(a) Each agency shall make available to the public information as
follows:
(1) Each agency shall separately state and currently publish in
the Federal Register for the guidance of the public -
(A) descriptions of its central and field organization and the
established places at which, the employees (and in the case of a
uniformed service, the members) from whom, and the methods
whereby, the public may obtain information, make submittals or
requests, or obtain decisions;
(B) statements of the general course and method by which its
functions are channeled and determined, including the nature and
requirements of all formal and informal procedures available;
(C) rules of procedure, descriptions of forms available or the
places at which forms may be obtained, and instructions as to the
scope and contents of all papers, reports, or examinations;
(D) substantive rules of general applicability adopted as
authorized by law, and statements of general policy or
interpretations of general applicability formulated and adopted
by the agency; and
(E) each amendment, revision, or repeal of the foregoing.
Except to the extent that a person has actual and timely notice of
the terms thereof, a person may not in any manner be required to
resort to, or be adversely affected by, a matter required to be
published in the Federal Register and not so published. For the
purpose of this paragraph, matter reasonably available to the class
of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the Federal
Register when incorporated by reference therein with the approval
of the Director of the Federal Register.
(2) Each agency, in accordance with published rules, shall make
available for public inspection and copying -
(A) final opinions, including concurring and dissenting
opinions, as well as orders, made in the adjudication of cases;
(B) those statements of policy and interpretations which have
been adopted by the agency and are not published in the Federal
Register;
(C) administrative staff manuals and instructions to staff that
affect a member of the public;
(D) copies of all records, regardless of form or format, which
have been released to any person under paragraph (3) and which,
because of the nature of their subject matter, the agency
determines have become or are likely to become the subject of
subsequent requests for substantially the same records; and
(E) a general index of the records referred to under
subparagraph (D);
unless the materials are promptly published and copies offered for
sale. For records created on or after November 1, 1996, within one
year after such date, each agency shall make such records
available, including by computer telecommunications or, if computer
telecommunications means have not been established by the agency,
by other electronic means. To the extent required to prevent a
clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, an agency may
delete identifying details when it makes available or publishes an
opinion, statement of policy, interpretation, staff manual,
instruction, or copies of records referred to in subparagraph (D).
However, in each case the justification for the deletion shall be
explained fully in writing, and the extent of such deletion shall
be indicated on the portion of the record which is made available
or published, unless including that indication would harm an
interest protected by the exemption in subsection (b) under which
the deletion is made. If technically feasible, the extent of the
deletion shall be indicated at the place in the record where the
deletion was made. Each agency shall also maintain and make
available for public inspection and copying current indexes
providing identifying information for the public as to any matter
issued, adopted, or promulgated after July 4, 1967, and required by
this paragraph to be made available or published. Each agency shall
promptly publish, quarterly or more frequently, and distribute (by
sale or otherwise) copies of each index or supplements thereto
unless it determines by order published in the Federal Register
that the publication would be unnecessary and impracticable, in
which case the agency shall nonetheless provide copies of such
index on request at a cost not to exceed the direct cost of
duplication. Each agency shall make the index referred to in
subparagraph (E) available by computer telecommunications by
December 31, 1999. A final order, opinion, statement of policy,
interpretation, or staff manual or instruction that affects a
member of the public may be relied on, used, or cited as precedent
by an agency against a party other than an agency only if -
(i) it has been indexed and either made available or published
as provided by this paragraph; or
(ii) the party has actual and timely notice of the terms
thereof.
(3)(A) Except with respect to the records made available under
paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection, and except as provided
in subparagraph (E), each agency, upon any request for records
which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in
accordance with published rules stating the time, place, fees (if
any), and procedures to be followed, shall make the records
promptly available to any person.
(B) In making any record available to a person under this
paragraph, an agency shall provide the record in any form or format
requested by the person if the record is readily reproducible by
the agency in that form or format. Each agency shall make
reasonable efforts to maintain its records in forms or formats that
are reproducible for purposes of this section.
(C) In responding under this paragraph to a request for records,
an agency shall make reasonable efforts to search for the records
in electronic form or format, except when such efforts would
significantly interfere with the operation of the agency's
automated information system.
(D) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "search" means to
review, manually or by automated means, agency records for the
purpose of locating those records which are responsive to a
request.
(E) An agency, or part of an agency, that is an element of the
intelligence community (as that term is defined in section 3(4) of
the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4))) shall not
make any record available under this paragraph to -
(i) any government entity, other than a State, territory,
commonwealth, or district of the United States, or any
subdivision thereof; or
(ii) a representative of a government entity described in
clause (i).
(4)(A)(i) In order to carry out the provisions of this section,
each agency shall promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice and
receipt of public comment, specifying the schedule of fees
applicable to the processing of requests under this section and
establishing procedures and guidelines for determining when such
fees should be waived or reduced. Such schedule shall conform to
the guidelines which shall be promulgated, pursuant to notice and
receipt of public comment, by the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget and which shall provide for a uniform
schedule of fees for all agencies.
(ii) Such agency regulations shall provide that -
(I) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for
document search, duplication, and review, when records are
requested for commercial use;
(II) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for
document duplication when records are not sought for commercial
use and the request is made by an educational or noncommercial
scientific institution, whose purpose is scholarly or scientific
research; or a representative of the news media; and
(III) for any request not described in (I) or (II), fees shall
be limited to reasonable standard charges for document search and
duplication.
(iii) Documents shall be furnished without any charge or at a
charge reduced below the fees established under clause (ii) if
disclosure of the information is in the public interest because it
is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of
the operations or activities of the government and is not primarily
in the commercial interest of the requester.
(iv) Fee schedules shall provide for the recovery of only the
direct costs of search, duplication, or review. Review costs shall
include only the direct costs incurred during the initial
examination of a document for the purposes of determining whether
the documents must be disclosed under this section and for the
purposes of withholding any portions exempt from disclosure under
this section. Review costs may not include any costs incurred in
resolving issues of law or policy that may be raised in the course
of processing a request under this section. No fee may be charged
by any agency under this section -
(I) if the costs of routine collection and processing of the
fee are likely to equal or exceed the amount of the fee; or
(II) for any request described in clause (ii) (II) or (III) of
this subparagraph for the first two hours of search time or for
the first one hundred pages of duplication.
(v) No agency may require advance payment of any fee unless the
requester has previously failed to pay fees in a timely fashion, or
the agency has determined that the fee will exceed $250.
(vi) Nothing in this subparagraph shall supersede fees chargeable
under a statute specifically providing for setting the level of
fees for particular types of records.
(vii) In any action by a requester regarding the waiver of fees
under this section, the court shall determine the matter de novo:
Provided, That the court's review of the matter shall be limited to
the record before the agency.
(B) On complaint, the district court of the United States in the
district in which the complainant resides, or has his principal
place of business, or in which the agency records are situated, or
in the District of Columbia, has jurisdiction to enjoin the agency
from withholding agency records and to order the production of any
agency records improperly withheld from the complainant. In such a
case the court shall determine the matter de novo, and may examine
the contents of such agency records in camera to determine whether
such records or any part thereof shall be withheld under any of the
exemptions set forth in subsection (b) of this section, and the
burden is on the agency to sustain its action. In addition to any
other matters to which a court accords substantial weight, a court
shall accord substantial weight to an affidavit of an agency
concerning the agency's determination as to technical feasibility
under paragraph (2)(C) and subsection (b) and reproducibility under
paragraph (3)(B).
(C) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the defendant
shall serve an answer or otherwise plead to any complaint made
under this subsection within thirty days after service upon the
defendant of the pleading in which such complaint is made, unless
the court otherwise directs for good cause shown.
[(D) Repealed. Pub. L. 98-620, title IV, Sec. 402(2), Nov. 8,
1984, 98 Stat. 3357.]
(E) The court may assess against the United States reasonable
attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any
case under this section in which the complainant has substantially
prevailed.
(F) Whenever the court orders the production of any agency
records improperly withheld from the complainant and assesses
against the United States reasonable attorney fees and other
litigation costs, and the court additionally issues a written
finding that the circumstances surrounding the withholding raise
questions whether agency personnel acted arbitrarily or
capriciously with respect to the withholding, the Special Counsel
shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether
disciplinary action is warranted against the officer or employee
who was primarily responsible for the withholding. The Special
Counsel, after investigation and consideration of the evidence
submitted, shall submit his findings and recommendations to the
administrative authority of the agency concerned and shall send
copies of the findings and recommendations to the officer or
employee or his representative. The administrative authority shall
take the corrective action that the Special Counsel recommends.
(G) In the event of noncompliance with the order of the court,
the district court may punish for contempt the responsible
employee, and in the case of a uniformed service, the responsible
member.
(5) Each agency having more than one member shall maintain and
make available for public inspection a record of the final votes of
each member in every agency proceeding.
