Attachment B-Worker Displacement news release from January 2024 survey

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Thursday, August 29, 2024

USDL-24-1777

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

WORKER DISPLACEMENT: 2021-2023
From January 2021 through December 2023, there were 2.6 million workers displaced from jobs
they had held for at least 3 years, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This was
down by 1.0 million workers from the prior survey period covering January 2019 to December
2021. In January 2024, 65.7 percent of long-tenured workers displaced from 2021 to 2023 were
reemployed, little different from the percentage in January 2022.
The U.S. Department of Labor's Chief Evaluation Office sponsored the January 2024 survey to
collect information on workers who were displaced from their jobs. Since 1984, these surveys
have been conducted biennially in January as supplements to the Current Population Survey
(CPS), a monthly survey of households that is the primary source of information on the nation's
labor force. For further information, see the Technical Note in this news release.
Displaced workers are defined as people 20 years of age and over who report that they lost or left
jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do,
or their position or shift was abolished. The period covered in this study was January 2021 to
December 2023, the 3 calendar years prior to the January 2024 survey date. This period included
some ongoing effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (which began in early 2020) and
a time of economic recovery. Those who were temporarily absent from a job due to a pandemicrelated business closure or reduced business hours are not considered displaced workers.
The following analysis focuses primarily on the 2.6 million people who had worked for their
employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement (referred to as long-tenured workers).
An additional 3.7 million people were displaced from jobs they had held for less than 3 years
(referred to as short-tenured workers). Combining the short- and long-tenured groups, the
number of displaced workers totaled 6.3 million from 2021 to 2023. This is down from 8.6
million for the 2019-21 survey period.
Highlights from the January 2024 survey:
•

In January 2024, 65.7 percent of the 2.6 million long-tenured displaced workers were
reemployed, similar to 65.2 percent in January 2022. (See table 1.)

•

In the 2021-23 period, 37.5 percent of long-tenured displaced workers lost their job because
their position or shift was abolished. An additional 36.5 percent lost their job because their

plant or company closed down or moved, and 26.0 percent were displaced due to insufficient
work. (See table 2.)
•

Seventeen percent of long-tenured displaced workers lost a job in manufacturing, 15 percent
lost a job in professional and business services, 10 percent lost a job in retail trade, and
another 10 percent lost a job in health care and social assistance. (See table 4.)

•

Among long-tenured workers who were displaced from full-time wage and salary jobs and
were reemployed in such jobs in January 2024, 62 percent had earnings that were as much or
greater than those of their lost job, little different from the prior survey. (See table 7.)

Characteristics of the Displaced
At the time of the survey in January 2024, 65.7 percent of the 2.6 million long-tenured displaced
workers were reemployed, little different from 65.2 percent for the January 2022 survey. The
proportion unemployed at the time of the most recent survey was 16.1 percent, up from 12.4
percent in January 2022. The remaining 18.2 percent of long-tenured displaced workers were not
in the labor force in January 2024, down from 22.3 percent in the previous survey. (See table 1.)
The reemployment rate was 74.5 percent in January 2024 for people of prime working age (those
ages 25 to 54), little changed from the prior survey. Reemployment rates continued to be lower
for older workers; the rate for those ages 55 to 64, at 55.3 percent, fell by about 9 percentage
points since data were last collected. The rate for those age 65 and older changed little at 34.4
percent.
Among long-tenured displaced workers, men and women had similar reemployment rates in
January 2024 (65.2 percent and 66.2 percent, respectively), both little different from the prior
survey. The proportion of long-tenured displaced men who were unemployed in January 2024
was 14.9 percent, little changed from the share in January 2022. The share of displaced women
who were unemployed was 17.6 percent in January 2024, about 6 percentage points higher than
the prior survey. The share of male displaced workers who had left the labor force was little
changed at 19.9 percent, while the share of women at 16.2 percent decreased by about 11
percentage points from the prior survey. The proportion of displaced women ages 25 to 54
leaving the labor force fell by about 13 percentage points to 8.8 percent in January 2024.
In January 2024, the reemployment rates for long-tenured displaced White workers (64.1
percent), Black workers (72.7 percent), Asians (63.5 percent), and Hispanics (67.0 percent)
changed little from the prior survey. In January 2024, the proportion of unemployed long-tenured
displaced White workers increased to 16.2 percent from the prior survey, while the rates for the
other major race and ethnicity groups were little changed.
Reason for Job Loss and Receipt of Advance Notice
Of the 2.6 million long-tenured workers displaced during January 2021 through December 2023,
37.5 percent lost their job because their position or shift was abolished, an additional 36.5

