LEMAS Bibliography

Articles, Books, Dissertations, and Reports
Using Archived Data from the 1987 – 2007 LEMAS Surveys

Bromley, Max and Brian Reaves. 1998. Comparing campus and city police
operational practices. Journal of Security Administration 21 (2):41-54.
———. 1998. Comparing campus and municipal police: The human resource
dimension. Policing 21 (3):534-546.
Chappell, Allison, John MacDonald, and Patrick Manz. 2006. The
Organizational Determinants of Police Arrest Decisions. Crime and Delinquency
52 (2):287-306.
D'Alessio, Steward, David Eitle, and Lisa Stolzenberg. 2005. Impact of serious
Crime, racial threat and economic inequality on private police size. Social
Science Research 34 (2):267-282.
D'Alessio, Stewart, David Eitle, and Lisa Stolzenberg. 2005. Police
Organizational Factors, the Racial Composition of the Police, and the Probability
of Arrest. Justice Quarterly 22 (1):30-57.
del Carmen, Alejandro, and Lori Guevara. 2003. Police officers on two-officer
units: A study of attitudinal responses toward a patrol experiment. Policing 26
(1):144-161.
DeLone, Gregory 2007. Law enforcement mission statements post-September
11. Police Quarterly 10 (2):218-235.
Dichter, Melissa, Steven Marcus, Melissa Morabito, and Karin Rhodes. 2011.
Explaining the IPV arrest decision: Incident, agency, and community factors.
Criminal Justice Review 36 (1):22-39.
Dorsey, Tina, Marianne Zawitz, and Priscilla Middleton. 2004. Drugs and Crime
Facts. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Eitle, David. 2005. The influence of mandatory arrest policies, police
organizational characteristics, and situational variables on the probability of
arrest in domestic violence cases. Crime and Delinquency 51 (4):573-597.
Eitle, David, and Susanne Monahan. 2009. Revisiting the racial threat thesis: The
role of police organizational characteristics in predicting race-specific drug arrest
rates. Justice Quarterly 26 (3):528-561.
Forst, Brian. 2008. Improving Police Effectiveness and Transparency: National

1

Information Needs on Law Enforcement. Unpublished report prepared for the
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Garner, Joel and Christopher Maxwell. 2002. Understanding the Use of Force by
and Against the Police in Six Jurisdictions: Final Report to the National Institute
of Justice, Williamston, MI: Joint Centers for Justice Studies, Inc.
Goldberg, Andrew, and Brian Reaves. 1999, Sheriffs' Departments 1997:
Executive Summary. Washington, DC. Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Goldberg, Andrew and Brian Reaves. 2000. Sheriffs' Departments, 1997.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Greene, Helen Taylor, and Alejandro del Carmen. 2002. Female police officers in
Texas: Perceptions of colleagues and stress. Policing 25 (2):385-398.
Greenfeld, Lawrence and Steven Smith. 1999. American Indians and Crime.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Gutierrez, Ricky Steven. 2002. Building Bridges: Is the Architecture of
Community Policing Flawed? A Policy Impact Analysis in 202 American Cities,
Ph.D Dissertation, Spokane: Washington State University.
Hassell, Kimberly. Jihong Solomon Zhao, and Edward Maguire. 2003. Structural
arrangements in large municipal police organizations: Revisiting Wilson's theory
of local political culture. Policing 26 (2):231-250.
Helms, Ronald. 2008. Locally elected sheriffs and money compensation: A
quantitative analysis of organizational and environmental contingency
explanations. Criminal Justice Review 33 (1):5-28.
Helms, Ronald, and Ricky Gutierrez. 2007. Federal subsidies and evidence of
progressive change: A quantitative assessment of the effects of targeted grants
on manpower and innovation in large U. S. police agencies. Police Quarterly 10
(1):87-107.
Hickman, Matthew, and Brian Reaves. 2002. Sheriffs' Offices 2000. Washington,
DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Hickman, Matthew. 2006. Citizen complaints about police use of force.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Hickman, Matthew and Alex Piquero. 2009. Organizational, administrative, and
environmental correlates of complaints about police use of force: Does minority
representation matter? Crime and Delinquency 15 (1):3-27.

