, Question 8a: “During the [census month] were there any instances in which this
facility was unable to secure SUBSTANCE ABUSE SERVICES (at locations either inside or outside of
this facility) for any young persons with a substance use or abuse complaint or need for
substance abuse services (both urgent and non-urgent)?”
37. Section 5, Question 8b: “What reasons prevented SUBSTANCE ABUSE SERVICES from being
secured for young persons in need?”
*removed in 2022

Content Additions
Note: Question numbers in Content Additions refer to 2025 CJRP and 2025 JFCP Facility Operations Module forms,
please see Attachment A.

CJRP
1. Section 1, Question 8: “What was the TOTAL NUMBER OF STANDARD BEDS for young persons in this
facility on the night of [reference date]?
2. Section 1, Question 9a: “On the night of [reference date], were there ANY OCCUPIED MAKESHIFT BEDS
in this facility?”
3. Section 1, Question 9b: “How many makeshift beds were occupied that night?”
4. Section 1, Question 12c: “Specify why there were not ANY persons UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in
your facility on Wednesday, March 26, 2025 SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR
COURT-ADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE.”

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Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

5. New Section 3 “Released Youth” roster, all questions:
a. Question 1a: “According to your records, were any young persons released from this facility from
February 1, 2025 through February 28, 2025?”
b. Question 1b: “How many persons were released from this facility from February 1, 2025 through
February 28, 2025?”
c. Roster Question 1: “Enter an identifying number or ﬁrst name and last initial for each young
person released from this facility between February 1 and February 28, 2025.”
d. Roster Question 2: “What is this person's date of birth?”
e. Roster Question 3: “What is this person’s sex?”
f. Roster Question 4: “What is this person’s race?”
g. Roster Question 5: “What was the most serious oﬀense resulting in this placement?”
h. Roster Question 6: “On what date was this person ADMITTED TO this facility?”
i. Roster Question 7: “On what date was this person RELEASED FROM this facility?”

JFCP Facility Operations Module
1. Section 1, Question 1a: “Is this facility part of a larger agency?”
2. Section 1, Question 1b: “What is the name of this agency?”
3. Section 1, Question 9b: “Specify why there were not ANY persons UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in
your facility on [reference date].”
4. Section 1, Question 9c: “Specify why there were not ANY persons UNDER AGE 21 assigned beds in
your facility on [reference date] SPECIFICALLY BECAUSE they were CHARGED WITH OR COURTADJUDICATED FOR AN OFFENSE.”
5. New Section 2 “Facility Characteristics,” Question 5: “Which of the following training requirements
are frontline supervision staﬀ and direct care staﬀ required to take before working with young
persons?”
6. New Section 2, Question 6a: “Does your facility provide each of the following activities or services for
the young persons in your facility either through the facility's own staﬀ or by bringing in external
providers?”
7. New Section 2, Question 6b: “Are there any other activities or services not listed above that are
provided for young persons in your facility?”
8. Section 3, Question 1a: “For each of the following behavioral/mental health providers, please
indicate if young persons have access to these providers as paid facility employees, contract staﬀ,
available as needed in the community, or if the behavioral/mental health providers are not
available.”
9. Section 3, Question 1b: “Do young persons have access to any other behavioral/mental health
providers not listed above?”
10. New Section 6 “Medical Services,” Question 1: “For each of the following medical providers, please
indicate if your facility has access to these providers as paid facility employees, contract staﬀ,
available as needed in the community, or if the medical providers are not available.”

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Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

11. New Section 6, Question 2: “Do ANY young persons assigned beds here receive the following
examinations by a qualiﬁed provider, including a physician or ophthalmologist (MD or DO), nurse
practitioner(NP), physician assistant (PA), optometrist (OD), or audiologist (AuD), either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?”
12. New Section 6, Question 3: “When a medical provider orders vaccinations for ANY young persons
assigned beds here, can the young persons receive the vaccinations at a location either INSIDE or
OUTSIDE of this facility?”
13. New Section 6, Question 6: “Do ANY female young persons assigned beds here receive a
gynecological examination by a physician, nurse practitioner (NP), or physician assistant (PA) at a
location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this facility?”
14. New Section 6, Question 7a: “Were ANY young persons assigned beds in this facility known by facility
staﬀ to be pregnant between March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026?”
15. New Section 6, Question 7b: “How many young persons assigned beds in this facility were pregnant
between March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026?”
16. New Section 6, Question 7c: “Did ANY young persons assigned beds in this facility who were
pregnant between March 1, 2025 and February 28, 2026 receive prenatal care by a physician (MD or
DO), nurse practitioner (NP), or physician assistant (PA) at a location either INSIDE or OUTSIDE of this
facility?”

Content Modiﬁcations
Note: Question numbers in Content Modiﬁcations refer to 2025 CJRP and 2025 JFCP Facility Operations
Module forms, please see Attachment A.

CJRP
1. Section 2, Question 6: added response option “Middle Eastern or North African”
2. Section 1, Question 14b: added response option “For medical reasons other than suicide,” removed
options “Rarely, no set schedule,” “Part of each day,” “Most of each day,” and “All of each day.”
3. Section 1, Question 14c: “(If part of a set schedule) When are young persons in this facility locked
into their sleeping rooms by staﬀ?” with response options changed to “All of the time,” “During the
day for 2 hours or less,” “During the day for more than 2 hours,” and “At night.”
4. Section 1, Question 16c: changed response options to “All of the time,” “During the day for 2 hours
or less,” “During the day for more than 2 hours,” “At night,” and “Other – specify.”

JFCP Facility Operations Module
1. Section 1, Questions 1-6: reordered to match the order of Section 1 in the Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement.
2. Section 1, Question 6: removed response option “Boot Camp”.

Page 149 of 199

Appendix F. Summary of Content Changes to the JFCP

3. Section 1, Question 9a: changed response options to “Facility permanently closed (provide date of
closure),” “Facility temporarily closed,” and “Other – please specify.”
4. Section 2, Question 1b: added response option “For medical reasons other than suicide”, removed
options “Rarely, no set schedule,” “Part of each day,” “Most of each day,” and “All of each day.”
5. Section 2, Question 1c: “(If part of a set schedule) When are young persons in this facility locked into
their sleeping rooms by staﬀ?” with response options changed to “All of the time,” “During the day
for 2 hours or less,” “During the day for more than 2 hours,” and “At night.”
6. Section 2, Question 2: response options condensed “Locked doors for secure day rooms (e.g., wing,
ﬂoor, corridor)”, “Locked outside doors”, “Fences or walls without razor wire”, “Fences or walls with
razor wire”, “Other – Specify”, “None of the above”.
7. Section 2, Item 3c: changed response options to “All of the time,” “During the day for 2 hours or
less,” “During the day for more than 2 hours,” “At night,” and “Other – specify.”
8. Section 2, Questions 9a, 9b, 9c relocated from Section 7, Questions 1a, 1b, and 2.
9. Section 3, Question 2b: added response option “C-SSRS” and removed response option “V-DISC.”
10. Section 3, Question 6: consolidated two questions (Section 2, Questions 5a and 5b) into one with
expanded response options.
11. Section 3, Question 14b: added response option ““No diﬀerence between the units.”
12. Section 5, Question 7: changed response option wording to “Alcoholics Anonymous or other related
groups” and “Narcotics Anonymous or other related groups.”
13. New Section 6, Questions 4 and 5 were previously a singular question, Question 15 in Section 2.
14. Section 8, Question 3a: removed response option “AIDS.”
15. Section 8, Question 3e: added new response option “Middle Eastern or North African.”

Page 150 of 199

Appendix G. Screenshots of Web Collection Instrument

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Appendix G. Screenshots of Web Collection Instrument

Page 152 of 199

Appendix H. Experts and Outside Consultation

Expert Panel from JFCP Redesign Study:
Karen Abram, Ph.D.
Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of
Medicine
Lisa Bjergaard
Director, Division of Juvenile Services, North Dakota Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation
Felipe Franco
Senior Fellow for Young Adult Practice, The Annie E. Casey Foundation
Mark Greenwald
Research Manager, Oregon Youth Authority
Jennifer Kaufman
Bureau Chief, Assembly Bill 109, Los Angeles County Probation Department
Charles Kehoe
Chief Operating Officer, Kehoe Correctional Consulting, LLC
Past President, American Correctional Association
Megan Perrault
Social Research Specialist, North Carolina Department of Public Safety
Monty Prow
Director, Idaho Department of Juvenile Corrections
David Roush
Senior Counselor, Juvenile Justice Associates, LLC
Senior Advisor, National Partnership for Juvenile Services
Past President, National Juvenile Detention Association
Mary Ann Scali
Executive Director, The Gault Center
Howard Snyder, Ph.D.
Former Deputy Director, Bureau of Justice Statistics
Mark Soler
Executive Director (ret.), Center for Children's Law and Policy
K. Shakira Washington, Ph.D.
Vice President, Advocacy and Research, National Crittenton Foundation / OJJDP National Girls
Initiative

Page 153 of 199

Appendix H. Experts and Outside Consultation

Individuals Involved in Informing JFCP Collection, Analysis, and Dissemination Activities:
Kaitlyn Sill, Ph.D.
Senior Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Benjamin Adams
Supervisory Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
Andrea Coleman, Ph.D.
Senior Policy Advisor
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Liz Accetta Willhide
Chief, Criminal Justice Statistics Branch, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Megan Minnich
Supervisory Survey Statistician
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, Project Manager
Criminal Justice Statistics Branch, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Jonathan Albers
Survey Statistician
Juvenile Residential Facility Census, Program Manager
Criminal Justice Statistics Branch, Economic Reimbursable Surveys Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Erica Marquette
Chief, Public Sector Statistical Methods Branch
Economic Statistical Methods Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Nora Tran
Mathematical Statistician
Public Sector Statistical Methods Branch, Economic Statistical Methods Division
U.S. Census Bureau
Charles Puzzanchera
Senior Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice

Page 154 of 199

Appendix H. Experts and Outside Consultation

Sarah Hockenberry
Research Associate
National Center for Juvenile Justice
Rebekah Chu, Ph.D.
Data Project Manager
National Archive of Criminal Justice Data

Page 155 of 199

Appendix I. Title 34 Protections

Page 156 of 199

Appendix I. Title 34 Protections

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR Part 22 (June 6, 2024)

This content is from the eCFR and is authoritative but unofficial.

Title 28 —Judicial Administration
Chapter I —Department of Justice
Part 22 Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information
§ 22.1 Purpose.
§ 22.2 Definitions.
§ 22.20 Applicability.
§ 22.21 Use of identifiable data.
§ 22.22 Revelation of identifiable data.
§ 22.23 Privacy certification.
§ 22.24 Information transfer agreement.
§ 22.25 Final disposition of identifiable materials.
§ 22.26 Requests for transfer of information.
§ 22.27 Notification.
§ 22.28 Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative
purposes.
§ 22.29 Sanctions.

PART 22—CONFIDENTIALITY OF IDENTIFIABLE RESEARCH AND
STATISTICAL INFORMATION
Authority: Secs. 801(a), 812(a), Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 42 U.S.C. 3701, et seq., as
amended (Pub. L. 90-351, as amended by Pub. L. 93-83, Pub. L. 93-415, Pub. L. 94-430, Pub. L. 94-503, Pub. L.
95-115, Pub. L. 96-157, and Pub. L. 98-473); secs. 262(b), 262(d), Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5601, et seq., as amended (Pub. L. 93-415, as amended by Pub. L. 94-503, Pub. L. 95-115, Pub.
L. 99-509, and Pub. L. 98-473); and secs. 1407(a) and 1407(d) of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, 42 U.S.C.
10601, et seq., Pub. L. 98-473; Pub. L. 101-410, 104 Stat. 890, as amended by Pub. L. 104-134, 110 Stat. 1321.

Source: 41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, unless otherwise noted.