-2-

percent lost or left their jobs due to plant or company closings or moves, and 26.0 percent were
displaced due to insufficient work. (See table 2.)
From 2021 to 2023, about 46 percent of long-tenured displaced workers received written
advance notice that their jobs would be terminated, up from 39 percent in the previous survey.
Among workers who lost jobs during the 2021-23 period due to plant or company closings or
moves, 61 percent received written advance notice, up from 49 percent for the prior survey
period. By comparison, 42 percent of workers who were displaced because their position or shift
was abolished and 29 percent of those who lost jobs due to insufficient work were notified in
advance, both little changed from the 2019 to 2021 period. For each of these displacement
groups, reemployment rates were not statistically different for those who received written
advance notice and those who did not. (See table 3.)
Industry and Occupation
During the 2021 to 2023 period, 427,000 long-tenured manufacturing workers were displaced
from their jobs—17 percent of all long-tenured displaced workers. These displacements occurred
mostly in durable goods manufacturing (265,000). For the 2021 to 2023 period, workers in
professional and business services accounted for 15 percent of all long-tenured displacements,
retail trade accounted for 10 percent, and health care and social assistance accounted for another
10 percent of all displacements. Leisure and hospitality accounted for 7 percent of
displacements, down from 16 percent in the 2019 to 2021 period. (See table 4.)
In January 2024, the reemployment rates for workers displaced from each of the major industry
groups were not statistically different from the rates in 2022. (Workers were not necessarily
reemployed in the same industries from which they were displaced.)
By major occupational group, the reemployment rates for workers displaced from each group
changed little from the prior survey. The January 2024 rates were 73.7 percent for those
displaced from production, transportation, and material moving occupations; 73.5 percent for
service occupations; 67.0 percent for sales and office occupations; 63.1 percent for management,
professional, and related occupations; and 54.8 percent for natural resources, construction, and
maintenance occupations. Among displaced workers from sales and office occupations, the
proportion unemployed rose to 18.6 percent from the prior survey period while the proportion
not in the labor force declined to 14.4 percent. The proportions of displaced workers who were
either unemployed or not in the labor force were not statistically different from the prior survey
for the other major occupational groups. (See table 5.)
Geographic Divisions
Compared with the 2019-21 period, the number of long-tenured workers displaced during the
2021-23 period decreased for the East North Central, West North Central, South Atlantic, East
South Central, West South Central, and Pacific divisions, and changed little for the other
geographic divisions of the United States. In January 2024, the reemployment rate for each U.S.
geographic division changed little. The share of long-tenured displaced workers who were
unemployed in January 2024 increased in the South Atlantic and East North Central divisions.

-3-

The proportion unemployed was little changed since the prior survey for the other geographic
divisions. (See table 6.)
Earnings
Of the 1.4 million long-tenured displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs during
the 2021-23 period and were reemployed in January 2024, 1.1 million had full-time wage and
salary jobs. Of the reemployed full-time wage and salary workers who reported earnings on their
lost job, 62 percent were earning as much or more in January 2024 as they did at their lost job,
little different from the prior survey. (See table 7.)
Total Displaced Workers (With No Tenure Restriction)
The total number of workers displaced between January 2021 and December 2023 (regardless of
how long they had held their jobs) was 6.3 million, down by 2.3 million from the prior survey.
Of the total number of displaced workers over the 2021-23 period, 68.7 percent were reemployed
in January 2024, little different from the January 2022 survey. The share of displaced workers
who were unemployed in January 2024 was 16.4 percent, up from 13.8 percent in the prior
survey. The proportion not in the labor force declined by 4.3 percentage points to 14.9 percent.
(See table 8.)