(6)(A) Each agency, upon any request for records made under
paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection, shall -
(i) determine within 20 days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and
legal public holidays) after the receipt of any such request
whether to comply with such request and shall immediately notify
the person making such request of such determination and the
reasons therefor, and of the right of such person to appeal to
the head of the agency any adverse determination; and
(ii) make a determination with respect to any appeal within
twenty days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public
holidays) after the receipt of such appeal. If on appeal the
denial of the request for records is in whole or in part upheld,
the agency shall notify the person making such request of the
provisions for judicial review of that determination under
paragraph (4) of this subsection.
(B)(i) In unusual circumstances as specified in this
subparagraph, the time limits prescribed in either clause (i) or
clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) may be extended by written notice
to the person making such request setting forth the unusual
circumstances for such extension and the date on which a
determination is expected to be dispatched. No such notice shall
specify a date that would result in an extension for more than ten
working days, except as provided in clause (ii) of this
subparagraph.
(ii) With respect to a request for which a written notice under
clause (i) extends the time limits prescribed under clause (i) of
subparagraph (A), the agency shall notify the person making the
request if the request cannot be processed within the time limit
specified in that clause and shall provide the person an
opportunity to limit the scope of the request so that it may be
processed within that time limit or an opportunity to arrange with
the agency an alternative time frame for processing the request or
a modified request. Refusal by the person to reasonably modify the
request or arrange such an alternative time frame shall be
considered as a factor in determining whether exceptional
circumstances exist for purposes of subparagraph (C).
(iii) As used in this subparagraph, "unusual circumstances"
means, but only to the extent reasonably necessary to the proper
processing of the particular requests -
(I) the need to search for and collect the requested records
from field facilities or other establishments that are separate
from the office processing the request;
(II) the need to search for, collect, and appropriately examine
a voluminous amount of separate and distinct records which are
demanded in a single request; or
(III) the need for consultation, which shall be conducted with
all practicable speed, with another agency having a substantial
interest in the determination of the request or among two or more
components of the agency having substantial subject-matter
interest therein.
(iv) Each agency may promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice
and receipt of public comment, providing for the aggregation of
certain requests by the same requestor, or by a group of requestors
acting in concert, if the agency reasonably believes that such
requests actually constitute a single request, which would
otherwise satisfy the unusual circumstances specified in this
subparagraph, and the requests involve clearly related matters.
Multiple requests involving unrelated matters shall not be
aggregated.
(C)(i) Any person making a request to any agency for records
under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of this subsection shall be deemed
to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to such
request if the agency fails to comply with the applicable time
limit provisions of this paragraph. If the Government can show
exceptional circumstances exist and that the agency is exercising
due diligence in responding to the request, the court may retain
jurisdiction and allow the agency additional time to complete its
review of the records. Upon any determination by an agency to
comply with a request for records, the records shall be made
promptly available to such person making such request. Any
notification of denial of any request for records under this
subsection shall set forth the names and titles or positions of
each person responsible for the denial of such request.
(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "exceptional
circumstances" does not include a delay that results from a
predictable agency workload of requests under this section, unless
the agency demonstrates reasonable progress in reducing its backlog
of pending requests.
(iii) Refusal by a person to reasonably modify the scope of a
request or arrange an alternative time frame for processing a
request (or a modified request) under clause (ii) after being given
an opportunity to do so by the agency to whom the person made the
request shall be considered as a factor in determining whether
exceptional circumstances exist for purposes of this subparagraph.
(D)(i) Each agency may promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice
and receipt of public comment, providing for multitrack processing
of requests for records based on the amount of work or time (or
both) involved in processing requests.
(ii) Regulations under this subparagraph may provide a person
making a request that does not qualify for the fastest multitrack
processing an opportunity to limit the scope of the request in
order to qualify for faster processing.
(iii) This subparagraph shall not be considered to affect the
requirement under subparagraph (C) to exercise due diligence.
(E)(i) Each agency shall promulgate regulations, pursuant to
notice and receipt of public comment, providing for expedited
processing of requests for records -
(I) in cases in which the person requesting the records
demonstrates a compelling need; and
(II) in other cases determined by the agency.
(ii) Notwithstanding clause (i), regulations under this
subparagraph must ensure -
(I) that a determination of whether to provide expedited
processing shall be made, and notice of the determination shall
be provided to the person making the request, within 10 days
after the date of the request; and
(II) expeditious consideration of administrative appeals of
such determinations of whether to provide expedited processing.
(iii) An agency shall process as soon as practicable any request
for records to which the agency has granted expedited processing
under this subparagraph. Agency action to deny or affirm denial of
a request for expedited processing pursuant to this subparagraph,
and failure by an agency to respond in a timely manner to such a
request shall be subject to judicial review under paragraph (4),
except that the judicial review shall be based on the record before
the agency at the time of the determination.
(iv) A district court of the United States shall not have
jurisdiction to review an agency denial of expedited processing of
a request for records after the agency has provided a complete
response to the request.
(v) For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "compelling need"
means -
(I) that a failure to obtain requested records on an expedited
basis under this paragraph could reasonably be expected to pose
an imminent threat to the life or physical safety of an
individual; or
(II) with respect to a request made by a person primarily
engaged in disseminating information, urgency to inform the
public concerning actual or alleged Federal Government activity.
(vi) A demonstration of a compelling need by a person making a
request for expedited processing shall be made by a statement
certified by such person to be true and correct to the best of such
person's knowledge and belief.
(F) In denying a request for records, in whole or in part, an
agency shall make a reasonable effort to estimate the volume of any
requested matter the provision of which is denied, and shall
provide any such estimate to the person making the request, unless
providing such estimate would harm an interest protected by the
exemption in subsection (b) pursuant to which the denial is made.
(b) This section does not apply to matters that are -
(1)(A) specifically authorized under criteria established by an
Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national
defense or foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified
pursuant to such Executive order;
(2) related solely to the internal personnel rules and
practices of an agency;
(3) specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other
than section 552b of this title), provided that such statute (A)
requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a
manner as to leave no discretion on the issue, or (B) establishes
particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types
of matters to be withheld;
(4) trade secrets and commercial or financial information
obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;
(5) inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which
would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in
litigation with the agency;
(6) personnel and medical files and similar files the
disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted
invasion of personal privacy;
(7) records or information compiled for law enforcement
purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law
enforcement records or information (A) could reasonably be
expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) would
deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial
adjudication, (C) could reasonably be expected to constitute an
unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D) could reasonably be
expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source,
including a State, local, or foreign agency or authority or any
private institution which furnished information on a confidential
basis, and, in the case of a record or information compiled by
criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal
investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national
security intelligence investigation, information furnished by a
confidential source, (E) would disclose techniques and procedures
for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would
disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or
prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to
risk circumvention of the law, or (F) could reasonably be
expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any
individual;
(8) contained in or related to examination, operating, or
condition reports prepared by, on behalf of, or for the use of an
agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial
institutions; or
(9) geological and geophysical information and data, including
maps, concerning wells.
Any reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to
any person requesting such record after deletion of the portions
which are exempt under this subsection. The amount of information
deleted shall be indicated on the released portion of the record,
unless including that indication would harm an interest protected
by the exemption in this subsection under which the deletion is
made. If technically feasible, the amount of the information
deleted shall be indicated at the place in the record where such
deletion is made.
(c)(1) Whenever a request is made which involves access to
records described in subsection (b)(7)(A) and -
(A) the investigation or proceeding involves a possible
violation of criminal law; and
(B) there is reason to believe that (i) the subject of the
investigation or proceeding is not aware of its pendency, and
(ii) disclosure of the existence of the records could reasonably
be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings,
the agency may, during only such time as that circumstance
continues, treat the records as not subject to the requirements of
this section.
(2) Whenever informant records maintained by a criminal law
enforcement agency under an informant's name or personal identifier
are requested by a third party according to the informant's name or
personal identifier, the agency may treat the records as not
subject to the requirements of this section unless the informant's
status as an informant has been officially confirmed.
(3) Whenever a request is made which involves access to records
maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation pertaining to
foreign intelligence or counterintelligence, or international
terrorism, and the existence of the records is classified
information as provided in subsection (b)(1), the Bureau may, as
long as the existence of the records remains classified
information, treat the records as not subject to the requirements
of this section.
(d) This section does not authorize withholding of information or
limit the availability of records to the public, except as
specifically stated in this section. This section is not authority
to withhold information from Congress.
(e)(1) On or before February 1 of each year, each agency shall
submit to the Attorney General of the United States a report which
shall cover the preceding fiscal year and which shall include -
(A) the number of determinations made by the agency not to
comply with requests for records made to such agency under
subsection (a) and the reasons for each such determination;
(B)(i) the number of appeals made by persons under subsection
(a)(6), the result of such appeals, and the reason for the action
upon each appeal that results in a denial of information; and
(ii) a complete list of all statutes that the agency relies
upon to authorize the agency to withhold information under
subsection (b)(3), a description of whether a court has upheld
the decision of the agency to withhold information under each
such statute, and a concise description of the scope of any
information withheld;
(C) the number of requests for records pending before the
agency as of September 30 of the preceding year, and the median
number of days that such requests had been pending before the
agency as of that date;
(D) the number of requests for records received by the agency
and the number of requests which the agency processed;
(E) the median number of days taken by the agency to process
different types of requests;
(F) the total amount of fees collected by the agency for
processing requests; and
(G) the number of full-time staff of the agency devoted to
processing requests for records under this section, and the total
amount expended by the agency for processing such requests.