§ 22.1 Purpose.
The purpose of these regulations is to:
(a) Protect privacy of individuals by requiring that information identifiable to a private person obtained in a
research or statistical program may only be used and/or revealed for the purpose for which obtained;

28 CFR 22.1(a) (enhanced display)

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.1(b)

(b) Insure that copies of such information shall not, without the consent of the person to whom the
information pertains, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any judicial or administrative
proceedings;
(c) Increase the credibility and reliability of federally-supported research and statistical findings by minimizing
subject concern over subsequent uses of identifiable information;
(d) Provide needed guidance to persons engaged in research and statistical activities by clarifying the
purposes for which identifiable information may be used or revealed; and
(e) Insure appropriate balance between individual privacy and essential needs of the research community for
data to advance the state of knowledge in the area of criminal justice.
(f) Insure the confidentiality of information provided by crime victims to crisis intervention counselors
working for victim services programs receiving funds provided under the Crime Control Act, and Juvenile
Justice Act, and the Victims of Crime Act.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.2 Definitions.
(a) Person means any individual, partnership, corporation, association, public or private organization or
governmental entity, or combination thereof.
(b) Private person means any person defined in § 22.2(a) other than an agency, or department of Federal,
State, or local government, or any component or combination thereof. Included as a private person is an
individual acting in his or her official capacity.
(c) Research or statistical project means any program, project, or component thereof which is supported in
whole or in part with funds appropriated under the Act and whose purpose is to develop, measure,
evaluate, or otherwise advance the state of knowledge in a particular area. The term does not include
“intelligence” or other information-gathering activities in which information pertaining to specific
individuals is obtained for purposes directly related to enforcement of the criminal laws.
(d) Research or statistical information means any information which is collected during the conduct of a
research or statistical project and which is intended to be utilized for research or statistical purposes. The
term includes information which is collected directly from the individual or obtained from any agency or
individual having possession, knowledge, or control thereof.
(e) Information identifiable to a private person means information which either—
(1) Is labelled by name or other personal identifiers, or
(2) Can, by virtue of sample size or other factors, be reasonably interpreted as referring to a particular
private person.
(f) Recipient of assistance means any recipient of a grant, contract, interagency agreement, subgrant, or
subcontract under the Act and any person, including subcontractors, employed by such recipient in
connection with performances of the grant, contract, or interagency agreement.
(g) Officer or employee of the Federal Government means any person employed as a regular or special
employee of the U.S. (including experts, consultants, and advisory board members) as of July 1, 1973, or
at any time thereafter.
28 CFR 22.2(g) (enhanced display)

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.2(h)

(h) The act means the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended.
(i)

Applicant means any person who applies for a grant, contract, or subgrant to be funded pursuant to the
Act.

(j)

The Juvenile Justice Act means the “Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as
amended.”

(k) The Victims of Crime Act means the Victims of Crime Act of 1984.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.20 Applicability.
(a) These regulations govern use and revelation of research and statistical information obtained, collected, or
produced either directly by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or under any interagency agreement, grant,
contract, or subgrant awarded under the Crime Control Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, and the Victims of
Crime Act.
(b) The regulations do not apply to any records from which identifiable research or statistical information was
originally obtained; or to any records which are designated under existing statutes as public; or to any
information extracted from any records designated as public.
(c) The regulations do not apply to information gained regarding future criminal conduct.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 43 FR 16974, Apr. 21, 1978; 51 FR 6400, 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.21 Use of identifiable data.
Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person may be used only for research or statistical
purposes.

§ 22.22 Revelation of identifiable data.
(a) Except as noted in paragraph (b) of this section, research and statistical information relating to a private
person may be revealed in identifiable form on a need-to-know basis only to—
(1) Officers, employees, and subcontractors of the recipient of assistance;
(2) Such individuals as needed to implement sections 202(c)(3), 801, and 811(b) of the Act; and
sections 223(a)(12)(A), 223(a)(13), 223(a)(14), and 243 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention Act.
(3) Persons or organizations for research or statistical purposes. Information may only be transferred
for such purposes upon a clear demonstration that the standards of § 22.26 have been met and that,
except where information is transferred under paragraphs (a) (1) and (2) of this section, such
transfers shall be conditioned on compliance with a § 22.24 agreement.
(b) Information may be revealed in identifiable form where prior consent is obtained from an individual or
where the individual has agreed to participate in a project with knowledge that the findings cannot, by
virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to totally conceal subject identity.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6400, Feb. 24, 1986]
28 CFR 22.22(b) (enhanced display)

page 3 of 7

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.23

§ 22.23 Privacy certification.
(a) Each applicant for BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP support either directly or under a State plan shall submit a
Privacy Certificate as a condition of approval of a grant application or contract proposal which has a
research or statistical project component under which information identifiable to a private person will be
collected.
(b) The Privacy Certificate shall briefly describe the project and shall contain assurance by the applicant that:
(1) Data identifiable to a private person will not be used or revealed, except as authorized under §§
22.21, 22.22.
(2) Access to data will be limited to those employees having a need therefore and that such persons
shall be advised of and agree in writing to comply with these regulations.
(3) All subcontracts which require access to identifiable data will contain conditions meeting the
requirements of § 22.24.
(4) To the extent required by § 22.27 any private persons from whom identifiable data are collected or
obtained, either orally or by means of written questionnaire, shall be advised that the data will only be
used or revealed for research or statistical purposes and that compliance with requests for
information is not mandatory. Where the notification requirement is to be waived, pursuant to §
22.27(c), a justification must be included in the Privacy Certificate.
(5) Adequate precautions will be taken to insure administrative and physical security of identifiable data.
(6) A log will be maintained indicating that identifiable data have been transmitted to persons other than
BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or grantee/contractor staff or subcontractors, that such data have
been returned, or that alternative arrangements have been agreed upon for future maintenance of
such data.
(7) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, name-stripping, coding of data, or other similar procedures.
(8) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can
reasonably be expected to be identifiable to a private person except as authorized under § 22.22.
(c) The applicant shall attach to the Privacy Certification a description of physical and/or administrative
procedures to be followed to insure the security of the data to meet the requirements of § 22.25.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.24 Information transfer agreement.
Prior to the transfer of any identifiable information to persons other than BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP or project
staff, an agreement shall be entered into which shall provide, as a minimum, that the recipient of data agrees that:
(a) Information identifiable to a private person will be used only for research and statistical purposes.
(b) Information identifiable to a private person will not be revealed to any person for any purpose except
where the information has already been included in research findings (and/or data bases) and is revealed
on a need-to-know basis for research or statistical purposes, provided that such transfer is approved by
the person providing information under the agreement, or authorized under § 22.24(e).
28 CFR 22.24(b) (enhanced display)

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.24(c)

(c) Knowingly and willfully using or disseminating information contrary to the provisions of the agreement
shall constitute a violation of these regulations, punishable in accordance with the Act.
(d) Adequate administrative and physical precautions will be taken to assure security of information obtained
for such purpose.
(e) Access to information will be limited to those employees or subcontractors having a need therefore in
connection with performance of the activity for which obtained, and that such persons shall be advised of,
and agree to comply with, these regulations.
(f) Project plans will be designed to preserve anonymity of private persons to whom information relates,
including, where appropriate, required name-stripping and/or coding of data or other similar procedures.
(g) Project findings and reports prepared for dissemination will not contain information which can reasonably
be expected to be identifiable to a private person.
(h) Information identifiable to a private person (obtained in accordance with this agreement) will, unless
otherwise agreed upon, be returned upon completion of the project for which obtained and no copies of
that information retained.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

§ 22.25 Final disposition of identifiable materials.
Upon completion of a research or statistical project the security of identifiable research or statistical information
shall be protected by:
(a) Complete physical destruction of all copies of the materials or the identifiable portion of such materials
after a three-year required recipient retention period or as soon as authorized by law, or
(b) Removal of identifiers from data and separate maintenance of a name-code index in a secure location.
The Privacy Certificate shall indicate the procedures to be followed and shall, in the case of paragraph (b) of this
section, describe procedures to secure the name index.

§ 22.26 Requests for transfer of information.
(a) Requests for transfer of information identifiable to an individual shall be submitted to the person
submitting the Privacy Certificate pursuant to § 22.23.
(b) Except where information is requested by BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP, the request shall describe the
general objectives of the project for which information is requested, and specifically justify the need for
such information in identifiable form. The request shall also indicate, and provide justification for the
conclusion that conduct of the project will not, either directly or indirectly, cause legal, economic, physical,
or social harm to individuals whose identification is revealed in the transfer of information.
(c) Data may not be transferred pursuant to this section where a clear showing of the criteria set forth above
is not made by the person requesting the data.
[41 FR 5486, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 51 FR 6401, Feb. 24, 1986]

28 CFR 22.26(c) (enhanced display)

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.27

§ 22.27 Notification.
(a) Any person from whom information identifiable to a private person is to be obtained directly, either orally,
by questionnaire, or other written documents, shall be advised:
(1) That the information will only be used or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and
(2) That compliance with the request for information is entirely voluntary and may be terminated at any
time.
(b) Except as noted in paragraph (c) of this section, where information is to be obtained through observation
of individual activity or performance, such individuals shall be advised:
(1) Of the particular types of information to be collected;
(2) That the data will only be utilized or revealed for research or statistical purposes; and
(3) That participation in the project in question is voluntary and may be terminated at any time.
(c) Notification, as described in paragraph (b) of this section, may be eliminated where information is
obtained through field observation of individual activity or performance and in the judgment of the
researcher such notification is impractical or may seriously impede the progress of the research.
(d) Where findings in a project cannot, by virtue of sample size, or uniqueness of subject, be expected to
totally conceal subject identity, an individual shall be so advised.

§ 22.28 Use of data identifiable to a private person for judicial, legislative or administrative
purposes.
(a) Research or statistical information identifiable to a private person shall be immune from legal process and
shall only be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative
or administrative proceeding with the written consent of the individual to whom the data pertains.
(b) Where consent is obtained, such consent shall:
(1) Be obtained at the time that information is sought for use in judicial, legislative or administrative
proceedings;
(2) Set out specific purposes in connection with which information will be used;
(3) Limit, where appropriate, the scope of the information subject to such consent.
[41 FR 54846, Dec. 15, 1976, as amended at 45 FR 62038, Sept. 18, 1980]

§ 22.29 Sanctions.
Where BJA, OJJDP, BJS, NIJ, or OJP believes that a violation of section 812(a) of the Act or section 1407(d) of the
Victims of Crime Act, these regulations, or any grant or contract conditions entered into thereunder has occurred, it
may initiate administrative actions leading to termination of a grant or contract, commence appropriate personnel
and/or other procedures in cases involving Federal employees, and/or initiate appropriate legal actions leading to
imposition of a civil penalty not to exceed $10,000 for a violation occurring before September 29, 1999, and not to
exceed $11,000 for a violation occurring on or after September 29, 1999 against any person responsible for such
violations. For civil penalties assessed after August 1, 2016, whose associated violations occurred after November
2, 2015, see the civil penalty amount as provided in 28 CFR 85.5.
28 CFR 22.29 (enhanced display)

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Appendix J. Privacy Certification Requirements

28 CFR Part 22 (up to date as of 6/06/2024)
Confidentiality of Identifiable Research and Statistical Information

28 CFR 22.29

[Order No. 2249-99, 64 FR 47102, Aug. 30, 1999, as amended by AG Order 3690-2016, 81 FR 42499, June 30, 2016]

28 CFR 22.29 (enhanced display)

page 7 of 7

Page 164 of 199

Appendix K. JFCP Request Letters

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice
______________________________________________________________________________
Washington, DC 20531

March 26, 2025
Dear Facility Administrator:
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in coordination with the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is pleased to announce the 2025 Census of Juveniles in
Residential Placement (CJRP). The CJRP is an ongoing data collection sponsored by
OJJDP and managed by NIJ, which asks for information on youth housed in juvenile
residential facilities on the reference date. The U.S. Census Bureau is the data collection
agent, and we request your assistance in completing and returning your information to the
Census as soon as possible.
The reference date for this survey is Wednesday, March 26, 2025. Please complete this
questionnaire on, or shortly after, that date and return it by April 30, 2025, via the online
web application. To access the online reporting method, go to
https://respond.census.gov/cjrp/login and enter the 8-digit User ID, which is located on the
survey form mailed to you. If you do not have your User ID, please email
govs.cjrp@census.gov.
Enclosed you will also find a sample of the types of publications produced with this
information to educate policymakers, practitioners, and the public about the country’s
juvenile justice residential facilities and the youth they house. Your full and timely response
is important to the continued success of this effort. The confidentiality of the information you
provide is protected by federal law (Title 34, Section 10231 of the United States Code) and
will only be revealed or used for research purposes (see reverse side for more details).
I hope that we can count on your support as we have in the past. If you have any
questions, please contact Megan Minnich of the U.S. Census Bureau at
govs.cjrp@census.gov or 1-800-352-7229.
Thank you for your time and assistance in this endeavor.
Sincerely,

Nancy La Vigne, Ph.D.
Director, National Institute of Justice

Page 165 of 199

Appendix K. JFCP Request Letters

Attachments
FEDERAL ASSURANCES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND OTHER NOTICES

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 1012110122) and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as
amended (see, 34 U.S.C. § 11161), provide the authority for conducting this data
collection. We rely on your cooperation to present a clear picture of the state of
juvenile justice placement in this country. The confidentiality of the information you
provide on this questionnaire is guaranteed by Title 34, Section 10231 of the United
States code. This law requires both the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S.
Census Bureau to hold strictly confidential any information that could identify
individual youth, employees, or private facilities. The penalty for anyone violating
this confidentiality is $10,000. While public facilities are not subject to this statutory
protection, OJJDP’s policy is that the information collected for the Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement will only be used or revealed for research or
statistical purposes, and it will take appropriate measures to protect the
confidentiality of public facilities. The identities of all youth residing in facilities are
protected. Further, per the Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015 (6
U.S.C. § 151), your data are protected from cybersecurity risks through screening
of the systems that transmit your data. Your compliance with the request for
information is entirely voluntary. If you would like more information concerning this
authorization or the confidentiality guarantee, please contact Kaitlyn Sill at the
address below.
Under the Federal Paperwork Reduction Act, a person is not required to respond to
a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
We try to create forms and instructions that are accurate, can be easily understood,
and which impose the least possible burden on you to provide us with information.
We estimate that it will take one to three hours to complete this questionnaire with
two hours being the average. This estimate includes time for reviewing the
instructions, searching for and gathering the data, completing the form, and
reviewing answers. If you have comments regarding the accuracy of this estimate,
or suggestions for making this form simpler, you can write to:
Kaitlyn Sill, Ph.D.
Senior Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
999 North Capitol Street, NE
U.S. Department of Justice
Washington, DC 20002
Kaitlyn.sill@usdoj.gov
Please do not send your completed form to this address.