2

Hickman, Matthew, and Brian Reaves. 2001. Community Policing in Local Police
Departments, 1997 and 1999, Special Report. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
———. 2001. Local Police Departments 1999: Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
———. 2003. Local Police Departments 2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
———. 2006. Local Police Departments, 2003. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
———. 2006. Sheriffs' Offices, 2003. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice
Statistics.
Holmes, Malcolm, Brad Smith, Adrienne Freng, and Edward Munoz. 2008.
Minority threat, crime control and police resource allocation in the southwestern
United States. Crime and Delinquency 54 (1):128-152.
Kaminski, Robert John. 2002. An Opportunity Model of Police Homicide
Victimization, State University of New York - Albany.
Kaminski, Robert, and Thomas Stucky. 2009. Reassessing political explanations
for murders of police. Homicide Studies 13 (1):3-20.
Katz, Charles, Edward Maguire, and Dennis Roncek. 2002. The creation of
specialized police gang units: A macro-level analysis of contingency, social threat
and resource dependency explanations. Policing 25 (3):472-506.
Kim, Pan Suk, and Berhanu Mengistu. 1994. Women and minorities in the work
force of law-enforcement agencies. American Review of Public Administration 24
(2): p. 161.
King, Ryan D. 2007. The context of minority group threat: Race, institutions and
complying with Hate Crime law. Law and Society Review 41 (1):189-224.
King, William R. 1999. Time, constancy, and change in American municipal
police organizations. Police Quarterly 2 (3):338-364.
———. 2000. Measuring police innovation: Issues and measurement. Policing 23
(3):303-317.
———. 2009. Toward a life-course perspective of police organizations. Journal of
Research in Crime and Delinquency 46 (2):213-244.

3

King, William and Steven Lab. 2000. Crime prevention, community policing, and
training: Old wine in new bottles. Police Practice and Research 1 (2):241-252.
Langworthy, Robert 2002. LEMAS: A comparative organizational research
platform. Justice Research and Policy 4 (1/2):21-38.
Langton, Lynn. 2010. Women in Law Enforcement, 1987 – 2008. Washington,
D.C : Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Lee, Hoon, Hyunseok Jang, Ilhong Yun, Hyeyoung Lim, and David W. Tushaus.
2010. An examination of police use of force utilizing police training and
neighborhood contextual factors: A multilevel analysis. Policing 33 (4):681-702.
Lemmer, Thomas. 2005. Police Department Reorganization and Effectiveness in
Addressing Gang Violence in Chicago, Loyola University Chicago.
Lilley, David, and Sameer Hinduja. 2006. Organizational values and police officer
evaluation: A content comparison between traditional and community policing
agencies. Police Quarterly 9 (4):486-513.
———. 2007. Police officer performance appraisal and overall satisfaction.
Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (2):137-150.
Lord, Vivian Joseph Kuhns, and Paul Friday. 2009. Small city community
policing and citizen satisfaction. Policing 32 (4):574-594.
Lott, John, Jr. 2000. Does a helping hand put others at risk? Affirmative action,
police departments, and crime. Economic Inquiry 38 (2):239-277.
Louden, Robert Joseph. 1999. The Structure and Procedures of Hostage/crisis
Negotiation Units in United States Police Organizations, City University of New
York.
MacDonald, John 2002. The effectiveness of community policing in reducing
urban violence. Crime and Delinquency 48 (4):592-618.
Maguire, Edward R. 1997. Structural change in large municipal police
organizations during the community policing era. Justice Quarterly 14 (3):547576.
———. 2002. Multiwave establishment surveys of police organizations. Justice
Research and Policy 4 (1/2):39-59.
Maguire, Edward, Yeunhee Shin, Jihong 'Solomon’ Zhao, and Kimberly Hassell.
2003. Structural change in large police agencies during the 1990s. Policing 26
(2):251-265.
4

Markovic, John, James Bueermann, and Kurt Smith. 2006. Coming to Terms with
Geographical Information Systems. Police Chief 73 (6).
Martin, Susan 1995. A Cross-burning is Not Just an Arson: Police Social
Construction of Hate Crimes in Baltimore County. Criminology 33 (3):303-326.
McCabe, Kimberly, and Robin Fajardo. 2001. Law enforcement accreditation: A
national comparison of accredited vs. nonaccredited agencies. Journal of
Criminal Justice 29 (2):127-131.
Melekian, Bernard K. 2012. Policing in the New Economy: A New Report on the
Emerging Trends from the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The
Police Chief.. 79: 16–19.
Miller, Kirk. 2007. Racial profiling and postmodern society: Police
responsiveness, image maintenance, and the left flank of police legitimacy.
Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 23 (3):248-262.
———. 2009. The institutionalization of racial profiling policy: An examination of
antiprofiling policy adoption among large law enforcement agencies. Crime and
Delinquency.
Morabito, Melissa Schaefer. 2010. Understanding community policing as an
innovation: Patterns of adoption. Crime and Delinquency 56 (4):564-587.
Murphy, David and John Worrall. 1999. Residency requirements and public
perceptions of the police in large municipalities. Policing 22 (3):327-342.
Nunn, Samuel. 2001. Police information technology: Assessing the effects of
computerization on urban police functions. Public Administration Review 61
(2):221-234.
Perry, Steven. 2004. American Indians and Crime: A BJS Statistical Profile,
1992-2002. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
Pyrooz, David., Andrew M. Fox, and Scott H. Decker. 2010. Racial and ethnic
heterogeneity, economic disadvantage, and gangs: A macro-level study of gang
membership in urban America. Justice Quarterly 27 (6):867-892.
Randol, Blake. 2011. The organizational correlates of terrorism response
preparedness in local police departments. Criminal Justice Policy Review:1-23.
Reaves, Brian. 1989. Police Departments in Large Cities, 1987, Special Report.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
5