-4-

Technical Note
The data presented in this release were collected
through a supplement to the January 2024 Current
Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about
60,000 eligible households that provides basic data on
employment and unemployment for the nation. The
CPS is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The purpose of this
supplement was to obtain information on the number
and characteristics of people who had been displaced
(as defined below) from their jobs over the prior 3
calendar years. The collection of these data is
sponsored by the Department of Labor's Chief
Evaluation Office.
Additional information, reports, and archived
news
releases
are
available
at
www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#displaced.
Data presented in this release are based on Census
2020 population controls that are updated annually in
January. Additional information, reports, and archived
news
release
are
available
at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability,
please
dial
7-1-1
to
access
telecommunications relay services.

Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample,
rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is
a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the
true population values they represent. The component
of this difference that occurs because samples differ by
chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of
confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will
differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true
population value because of sampling error. BLS
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent
level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling
error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons,
including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all
respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness
of respondents to provide correct information, and
errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
Information about the reliability of data from the
CPS and guidance on estimating standard errors
is
available
at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Concepts and questions
Displaced workers are wage and salary workers
20 years of age and over who lost or left jobs because
their plant or company closed or moved, there was
insufficient work for them to do, or their position or
shift was abolished. Data are often presented for longtenured displaced workers—those who had worked for
their employer for 3 or more years at the time of
displacement.
Wage and salary workers receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece
rates. The group includes employees in both the
private and public sectors but excludes all selfemployed people, both those with incorporated
businesses as well as those with unincorporated
businesses.
Data discussed in this release on displaced
workers were obtained from the following questions:
(This question was asked of all people 20 years
and over.) During the last 3 calendar years, that is,
January 2021 through December 2023, did (you/name)
lose a job or leave one because: (your/his/her) plant or
company closed or moved, (your/his/her) position or
shift was abolished, insufficient work, or another
similar reason?
(If the respondent answered "yes" to the above
question on job loss, the following question was then
asked.) Which of these specific reasons describes why
(name/you) (is/are) no longer working at that job?
Plant or company closed down or moved
Plant or company operating but lost or left job
because of:
Insufficient work
Position or shift abolished
Seasonal job completed
Self-operated business failed
Some other reason
Respondents who provided one of the first three
reasons—plant or company closed or moved,
insufficient work, or position or shift abolished—were
classified as displaced and asked additional questions
about the lost job, including how many years they had
worked for their employer; the year the job was lost;
the earnings, industry, and occupation of the lost job;
and whether health insurance had been provided.
Other questions were asked to determine what
occurred before and after the job loss, such as: Was the
respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How
long did he/she go without work? Did he/she receive
unemployment benefits? And, if so, were the benefits
used up? Did the person move to another location after
the job loss to take or look for another job?

Information also was collected about current health
insurance coverage (other than Medicare and

Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed at
the time of the survey.

Table 1. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and employment status
in January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Characteristic

Total
Total

Employed

Unemployed

Not in labor
force

Total
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
White
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Asian
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women

2,578
92
1,524
710
253

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

65.7
85.1
74.5
55.3
34.4

16.1
14.9
16.7
16.1
13.1

18.2
8.8
28.6
52.5

1,428
60
860
390
118

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

65.2
75.8
46.0
40.7

14.9
15.4
17.3
3.9

19.9
8.8
36.6
55.4

1,151
32
664
319
135

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

66.2
72.9
66.5
29.0

17.6
18.3
14.6
21.1

16.2
8.8
18.8
50.0

2,052
1,131
921

100.0
100.0
100.0

64.1
59.9
69.3

16.2
17.2
14.9

19.7
22.9
15.8

298
175
123

100.0
100.0
100.0

72.7
92.5
44.6

15.6
0.7
36.7

11.7
6.8
18.7

155
83
72

100.0
100.0
100.0

63.5
76.7
-

17.9
10.1
-

18.6
13.3
-

454
239
216

100.0
100.0
100.0

67.0
73.6
59.7

21.6
21.2
21.9

11.5
5.2
18.4

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data
that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 2. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by age, sex, race, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, and reason for job loss,
January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by reason for job loss

Characteristic

Total

Plant or company
closed down or Insufficient work
moved

Total

Total
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
White
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Black or African American
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Asian
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women