Page 166 of 199

Appendix K. JFCP Request Letters

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
National Institute of Justice
______________________________________________________________________________
Washington, DC 20531

March 25, 2026
Dear Facility Administrator:
The National Institute of Justice (NIJ), in coordination with the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), is pleased to announce the 2026 Juvenile Facility
Census Program (JFCP) Facility Operations module. The JFCP is an ongoing data
collection sponsored by OJJDP and managed by NIJ, which asks for information on
characteristics of juvenile facilities and the services provided to youth housed in these
facilities. The U.S. Census Bureau is the data collection agent, and we request your
assistance in completing and returning your information to the Census as soon as possible.
The reference date for this survey is Wednesday, March 25, 2026. Please complete this
questionnaire on, or shortly after, that date and return it by April 30, 2026, via the online
web application. To access the online reporting method, go to
https://respond.census.gov/jfcp/login and enter the 8-digit User ID, which is located on the
survey form mailed to you. If you do not have your User ID, please email
erd.jfcp@census.gov.
Enclosed you will also find a sample of the types of publications produced with this
information to educate policymakers, practitioners, and the public about the country’s
juvenile justice residential facilities. Your full and timely response is important to the
continued success of this effort. The confidentiality of the information you provide is
protected by federal law (Title 34, Section 10231 of the United States Code) and will only
be revealed or used for research purposes (see reverse side for more details).
I hope that we can count on your support as we have in the past. If you have any
questions, please contact Jonathan Albers of the U.S. Census Bureau at
erd.jfcp@census.gov or 1-800-352-7229.
Thank you for your time and assistance in this endeavor.
Sincerely,

[NIJ Director]
Director, National Institute of Justice

Page 167 of 199

Appendix K. JFCP Request Letters

Attachments
FEDERAL ASSURANCES OF CONFIDENTIALITY AND OTHER NOTICES

The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (see, 34 U.S.C. § 1012110122) and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, as
amended (see, 34 U.S.C. § 11161), provide the authority for conducting this data
collection. We rely on your cooperation to present a clear picture of the state of
juvenile justice placement in this country. The confidentiality of the information you
provide on this questionnaire is guaranteed by Title 34, Section 10231 of the United
States code. This law requires both the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S.
Census Bureau to hold strictly confidential any information that could identify
individual youth, employees, or private facilities. The penalty for anyone violating
this confidentiality is $10,000. While public facilities are not subject to this statutory
protection, OJJDP’s policy is that the information collected for the Juvenile Facility
Census Program (JFCP) will only be used or revealed for research or statistical
purposes, and it will take appropriate measures to protect the confidentiality of
public facilities. Further, per the Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015 (6
U.S.C. § 151), your data are protected from cybersecurity risks through screening
of the systems that transmit your data. Your compliance with the request for
information is entirely voluntary. If you would like more information concerning this
authorization or the confidentiality guarantee, please contact Kaitlyn Sill at the
address below.
Under the Federal Paperwork Reduction Act, a person is not required to respond to
a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number.
We try to create forms and instructions that are accurate, can be easily understood,
and which impose the least possible burden on you to provide us with information.
We estimate that it will take one to three hours to complete this questionnaire with
two hours being the average. This estimate includes time for reviewing the
instructions, searching for and gathering the data, completing the form, and
reviewing answers. If you have comments regarding the accuracy of this estimate,
or suggestions for making this form simpler, you can write to:
Kaitlyn Sill, Ph.D.
Senior Social Science Analyst
National Institute of Justice
999 North Capitol Street, NE
U.S. Department of Justice
Washington, DC 20002
Kaitlyn.sill@usdoj.gov
Please do not send your completed form to this address.

Page 168 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs

JUVENILE JUSTICE
STATISTICS
NATIONAL REPORT SERIES BULLETIN
January 2024

Liz Ryan, OJJDP Administrator • Nancy La Vigne, Ph.D., NIJ Director

Juvenile Residential Facility Census
2020: Selected Findings
Sarah Hockenberry and Anthony Sladky

Highlights
Nationally, 25,014 youth charged with or adjudicated for an offense were held in 1,323 residential
placement facilities on October 28, 2020. Facilities that hold youth vary in their operation, type, size,
security features, screening practices, and services provided. To better understand the characteristics

Since 2000, the proportion of youth held in large facilities has decreased while
the proportion held in small or medium facilities has increased
Percentage of youth held for an offense
100

n More than half of all facilities were publicly

90
80
70

51%

48%

46%

41%

37%

32%

29%

25%

24%

51%

50
40
36%

39%

42%

41%

45%

48%

52%

54%

57%

30%
12%

12%

operated in 2020; they held 77% of youth
held for an offense.

13%

12%

(20 or fewer residents), but more than half
(51%) of all youth were held in medium-size
facilities (holding 21–100 residents).
n A small proportion (1%) of facilities operated

20
10

19%

n Nearly 7 in 10 facilities (68%) were small

of these facilities, the Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention sponsors the
Juvenile Residential Facility Census (JRFC), a
biennial survey of public and private juvenile
residential facilities in every state. Findings in
this bulletin are based on JRFC data collected
for 2020.

13%

15%

16%

17%

18%

19%

over capacity in 2020; these facilities held
2% of all youth.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

n Most facilities screened all youth for suicide

■ Small (<21 residents) ■ Medium (21−100 residents) ■ Large (>100 residents)

risk (96%) and educational needs (90%).
n Ten youth died in placement in 2020; five of

these were ruled suicides.

ojjdp.ojp.gov

nij.ojp.gov

Page 169 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

A Message From
OJJDP and NIJ
On October 28, 2020, OJJDP
conducted the 11th Juvenile
Residential Facility Census, a
snapshot of the facilities—both
publicly and privately operated—
that house youth charged with or
adjudicated for law violations.
OJJDP’s biennial census collects
data on how juvenile facilities
operate and the services they
provide. The census also
provides information on facility
ownership, security, capacity
and crowding, and injuries and
deaths of youth in custody.
Data from the 2020 census
indicate that the number of
youth in residential placement
declined from the previous year,
a trend that has lasted two
decades. In 2020, more youth
were held in county, city, or
municipally operated facilities
on the census date than were
held in state-operated facilities.
Facility crowding affected a
relatively small proportion of
youth in custody. Most
responding facilities routinely
evaluated all youth for suicide
risk, education needs,
substance abuse, and mental
health needs.
We hope this bulletin will serve as
an important resource to inform
and support efforts to ensure that
the nation’s juvenile residential
facilities are safe and that youth
in custody receive the treatment
and services they need.
Liz Ryan
OJJDP Administrator
Nancy La Vigne, Ph.D.
NIJ Director

The Juvenile Residential Facility Census
provides data on facility operations
Facility census describes
2,019 juvenile facilities
In October 2020, the Office of Juvenile Justice
and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)
administered the 11th Juvenile Residential
Facility Census (JRFC). JRFC began in 2000 with
data collections occurring every other year. JRFC
routinely collects data on how facilities operate
and the services they provide. It includes
questions on facility ownership and operation,
security, capacity and crowding, and injuries and
deaths in custody. The census also collects
supplementary information each year on specific
services, such as mental and physical health,
substance abuse, and education.
JRFC collects information from secure and
nonsecure residential placement facilities that
hold youth who were charged with or
adjudicated for law violations. These law
violations encompass both delinquency
offenses and status offenses. JRFC does not
capture data on adult prisons, jails, or federal
facilities, nor does it include information for
youth who were convicted in criminal court and
sentenced to incarceration. Additionally, JRFC
does not include facilities used exclusively for
mental health or substance abuse treatment or
for abuse/neglect cases (nonoffenses), although
reporting facilities may hold youth for
nonoffense reasons, as well as some adults.
However, unless noted otherwise, this bulletin
focuses on youth younger than 21 who are in
residential placement after being charged with
or adjudicated for an offense. As used in this
bulletin, “youth” always refers to those held for
an offense. The term “resident” is used when
discussing facility size or crowding, as these
are characteristics related to all persons in
the facility.
The 2020 JRFC collected data from 2,019
facilities. Analyses in this bulletin were based
only on data from facilities housing youth held
for an offense on the census date (October 28,
2020); 1,323 facilities were included in the
analyses. Excluded from the analyses were

data from 2 facilities in Puerto Rico, 1 in the
Virgin Islands, 13 Tribal facilities, and 680
facilities that held no youth for an offense on
that date.
The 1,323 facilities housed a total of 25,014
youth held for an offense who were younger
than 21 on the census date. This represents
the fewest such youth in residential
placement since the 1975 Children in Custody
Census (the predecessor data collection to the
JRFC and its companion collection, the
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement).
From 1975 to 2000, the data collections
recorded increasingly larger 1-day counts of
youth in public and private residential
placement facilities. From 2000 to 2020,
those increases were erased, resulting in the
lowest census population recorded since
1975. It should be noted that the COVID-19
pandemic had significant effects on all stages
of the juvenile justice system, including
juvenile residential facilities. This may have
impacted multiple aspects of the 2020 JRFC
data, such as reporting, the number of youth
in placement, and the services received.

Local facilities outnumber
state facilities—and hold
more youth
Although local facilities (those staffed by
county, city, or municipal employees)
outnumbered state facilities each year since
2000, state facilities held more youth through
2008. Beginning in 2010, more youth were
held in local facilities than in state facilities, a
pattern that continued through 2020.
Facilities

Youth held for
an offense

Number Percent Number Percent
Total
1,323
100% 25,014 100%
Public
838
63
19,211
77
State
317
24
9,536
38
Local
521
39
9,675
39
Private
485
37
5,803
23
Note: Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.

Page 170 of 199

National Report Series Bulletin

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

On October 28, 2020, 63% of juvenile facilities were publicly operated; they held 77% of youth
Juvenile facilities
State
Total
Public Private
U.S. total
1,323
838
485
Alabama
29
12
17
Alaska
12
6
6
Arizona
17
10
7
Arkansas
20
16
4
California
91
62
29
Colorado
21
12
9
Connecticut
3
–
–
Delaware
7
–
–
District of Columbia
4
–
–
Florida
62
25
37

Total
25,014
639
162
492
345
2,673
447
39
81
99
1,473

Youth
Public
19,211
366
129
426
300
2,388
381
–
–
–
759

Private
5,803
273
33
66
45
285
66
–
–
–
714

Georgia

1,089

993

Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi

4
14
28
52
31
12
26
26
1
18
31
36
31
16

–
–
24
25
10
–
23
15
–
12
17
23
16
–

–
–
4
27
21
–
3
11
–
6
14
13
15
–

48
318
573
924
483
303
252
675
33
234
168
738
417
141

–
–
540
522
144
–
222
441
–
210
96
432
303
–

–
–
33
402
342
–
30
234
–
27
72
306
114
–

State
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio

Juvenile facilities
Total
Public Private
45
42
3
11
4
7
9
4
5
11
–
–
2
–
–
23
–
–
11
–
–
76
17
59
30
24
6
5
–
–
63
56
7

Total
498
93
240
330
15
456
201
792
501
36
1,335

Youth
Public
477
60
162
–
–
–
–
414
402
–
1,254

Private
21
33
75
–
–
–
–
378
99
–
81

Oklahoma

237

159

Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

28
71
9
19
14
20
75
19
1
34
31
30
31
12

22
20
1
8
9
13
63
12
–
–
–
10
20
6

6
51
8
11
5
7
12
7
–
–
–
20
11
6

573
1,125
63
483
111
237
2,700
243
15
654
504
249
339
147

474
504
18
324
90
153
2,277
135
–
–
–
153
267
108

99
621
45
159
21
84
420
111
–
–
–
96
69
39

Notes: “State” is the state where the facility is located. Youth sent to out-of-state facilities are counted in the state where the facility is located, not the state where they
committed their offense. Cell counts for the number of youth have been rounded to the nearest multiple of three to preserve the privacy of residents. To preserve the privacy of
individual facilities, detail is not displayed in states with one or two private facilities.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Training schools tend to be state facilities, detention centers tend to be local facilities, and group homes tend to be
private facilities
Facility operation

Total

Detention
center

Number of facilities
Operations profile
All facilities
Public
State
Local
Private
Facility profile
All facilities
Public
State
Local
Private

1,323

599

n
n
n
n

Facility type
Reception/
Group
diagnostic center
home

Shelter
82

219

Ranch/
wilderness camp

Training
school

Residential
treatment center

136

452

100%
63
24
39
37

100%
93
23
70
7

100%
39
7
32
61

100%
79
64
14
21

100%
26
16
10
74

100%
64
36
27
36

100%
91
68
24
9

100%
38
21
17
62

100%
100
100
100
100

45%
66
43
81
9

6%
4
2
5
10

2%
3
6
1
1

17%
7
11
4
33

2%
2
3
1
2

10%
15
29
6
2

34%
20
29
15
58

Detention centers, reception/diagnostic centers, ranch/wilderness camps, and training schools were more likely to be public facilities than private facilities.
Most shelters, group homes, and residential treatment centers were private facilities.
Detention centers made up the largest proportion of all public facilities (66%)—this was true for both state facilities (43%) and local facilities (81%).
Residential treatment centers accounted for the largest proportion of all private facilities (58%), followed by group homes (33%).