———. 1989 Profile of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, 1987.
Washington, D.C. Bureau of Justice Statistics
———. 1992. Drug Enforcement by Police and Sheriffs' Departments, 1990,
Special Report. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1992. Sheriffs' Departments 1990: A LEMAS Report. Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1992. State and Local Police Departments, 1990. Washington, DC:,
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1992. Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics,
1990: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with 100 or More Officers.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1996. A LEMAS Report: Local Police Departments, 1993, Washington,
DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1996. Local Police Departments, 1993: Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
———. 2010. Local Police Departments, 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
Reaves, Brian and Andrew Goldberg. 1999. Law Enforcement Management and
Administrative Statistics, 1997: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with
100 or More Officers: Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 1999. Local Police Departments, 1997. Washington, DC: Bureau of
Justice Statistics.
Reaves, Brian and Timothy Hart. 2000. Law Enforcement Management and
Administrative Statistics, 1999: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with
100 or More Officers: Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Reaves, Brian and Matthew Hickman. 2001. Sheriffs' Offices 1999. Washington,
DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
———. 2002. Police Departments in Large Cities, 1990-2000. Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Reaves, Brian and Pheny Smith. 1995. Law Enforcement Management and
Administrative Statistics, 1993: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with
100 or More Officers. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
6

———. 1996. Sheriffs' Departments 1993: Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice
Statistics.
Reaves, Brian and Matthew Hickman. 2004. Law Enforcement Management and
Administrative Statistics, 2000: Data for Individual State and Local Agencies with
100 or More Officers. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Roberts, Aki. 2008. The influences of incident and contextual characteristics on
crime clearance of nonlethal violence: A multilevel event history analysis. Journal
of Criminal Justice 36 (1):61-71.
Rosenbaum, Dennis, Lisa Graziano, Cody Stephens, and Amie Schuck. 2011.
Understanding community policing and legitimacy-seeking behavior in virtual
reality: A national study of municipal police websites. Police Quarterly 14 (1):2547.
Sass, Tim and Jennifer Troyer. 1999. Affirmative action, political representation,
unions, and female police employment. Journal of Labor Research 20 (4):571587.
Schnebly, Stephen. 2008. The influence of community-oriented policing on
crime-reporting behavior. Justice Quarterly 25 (2):223-250.
Schroedel, Jean Reith, Scott Frisch, Nancy Hallamore, Julie Peterson, and
Nicole Vanderhorst. 1996. The joint impact of race and gender on police
department employment practices. Women and Criminal Justice 8 (2):59-77.
Sever, Brion. 2001. The relationship between minority populations and police
force strength: Expanding our knowledge. Police Quarterly 4 (1):28-68.
Sharp, Elaine. 2006. Policing urban America: A new look at the politics of agency
size. Social Science Quarterly 87 (2):291-307.
Smith, Brad. 2003. The impact of police officer diversity on police-caused
homicides. Policy Studies Journal 31 (2):147-162.
———. 2004. Structural and organizational predictors of homicide by police.
Policing 27 (4):539-557.
Smith, Brad and Malcolm Holmes. 2003. Community accountability, minority
threat and policy brutality: An examination of civil rights criminal complaints.
Criminology 41 (4):1035 -.1063.
Timrots, Anita, Benjamin Renshaw, and Sue Lindgren. 1994. Drug and Crime
Facts, 1994. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
7

Ulkemen, Sinan. 2009. The Impact of Surveillance Technology on the Behaviors
of Municipal Police Departments, University of North Texas.
Weitzer, Ronald. 1999. Citizens' perceptions of police misconduct: Race and
neighborhood context. Justice Quarterly 16 (4):819-846.
———. 2000. Racialized policing: Residents' perceptions in three
neighborhoods. Law and Society Review 34 (1):129-155.
Wilson, Jeremy M. 2003. Measurement and association in the structure of
municipal police organizations. Policing 26 (2):276-297.
———. 2004. A measurement model approach to estimating community policing
implementation. Justice Research and Policy 6 (2):1-24.
———. 2005. Determinants of Community Policing: An Open Systems Model of
Implementation. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
2011. The Impact of the Economic Downturn on American Police Agencies,
Washington, D.C: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
Wilson, Steve, and Jihong Zhao. 2008. Determining the correlates of police
victimization: An analysis of organizational level factors on injurious assaults.
Journal of Criminal Justice 36 (5):461-468.
Worrall, John L. 1998. Administrative determinants of civil liability lawsuits
against municipal police departments: An exploratory analysis. Crime and
Delinquency 44 (2):295-313.
Zawitz, Marianne, Patsy Klaus, Ronet Bachman, Patrick Langan, and Carol
Harlow. 1994. Violence Between Intimates. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice
Statistics.
Zhao, Jihong, and Nicholas Lovrich. 1997. Collective bargaining and the police:
The consequences for supplemental compensation policies in large agencies.
Policing 20 (3):508-518.

8