(2) Each agency shall make each such report available to the
public including by computer telecommunications, or if computer
telecommunications means have not been established by the agency,
by other electronic means.
(3) The Attorney General of the United States shall make each
report which has been made available by electronic means available
at a single electronic access point. The Attorney General of the
United States shall notify the Chairman and ranking minority member
of the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of the House of
Representatives and the Chairman and ranking minority member of the
Committees on Governmental Affairs and the Judiciary of the Senate,
no later than April 1 of the year in which each such report is
issued, that such reports are available by electronic means.
(4) The Attorney General of the United States, in consultation
with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shall
develop reporting and performance guidelines in connection with
reports required by this subsection by October 1, 1997, and may
establish additional requirements for such reports as the Attorney
General determines may be useful.
(5) The Attorney General of the United States shall submit an
annual report on or before April 1 of each calendar year which
shall include for the prior calendar year a listing of the number
of cases arising under this section, the exemption involved in each
case, the disposition of such case, and the cost, fees, and
penalties assessed under subparagraphs (E), (F), and (G) of
subsection (a)(4). Such report shall also include a description of
the efforts undertaken by the Department of Justice to encourage
agency compliance with this section.
(f) For purposes of this section, the term -
(1) "agency" as defined in section 551(1) of this title
includes any executive department, military department,
Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or
other establishment in the executive branch of the Government
(including the Executive Office of the President), or any
independent regulatory agency; and
(2) "record" and any other term used in this section in
reference to information includes any information that would be
an agency record subject to the requirements of this section when
maintained by an agency in any format, including an electronic
format.
(g) The head of each agency shall prepare and make publicly
available upon request, reference material or a guide for
requesting records or information from the agency, subject to the
exemptions in subsection (b), including -
(1) an index of all major information systems of the agency;
(2) a description of major information and record locator
systems maintained by the agency; and
(3) a handbook for obtaining various types and categories of
public information from the agency pursuant to chapter 35 of
title 44, and under this section.
U.S. Code
-CITE- 5 USC Sec. 552a 01/16/96
-EXPCITE-
TITLE 5 - GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES
PART I - THE AGENCIES GENERALLY
CHAPTER 5 - ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
SUBCHAPTER II - ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE
-HEAD-
Sec. 552a. Records maintained on individuals
-STATUTE-
(a) Definitions. - For purposes of this section -
(1) the term "agency" means agency as defined in section
552(e) (FOOTNOTE 1) of this title;
(FOOTNOTE 1) See References in Text note below.
(2) the term "individual" means a citizen of the United
States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence;
(3) the term "maintain" includes maintain, collect, use, or
disseminate;
(4) the term "record" means any item, collection, or grouping
of information about an individual that is maintained by an
agency, including, but not limited to, his education, financial
transactions, medical history, and criminal or employment history
and that contains his name, or the identifying number, symbol, or
other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as
a finger or voice print or a photograph;
(5) the term "system of records" means a group of any records
under the control of any agency from which information is
retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifying
number, symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the
individual;
(6) the term "statistical record" means a record in a system
of records maintained for statistical research or reporting
purposes only and not used in whole or in part in making any
determination about an identifiable individual, except as
provided by section 8 of title 13;
(7) the term "routine use" means, with respect to the
disclosure of a record, the use of such record for a purpose
which is compatible with the purpose for which it was collected;
(8) the term "matching program" -
(A) means any computerized comparison of -
(i) two or more automated systems of records or a system of
records with non-Federal records for the purpose of -
(I) establishing or verifying the eligibility of, or
continuing compliance with statutory and regulatory
requirements by, applicants for, recipients or
beneficiaries of, participants in, or providers of services
with respect to, cash or in-kind assistance or payments
under Federal benefit programs, or
(II) recouping payments or delinquent debts under such
Federal benefit programs, or
(ii) two or more automated Federal personnel or payroll
systems of records or a system of Federal personnel or
payroll records with non-Federal records,
(B) but does not include -
(i) matches performed to produce aggregate statistical data
without any personal identifiers;
(ii) matches performed to support any research or
statistical project, the specific data of which may not be
used to make decisions concerning the rights, benefits, or
privileges of specific individuals;
(iii) matches performed, by an agency (or component
thereof) which performs as its principal function any
activity pertaining to the enforcement of criminal laws,
subsequent to the initiation of a specific criminal or civil
law enforcement investigation of a named person or persons
for the purpose of gathering evidence against such person or
persons;
(iv) matches of tax information (I) pursuant to section
6103(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, (II) for
purposes of tax administration as defined in section
6103(b)(4) of such Code, (III) for the purpose of
intercepting a tax refund due an individual under authority
granted by section 464 or 1137 of the Social Security Act; or
(IV) for the purpose of intercepting a tax refund due an
individual under any other tax refund intercept program
authorized by statute which has been determined by the
Director of the Office of Management and Budget to contain
verification, notice, and hearing requirements that are
substantially similar to the procedures in section 1137 of
the Social Security Act;
(v) matches -
(I) using records predominantly relating to Federal
personnel, that are performed for routine administrative
purposes (subject to guidance provided by the Director of
the Office of Management and Budget pursuant to subsection
(v)); or
(II) conducted by an agency using only records from
systems of records maintained by that agency;
if the purpose of the match is not to take any adverse
financial, personnel, disciplinary, or other adverse action
against Federal personnel;
(vi) matches performed for foreign counterintelligence
purposes or to produce background checks for security
clearances of Federal personnel or Federal contractor
personnel; or
(vii) matches performed pursuant to section 6103(l)(12) of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and section 1144 of the
Social Security Act;
(9) the term "recipient agency" means any agency, or
contractor thereof, receiving records contained in a system of
records from a source agency for use in a matching program;
(10) the term "non-Federal agency" means any State or local
government, or agency thereof, which receives records contained
in a system of records from a source agency for use in a matching
program;
(11) the term "source agency" means any agency which
discloses records contained in a system of records to be used in
a matching program, or any State or local government, or agency
thereof, which discloses records to be used in a matching
program;
(12) the term "Federal benefit program" means any program
administered or funded by the Federal Government, or by any agent
or State on behalf of the Federal Government, providing cash or
in-kind assistance in the form of payments, grants, loans, or
loan guarantees to individuals; and
(13) the term "Federal personnel" means officers and
employees of the Government of the United States, members of the
uniformed services (including members of the Reserve Components),
individuals entitled to receive immediate or deferred retirement
benefits under any retirement program of the Government of the
United States (including survivor benefits).
(b) Conditions of Disclosure. - No agency shall disclose any
record which is contained in a system of records by any means of
communication to any person, or to another agency, except pursuant
to a written request by, or with the prior written consent of, the
individual to whom the record pertains, unless disclosure of the
record would be -
(1) to those officers and employees of the agency which
maintains the record who have a need for the record in the
performance of their duties;
(2) required under section 552 of this title;
(3) for a routine use as defined in subsection (a)(7) of this
section and described under subsection (e)(4)(D) of this section;
(4) to the Bureau of the Census for purposes of planning or
carrying out a census or survey or related activity pursuant to
the provisions of title 13;
(5) to a recipient who has provided the agency with advance
adequate written assurance that the record will be used solely as
a statistical research or reporting record, and the record is to
be transferred in a form that is not individually identifiable;
(6) to the National Archives and Records Administration as a
record which has sufficient historical or other value to warrant
its continued preservation by the United States Government, or
for evaluation by the Archivist of the United States or the
designee of the Archivist to determine whether the record has
such value;
(7) to another agency or to an instrumentality of any
governmental jurisdiction within or under the control of the
United States for a civil or criminal law enforcement activity if
the activity is authorized by law, and if the head of the agency
or instrumentality has made a written request to the agency which
maintains the record specifying the particular portion desired
and the law enforcement activity for which the record is sought;
(8) to a person pursuant to a showing of compelling
circumstances affecting the health or safety of an individual if
upon such disclosure notification is transmitted to the last
known address of such individual;
(9) to either House of Congress, or, to the extent of matter
within its jurisdiction, any committee or subcommittee thereof,
any joint committee of Congress or subcommittee of any such joint
committee;
(10) to the Comptroller General, or any of his authorized
representatives, in the course of the performance of the duties
of the General Accounting Office;
(11) pursuant to the order of a court of competent
jurisdiction; or
(12) to a consumer reporting agency in accordance with section
3711(f) of title 31.