Notes: Counts (and row percentages) may sum to more than the total number of facilities because facilities could select more than one facility type. Detail may not sum to
total because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

January 2024

Page 171 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Confinement features and size varied across types of
facilities
Facilities varied in their
use of confinement
features
Overall, 53% of facilities said that, at least
some of the time, they locked youth in their
sleeping rooms. Among public facilities, 83% of
local facilities and 72% of state facilities
reported locking youth in sleeping rooms. Few
private facilities reported locking youth in
sleeping rooms (8%).
Percentage of facilities locking youth in
sleeping rooms
Facility operation
Percentage
Total
Public
State
Local
Private

53%
78
72
83
8

Note: Percentages are based on facilities that
reported confinement information (5 of 1,323
facilities [less than 1%] did not report).

Among facilities that locked youth in sleeping
rooms, most did this at night (88%) or when
a youth was out of control (74%). Locking
doors whenever youth were in their sleeping
rooms (59%) and locking youth in their
rooms during shift changes (53%) were also
fairly common. Fewer facilities reported
locking youth in sleeping rooms for a part of
each day (19%) or when they were suicidal
(20%). Very few facilities reported that they
locked youth in sleeping rooms most of each
day or all of each day (less than 1% each).
Six percent (6%) had no set schedule for
locking youth in sleeping rooms.
Facilities indicated whether they had various
types of locked doors or gates to confine
youth within the facility (see sidebar, this
page). Of all facilities that reported
confinement information, 69% said they had
one or more confinement features (other

than locked sleeping rooms), with a greater
proportion of public facilities using these
features than private facilities (88% vs. 34%).
Percentage of facilities
No
One or more
confinement confinement
features
features
Total
Public
State
Local
Private

31%
12
13
11
66

69%
88
87
89
34

Note: Percentages are based on facilities that
reported confinement information (5 of 1,323
facilities [less than 1%] did not report).

Among detention centers, training schools,
and reception/diagnostic centers that
reported confinement information, more than
9 in 10 said they had one or more features
(other than locked sleeping rooms).
Facilities reporting one or more
confinement features (other than
locked sleeping rooms)
Facility type
Number Percentage
Total facilities
Detention center
Shelter
Reception/
diagnostic center
Group home
Ranch/wilderness
camp
Training school
Residential
treatment center

903
583
24

69%
97
30

131

248

Note: Detail sums to more than totals because
facilities could select more than one facility type.

Among group homes, 1 in 5 facilities said
they had locked doors or gates to confine
youth. The presence of staff and the remote
location of some facilities are also features
that help to keep youth from leaving.

The Juvenile Residential
Facility Census asks
facilities about their
confinement features
Are any young persons in this facility
locked in their sleeping rooms by staff
at any time to confine them?
Does this facility have any of the
following features intended to confine
young persons within specific areas?
n Doors for secure day rooms that are

locked by staff to confine young
persons within specific areas?
n Wing, floor, corridor, or other internal

security doors that are locked by
staff to confine young persons
within specific areas?
n Outside doors that are locked by

staff to confine young persons
within specific buildings?
n External gates in fences or walls

without razor wire that are locked by
staff to confine young persons?
n External gates in fences or walls

with razor wire that are locked by
staff to confine young persons?

Overall, 31% of facilities reported having
external gates in fences or walls with razor
wire. This arrangement was most common
among training schools (64%), reception/
diagnostic centers (56%), and detention
centers (50%).

Page 172 of 199

National Report Series Bulletin

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

In general, the use of
confinement features
increased as facility
size increased
Facility size is determined by the number of
residents held at the facility on the census
date. Although the use of confinement
generally increased as facility size increased,
the proportion of facilities holding more than
200 residents using these features was lower
than the proportion of facilities holding
between 101 and 200 residents. Nearly 9 in
10 (87%) facilities holding between 101 and
200 residents reported using one or more
confinement features, compared with 60% of
facilities holding more than 200 residents.

Although about two-thirds of facilities were small (holding 20 or fewer
residents), about half of youth were held in medium facilities (holding
21–100 residents)
Facility size
Total facilities
1–10 residents
11–20 residents
21–50 residents
51–100 residents
101–200 residents
201+ residents

Number of
facilities

Percentage of
facilities

Number of
youth

Percentage of
youth

1,323
539
361
301
78
39
5

100%
41
27
23
6
3
0

25,014
2,570
4,921
8,290
4,449
4,094
690

100%
10
20
33
18
16
3

n The largest facilities—those holding more than 200 residents—accounted for less than 1% of
all facilities and held 3% of all youth in placement.
n Although the smallest facilities—those holding 10 or fewer residents—accounted for 41% of
all facilities, they held 10% of all youth in residential placement.
Note: Column percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.

Although the use of razor wire is a far less
common confinement measure, more than
half (60%) of facilities holding more than
200 youth said they had locked gates in
fences or walls with razor wire.

The number of facilities
that reported holding more
than 200 residents has
declined since 2006
In 2006, 3% of facilities held more than 200
residents, compared with less than 1% in
2020. Additionally, the proportion of youth
held at these facilities has also decreased. In
2006, 24% of youth held in facilities on the
census date were in large facilities,
compared with 3% of youth held in 2020.

Large facilities were most
likely to be state operated
About a quarter (27%) of state-operated
facilities (87 of 317) held 10 or fewer
residents in 2020. In contrast, 47% of private
facilities (228 of 485) were categorized as
small. In fact, these small private facilities
made up the largest proportion of
private facilities.

January 2024

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Among group homes, those holding 20 or fewer residents were
most common

Facility size

Facility type
Reception/
Ranch/
Residential
Detention
diagnostic Group wilderness Training treatment
center Shelter center
home
camp
school
center

Number of facilities

599

Total facilities
1–10 residents
11–20 residents
21–50 residents
51–100 residents
101–200 residents
201+ residents

100%
36
30
25
6
2
1

100%
77
17
5
1
0
0

100%
14
14
43
7
14
7

219
100%
63
24
10
2
1
0

22
100%
23
32
36
9
0
0

136

452

100%
13
23
35
16
12
1

100%
34
29
27
7
3
0

n 63% of group homes and 77% of shelters held 10 or fewer residents. For other facility types,
this proportion was 36% or less.
n 7% of reception/diagnostic centers held more than 200 residents. For other facility types, this
proportion was 1% or less.
Notes: Facility type counts sum to more than 1,323 facilities because facilities could select more than one
facility type. Column percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Facility operation
Facility size
Total facilities
1–10 residents
11–20 residents
21–50 residents
51–100 residents
101–200 residents
201+ residents

State
317
87
86
94
31
17
2

Local Private
521
485
224
228
149
126
112
95
24
23
11
11
1
2

State-operated facilities made up 24% of all
facilities and accounted for 40% of facilities
holding more than 200 residents. Private
facilities constituted 37% of all facilities and
accounted for 42% of facilities holding 10 or
fewer residents.

Page 173 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Facility crowding affected a relatively small proportion of
youth in custody
One in six youth were in
facilities that were at or
over their standard bed
capacity
Facilities reported both the number of
standard beds and the number of makeshift
beds they had on the census date. Occupancy
rates provide the broadest assessment of the
adequacy of living space. Although occupancy
rate standards have not been established, as
a facility’s occupancy surpasses 100%,
operational functioning may be compromised.
Crowding occurs when the number of
residents occupying all or part of a facility
exceeds some predetermined limit based on
square footage, utility use, or even fire codes.
Although it is an imperfect measure of
crowding, comparing the number of residents
to the number of standard beds gives a sense
of the crowding problem in a facility. Even
without relying on makeshift beds, a facility
may be crowded. For example, using standard
beds in an infirmary for youth who are not
sick or beds in seclusion for youth who have
not committed infractions may indicate
crowding problems.
Fifteen percent (15%) of facilities said that the
number of residents they held on the 2020
census date put them at or over the capacity
of their standard beds or that they relied on
some makeshift beds. These facilities held
16% of youth in 2020 compared with 42% of
youth in 2000. In 2020, 1% of facilities

facilities (19%) compared with public
facilities (11%) said they were operating at
100% capacity.

reported being over capacity (having fewer
standard beds than they had residents or
relying on makeshift beds). These facilities
held 2% of youth. In comparison, 8% of
facilities in 2000 reported being over capacity
and they held 20% of youth.

Percentage of facilities
at or over their
standard bed capacity

Facility
operation
Total
Public
State
Local
Private

In 2020, both public and
private facilities reported
operating above capacity
For both publicly and privately operated
facilities, 1% each exceeded standard bed
capacity or had residents occupying
makeshift beds on the 2020 census date. In
contrast, a larger proportion of private

≥100% 100% >100%
15%
14%
1%
12
11
1
12
11
1
12
11
1
20
19
1

Note: Detail may not add to totals because of
rounding.

Facilities holding between 51 and 100 residents were the most likely to
be crowded

Facility size
Total facilities
1–10 residents
11–20 residents
21–50 residents
51–100 residents
101–200 residents
201+ residents

Number of
facilities

<100%

1,323
539
361
301
78
39
5

85%
84
84
90
83
74
40

Percentage of facilities
under, at, or over their
standard bed capacity
100%
>100%
14%
15
15
8
12
23
60

1%
1
0
2
5
3
0

Page 174 of 199

National Report Series Bulletin

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

A small percentage of public detention centers, training schools, and residential treatment centers reported
operating above capacity in 2020
Percentage of facilities at
their standard bed capacity
Facility type

Total

Public

Percentage of facilities over
their standard bed capacity

Private

Total

Public

Private

Total

14%

11%

19%

Detention center

Shelter

Reception/diagnostic center

Group home

Ranch/wilderness camp

Training school

Residential treatment center

Nationwide, 198 juvenile facilities (15%) were at or over standard capacity or relied on makeshift beds
Number of
facilities under, at,
or over capacity
Total
State
facilities <100% 100% >100%
U.S. total
1,323 1,125
182
16
Alabama
29
25
4
0
Alaska
12
10
2
0
Arizona
17
14
3
0
Arkansas
20
14
6
0
California
91
78
13
0
Colorado
21
18
3
0
Connecticut
3
–
–
–
Delaware
7
7
0
0
District of Columbia
4
–
–
–
Florida
62
47
11
4
Georgia
32
31
1
0
Hawaii
4
–
–
–
Idaho
14
14
0
0
Illinois
28
24
4
0
Indiana
52
48
4
0
Iowa
31
23
8
0
Kansas
12
11
1
0
Kentucky
26
23
3
0
Louisiana
26
23
3
0
Maine
1
–
–
–
Maryland
18
14
4
0
Massachusetts
31
29
2
0
Michigan
36
32
4
0
Minnesota
31
24
7
0
Mississippi
16
14
1
1

Percentage of
youth in
facilities at or
over capacity
100% >100%
14%
2%
14
0
9
0
31
0
50
0
32
0
18
0
–
–
0
0
–
–
17
13
6
0
–
–
0
0
39
0
3
0
58
0
8
0
13
0
11
0
–
–
7
0
10
0
6
0
10
0
3
15

Number of
facilities under, at,
or over capacity
Total
State
facilities <100% 100% >100%
Missouri
45
40
5
0
Montana
11
7
3
1
Nebraska
9
9
0
0
Nevada
11
9
2
0
New Hampshire
2
–
–
–
New Jersey
23
19
4
0
New Mexico
11
10
1
0
New York
76
58
17
1
North Carolina
30
25
5
0
North Dakota
5
5
0
0
Ohio
63
56
7
0
Oklahoma
19
12
7
0
Oregon
28
23
4
1
Pennsylvania
71
61
9
1
Rhode Island
9
8
1
0
South Carolina
19
16
3
0
South Dakota
14
8
2
4
Tennessee
20
16
3
1
Texas
75
70
5
0
Utah
19
14
5
0
Vermont
1
–
–
–
Virginia
34
32
2
0
Washington
31
28
2
1
West Virginia
30
25
5
0
Wisconsin
31
27
3
1
Wyoming
12
10
2
0

Percentage of
youth in
facilities at or
over capacity
100% >100%
10%
0%
26
26
0
0
20
0
–
–
9
0
1
0
23
4
9
0
0
0
7
0
39
0
6
12
9
1
13
0
12
0
28
15
14
1
2
0
32
0
–
–
4
0
3
25
6
0
5
1
16
0

Notes: A single bed is counted as one standard bed, and a bunk bed is counted as two standard beds. Makeshift beds (e.g., cots, rollout beds, mattresses, and sofas) are
not counted as standard beds. Facilities are counted as over capacity if they reported more residents than standard beds or if they reported any occupied makeshift beds.
Facilities could select more than one facility type. “State” is the state where the facility is located. Youth sent to out-of-state facilities are counted in the state where the
facility is located, not the state where they committed their offense.
– To protect the identity of specific facilities, some data are suppressed. If the total number of facilities for a state is greater than 0 and less than 5, no detail data will be displayed.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

January 2024

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Most youth were evaluated for educational needs and
attended school while held in facilities
Facilities that screened all
youth for educational
needs held 91% of the
youth in custody
As part of the information collected on
educational services, the JRFC questionnaire
asked facilities about their procedures
regarding educational screening.