Position or shift
abolished

2,578
92
1,524
710
253

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

36.5
35.9
38.4
30.6
41.6

26.0
31.1
25.8
27.6
21.0

37.5
32.9
35.9
41.8
37.3

1,428
60
860
390
118

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

35.8
36.6
33.3
32.9

29.0
30.4
27.0
28.5

35.1
33.0
39.8
38.6

1,151
32
664
319
135

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

37.3
40.7
27.4
49.3

22.2
19.7
28.4
14.5

40.5
39.6
44.2
36.2

2,052
1,131
921

100.0
100.0
100.0

36.5
35.6
37.6

25.1
27.8
21.7

38.4
36.6
40.6

298
175
123

100.0
100.0
100.0

29.6
30.5
28.3

33.4
31.0
36.7

37.0
38.5
35.0

155
83
72

100.0
100.0
100.0

43.9
42.2
-

25.5
42.1
-

30.6
15.7
-

454
239
216

100.0
100.0
100.0

42.0
45.4
38.3

25.3
27.6
22.8

32.7
27.0
38.9

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data
that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 3. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss,
and employment status in January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Characteristic

Total
Total

Total
Total, 20 years and over²
Received written advance notice
Did not receive written advance notice
Plant or company closed down or moved
Total, 20 years and over²
Received written advance notice
Did not receive written advance notice
Insufficient work
Total, 20 years and over²
Received written advance notice
Did not receive written advance notice
Position or shift abolished
Total, 20 years and over²
Received written advance notice
Did not receive written advance notice

Employed

Unemployed

Not in labor
force

2,578
1,177
1,367

100.0
100.0
100.0

65.7
67.2
64.9

16.1
16.4
15.2

18.2
16.4
19.9

941
575
357

100.0
100.0
100.0

70.3
70.9
69.6

14.7
15.6
12.4

15.0
13.4
18.0

670
194
463

100.0
100.0
100.0

70.4
65.0
72.9

13.1
20.4
9.3

16.5
14.7
17.7

967
408
548

100.0
100.0
100.0

57.9
63.0
55.1

19.5
15.6
22.0

22.6
21.4
22.9

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 4. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in
January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Industry and class of worker of lost job

Total
Total

Total, 20 years and over²
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary workers
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Primary metals and fabricated metal products
Machinery manufacturing
Computers and electronic products
Electrical equipment and appliances
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Other durable goods industries
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Food manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather
Paper and printing
Other nondurable goods industries
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transportation and utilities³
Transportation and warehousing
Information³
Telecommunications
Financial activities
Finance and insurance
Finance
Insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and business services
Professional and technical services
Management, administrative, and waste services
Education and health services
Educational services
Health care and social assistance³
Hospitals
Health services, except hospitals
Leisure and hospitality³
Accommodation and food services³
Food services and drinking places
Other services
Government wage and salary workers

2,578
26
2,482
2,358
6
157
427
265
54
26
52
10
42
50
31
163
26
17
31
89
348
82
267
124
98
111
41
175
138
107
30
37
390
268
122
308
60
248
71
141
186
133
94
126
124

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Employed

65.7
65.8
64.5
58.2
57.4
61.4
51.0
46.9
68.8
69.0
68.7
74.3
74.9
47.1
63.8
62.6
66.9
59.2
59.7
58.3
71.4
69.2
79.3
76.6
74.9
78.0
70.7
89.8

Unemployed

16.1
16.3
17.0
14.3
20.4
20.6
20.1
29.7
17.2
14.0
18.2
16.5
17.2
16.3
24.5
26.1
18.7
20.1
20.3
19.7
11.2
13.9
5.2
12.5
14.8
12.1
10.7
2.8

Not in labor
force
18.2
18.0
18.5
27.5
22.2
18.0
28.9
23.4
14.0
17.0
13.1
9.2
7.9
36.6
11.7
11.3
14.4
20.7
20.1
21.9
17.4
16.9
15.6
10.9
10.3
9.9
18.6
7.4

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker of lost job, not shown
separately.
³Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 5. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by occupation of lost job and employment status in January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Occupation of lost job