(c) Accounting of Certain Disclosures. - Each agency, with
respect to each system of records under its control, shall -
(1) except for disclosures made under subsections (b)(1) or
(b)(2) of this section, keep an accurate accounting of -
(A) the date, nature, and purpose of each disclosure of a
record to any person or to another agency made under subsection
(b) of this section; and
(B) the name and address of the person or agency to whom the
disclosure is made;
(2) retain the accounting made under paragraph (1) of this
subsection for at least five years or the life of the record,
whichever is longer, after the disclosure for which the
accounting is made;
(3) except for disclosures made under subsection (b)(7) of this
section, make the accounting made under paragraph (1) of this
subsection available to the individual named in the record at his
request; and
(4) inform any person or other agency about any correction or
notation of dispute made by the agency in accordance with
subsection (d) of this section of any record that has been
disclosed to the person or agency if an accounting of the
disclosure was made.
(d) Access to Records. - Each agency that maintains a system of
records shall -
(1) upon request by any individual to gain access to his record
or to any information pertaining to him which is contained in the
system, permit him and upon his request, a person of his own
choosing to accompany him, to review the record and have a copy
made of all or any portion thereof in a form comprehensible to
him, except that the agency may require the individual to furnish
a written statement authorizing discussion of that individual's
record in the accompanying person's presence;
(2) permit the individual to request amendment of a record
pertaining to him and -
(A) not later than 10 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and
legal public holidays) after the date of receipt of such
request, acknowledge in writing such receipt; and
(B) promptly, either -
(i) make any correction of any portion thereof which the
individual believes is not accurate, relevant, timely, or
complete; or
(ii) inform the individual of its refusal to amend the
record in accordance with his request, the reason for the
refusal, the procedures established by the agency for the
individual to request a review of that refusal by the head of
the agency or an officer designated by the head of the
agency, and the name and business address of that official;
(3) permit the individual who disagrees with the refusal of the
agency to amend his record to request a review of such refusal,
and not later than 30 days (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and
legal public holidays) from the date on which the individual
requests such review, complete such review and make a final
determination unless, for good cause shown, the head of the
agency extends such 30-day period; and if, after his review, the
reviewing official also refuses to amend the record in accordance
with the request, permit the individual to file with the agency a
concise statement setting forth the reasons for his disagreement
with the refusal of the agency, and notify the individual of the
provisions for judicial review of the reviewing official's
determination under subsection (g)(1)(A) of this section;
(4) in any disclosure, containing information about which the
individual has filed a statement of disagreement, occurring after
the filing of the statement under paragraph (3) of this
subsection, clearly note any portion of the record which is
disputed and provide copies of the statement and, if the agency
deems it appropriate, copies of a concise statement of the
reasons of the agency for not making the amendments requested, to
persons or other agencies to whom the disputed record has been
disclosed; and
(5) nothing in this section shall allow an individual access to
any information compiled in reasonable anticipation of a civil
action or proceeding.
(e) Agency Requirements. - Each agency that maintains a system of
records shall -
(1) maintain in its records only such information about an
individual as is relevant and necessary to accomplish a purpose
of the agency required to be accomplished by statute or by
executive order of the President;
(2) collect information to the greatest extent practicable
directly from the subject individual when the information may
result in adverse determinations about an individual's rights,
benefits, and privileges under Federal programs;
(3) inform each individual whom it asks to supply information,
on the form which it uses to collect the information or on a
separate form that can be retained by the individual -
(A) the authority (whether granted by statute, or by
executive order of the President) which authorizes the
solicitation of the information and whether disclosure of such
information is mandatory or voluntary;
(B) the principal purpose or purposes for which the
information is intended to be used;
(C) the routine uses which may be made of the information, as
published pursuant to paragraph (4)(D) of this subsection; and
(D) the effects on him, if any, of not providing all or any
part of the requested information;
(4) subject to the provisions of paragraph (11) of this
subsection, publish in the Federal Register upon establishment or
revision a notice of the existence and character of the system of
records, which notice shall include -
(A) the name and location of the system;
(B) the categories of individuals on whom records are
maintained in the system;
(C) the categories of records maintained in the system;
(D) each routine use of the records contained in the system,
including the categories of users and the purpose of such use;
(E) the policies and practices of the agency regarding
storage, retrievability, access controls, retention, and
disposal of the records;
(F) the title and business address of the agency official who
is responsible for the system of records;
(G) the agency procedures whereby an individual can be
notified at his request if the system of records contains a
record pertaining to him;
(H) the agency procedures whereby an individual can be
notified at his request how he can gain access to any record
pertaining to him contained in the system of records, and how
he can contest its content; and
(I) the categories of sources of records in the system;
(5) maintain all records which are used by the agency in making
any determination about any individual with such accuracy,
relevance, timeliness, and completeness as is reasonably
necessary to assure fairness to the individual in the
determination;
(6) prior to disseminating any record about an individual to
any person other than an agency, unless the dissemination is made
pursuant to subsection (b)(2) of this section, make reasonable
efforts to assure that such records are accurate, complete,
timely, and relevant for agency purposes;
(7) maintain no record describing how any individual exercises
rights guaranteed by the First Amendment unless expressly
authorized by statute or by the individual about whom the record
is maintained or unless pertinent to and within the scope of an
authorized law enforcement activity;
(8) make reasonable efforts to serve notice on an individual
when any record on such individual is made available to any
person under compulsory legal process when such process becomes a
matter of public record;
(9) establish rules of conduct for persons involved in the
design, development, operation, or maintenance of any system of
records, or in maintaining any record, and instruct each such
person with respect to such rules and the requirements of this
section, including any other rules and procedures adopted
pursuant to this section and the penalties for noncompliance;
(10) establish appropriate administrative, technical, and
physical safeguards to insure the security and confidentiality of
records and to protect against any anticipated threats or hazards
to their security or integrity which could result in substantial
harm, embarrassment, inconvenience, or unfairness to any
individual on whom information is maintained;
(11) at least 30 days prior to publication of information under
paragraph (4)(D) of this subsection, publish in the Federal
Register notice of any new use or intended use of the information
in the system, and provide an opportunity for interested persons
to submit written data, views, or arguments to the agency; and
(12) if such agency is a recipient agency or a source agency in
a matching program with a non-Federal agency, with respect to any
establishment or revision of a matching program, at least 30 days
prior to conducting such program, publish in the Federal Register
notice of such establishment or revision.
(f) Agency Rules. - In order to carry out the provisions of this
section, each agency that maintains a system of records shall
promulgate rules, in accordance with the requirements (including
general notice) of section 553 of this title, which shall -
(1) establish procedures whereby an individual can be notified
in response to his request if any system of records named by the
individual contains a record pertaining to him;
(2) define reasonable times, places, and requirements for
identifying an individual who requests his record or information
pertaining to him before the agency shall make the record or
information available to the individual;
(3) establish procedures for the disclosure to an individual
upon his request of his record or information pertaining to him,
including special procedure, if deemed necessary, for the
disclosure to an individual of medical records, including
psychological records, pertaining to him;
(4) establish procedures for reviewing a request from an
individual concerning the amendment of any record or information
pertaining to the individual, for making a determination on the
request, for an appeal within the agency of an initial adverse
agency determination, and for whatever additional means may be
necessary for each individual to be able to exercise fully his
rights under this section; and
(5) establish fees to be charged, if any, to any individual for
making copies of his record, excluding the cost of any search for
and review of the record.
The Office of the Federal Register shall biennially compile and
publish the rules promulgated under this subsection and agency
notices published under subsection (e)(4) of this section in a form
available to the public at low cost.
(g)(1) Civil Remedies. - Whenever any agency
(A) makes a determination under subsection (d)(3) of this
section not to amend an individual's record in accordance with
his request, or fails to make such review in conformity with that
subsection;
(B) refuses to comply with an individual request under
subsection (d)(1) of this section;
(C) fails to maintain any record concerning any individual with
such accuracy, relevance, timeliness, and completeness as is
necessary to assure fairness in any determination relating to the
qualifications, character, rights, or opportunities of, or
benefits to the individual that may be made on the basis of such
record, and consequently a determination is made which is adverse
to the individual; or
(D) fails to comply with any other provision of this section,
or any rule promulgated thereunder, in such a way as to have an
adverse effect on an individual, the individual may bring a civil
action against the agency, and the district courts of the United
States shall have jurisdiction in the matters under the provisions
of this subsection.
(2)(A) In any suit brought under the provisions of subsection
(g)(1)(A) of this section, the court may order the agency to amend
the individual's record in accordance with his request or in such
other way as the court may direct. In such a case the court shall
determine the matter de novo.
(B) The court may assess against the United States reasonable
attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any
case under this paragraph in which the complainant has
substantially prevailed.
(3)(A) In any suit brought under the provisions of subsection
(g)(1)(B) of this section, the court may enjoin the agency from
withholding the records and order the production to the complainant
of any agency records improperly withheld from him. In such a case
the court shall determine the matter de novo, and may examine the
contents of any agency records in camera to determine whether the
records or any portion thereof may be withheld under any of the
exemptions set forth in subsection (k) of this section, and the
burden is on the agency to sustain its action.