In 2020, 90% of facilities that reported
educational screening information said that
they evaluated all youth for grade level and
educational needs. An additional 3%
evaluated some youth. Only 8% did not
evaluate any youth for educational needs.
Of the 37 facilities in 2020 that screened
some but not all youth, 70% evaluated youth

The largest facilities were the least likely to evaluate all youth for grade level
Facility size based on residential population
Education screening

Total

1–10

11–20

21–50

Total facilities

1,323

539

361

301

51–100 101–200
78

201+
5

Facilities reporting

1,275

517

350

293

All reporting facilities

100%

All youth screened

Some youth screened

No youth screened

n Facilities holding 101–200 youth were the most likely to evaluate all youth for grade level
in 2020.
Notes: Reporting total excludes one facility that did not indicate which youth were screened. Column
percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Most facilities evaluated youth for grade level between 24 hours and
7 days after arrival
Number of juvenile facilities
When youth are
evaluated for
educational needs
Total reporting facilities

Some
Facilities
Some
All
All youth youth
that
All youth
youth
facilities evaluated evaluated evaluated evaluated evaluated
1,179

1,142

Less than 24 hours

249

24 hours to 7 days

913

7 or more days

Other

89
144

Facilities not evaluating
(or not reporting)

As a percentage of facilities that
evaluated youth for grade level

100%

97%

243

894

–

Note: Reporting facilities sum to more than 1,179 because they could select more than one time period.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

whom staff identified as needing an
assessment, 67% evaluated youth with
known educational problems, 59% evaluated
youth for whom no educational record was
available, and 15% evaluated youth who
came directly from home rather than from
another facility. In addition, 38% reported
evaluating youth based on some “other”
reason.
In 2020, those facilities that screened all
youth held 91% of the youth in custody. An
additional 3% of such youth in 2020 were in
facilities that screened some youth.

Most facilities used
previous academic records
to evaluate educational
needs
The vast majority of facilities (93%) that
screened some or all youth for grade level
and educational needs used previous
academic records. Some facilities also
administered written tests (56%) or conducted
an education-related interview with an
education specialist (61%), intake counselor
(33%), or guidance counselor (24%).

Most facilities reported
that youth in their facility
attended school
Ninety-six percent (96%) of facilities
reported that at least some youth in their
facility attended school either inside or
outside the facility. Facilities reporting that
all youth attended school (75% of facilities)
accounted for 71% of the youth population
in residential placement. Reception/
diagnostic centers were the least likely to
report that all youth attended school (57%)
and also the most likely to report that no
youth attended school (11%). Facilities with
21–50 residents were most likely to report

Page 176 of 199

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

that all youth attended school (77%), while
facilities with more than 200 residents were
least likely (40%) to have all youth attend
school. Facilities reporting that no youth
attended school (4%) accounted for 4% of
all youth in residential placement.

Facilities offered a variety
of educational services
Facilities that provided both middle and high
school-level education housed 96% of all
youth. Ninety-five percent (95%) of all
facilities provided high school-level
education, and 89% provided middle schoollevel education. Most facilities also reported
offering special education services (82%) and
GED preparation (74%). A much smaller
percentage of facilities provided vocational or
technical education (41%) and post-high
school education (39%).
In 2020, facilities were asked if they
communicated information regarding the
education status, services, and/or needs of
the young person to the new placement or
residence; 94% of facilities said that they did.
Most of these (89%) said that they
communicated education status information
for all youth departing the facility.

Detention centers and shelters were most likely to report that all youth
attended school (78% each), and facilities holding more than 200 residents
were least likely to report that all or some youth attended school
Percentage of facilities with
youth attending school
Facility type

Total

All youth

Some youth

No youth

Total facilities

100%

Detention center

100

75%

21%

Shelter
Reception/diagnostic center

100

Group home

100

Ranch/wilderness camp

100

Training school

100

Residential treatment center

100

1–10 residents

100%

75%

21%

11–20 residents

100

21–50 residents

100

51–100 residents

100

101–200 residents

100

201+ residents

100

Facility size

Note: Row percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Most facilities provided middle and high school-level education
Facility type
Education
level
Elementary
level
Middle school
High school
Special
education
GED preparation
GED testing
Post-high school
Vocational/
technical
Life skills
training

Reception/
Ranch/
Residential
All Detention
diagnostic Group wilderness Training treatment
facilities center Shelter
center
home
camp
school
center
49%
89
95

64%
94
97

57%
95
95

32%
89
89

30%
79
94

18%
82
100

38%
89
97

42%
88
95

74
50
39

72
40
30

86
82
75

71
52
40

86
68
59

89
75
70

75
55
43

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

January 2024

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Most facilities reported screening youth for substance
abuse problems
Facilities that screened all
youth held 76% of the
youth in custody

Drug testing was a routine
procedure in most facilities
in 2020

In 2020, 76% of facilities that reported
information about substance abuse
evaluation said that they evaluated all youth,
9% said that they evaluated some youth, and
15% did not evaluate any youth.

As part of the information collected on
substance abuse services, JRFC asked
facilities if they required any youth to
undergo drug testing after they arrived at the

Of the 121 facilities that evaluated some but
not all youth, 90% evaluated youth that the
court or a probation officer identified as
potentially having substance abuse problems,
68% evaluated youth that facility staff
identified as potentially having substance
abuse problems, and 69% evaluated youth
charged with or adjudicated for a drug- or
alcohol-related offense. Those facilities that
screened all youth held 76% of the youth in
custody. An additional 9% of youth were in
facilities that screened some youth.

facility. The majority of facilities (63%)
reported that they required at least some
youth to undergo drug testing. A request from
the court or probation officer was the most
common reason for testing. Of facilities that
reported testing all youth, 65% tested for this
reason. For facilities that tested some youth,
66% of facilities that tested youth suspected

Facilities holding 1–10 youth were the least likely to evaluate all youth
for substance abuse problems
Facility size based on
residential population

Substance
abuse screening

Total

1–10

11–20

Total facilities

1,323

539

361

301

Facilities reporting

1,275

21–50 51–100 101–200 201+

517

350

293

All reporting facilities

100%

100% 100%

All youth screened

Some youth screened
No youth screened

100%

100

Note: Column percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.

The most common form of
evaluation was a series of
staff-administered
questions
The majority of facilities (76%) that
evaluated some or all youth for substance
abuse problems had staff administer a
series of questions about substance use and
abuse, 62% visually observed youth to
evaluate them, 50% used a self-report
checklist inventory that asks about
substance use and abuse to evaluate youth,
and 43% used a standardized self-report
instrument, such as the Substance Abuse
Subtle Screening Inventory.

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Two-thirds of reporting facilities evaluated youth for substance abuse
within their first day at the facility

Number of juvenile facilities
When youth are
evaluated for
substance abuse
Total reporting facilities

As a percentage of facilities that
evaluated youth for
substance abuse

Some
Facilities
Some
All
All youth youth
that
All youth
youth
facilities evaluated evaluated evaluated evaluated evaluated
1,088

967

121

100%

Less than 24 hours

720

690

24 hours to 7 days

429

370

7 or more days

Other

235

–

Facilities not evaluating
(or not reporting)

89%

11%

Note: Facilities sum to more than 1,088 because they were able to select more than one time period.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

of recent drug or alcohol use did so at the
request of the court or probation officer, and
63% of facilities that tested youth with
substance abuse problems did so at the
request of the court or probation officer.
Percentage
of facilities

Circumstances of testing
All youth
After initial arrival
40%
At each reentry
25
Randomly
31
When drug use is suspected
55
or drug is present
At the request of the court
65
or probation officer
Youth suspected of recent drug/alcohol use
After initial arrival
37%
At each reentry
23
Randomly
27
When drug use is
52
suspected or drug is present
At the request of the
66
court or probation officer
Youth with substance abuse problems
After initial arrival
31%
At each reentry
22
Randomly
28
When drug use is suspected
48
or drug is present
At the request of the court
63
or probation officer

In 2020, JRFC asked facilities if they
communicated information regarding the
substance abuse status, services, and/or
needs of the young person to the new
placement or residence; 61% of facilities said
that they did. Of these facilities, many (77%)
said that they communicated substance
abuse status information for all youth
departing the facility.

Education was the most common substance abuse service provided at all
reporting facilities
Facility size based on
residential population

Substance
abuse service

Total

1–10

11–20

Total facilities

1,323

539

361

301

967

377

266

230

100%

Facilities reporting

21–50 51–100 101–200 201+

Substance abuse education

95%

93%

95%

96%

95%

Case manager to
oversee treatment

Treatment plan for
substance abuse

Special living units

None of above
services provided

n Of the facilities holding between 101 and 200 residents that reported providing substance
abuse services, all of them provided substance abuse education and were more likely than
smaller facilities to have special living units in which all young persons have substance abuse
offenses and/or problems.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

The majority of facilities that provided substance abuse counseling or
therapy were most likely to provide services on an individual basis
Facility type
Service
provided
Total facilities
Facilities reporting
counseling
Individual
Group
Family
Facilities reporting
therapy
Individual
Group
Family

Total
1,323

Reception/
Ranch/
Residential
Detention
diagnostic Group wilderness Training treatment
center Shelter center
home
camp
school
center
599

712
94%
81
50

237
92%
76
36

41
98%
85
63

870
98%
79
51

302
97%
70
41

46
100%
91
67

219

136

452

17
82%
100
41

142
96%
79
47

16
81%
88
19

96
92%
84
45

296
95%
87
66

22
95%
95
45

165
98%
78
48

19
95%
89
32

129
98%
84
49

369
99%
86
62

n In 2020, shelters, group homes, and residential treatment centers were most likely to provide
individual counseling, and shelters were most likely to provide individual therapy.
n Reception/diagnostic centers were the most likely to provide group counseling and group
therapy (100% and 95%, respectively).
n Half of all facilities provided both family therapy and family counseling.
Note: Counts (and row percentages) may sum to more than the total number of facilities because facilities
could select more than one facility type.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

January 2024

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Most youth were evaluated for mental health needs while
held in facilities
In nearly two-thirds of
facilities, in-house mental
health professionals
evaluated all youth held
Facilities provided information about their
procedures for evaluating youth’s mental
health needs. Among facilities that responded
to mental health evaluation questions in
2020, 74% reported they evaluated all youth
for mental health needs using an in-house
mental health professional. These facilities
held 67% of youth on the census date.
Facilities that reported using an in-house
mental health professional to evaluate some
youth (26%) held 22% of youth.
In 2020, a greater proportion of privately
operated than publicly operated facilities said
that in-house mental health professionals
evaluated all youth (94% vs. 64% of facilities
reporting mental health evaluation
information). However, in a greater proportion
of public facilities than private facilities (36%
vs. 6%), in-house mental health professionals
evaluated some youth.
Evaluation by
in-house mental
health professional
Total reporting facilities
All reporting facilities
All youth screened
Some youth screened

Facility type

Public

Private

707
100%

355
100%

64
36

94
6

Facilities also indicated whether treatment
was provided onsite. Facilities that said they
provided mental health treatment inside the
facility were likely to have had all youth
evaluated by an in-house mental health
professional. Facilities that did not provide
onsite mental health treatment were more

Facilities holding 101–200 youth were most likely to have in-house mental
health professionals evaluate all youth for mental health needs
Facility size based on
residential population

In-house mental
health evaluation

Total

1–10

11–20

Total facilities

1,323

539

361

Facilities reporting

1,062

21–50 51–100 101–200 201+
301

378

293

280

100%

All youth evaluated

Some youth evaluated

All reporting facilities

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Ranch/wilderness camps were more likely than other types of facilities to
have in-house mental health professionals evaluate all youth for mental
health needs
Facility type
Reception/
Ranch/
Residential
In-house mental Detention
diagnostic Group wilderness Training treatment
health evaluation
center Shelter center
home
camp
school
center
Total facilities

599

219

136

452

Facilities reporting
All reporting
facilities
All youth evaluated
Some youth
evaluated

508

126

129

397

100%
55

100%
69

100%
84

100%
90

100%
94

100%
85

100%
88

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

likely to have had some youth evaluated by
an in-house mental health professional.
Onsite mental
Evaluation by in-house
health treatment?
mental health
professional
Yes
No
Total reporting facilities
961
100
All reporting facilities
100%
100%
All youth screened
Some youth screened

77
23

43
57

In 2020, JRFC asked facilities if they
communicated information regarding the
mental health status, services, and/or
needs of the young person to the new
placement or residence; 90% of facilities
said that they did. Most of these (76%) said
that they communicated mental health
status information for all youth departing
the facility.

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The most common approach to in-house mental health evaluation was to screen all youth by the end of their first
day or first week at the facility
As a percentage of facilities that evaluated youth
in-house for mental health needs

Number of juvenile facilities
When youth are evaluated for
mental health needs

All facilities

All youth
evaluated

Some youth
evaluated

Facilities that
evaluated

All youth
evaluated

Some youth
evaluated

1,060

786

274

100%

74%

26%

Less than 24 hours

480

413

24 hours to 7 days

427

329

124

Total reporting facilities

7 or more days
Other

n In 70% of facilities that reported using an in-house mental health professional to perform mental health evaluations, they evaluated all youth for
mental health needs by the end of their first week in custody.
Note: Percentage detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Of facilities that reported using in-house mental health professionals to conduct mental health evaluations,
39% of youth were in facilities that evaluated all youth on the day they arrived at the facility
As a percentage of youth in facilities
that provided in-house evaluation for
mental health needs

Number of youth
When youth are evaluated for
mental health needs

All facilities

All youth
evaluated

Some youth
evaluated

Facilities that
evaluated

All youth
evaluated

Some youth
evaluated

Total youth held for an offense
residing in reporting facilities

22,207

16,709

5,498

100%

75%

25%

Less than 24 hours

9,995

8,566

1,429

24 hours to 7 days

9,122

6,933

2,189

7 or more days

1,028

773

255

Other

2,062

437

1,625

n Facilities reporting that they evaluated all youth by the end of their first week held 70% of youth who resided in facilities that reported using
in-house mental health evaluation procedures.
Note: Percentage detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

January 2024

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Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Most youth were held in facilities that evaluate all youth
for suicide risk on their first day
Facilities that screened all
youth for suicide risk held
94% of the youth in custody

than 1% said that they evaluated some youth.
Some facilities (4%) said that they did not
evaluate any youth for suicide risk.

As part of the information collected on mental
health services, the JRFC questionnaire asks
facilities about their procedures regarding
screening youth for suicide risk.

In 2020, a larger proportion of public than
private facilities said that they evaluated all
youth for suicide risk (98% vs. 91%).
In 2020, among facilities that reported
suicide screening information, those that
screened all youth for suicide risk held
97% of youth who were in residential

In 2020, 96% of facilities that reported
information on suicide screening said that
they evaluated all youth for suicide risk. Less

Facility size based on
residential population
Suicide screening

Total

1–10

11–20

21–50 51–100 101–200 201+

Total facilities

1,323

539

361

301

Facilities reporting

1,273

516

349

293

5
100%

All reporting facilities

100%

All youth screened

100

Some youth screened

No youth screened

Note: Column percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Group homes were the least likely to screen youth for suicide risk
Facility type
Reception/
Ranch/
Residential
Detention
diagnostic Group wilderness Training treatment
Suicide screening center Shelter center
home
camp
school
center
Total facilities

599

219

136

452

Facilities reporting
All reporting
facilities
All youth screened
Some youth
screened
No youth screened

583

211

133

433

100%
99

100%
94

100%
96

100%
87

100%
91

100%
98

100%
96

0
1

0
6

0
4

1
12

0
9

0
2

1
3

Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Suicide screening
Total youth
Youth in reporting
facilities
Total
All youth screened
Some youth screened
No youth screened

2000
108,802

2020
25,014

103,508

24,025

100%
78
16
6

100%
97
1
2

Note: Detail may not total 100% because of
rounding.

Suicide screening was common across facilities of all sizes

Note: Column percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding.

placement—up from 78% in 2000. An
additional 1% of such youth in 2020 were in
facilities that screened some youth.

Some facilities used
trained counselors or
professional mental
health staff to conduct
suicide screening
More than half (54%) of facilities that
screened some or all youth for suicide risk
reported that mental health professionals
with at least a master’s degree in psychology
or social work conducted the screenings.
About one quarter (26%) used neither mental
health professionals nor counselors whom a
mental health professional had trained to
conduct suicide screenings.
Facilities reported on the screening methods
used to determine suicide risk. Facilities
could choose more than one method. Of
facilities that conducted suicide risk
screening, a majority (73%) reported that
they incorporated one or more questions
about suicide in the medical history or intake
process to screen youth, 41% used a form
their facility designed, and 24% used a form
or questions that a county or state juvenile
justice system designed to assess suicide
risk. More than half of facilities (53%)
reported using the Massachusetts Youth

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Screening Instrument (MAYSI)—42%
reported using the MAYSI full form, and
11% used the MAYSI suicide/depression
module. Very few facilities (less than 1%)
used the Voice Diagnostic Interview Schedule
for Children.
Of facilities that reported screening youth for
suicide risk, 91% reassessed youth at some
point during their stay. Most facilities (88%)
reported rescreening on a case-by-case basis
or as necessary. An additional 38% of
facilities also reported that rescreening
occurred systematically and was based on a
variety of factors (e.g., length of stay, facility
events, or negative life events). Less than
10% of facilities did not reassess youth to
determine suicide risk.

In 2020, the majority (90%) of youth in facilities that screened for suicide
risk were in facilities that conducted suicide screenings on all youth on the
day they arrived
When suicide risk screening occurs

Suicide screening

Facilities that reported suicide screening
information were asked a series of questions
related to preventive measures taken for
youth determined to be at risk for suicide. Of
these facilities, 64% reported placing at-risk
youth in sleeping or observation rooms that
are locked or under staff security. Aside from
using sleeping or observation rooms, 85% of
facilities reported using line-of-sight
supervision, 84% reported removing personal
items that could be used to attempt suicide,
and 76% reported using one-on-one or arm’slength supervision. About half of facilities
(51%) reported using special clothing to
prevent suicide attempts, and 28% reported
removing the youth from the general
population. Twenty-one percent (21%) of
facilities used special clothing to identify youth
at risk for suicide, and 21% of facilities used
restraints to prevent suicide attempts.

January 2024

7 days
or more

Other

Never or
not
reported

Number of facilities that
screened
Total

1,228

1,093

All youth screened

1,220

1,089

100%

89%

–

In facilities that screened

23,668

21,513

832

222

1,101

361

In facilities that screened
all youth

23,418

21,357

751

222

1,088

250

156

Some youth screened

Percentage of
facilities that screened
Total
All youth screened
Some youth screened

All facilities used some type
of preventive measure once
they determined a youth
was at risk for suicide

Total

Less than 24 hours
24 hours to 7 days

Number of youth

In facilities that
screened some youth
Percentage of youth
In facilities that screened
In facilities that
screened all youth
In facilities that
screened some youth

100%

91%

–

n Nearly all facilities (93%) that reported screening for suicide risk said they screened all youth by
the end of the first week of their stay at the facility. A large portion (89%) said they screened all
youth on their first day at the facility. These facilities accounted for 90% of youth held in
facilities that conducted suicide screenings.
n Very few facilities that reported screening for suicide risk reported that they conducted the
screenings at some point other than within the first week of a youth’s stay (6%). Facilities that
conducted screenings within other time limits gave varying responses. For example, some
facilities reported that screenings occurred as needed or as deemed necessary. Some reported
that screenings were court ordered. A small number of facilities indicated that screenings
occurred before the youth was admitted.
Note: Percentage detail may not sum to total because of rounding.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Page 183 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

JRFC asks facilities about certain activities that may
have occurred in the month before the census date
In addition to information gathered on the
census date, JRFC collects data on the
following questions for the 30-day period of
September 2020:
n Were there any unauthorized departures

of any young persons who were assigned
beds at this facility?
n Were any young persons assigned beds

at this facility transported to a hospital
emergency room by facility staff,
transportation staff, or by an ambulance?
n Were any of the young persons assigned

beds here restrained by facility staff with
a mechanical restraint?

Illness was the most common
reason for emergency room (ER)
visits in the previous month
Reason for ER visit

Percentage
of facilities

Total
Injury
Sports-related
Work/chore-related
Interpersonal conflict
(between residents)
Interpersonal conflict (by
nonresident)
Illness
Pregnancy
Complications
Labor and delivery
Suicide attempt
Nonemergency
No other health
professional available
No doctor’s appointment
could be obtained
Other

24%
29
2

4
0
12

13
10
32

Note: Percentages are based on facilities that
reported emergency room information (20 of
1,323 facilities [2%] did not report).
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile
Residential Facility Census 2020.

beds here locked for more than 4 hours
alone in an isolation, seclusion, or

One-eighth of facilities (13%) reported unauthorized departures in the
month before the census date
Facility type
Total facilities
Detention center

Number of facilities
Total
Reporting
1,323
1,276

Percentage of reporting
facilities with
unauthorized departures
13%

599

583

Shelter

Reception/diagnostic center

219

213

Training school

136

133

Residential treatment center

452

434

Group home
Ranch/wilderness camp

n Shelters and group homes were most likely to report one or more unauthorized departures.
Note: Detail may sum to more than the totals because facilities could select more than one facility type.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Facilities were more likely to report using mechanical restraints than
locking youth in some type of isolation; use of these practices differed
by facility type

26
3
34

sleeping room to regain control of their
unruly behavior?

n Were any of the young persons assigned

Facility type
Total facilities
Detention center
Shelter
Reception/diagnostic center
Group home

Percentage of reporting facilities
Used mechanical
Locked youth in room for
restraints
4 or more hours
25%
21%
38

Ranch/wilderness camp

Training school

Residential treatment center

n Reception/diagnostic centers and training schools were the most likely facilities to use
mechanical restraints (i.e., handcuffs, leg cuffs, waist bands, leather straps, restraining
chairs, strait jackets, or other mechanical devices) in the previous month. They were also
the most likely to lock a youth alone in some type of seclusion for 4 or more hours to regain
control of their unruly behavior.
n Group homes were the facilities least likely to use either of these measures.
Note: Percentages are based on 1,303 facilities that reported information on mechanical restraints and locked
isolation, out of a total of 1,323 facilities.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Page 184 of 199

National Report Series Bulletin

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Facilities reported 10 deaths of youth in placement over
12 months—5 were suicides
Youth in residential
placement rarely died
in custody
Facilities holding youth reported that 10
youth died while in the legal custody of the
facility between October 1, 2019, and
September 30, 2020.
Routine collection of national data on deaths
of youth in residential placement began with
the 1988–1989 Children in Custody (CIC)
Census of Public and Private Juvenile
Detention, Correctional, and Shelter Facilities.
Accidents or suicides have usually been the
leading cause of death. Over the years 1988–
1994 (CIC data reporting years), an average
of 46 deaths were reported nationally per
year, including an annual average of 18
suicides. Over the years 2000–2020 (JRFC
data reporting years), those averages
dropped to 16 deaths overall and 7 suicides.
Residential treatment centers reported four
deaths—three suicides and one death with
an unknown cause. Training schools reported
three deaths—two as a result of an injury or
natural illness and one as a result of an injury
that occurred prior to admission. Detention
centers reported two deaths—both were
suicides. Group homes accounted for one
death with an unknown cause.

There is no pattern in the
timing of deaths in 2020
In 2020, the timing of death varied between
11 and 346 days after admission. Two
suicides occurred within 2 weeks (11 and 14
days) of admission, one occurred within 9
weeks, one within 6 months, and one within
12 months. One youth died 1 month after
admission as a result of an injury prior to
entering the facility. Of the deaths that were a
result of an illness or natural cause, one
occurred 2 months after admission and the
other occurred 11 months after admission.