(B) The court may assess against the United States reasonable
attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any
case under this paragraph in which the complainant has
substantially prevailed.
(4) In any suit brought under the provisions of subsection
(g)(1)(C) or (D) of this section in which the court determines that
the agency acted in a manner which was intentional or willful, the
United States shall be liable to the individual in an amount equal
to the sum of -
(A) actual damages sustained by the individual as a result of
the refusal or failure, but in no case shall a person entitled to
recovery receive less than the sum of $1,000; and
(B) the costs of the action together with reasonable attorney
fees as determined by the court.
(5) An action to enforce any liability created under this section
may be brought in the district court of the United States in the
district in which the complainant resides, or has his principal
place of business, or in which the agency records are situated, or
in the District of Columbia, without regard to the amount in
controversy, within two years from the date on which the cause of
action arises, except that where an agency has materially and
willfully misrepresented any information required under this
section to be disclosed to an individual and the information so
misrepresented is material to establishment of the liability of the
agency to the individual under this section, the action may be
brought at any time within two years after discovery by the
individual of the misrepresentation. Nothing in this section shall
be construed to authorize any civil action by reason of any injury
sustained as the result of a disclosure of a record prior to
September 27, 1975.
(h) Rights of Legal Guardians. - For the purposes of this
section, the parent of any minor, or the legal guardian of any
individual who has been declared to be incompetent due to physical
or mental incapacity or age by a court of competent jurisdiction,
may act on behalf of the individual.
(i)(1) Criminal Penalties. - Any officer or employee of an
agency, who by virtue of his employment or official position, has
possession of, or access to, agency records which contain
individually identifiable information the disclosure of which is
prohibited by this section or by rules or regulations established
thereunder, and who knowing that disclosure of the specific
material is so prohibited, willfully discloses the material in any
manner to any person or agency not entitled to receive it, shall be
guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not more than $5,000.
(2) Any officer or employee of any agency who willfully maintains
a system of records without meeting the notice requirements of
subsection (e)(4) of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor
and fined not more than $5,000.
(3) Any person who knowingly and willfully requests or obtains
any record concerning an individual from an agency under false
pretenses shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not more than
$5,000.
(j) General Exemptions. - The head of any agency may promulgate
rules, in accordance with the requirements (including general
notice) of sections 553(b)(1), (2), and (3), (c), and (e) of this
title, to exempt any system of records within the agency from any
part of this section except subsections (b), (c)(1) and (2),
(e)(4)(A) through (F), (e)(6), (7), (9), (10), and (11), and (i) if
the system of records is -
(1) maintained by the Central Intelligence Agency; or
(2) maintained by an agency or component thereof which performs
as its principal function any activity pertaining to the
enforcement of criminal laws, including police efforts to
prevent, control, or reduce crime or to apprehend criminals, and
the activities of prosecutors, courts, correctional, probation,
pardon, or parole authorities, and which consists of (A)
information compiled for the purpose of identifying individual
criminal offenders and alleged offenders and consisting only of
identifying data and notations of arrests, the nature and
disposition of criminal charges, sentencing, confinement,
release, and parole and probation status; (B) information
compiled for the purpose of a criminal investigation, including
reports of informants and investigators, and associated with an
identifiable individual; or (C) reports identifiable to an
individual compiled at any stage of the process of enforcement of
the criminal laws from arrest or indictment through release from
supervision.
At the time rules are adopted under this subsection, the agency
shall include in the statement required under section 553(c) of
this title, the reasons why the system of records is to be exempted
from a provision of this section.
(k) Specific Exemptions. - The head of any agency may promulgate
rules, in accordance with the requirements (including general
notice) of sections 553(b)(1), (2), and (3), (c), and (e) of this
title, to exempt any system of records within the agency from
subsections (c)(3), (d), (e)(1), (e)(4)(G), (H), and (I) and (f) of
this section if the system of records is -
(1) subject to the provisions of section 552(b)(1) of this
title;
(2) investigatory material compiled for law enforcement
purposes, other than material within the scope of subsection
(j)(2) of this section: Provided, however, That if any individual
is denied any right, privilege, or benefit that he would
otherwise be entitled by Federal law, or for which he would
otherwise be eligible, as a result of the maintenance of such
material, such material shall be provided to such individual,
except to the extent that the disclosure of such material would
reveal the identity of a source who furnished information to the
Government under an express promise that the identity of the
source would be held in confidence, or, prior to the effective
date of this section, under an implied promise that the identity
of the source would be held in confidence;
(3) maintained in connection with providing protective services
to the President of the United States or other individuals
pursuant to section 3056 of title 18;
(4) required by statute to be maintained and used solely as
statistical records;
(5) investigatory material compiled solely for the purpose of
determining suitability, eligibility, or qualifications for
Federal civilian employment, military service, Federal contracts,
or access to classified information, but only to the extent that
the disclosure of such material would reveal the identity of a
source who furnished information to the Government under an
express promise that the identity of the source would be held in
confidence, or, prior to the effective date of this section,
under an implied promise that the identity of the source would be
held in confidence;
(6) testing or examination material used solely to determine
individual qualifications for appointment or promotion in the
Federal service the disclosure of which would compromise the
objectivity or fairness of the testing or examination process; or
(7) evaluation material used to determine potential for
promotion in the armed services, but only to the extent that the
disclosure of such material would reveal the identity of a source
who furnished information to the Government under an express
promise that the identity of the source would be held in
confidence, or, prior to the effective date of this section,
under an implied promise that the identity of the source would be
held in confidence.
At the time rules are adopted under this subsection, the agency
shall include in the statement required under section 553(c) of
this title, the reasons why the system of records is to be exempted
from a provision of this section.
(l) Archival Records. - Each agency record which is accepted by
the Archivist of the United States for storage, processing, and
servicing in accordance with section 3103 of title 44 shall, for
the purposes of this section, be considered to be maintained by the
agency which deposited the record and shall be subject to the
provisions of this section. The Archivist of the United States
shall not disclose the record except to the agency which maintains
the record, or under rules established by that agency which are not
inconsistent with the provisions of this section.
(2) Each agency record pertaining to an identifiable individual
which was transferred to the National Archives of the United States
as a record which has sufficient historical or other value to
warrant its continued preservation by the United States Government,
prior to the effective date of this section, shall, for the
purposes of this section, be considered to be maintained by the
National Archives and shall not be subject to the provisions of
this section, except that a statement generally describing such
records (modeled after the requirements relating to records subject
to subsections (e)(4)(A) through (G) of this section) shall be
published in the Federal Register.
(3) Each agency record pertaining to an identifiable individual
which is transferred to the National Archives of the United States
as a record which has sufficient historical or other value to
warrant its continued preservation by the United States Government,
on or after the effective date of this section, shall, for the
purposes of this section, be considered to be maintained by the
National Archives and shall be exempt from the requirements of this
section except subsections (e)(4)(A) through (G) and (e)(9) of this
section.
(m)(1) Government Contractors. - When an agency provides by a
contract for the operation by or on behalf of the agency of a
system of records to accomplish an agency function, the agency
shall, consistent with its authority, cause the requirements of
this section to be applied to such system. For purposes of
subsection (i) of this section any such contractor and any employee
of such contractor, if such contract is agreed to on or after the
effective date of this section, shall be considered to be an
employee of an agency.
(2) A consumer reporting agency to which a record is disclosed
under section 3711(f) of title 31 shall not be considered a
contractor for the purposes of this section.
(n) Mailing Lists. - An individual's name and address may not be
sold or rented by an agency unless such action is specifically
authorized by law. This provision shall not be construed to
require the withholding of names and addresses otherwise permitted
to be made public.
(o) Matching Agreements. - (1) No record which is contained in a
system of records may be disclosed to a recipient agency or
non-Federal agency for use in a computer matching program except
pursuant to a written agreement between the source agency and the
recipient agency or non-Federal agency specifying -
(A) the purpose and legal authority for conducting the program;
(B) the justification for the program and the anticipated
results, including a specific estimate of any savings;
(C) a description of the records that will be matched,
including each data element that will be used, the approximate
number of records that will be matched, and the projected
starting and completion dates of the matching program;
(D) procedures for providing individualized notice at the time
of application, and notice periodically thereafter as directed by
the Data Integrity Board of such agency (subject to guidance
provided by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget
pursuant to subsection (v)), to -
(i) applicants for and recipients of financial assistance or
payments under Federal benefit programs, and
(ii) applicants for and holders of positions as Federal
personnel,
that any information provided by such applicants, recipients,
holders, and individuals may be subject to verification through
matching programs;
(E) procedures for verifying information produced in such
matching program as required by subsection (p);
(F) procedures for the retention and timely destruction of
identifiable records created by a recipient agency or non-Federal
agency in such matching program;
(G) procedures for ensuring the administrative, technical, and
physical security of the records matched and the results of such
programs;
(H) prohibitions on duplication and redisclosure of records
provided by the source agency within or outside the recipient
agency or the non-Federal agency, except where required by law or
essential to the conduct of the matching program;
(I) procedures governing the use by a recipient agency or
non-Federal agency of records provided in a matching program by a
source agency, including procedures governing return of the
records to the source agency or destruction of records used in
such program;
(J) information on assessments that have been made on the
accuracy of the records that will be used in such matching
program; and
(K) that the Comptroller General may have access to all records
of a recipient agency or a non-Federal agency that the
Comptroller General deems necessary in order to monitor or verify
compliance with the agreement.