January 2024

During the 12 months prior to the census, suicides were the most
commonly reported cause of death in residential placement
Inside the facility
Cause of death
Total
Suicide

Outside the facility

Total

All

Public

Private

All

Public

Private

Illness/natural

Injury/prior

Don’t know

n In 2020, more deaths occurred at public facilities (6) than at private facilities (4).
Notes: Data are reported deaths of youth in custody from October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020.
None of the deaths from illness were related to AIDS or COVID-19.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

In 2020, the death rate was higher for private facilities than for public
facilities
Deaths per 10,000 youth held on the
census date, October 28, 2020
Cause of death

Total

Public facility

Private facility

Total

4.0

3.1

6.9

Suicide

2.0

1.0

5.2

Illness/natural

0.8

1.0

0.0

Injury/prior

0.4

0.5

0.0

Don’t know

0.8

0.5

1.7

Deaths per 10,000 youth held on the
census date, October 28, 2020
Type of facility

Total

Public facility

Private facility

Detention center

1.6

0.0

Ranch/wilderness camp

4.8

5.0

0.0

Group home

5.8

0.0

7.3

Residential treatment center

5.1

2.8

7.1

n The death rate in 2020 (4.0) was higher than that in 2000 (2.8). Of the 30 reported deaths
of youth in residential placement in 2000, accidents were the most commonly reported
cause. In 2020, suicides were most common.
Notes: Data are reported deaths of youth in custody from October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020.
None of the deaths from illness were related to AIDS or COVID-19. One death was reported in a privately
operated shelter, but the relatively small size of the population of youth held in such facilities in 2020
(1,375 youth) results in a high death rate.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

Similarly, of the two deaths where the cause
was unknown, one occurred 2 months after

admission and the other occurred 7 months
after admission.

Page 185 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Of the total deaths in residential placement (10), 8 involved males and 2 involved females
Cause of death
Total
Race/ethnicity

Suicide

Illness/natural

Injury/prior

Don't know

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Total

White non-Hispanic

Black non-Hispanic

Hispanic

Note: Data are reported deaths of youth in custody from October 1, 2019, through September 30, 2020.
Source: Authors’ analysis of Juvenile Residential Facility Census 2020.

The Juvenile Residential Facility Census asks facilities about deaths of young persons
at locations inside or outside the facility
During the year between October 1, 2019, and September 30,
2020, did any young persons die while assigned to a bed at
this facility at a location either inside or outside of this facility?

n Suicide

If yes, how many young persons died while assigned beds at
this facility during the year between October 1, 2019, and
September 30, 2020?

n Homicide by nonresident(s)

What was the cause of death?

n Coronavirus (COVID-19)

n Illness/natural causes (excluding AIDS)

n Other (specify)

n Injury suffered prior to placement here

What was the location of death, age, sex, race, date of admission to
the facility, and date of death for each young person who died while
assigned a bed at this facility?

n AIDS

n Homicide by another resident

n Accidental death

Page 186 of 199

National Report Series Bulletin

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

The Juvenile Residential Facility Census includes data that Tribal facilities submitted
OJJDP works with the Bureau of Indian
Affairs to ensure a greater representation of
Tribal facilities in the CJRP and JRFC data
collections. As a result, the 2020 JRFC
collected data from 13 Tribal facilities. The
Tribal facilities were in Arizona, Colorado,
Michigan, Mississippi, Montana, North
Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota and
held 75 youth charged with or adjudicated
for an offense (down from 116 in 2018,
when 16 facilities reported).
Tribal facilities were asked what agency
owned and/or operated their facilities. The
Tribe owned and operated 9 of the 13

Other OJJDP data
collection efforts
describe youth in
residential placement
JRFC is one component in a multitiered
effort to describe the youth placed in
residential facilities and the facilities
themselves. Other components include
the following:
n National Juvenile Court Data

Archive: Collects information on
sanctions that juvenile courts
impose.
n Census of Juveniles in Residential

Placement: Collects information on
the demographics and legal
attributes of each youth in a juvenile
facility on the census date.

January 2024

facilities. The remaining four facilities were
either owned by the Tribe and operated by
the federal government or owned and
operated by the federal government.
Twelve Tribal facilities identified
themselves as detention centers and one
identified itself as a shelter. Tribal facilities
were small, most holding 10 or fewer
residents; 79% of youth were held at
facilities that held between 1 and 10
residents. On the census day, almost all
facilities (11) were operating at less than
their standard bed capacity, 1 was
operating at capacity, and 1 above

Resources
OJJDP’s online Statistical Briefing Book (SBB)
offers access to a wealth of information about
youth crime and victimization and about youth
involved in the juvenile justice system. Visit
the Juveniles in Corrections section of the
SBB at ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/faqs.asp
for the latest information about youth in
corrections. The Juvenile Residential Facility
Census Databook is a data analysis tool that
gives users quick access to national and state
data on the characteristics of residential
placement facilities, including detailed
information about facility operation,
classification, size, and capacity.

Data sources
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention. Variable. Juvenile Residential
Facility Census for the years 2000, 2002,
2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014,
2016, 2018, and 2020 [machine-readable
data files]. Washington, DC: U.S. Census
Bureau (producer).

capacity. Standard bed capacities ranged
from 6 to 62.
Eleven of the 13 Tribal facilities reported
locking youth in their sleeping rooms.
Among Tribal facilities that locked youth in
their rooms, 10 did so when the youth were
out of control. Nine facilities locked youth in
their rooms at night, 10 facilities locked
youth in rooms during shift changes, and 8
locked youth in their rooms whenever the
youth were in their rooms. Seven facilities
locked youth in their rooms when youth
were suicidal, and four facilities locked
youth in their rooms for part of each day.

Acknowledgments
This bulletin was written by Sarah
Hockenberry, Research Associate, and
Anthony Sladky, Senior Computer
Programmer, at the National Center for
Juvenile Justice, with funds provided
by the National Institute of Justice to
support the National Juvenile Justice
Data Analysis Project.
This bulletin was prepared under grant number
2019–JX–FX–K001, awarded and managed by the
National Institute of Justice with funding support
provided by the Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.
The opinions, findings, and conclusions or
recommendations expressed in this publication
are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect those of the Department of Justice.
The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention and the National Institute of Justice
are components of the Office of Justice
Programs, which also includes the Bureau of
Justice Assistance; the Bureau of Justice
Statistics; the Office for Victims of Crime; and the
Office of Sex Offender Sentencing, Monitoring,
Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking.

Page 187 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

U.S. Department of Justice
Office of Justice Programs
Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
8660 Cherry Lane
Laurel, MD 20707-4651

PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
DOJ/OJJDP/GPO
PERMIT NO. G – 26

Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300

National Report Series Bulletin

NCJ 305825
Page 188 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Highlights from the 2022 Juvenile
Residential Facility Census
The proportion of facilities that evaluate youth for service needs increased
Despite a 10% increase in the number of youth in
placement between 2020 and 2022, the number reported
in 2022 was 75% below the number reported in 2000

Of reporting facilities (1,277), nearly all (99%) said
they evaluated all youth for suicide risk in 2022, a 27
percentage point increase since 2000

Youth in placement

Percent of facilities (of those that reported evaluating suicide risk)

120,000

100%

108,802

100,000

99%

2000

80%

80,000
60%

91%

2022
72%
60%

60,000
40%

40,000

27,587

20%

20,000
0
2002

2006

2010
2014
Census year

2018

2022

The proportion of facilities that evaluated all youth for
service needs increased between 2000 and 2022

11%
11%

80%

8%
2%

18%

16%
10%

29%

95%
80%

24%

84%

33%

60%

All youth within 24 hours

Percent of facilities that reported evaluating youth within one week
(of those that reported evaluating)
100%

2%
20%

All youth

Over 90% of reporting facilities said they evaluated youth
for service needs within one week of admission in 2022

Percent of facilities (of those that reported evaluating)
100%

94%

92%

78%

60%

40%

78%

63%

89%

74%
59%

20%

69%

40%

47%

20%
0%

2000
2022
Educational
All youth

2000
2022
Substance abuse
Some youth

2000
2022
Mental health

No youth

Educational

Substance abuse
2000

Mental health

2022

In 2022, juvenile residential facilities reported the fewest
number of deaths since 2000
Number of deaths
35
30

Notes: This publication was prepared by Sarah Hockenberry,
National Center for Juvenile Justice, under cooperative
agreement #15PNIJ-22-GK-01121-TITL awarded by the
National Institute of Justice with funding support from OJJDP.
July 2024.

25
20
15
10
5

5
0

2002

2006

2010
2014
Census year

2018

2022

The COVID-19 pandemic had significant effects on all stages
of the juvenile justice system, including juvenile residential
facilities, which may have impacted the number of youth in
residential placement reported in 2022 and the services they
received.
Detail may not total 100% because of rounding.
Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention. Juvenile Residential Facility Census. Washington,
DC: U.S. Census Bureau (producer). Page 189 of 199

Appendix L. Latest JFCP Bulletin and Data Snapshots

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Trends and Characteristics of Youth in
Residential Placement, 2023
Despite an increase, the number of youth in placement was below pre-pandemic levels
Despite an 18% increase between 2021 and 2023, the number
of youth in placement in 2023 was below pre-pandemic levels
Number of youth in residential placement
120,000
105,055

80,000

Committed

10/19

24%

80%

14%

60%

47%

20%

38%

Person
Public order

Property

Drugs

100%

31%

32%

30%

36%

19%

28%

45%

112

39%

32%

36%

1997

2003
2013
Census year

2023

Local

Private

Notes: This publication was prepared by Sarah Hockenberry, National
Center for Juvenile Justice, under cooperative agreement 15PNIJ22–GK–01121-TITL from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) with
funding support from OJJDP. September 2025.

142

Property
20
Drugs
26
Public Order
19
Technical violation
22
Status

44%

Status

Person

28%

State

Technical violation

In 2023, half of detained youth remained in placement one month
after admission; half of committed youth remained after 16 weeks

40%

2013
2023
2013
2023
Census year
Detained
Committed

All offenses

20%

20%
40%
60%
80%
Percent of youth in residential placement

25%

35%

80%

20%

50%
20%

42%

17%

21%

40%

34%

19%

Percent of youth
100%

18%

11%
7%

51%

Compared with 1997, a greater proportion of youth were held in
locally operated facilities in 2023

3%
10%

16%
11%
6%

Black

24%

14%
Other
Hispanic

Note: Other race includes American Indian/Alaska Natives, Asian/Pacific
Islanders, and two or more races.

Percent of youth
2%
13%

White

10/23

The proportion of detained and committed youth held for a
person offense increased between 2013 and 2023
3%

22%

86%

13,285

10/15

27%

Committed

10/07
10/11
Census date

24%

15%

15,428

Detained

16%

18-20

Female

20,000

100%

27%

85%

Detained

10/03

27%

Male

29,314

10/99

20%

Detained

40,000 28,040

19%

Committed 11%

75,406

60,000

Under 15

Detained

Total

100,000

In 2023, youth over age 17, males, and white youth accounted for
a larger share of the committed population than the detained

The COVID-19 pandemic, which began March 2020, had significant
effects on all stages of the juvenile justice system, including juvenile
residential facilities, and may have impacted multiple aspects of the
2021 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement data, such as
reporting and the number of youth in residential placement. Detail may
not total 100% because of rounding.

92
92
110
71
82

Detained
Committed

60
8
00
120
Median days in placement

140

160

Data source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. Washington, DC: U.S.
Census Bureau (producer).
Page 190 of 199

Appendix M. Screenshot of OMB Expiration Date Placeholder

Page 191 of 199

Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

2025 Juvenile Facility Census Program – Facility Operations Module
Non-Response Call Instructions
General Information
Contact Information
Jonathan Albers, JRFC Project Manager
Phone: 301-763-4040
Email: jonathan.r.albers@census.gov
Survey Email: erd.jfcp@census.gov
Megan Minnich, CJRP Project Manager and backup contact
Phone: 301-763-6509
Email: megan.e.minnich@census.gov
Questionnaires NPC will be requesting
CJ-15
Schedule of Operations
Week of 06/29/2026 – Begin 1st round of calls
Week of 07/06/2026 – Begin 2nd round of calls
Week of 08/13/2026 – Begin 3rd round of calls
Material that will be provided to NPC
1) Blank PDF of CJ-15
2) NPC will use the assigned Non-Response listing (CRM) in GPS
Call Guidelines
• Acceptable calling times are Monday through Friday 8:00am to 8:00pm EST or 11:00am to
5:00pm PST.
• If you get a busy signal or there is no voicemail, call back at a different time, but do not attempt
more than three (3) times in the same day.
Where to get the Non-Response Listing:
Non-response listing is providing on GPS in the ‘Customer Relationship Management’ (CRM).