(2)(A) A copy of each agreement entered into pursuant to
paragraph (1) shall -
(i) be transmitted to the Committee on Governmental Affairs of
the Senate and the Committee on Government Operations of the
House of Representatives; and
(ii) be available upon request to the public.
(B) No such agreement shall be effective until 30 days after the
date on which such a copy is transmitted pursuant to subparagraph
(A)(i).
(C) Such an agreement shall remain in effect only for such
period, not to exceed 18 months, as the Data Integrity Board of the
agency determines is appropriate in light of the purposes, and
length of time necessary for the conduct, of the matching program.
(D) Within 3 months prior to the expiration of such an agreement
pursuant to subparagraph (C), the Data Integrity Board of the
agency may, without additional review, renew the matching agreement
for a current, ongoing matching program for not more than one
additional year if -
(i) such program will be conducted without any change; and
(ii) each party to the agreement certifies to the Board in
writing that the program has been conducted in compliance with
the agreement.
(p) Verification and Opportunity to Contest Findings. - (1) In
order to protect any individual whose records are used in a
matching program, no recipient agency, non-Federal agency, or
source agency may suspend, terminate, reduce, or make a final
denial of any financial assistance or payment under a Federal
benefit program to such individual, or take other adverse action
against such individual, as a result of information produced by
such matching program, until -
(A)(i) the agency has independently verified the information;
or
(ii) the Data Integrity Board of the agency, or in the case of
a non-Federal agency the Data Integrity Board of the source
agency, determines in accordance with guidance issued by the
Director of the Office of Management and Budget that -
(I) the information is limited to identification and amount
of benefits paid by the source agency under a Federal benefit
program; and
(II) there is a high degree of confidence that the
information provided to the recipient agency is accurate;
(B) the individual receives a notice from the agency containing
a statement of its findings and informing the individual of the
opportunity to contest such findings; and
(C)(i) the expiration of any time period established for the
program by statute or regulation for the individual to respond to
that notice; or
(ii) in the case of a program for which no such period is
established, the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date
on which notice under subparagraph (B) is mailed or otherwise
provided to the individual.
(2) Independent verification referred to in paragraph (1)
requires investigation and confirmation of specific information
relating to an individual that is used as a basis for an adverse
action against the individual, including where applicable
investigation and confirmation of -
(A) the amount of any asset or income involved;
(B) whether such individual actually has or had access to such
asset or income for such individual's own use; and
(C) the period or periods when the individual actually had such
asset or income.
(3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), an agency may take any
appropriate action otherwise prohibited by such paragraph if the
agency determines that the public health or public safety may be
adversely affected or significantly threatened during any notice
period required by such paragraph.
(q) Sanctions. - (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law,
no source agency may disclose any record which is contained in a
system of records to a recipient agency or non-Federal agency for a
matching program if such source agency has reason to believe that
the requirements of subsection (p), or any matching agreement
entered into pursuant to subsection (o), or both, are not being met
by such recipient agency.
(2) No source agency may renew a matching agreement unless -
(A) the recipient agency or non-Federal agency has certified
that it has complied with the provisions of that agreement; and
(B) the source agency has no reason to believe that the
certification is inaccurate.
(r) Report on New Systems and Matching Programs. - Each agency
that proposes to establish or make a significant change in a system
of records or a matching program shall provide adequate advance
notice of any such proposal (in duplicate) to the Committee on
Government Operations of the House of Representatives, the
Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate, and the Office of
Management and Budget in order to permit an evaluation of the
probable or potential effect of such proposal on the privacy or
other rights of individuals.
(s) Biennial Report. - The President shall biennially submit to
the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro
tempore of the Senate a report -
(1) describing the actions of the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget pursuant to section 6 of the Privacy Act of
1974 during the preceding 2 years;
(2) describing the exercise of individual rights of access and
amendment under this section during such years;
(3) identifying changes in or additions to systems of records;
(4) containing such other information concerning administration
of this section as may be necessary or useful to the Congress in
reviewing the effectiveness of this section in carrying out the
purposes of the Privacy Act of 1974.
(t)(1) Effect of Other Laws. - No agency shall rely on any
exemption contained in section 552 of this title to withhold from
an individual any record which is otherwise accessible to such
individual under the provisions of this section.
(2) No agency shall rely on any exemption in this section to
withhold from an individual any record which is otherwise
accessible to such individual under the provisions of section 552
of this title.
(u) Data Integrity Boards. - (1) Every agency conducting or
participating in a matching program shall establish a Data
Integrity Board to oversee and coordinate among the various
components of such agency the agency's implementation of this
section.
(2) Each Data Integrity Board shall consist of senior officials
designated by the head of the agency, and shall include any senior
official designated by the head of the agency as responsible for
implementation of this section, and the inspector general of the
agency, if any. The inspector general shall not serve as chairman
of the Data Integrity Board.
(3) Each Data Integrity Board -
(A) shall review, approve, and maintain all written agreements
for receipt or disclosure of agency records for matching programs
to ensure compliance with subsection (o), and all relevant
statutes, regulations, and guidelines;
(B) shall review all matching programs in which the agency has
participated during the year, either as a source agency or
recipient agency, determine compliance with applicable laws,
regulations, guidelines, and agency agreements, and assess the
costs and benefits of such programs;
(C) shall review all recurring matching programs in which the
agency has participated during the year, either as a source
agency or recipient agency, for continued justification for such
disclosures;
(D) shall compile an annual report, which shall be submitted to
the head of the agency and the Office of Management and Budget
and made available to the public on request, describing the
matching activities of the agency, including -
(i) matching programs in which the agency has participated as
a source agency or recipient agency;
(ii) matching agreements proposed under subsection (o) that
were disapproved by the Board;
(iii) any changes in membership or structure of the Board in
the preceding year;
(iv) the reasons for any waiver of the requirement in
paragraph (4) of this section for completion and submission of
a cost-benefit analysis prior to the approval of a matching
program;
(v) any violations of matching agreements that have been
alleged or identified and any corrective action taken; and
(vi) any other information required by the Director of the
Office of Management and Budget to be included in such report;
(E) shall serve as a clearinghouse for receiving and providing
information on the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of
records used in matching programs;
(F) shall provide interpretation and guidance to agency
components and personnel on the requirements of this section for
matching programs;
(G) shall review agency recordkeeping and disposal policies and
practices for matching programs to assure compliance with this
section; and
(H) may review and report on any agency matching activities
that are not matching programs.
(4)(A) Except as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C), a Data
Integrity Board shall not approve any written agreement for a
matching program unless the agency has completed and submitted to
such Board a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed program and such
analysis demonstrates that the program is likely to be cost
effective. (FOOTNOTE 2)
(FOOTNOTE 2) So in original. Probably should be
"cost-effective."
(B) The Board may waive the requirements of subparagraph (A) of
this paragraph if it determines in writing, in accordance with
guidelines prescribed by the Director of the Office of Management
and Budget, that a cost-benefit analysis is not required.
(C) A cost-benefit analysis shall not be required under
subparagraph (A) prior to the initial approval of a written
agreement for a matching program that is specifically required by
statute. Any subsequent written agreement for such a program shall
not be approved by the Data Integrity Board unless the agency has
submitted a cost-benefit analysis of the program as conducted under
the preceding approval of such agreement.
(5)(A) If a matching agreement is disapproved by a Data Integrity
Board, any party to such agreement may appeal the disapproval to
the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. Timely notice
of the filing of such an appeal shall be provided by the Director
of the Office of Management and Budget to the Committee on
Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Government
Operations of the House of Representatives.
(B) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget may
approve a matching agreement notwithstanding the disapproval of a
Data Integrity Board if the Director determines that -
(i) the matching program will be consistent with all applicable
legal, regulatory, and policy requirements;
(ii) there is adequate evidence that the matching agreement
will be cost-effective; and
(iii) the matching program is in the public interest.
(C) The decision of the Director to approve a matching agreement
shall not take effect until 30 days after it is reported to
committees described in subparagraph (A).
(D) If the Data Integrity Board and the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget disapprove a matching program proposed by the
inspector general of an agency, the inspector general may report
the disapproval to the head of the agency and to the Congress.
(6) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall,
annually during the first 3 years after the date of enactment of
this subsection and biennially thereafter, consolidate in a report
to the Congress the information contained in the reports from the
various Data Integrity Boards under paragraph (3)(D). Such report
shall include detailed information about costs and benefits of
matching programs that are conducted during the period covered by
such consolidated report, and shall identify each waiver granted by
a Data Integrity Board of the requirement for completion and
submission of a cost-benefit analysis and the reasons for granting
the waiver.
(7) In the reports required by paragraphs (3)(D) and (6), agency
matching activities that are not matching programs may be reported
on an aggregate basis, if and to the extent necessary to protect
ongoing law enforcement or counterintelligence investigations.
(v) Office of Management and Budget Responsibilities. - The
Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall -
(1) develop and, after notice and opportunity for public
comment, prescribe guidelines and regulations for the use of
agencies in implementing the provisions of this section; and
(2) provide continuing assistance to and oversight of the
implementation of this section by agencies.
-SOURCE-
(Added Pub. L. 93-579, Sec. 3, Dec. 31, 1974, 88 Stat. 1897;
amended Pub. L. 94-183, Sec. 2(2), Dec. 31, 1975, 89 Stat. 1057;
Pub. L. 97-365, Sec. 2, Oct. 25, 1982, 96 Stat. 1749; Pub. L.
97-375, title II, Sec. 201(a), (b), Dec. 21, 1982, 96 Stat. 1821;
Pub. L. 97-452, Sec. 2(a)(1), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2478; Pub. L.
98-477, Sec. 2(c), Oct. 15, 1984, 98 Stat. 2211; Pub. L. 98-497,
title I, Sec. 107(g), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2292; Pub. L.
100-503, Sec. 2-6(a), 7, 8, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2507-2514;
Pub. L. 101-508, title VII, Sec. 7201(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104
Stat. 1388-334; Pub. L. 103-66, title XIII, Sec. 13581(c), Aug. 10,
1993, 107 Stat. 611.)
-REFTEXT-
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 552(e) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was
redesignated section 552(f) of this title by section 1802(b) of
Pub. L. 99-570.
Section 6103 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in
subsec. (a)(8)(B)(iv), (vii), is classified to section 6103 of
Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.
Sections 464, 1137, and 1144 of the Social Security Act, referred
to in subsec. (a)(8)(B)(iv), (vii), are classified to sections 664,
1320b-7, and 1320b-14, respectively, of Title 42, The Public Health
and Welfare.
For effective date of this section, referred to in subsecs.
(k)(2), (5), (7), (l)(2), (3), and (m), see Effective Date note
below.
Section 6 of the Privacy Act of 1974, referred to in subsec.
(s)(1), is section 6 of Pub. L. 93-579, which was set out below and
was repealed by section 6(c) of Pub. L. 100-503.
For classification of the Privacy Act of 1974, referred to in
subsec. (s)(4), see Short Title note below.
The date of enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec.
(u)(6), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 100-503 which enacted
subsec. (u) of this section, and which was approved Oct. 18, 1988.
-COD-
CODIFICATION
Section 552a of former Title 5, Executive Departments and
Government Officers and Employees, was transferred to section 2244
of Title 7, Agriculture.
-MISC3-
AMENDMENTS
1993 - Subsec. (a)(8)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 103-66 added cl. (vii).
1990 - Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 101-508 amended subsec. (p)
generally, restating former pars. (1) and (3) as par. (1), adding
provisions relating to Data Integrity Boards, and restating former
pars. (2) and (4) as (2) and (3), respectively.
1988 - Subsec. (a)(8) to (13). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 5, added
pars. (8) to (13).
Subsec. (e)(12). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 3(a), added par. (12).
Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 7, substituted "biennially"
for "annually" in last sentence.
Subsecs. (o) to (q). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 2(2), added subsecs.
(o) to (q). Former subsecs. (o) to (q) redesignated (r) to (t),
respectively.
Subsec. (r). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 3(b), inserted "and matching
programs" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to
amendment, text read as follows: "Each agency shall provide
adequate advance notice to Congress and the Office of Management
and Budget of any proposal to establish or alter any system of
records in order to permit an evaluation of the probable or
potential effect of such proposal on the privacy and other personal
or property rights of individuals or the disclosure of information
relating to such individuals, and its effect on the preservation of
the constitutional principles of federalism and separation of
powers."
Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 2(1), redesignated former subsec. (o) as
(r).
Subsec. (s). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 8, substituted "Biennial"
for "Annual" in heading, "biennially submit" for "annually
submit" in introductory provisions, "preceding 2 years" for
"preceding year" in par. (1), and "such years" for "such
year" in par. (2).
Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 2(1), redesignated former subsec. (p) as
(s).
Subsec. (t). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 2(1), redesignated former
subsec. (q) as (t).
Subsec. (u). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 4, added subsec. (u).
Subsec. (v). Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 6(a), added subsec. (v).
1984 - Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 98-497, Sec. 107(g)(1),
substituted "National Archives and Records Administration" for
"National Archives of the United States", and "Archivist of the
United States or the designee of the Archivist" for
"Administrator of General Services or his designee".
Subsec. (l)(1). Pub. L. 98-497, Sec. 107(g)(2), substituted
"Archivist of the United States" for "Administrator of General
Services" in two places.
Subsec. (q). Pub. L. 98-477 designated existing provisions as
par. (1) and added par. (2).
1983 - Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 97-452 substituted "section
3711(f) of title 31" for "section 3(d) of the Federal Claims
Collection Act of 1966 (31 U.S.C. 952(d))".
Subsec. (m)(2). Pub. L. 97-452 substituted "section 3711(f) of
title 31" for "section 3(d) of the Federal Claims Collection Act
of 1966 (31 U.S.C. 952(d))".
1982 - Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 97-365, Sec. 2(a), added par.
(12).
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 97-375, Sec. 201(a), substituted "upon
establishment or revision" for "at least annually" after
"Federal Register".
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 97-365, Sec. 2(b), designated existing
provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).
Subsec. (p). Pub. L. 97-375, Sec. 201(b), substituted provisions
requiring annual submission of a report by the President to the
Speaker of the House and President pro tempore of the Senate
relating to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget,
individual rights of access, changes or additions to systems of
records, and other necessary or useful information, for provisions
which had directed the President to submit to the Speaker of the
House and the President of the Senate, by June 30 of each calendar
year, a consolidated report, separately listing for each Federal
agency the number of records contained in any system of records
which were exempted from the application of this section under the
provisions of subsections (j) and (k) of this section during the
preceding calendar year, and the reasons for the exemptions, and
such other information as indicate efforts to administer fully this
section.
1975 - Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 94-183 substituted "to September
27, 1975" for "to the effective date of this section".
-CHANGE-
CHANGE OF NAME
Committee on Government Operations of House of Representatives
treated as referring to Committee on Government Reform and
Oversight of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L.
104-14, set out as a note under section 21 of Title 2, The
Congress.
-MISC4-
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 103-66 effective Jan. 1, 1994, see section
13581(d) of Pub. L. 103-66, set out as an Effective Date note under
section 1320b-14 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT
Section 10 of Pub. L. 100-503, as amended by Pub. L. 101-56, Sec.
2, July 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 149, provided that:
"(a) In General. - Except as provided in subsections (b) and
(c), the amendments made by this Act (amending this section and
repealing provisions set out as a note below) shall take effect 9
months after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 18, 1988).
"(b) Exceptions. - The amendment made by sections 3(b), 6, 7,
and 8 of this Act (amending this section and repealing provisions
set out as a note below) shall take effect upon enactment.
"(c) Effective Date Delayed for Existing Programs. - In the case
of any matching program (as defined in section 552a(a)(8) of title
5, United States Code, as added by section 5 of this Act) in
operation before June 1, 1989, the amendments made by this Act
(other than the amendments described in subsection (b)) shall take
effect January 1, 1990, if -
"(1) such matching program is identified by an agency as being
in operation before June 1, 1989; and
"(2) such identification is -
"(A) submitted by the agency to the Committee on
Governmental Affairs of the Senate, the Committee on Government
Operations of the House of Representatives, and the Office of
Management and Budget before August 1, 1989, in a report which
contains a schedule showing the dates on which the agency
expects to have such matching program in compliance with the
amendments made by this Act, and
"(B) published by the Office of Management and Budget in the
Federal Register, before September 15, 1989."
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98-497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section
301 of Pub. L. 98-497, set out as a note under section 2102 of
Title 44, Public Printing and Documents.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section 8 of Pub. L. 93-579 provided that: "The provisions of
this Act (enacting this section and provisions set out as notes
under this section) shall be effective on and after the date of
enactment (Dec. 31, 1974), except that the amendments made by
sections 3 and 4 (enacting this section and amending analysis
preceding section 500 of this title) shall become effective 270
days following the day on which this Act is enacted."
SHORT TITLE OF 1990 AMENDMENT
Section 7201(a) of Pub. L. 101-508 provided that: "This section
(amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes
below) may be cited as the 'Computer Matching and Privacy
Protection Amendments of 1990'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1989 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 101-56, Sec. 1, July 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 149, provided
that: "This Act (amending section 10 of Pub. L. 100-503, set out
as a note above) may be cited as the 'Computer Matching and Privacy
Protection Act Amendments of 1989'."