Page 192 of 199

Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

Example Phone Script
When speaking to the respondent or respondent’s voicemail:
FOR SINGLE UNIT NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello, my name is …
(your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau about the Juvenile Facility Census Program
– Facility Operations Module. The survey was due April 30, 2026, and as of today, our records show that
we have not yet received your submission. In mid-March, an email was sent from erd.jfcp@census.gov
with your facility’s login information. If you haven’t seen this message or cannot find it, please let us
know and we will arrange to have the login information resent to you.
FOR CENTRAL REPORTER NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello, my
name is … (your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau about the Juvenile Facility
Census Program – Facility Operations Module. The survey was due April 30, 2026, and as of today, our
records show that we have not yet received a submission from one or more of your facilities. An email
containing login information was sent in mid-March from erd.jfcp@census.gov. If you haven’t seen this
message or cannot find it, please let us know and we will arrange to have the login information resent to
you”
If leaving a message: “Please give us a call on (your number) and let us know when you’ll be able to
submit the questionnaire to us”. If we don’t hear from you then we’ll call back in a few days. If you’ve
already submitted please disregard this message.” [add action called left message]
If speaking to respondent: “Do you know when you’ll be submitting the questionnaire to us?”
If they provide a date: “Ok, I have that documented and we’ll look for our questionnaire then. Thank you
and have a wonderful day.” [add action extension – 2 weeks]
If they cannot provide a date: “Ok ma’am/sir this was just a reminder call. If we have not received your
questionnaire in a couple of weeks we’ll be calling back. Thank you and have a wonderful day.” [add
action extension - 2 weeks]
If they say they’ve already submitted: “Thank you for your submission and we apologize for the burden.
Do you remember when you submitted? And how did you submit (fax, web, mail)? Ok, we will verify this
information and get back with you if we have any follow up questions. Thank you and have a wonderful
day.” [add action refer to analyst]
If they need another questionnaire: “Sure, we will send one right over. Is it best to fax you or email
you?” [verify the fax number/email address] “Thank you, I will be sending it in a few minutes. Please let
me know if we can assist with anything else. Have a wonderful day.” [ Prior to sending the questionnaire,
place the 21 digit facility ID and Facility Name on front cover of blank questionnaire using the label
maker. [add action requested survey questionnaire]
If they need their User ID to complete the questionnaire via the Web: Provide respondent with their
user ID (located in CRM). [add action provided web information]
If speaking to someone who is not the respondent or cannot forward you to the respondent (or the
respondent’s voicemail): “Is there a good time to call back (state the respondent’s name)?” If yes: “Ok,
thank you I will call back at that time” [add action called left message]
If the respondent is no longer there: “Ok, do you know who has replaced them, or who may have
received the survey package when it was mailed out in Late March?” [When they give you the name] “May
I speak with that person?”

Page 193 of 199

Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

If the respondent is no longer there and the person on the phone can’t give you any information: “Ok,
thank you for your time, someone will be calling your office later to follow up. Have a wonderful day.”
[add action refer to analyst]
If the respondent says they want to complete the survey over the phone: Get a date and time that would
be convenient to call them back and inform the respondent that someone will call them back to complete
the form over the phone. [add action refer to analyst]
If the facility has been closed/temporarily closed: “OK. What date did (facility name) close?” Also, if the
respondent is forthcoming with a date, ask why the facility closed (i.e., lost contract, re-opened as a
different type of facility, etc.) and note it in the comments section. [add action refer to analyst]

Page 194 of 199

Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

2023 Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement (CJRP)
Non-Response Call Instructions
General Information
Contact Information
Megan Minnich, CJRP Project Manager
Phone: 301-763-6509
Email: megan.e.minnich@census.gov
Survey email: govs.cjrp@census.gov
Jonathan Albers, JRFC Project Manager and backup contact
Phone: 301-763-4040
Email: jonathan.r.albers@census.gov
Questionnaires NPC will be requesting
CJ-14
Schedule of Operations
Week of 02/05/2024 – Begin 1st round of calls
Week of 02/12/2024 – Begin 2nd round of calls
Week of 03/11/2024 – Begin 3rd round of calls
Material that will be provided to NPC
1) Blank PDF of CJ-14
2) NPC will use the assigned Non-Response listing (CRM) in GPS
Call Guidelines
•
•

Acceptable calling times are Monday through Friday 8:00am to 8:00pm EST or 11:00am to
5:00pm PST.
If you get a busy signal or there is no voicemail, call back at a different time, but do not attempt
more than three (3) times in the same day.

Where to get the Non-Response Listing:
Non-response listing is provided on GPS in the ‘Customer Relationship Management’ (CRM).

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Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

Example Phone Script
When speaking to the respondent or respondent’s voicemail:
FOR SINGLE UNIT NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is …
(your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau. I’m calling with regards to the Census of
Juveniles in Residential Placement, which was mailed to you in October and was due on November 29,
2023. As of today, our records show that we have not received the questionnaire from you.
FOR CENTRAL REPORTER NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my
name is … (your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau. I’m calling with regards to the
Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement, which was mailed to you in October and was due on
November 29, 2023. As of today, our records show that we have not received the questionnaire from one
or more of your facilities.”
If leaving a message: “Please give us a call on (your number) and let us know when you’ll be able to
submit the questionnaire to us”. If we don’t hear from you then we’ll call back in a few days. If you’ve
already submitted please disregard this message.” [add action called left message]
If speaking to respondent: “Do you know when you’ll be submitting the questionnaire to us?”
If they provide a date: “Ok, I have that documented and we’ll look for our questionnaire then.
Thank you and have a wonderful day.” [add action extension – 2 weeks]
If they cannot provide a date: “Ok ma’am/sir this was just a reminder call. If we have not
received your questionnaire in a couple of weeks we’ll be calling back. Thank you and have a
wonderful day.” [add action extension - 2 weeks]
If they say they’ve already submitted: “Thank you for your submission and we apologize for
the burden. Do you remember when you submitted? And how did you submit (fax, web, mail)?
Ok, we will verify this information and get back with you if we have any follow up questions.
Thank you and have a wonderful day.” [add action refer to analyst]
If they need another questionnaire: “Sure, we will send one right over. Is it best to fax you or
email you?” [verify the fax number/email address] “Thank you, I will be sending it in a few
minutes. Please let me know if we can assist with anything else. Have a wonderful day.” [ Prior
to faxing the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID and Facility Name on front cover of
blank questionnaire using the label maker]. [add action requested survey questionnaire]
If they need their User ID to complete the questionnaire via the Web: Provide respondent
with their user ID (located in CRM). [add action provided web information]
If they don’t know their PIN: “The first time you enter your User ID on the website, the system
will provide you with a PIN. Please keep that PIN so you can log in again." [add action extension – 2
weeks with details in Comment] If they already tried logging in and don't have the PIN: “We are
not able to see your PIN for security reasons. You should have had the chance to create a security
question when you first logged into the website. Do you remember if you set up a security
question?” If yes: “Ok, to reset your PIN enter your User ID and click “Click here if you
do not know your PIN.” Then you can answer your security question to receive a new PIN. [add
action extension – 2 weeks with details in Comment] If no: “Ok, we will refer you to someone who

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Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

can continue to assist you. They will be reaching out to you shortly.” [add action refer to analyst
and enter note that they can’t reset their PIN]
If speaking to someone who is not the respondent or cannot forward you to the respondent
(or the respondent’s voicemail): “Is there a good time to call back for (state the respondent’s
name)?” If yes: “Ok, thank you I will call back at that time” [add action called left message]
If the respondent is no longer there: “Ok, do you know who has replaced them, or who may
have received the survey package when it was mailed out in October?” [When they give you the
name] “May I speak with that person?”
If the respondent is no longer there and the person on the phone can’t give you any
information: “Ok, thank you for your time, someone will be calling your office later to follow
up. Have a wonderful day.” [add action refer to analyst]
If the respondent says they want to complete the survey over the phone: Get a date and time
that would be convenient to call them back and inform the respondent that someone will call them
back to complete the form over the phone. [add action refer to analyst]
If the facility has been closed/temporarily closed: “OK. What date did (facility name) close?”
Also, if the respondent is forthcoming with a date, ask why the facility closed (i.e., lost contract,
re-opened as a different type of facility, etc.) and note it in the comments section. [add action
refer to analyst]

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Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

Example Section 2 Non-response Phone Script
TO BE COMPLETED AFTER OUTREACH TO NONRESPONDENTS (ABOVE) IS
COMPLETE
Respondents contacted for missing Section 2 data are those who have completed Section 1 of the
questionnaire, but have not completed Section 2:
FOR SINGLE UNIT NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my name is …
(your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau. We would like to thank you for submitting
the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. We are reaching out because you reported a population
of residents under age 21 who were placed there as a result of a court-related offense, however, we have
not yet received individual-level data on those residents. This data is submitted in Section 2 of the
questionnaire.”
FOR CENTRAL REPORTER NON-RESPONSE - Introduction and Purpose of Call: “Hello my
name is … (your name)… and I’m calling from the U.S. Census Bureau. We would like to thank you for
submitting the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement. We are reaching out because one or more of
your facilities reported a population of residents under age 21 who were placed there as a result of a
court-related offense, however, we have not yet received individual-level data on those residents. This
data is submitted in Section 2 of the questionnaire.”
If leaving a message: “Please give us a call on (your number) and let us know when you’ll be able to
submit Section 2 of the questionnaire to us”. If we don’t hear from you then we’ll call back in a few days.
If you’ve already submitted Section 2 of your questionnaire, please disregard this message.” [add action
called left message]
If speaking to respondent: “Do you know when you’ll be submitting Section 2 of the questionnaire to
us?”
If they provide a date: “Ok, I have that documented and we’ll look for Section 2 then. Thank
you and have a wonderful day.” [add action extension – 2 weeks]
If they cannot provide a date: “Ok ma’am/sir this was just a reminder call. If we have not
received Section 2 of your questionnaire in a couple of weeks we’ll be calling back. Thank you
and have a wonderful day.” [add action extension - 2 weeks]
If they don’t understand what Section 2 is: “Section 2 is the portion of the questionnaire that
asks for information about individual residents in your facility who are under age 21 and are there
because of a court related offense.”
If they ask how they can complete Section 2: “There are two options. You can log into our web
respondent tool using your User ID and PIN and complete the individual-level data there, or you
can return it via fax. If returning via fax, please make sure to include your Facility name or ID.”
[add action extension – 2 weeks with details in Comment]
Website: https://respond.census.gov/cjrp/login

Fax Number: 1–888–262–3974

If they need another questionnaire: “Sure, we will send one right over. Is it best to fax you or
email you?” [verify the fax number/email address] “Thank you, I will be sending it in a few

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Appendix N. Non-Response Follow-up Specifications

minutes. Please let me know if we can assist with anything else. Have a wonderful day.” [Prior to
faxing the questionnaire, place the 21 digit facility ID and Facility Name on front cover of blank
questionnaire using the label maker]. [add action requested survey questionnaire]
If they say they’ve already submitted: “Thank you for your submission and we apologize for
the burden. Do you remember when you submitted? And how did you submit (fax, web, mail)?
Ok, we will verify this information and get back with you if we have any follow up questions.
Thank you and have a wonderful day.” [add action refer to analyst and provide details on date
and method of submission in Comment column]
If they need their User ID to complete the questionnaire via the Web: Provide respondent
with their user ID (located in CRM). [add action provided web information]
If they don’t know their PIN: “We are not able to see your PIN for security reasons. You should
have had the chance to create a security question when you first logged into the website. Do you
remember if you set up a security question?” If yes: “Ok, to reset your PIN enter your User ID
and click “Click here if you do not know your PIN.” Then you can answer your security question
to receive a new PIN. [add action extension – 2 weeks with details in Comment] If no: “Ok, we will
refer you to someone who can continue to assist you. They will be reaching out to you shortly.”
[add action refer to analyst and enter note that they can’t reset their PIN]
If speaking to someone who is not the respondent or cannot forward you to the respondent
(or the respondent’s voicemail): “Is there a good time to call back for (state the respondent’s
name)?” If yes: “Ok, thank you I will call back at that time” [add action called left message]
If the respondent is no longer there: “Ok, do you know who has replaced them, or who may
have received the survey package when it was mailed out in October?” [When they give you the
name] “May I speak with that person?”
If the respondent is no longer there and the person on the phone can’t give you any
information: “Ok, thank you for your time, someone will be calling your office later to follow
up. Have a wonderful day.” [add action refer to analyst]
If the respondent says they want to complete Section 2 over the phone: Get a date and time
that would be convenient to call them back and inform the respondent that someone will call them
back to complete the form over the phone. [add action refer to analyst]
If the facility has been closed/temporarily closed: “OK. What date did (facility name) close?”
Also, if the respondent is forthcoming with a date, ask why the facility closed (i.e., lost contract,
re-opened as a different type of facility, etc.) and note it in the comments section. [add action
refer to analyst]

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File Type	application/pdf
Author	Liz Willhide (CENSUS/ERD FED)
File Modified	2025-09-22
File Created	2024-07-25