SHORT TITLE OF 1988 AMENDMENT
Section 1 of Pub. L. 100-503 provided that: "This Act (amending
this section, enacting provisions set out as notes above and below,
and repealing provisions set out as a note below) may be cited as
the 'Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988'."
SHORT TITLE
Section 1 of Pub. L. 93-579 provided: "That this Act (enacting
this section and provisions set out as notes under this section)
may be cited as the 'Privacy Act of 1974'."
-TRANS-
DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS
Functions of Director of Office of Management and Budget under
this section delegated to Administrator for Office of Information
and Regulatory Affairs by section 3 of Pub. L. 96-511, Dec. 11,
1980, 94 Stat. 2825, set out as a note under section 3503 of Title
44, Public Printing and Documents.
-MISC5-
PUBLICATION OF GUIDANCE UNDER SUBSECTION (P)(1)(A)(II)
Section 7201(b)(2) of Pub. L. 101-508 provided that: "Not later
than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act (Nov. 5,
1990), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall
publish guidance under subsection (p)(1)(A)(ii) of section 552a of
title 5, United States Code, as amended by this Act."
LIMITATION ON APPLICATION OF VERIFICATION REQUIREMENT
Section 7201(c) of Pub. L. 101-508 provided that: "Section
552a(p)(1)(A)(ii)(II) of title 5, United States Code, as amended by
section 2 (probably means section 7201(b)(1) of Pub. L. 101-508),
shall not apply to a program referred to in paragraph (1), (2), or
(4) of section 1137(b) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
1320b-7), until the earlier of -
"(1) the date on which the Data Integrity Board of the Federal
agency which administers that program determines that there is
not a high degree of confidence that information provided by that
agency under Federal matching programs is accurate; or
"(2) 30 days after the date of publication of guidance under
section 2(b) (probably means section 7201(b)(2) of Pub. L.
101-508, set out as a note above)."
EFFECTIVE DATE DELAYED FOR CERTAIN EDUCATION BENEFITS COMPUTER
MATCHING PROGRAMS
Pub. L. 101-366, title II, Sec. 206(d), Aug. 15, 1990, 104 Stat.
442, provided that:
"(1) In the case of computer matching programs between the
Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Defense in the
administration of education benefits programs under chapters 30 and
32 of title 38 and chapter 106 of title 10, United States Code, the
amendments made to section 552a of title 5, United States Code, by
the Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act of 1988 (Pub. L.
100-503) (other than the amendments made by section 10(b) of that
Act) (see Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note above) shall take
effect on October 1, 1990.
"(2) For purposes of this subsection, the term 'matching
program' has the same meaning provided in section 552a(a)(8) of
title 5, United States Code."
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDANCE FOR 1988 AMENDMENTS
Section 6(b) of Pub. L. 100-503 provided that: "The Director
shall, pursuant to section 552a(v) of title 5, United States Code,
develop guidelines and regulations for the use of agencies in
implementing the amendments made by this Act (amending this section
and repealing provisions set out as a note below) not later than 8
months after the date of enactment of this Act (Oct. 18, 1988)."
CONSTRUCTION OF 1988 AMENDMENTS
Section 9 of Pub. L. 100-503 provided that: "Nothing in the
amendments made by this Act (amending this section and repealing
provisions set out as a note below) shall be construed to authorize
-
"(1) the establishment or maintenance by any agency of a
national data bank that combines, merges, or links information on
individuals maintained in systems of records by other Federal
agencies;
"(2) the direct linking of computerized systems of records
maintained by Federal agencies;
"(3) the computer matching of records not otherwise authorized
by law; or
"(4) the disclosure of records for computer matching except to
a Federal, State, or local agency."
CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF PURPOSE
Section 2 of Pub. L. 93-579 provided that:
"(a) The Congress finds that -
"(1) the privacy of an individual is directly affected by the
collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personal
information by Federal agencies;
"(2) the increasing use of computers and sophisticated
information technology, while essential to the efficient
operations of the Government, has greatly magnified the harm to
individual privacy that can occur from any collection,
maintenance, use, or dissemination of personal information;
"(3) the opportunities for an individual to secure employment,
insurance, and credit, and his right to due process, and other
legal protections are endangered by the misuse of certain
information systems;
"(4) the right to privacy is a personal and fundamental right
protected by the Constitution of the United States; and
"(5) in order to protect the privacy of individuals identified
in information systems maintained by Federal agencies, it is
necessary and proper for the Congress to regulate the collection,
maintenance, use, and dissemination of information by such
agencies.
"(b) The purpose of this Act (enacting this section and
provisions set out as notes under this section) is to provide
certain safeguards for an individual against an invasion of
personal privacy by requiring Federal agencies, except as otherwise
provided by law, to -
"(1) permit an individual to determine what records pertaining
to him are collected, maintained, used, or disseminated by such
agencies;
"(2) permit an individual to prevent records pertaining to him
obtained by such agencies for a particular purpose from being
used or made available for another purpose without his consent;
"(3) permit an individual to gain access to information
pertaining to him in Federal agency records, to have a copy made
of all or any portion thereof, and to correct or amend such
records;
"(4) collect, maintain, use, or disseminate any record of
identifiable personal information in a manner that assures that
such action is for a necessary and lawful purpose, that the
information is current and accurate for its intended use, and
that adequate safeguards are provided to prevent misuse of such
information;
"(5) permit exemptions from the requirements with respect to
records provided in this Act only in those cases where there is
an important public policy need for such exemption as has been
determined by specific statutory authority; and
"(6) be subject to civil suit for any damages which occur as a
result of willful or intentional action which violates any
individual's rights under this Act."
PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY COMMISSION
Section 5 of Pub. L. 93-579, as amended by Pub. L. 95-38, June 1,
1977, 91 Stat. 179, which established the Privacy Protection Study
Commission and provided that the Commission study data banks,
automated data processing programs and information systems of
governmental, regional and private organizations to determine
standards and procedures in force for protection of personal
information, that the Commission report to the President and
Congress the extent to which requirements and principles of section
552a of title 5 should be applied to the information practices of
those organizations, and that it make other legislative
recommendations to protect the privacy of individuals while meeting
the legitimate informational needs of government and society,
ceased to exist on September 30, 1977, pursuant to section 5(g) of
Pub. L. 93-579.
GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS FOR MAINTENANCE OF PRIVACY AND
PROTECTION OF RECORDS OF INDIVIDUALS
Section 6 of Pub. L. 93-579, which provided that the Office of
Management and Budget shall develop guidelines and regulations for
use of agencies in implementing provisions of this section and
provide continuing assistance to and oversight of the
implementation of the provisions of such section by agencies, was
repealed by Pub. L. 100-503, Sec. 6(c), Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat.
2513.
DISCLOSURE OF SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER
Section 7 of Pub. L. 93-579 provided that:
"(a)(1) It shall be unlawful for any Federal, State or local
government agency to deny to any individual any right, benefit, or
privilege provided by law because of such individual's refusal to
disclose his social security account number.
"(2) the (The) provisions of paragraph (1) of this subsection
shall not apply with respect to -
"(A) any disclosure which is required by Federal statute, or
"(B) the disclosure of a social security number to any
Federal, State, or local agency maintaining a system of records
in existence and operating before January 1, 1975, if such
disclosure was required under statute or regulation adopted prior
to such date to verify the identity of an individual.
"(b) Any Federal, State, or local government agency which
requests an individual to disclose his social security account
number shall inform that individual whether that disclosure is
mandatory or voluntary, by what statutory or other authority such
number is solicited, and what uses will be made of it."
AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS TO PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY
COMMISSION
Section 9 of Pub. L. 93-579, as amended by Pub. L. 94-394, Sept.
3, 1976, 90 Stat. 1198, authorized appropriations for the period
beginning July 1, 1975, and ending on September 30, 1977.
-EXEC-
CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
For provisions relating to a response to a request for
information under this section when the fact of its existence or
nonexistence is itself classified or when it was originally
classified by another agency, see Ex. Ord. No. 12958, Sec. 3.7,
Apr. 17, 1995, 60 F.R. 19835, set out as a note under section 435
of Title 50, War and National Defense.
-SECREF-
SECTION REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS
This section is referred to in sections 552b, 1212, 3111, 7133,
8148 of this title; title 7 section 2204b; title 10 sections 424,
1102, 1588; title 12 section 1715z; title 14 section 645; title 15
section 278g-3; title 16 sections 410cc-35, 1536; title 19 section
1631; title 20 sections 1080a, 9010; title 22 section 4355; title
25 section 3205; title 26 sections 6103, 7852; title 31 sections
3701, 3711, 3718, 3729, 3733; title 38 sections 3684A, 5701; title
39 section 410; title 42 sections 300aa-25, 402, 405, 904, 1306,
3544, 9660; title 44 sections 2906, 3501, 3504, 3506; title 46
sections 7702, 9303; title 49 sections 111, 30305; title 50 App.
section 2159.
| File Type | application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document |
| Author | Jason Combs |
| File Modified | 0000-00-00 |
| File Created | 2021-01-31 |