Total
Total

Total, 20 years and over²
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations

2,578
1,098
604
494
323
608
278
330
227
17
115
95
293
149
144

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Employed

65.7
63.1
55.9
71.9
73.5
67.0
65.4
68.4
54.8
54.2
55.1
73.7
68.8
78.7

Unemployed

Not in labor
force

16.1
18.1
25.1
9.4
11.4
18.6
20.5
17.0
9.3
10.3
9.7
14.0
13.1
14.9

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Total includes a small number who did not report occupation or class of worker of lost job.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

18.2
18.8
19.0
18.6
15.1
14.4
14.1
14.6
36.0
35.5
35.3
12.4
18.1
6.4

Table 6. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ by selected characteristics and area of residence in January 2024
(In thousands)

Characteristic

Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over
Men
Women
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down or moved
Insufficient work
Position or shift abolished
Industry and class of worker of lost job
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary
workers
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Government wage and salary workers
Employment status in January 2024
Employed
Unemployed
Not in labor force

Total

New
England

Middle
Atlantic

East
North
Central

West
North
Central

South
Atlantic

East
South
Central

West
South
Central

Mountain

Pacific

2,578
1,428
1,151

159
101
58

424
220
204

393
194
200

156
81
74

364
218
146

97
61
36

238
123
116

230
127
103

517
303
214

941
670
967

55
42
62

151
128
145

179
88
127

49
27
80

91
151
122

36
14
46

97
57
85

94
64
72

189
99
228

26

4

-

-

-

-

-

2

1

18

2,482
2,358
6
157
427
265
163
348
124
111
175
390
308
186
126
124

154
146
13
22
21
1
20
13
6
12
22
29
5
3
8

413
398
11
100
62
38
58
13
24
18
32
61
55
26
15

390
373
4
127
83
44
54
10
11
32
34
56
20
25
16

156
149
1
15
16
11
5
29
5
3
32
16
18
5
10
6

352
342
1
19
51
29
21
47
38
21
12
78
35
12
29
10

97
93
3
10
3
7
20
5
4
27
13
4
7
3

213
206
16
43
23
21
28
16
2
24
37
21
9
9
7

220
201
4
32
21
10
11
33
6
9
14
36
20
13
13
20

488
450
45
37
23
14
59
19
34
27
107
54
63
5
38

1,693
415
470

107
14
38

276
60
88

265
60
68

106
20
30

225
83
57

74
16
7

147
49
42

158
38
34

335
75
107

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023 because of plant or company
closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker of lost job, not shown separately.
NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division; New Jersey, New York, and
Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas,
Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee
compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific
Division. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 7. Long-tenured displaced workers¹ who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in January 2024 by industry
of lost job and characteristics of new job
(In thousands)
Reemployed in January 2024
Wage and salary workers
Full time

Selfemployed
and unpaid
family
workers

Industry and class of worker of lost job
Earnings relative to those of lost job

Total
Part time
Total²

Total who lost full-time wage and salary jobs³
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary
workers
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Government wage and salary workers

20 percent
or more
below

Below, but
within 20
percent

Equal or
above, but
within 20
percent

20 percent
or more
above

1,410

158

1,133

221

116

298

253

14

-

14

2

-

1

11

119
-

1,365
1,272
6
79
215
144
70
203
85
47
101
219
152
105
61
93

153
145
12
22
11
11
22
11
9
17
23
23
6
8

1,094
1,013
6
57
193
134
59
171
85
34
78
177
111
60
42
81

219
202
4
9
29
20
9
41
27
12
11
30
17
8
14
16

116
111
1
22
18
12
6
26
2
5
5
23
5
4
5

280
253
2
12
57
46
11
23
22
13
22
44
31
22
6
27

242
234
2
64
41
23
24
6
5
21
40
43
26
3
8

118
115
10
1
1
9
2
14
25
19
22
13
3

¹Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 2021 and December 2023 because of plant or company
closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Includes persons who did not report earnings on lost job.
³Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 8. Total displaced workers¹ by selected characteristics and employment status in January 2024
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Characteristic

Total
Total

Workers who lost jobs
Total, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women, 20 years and over
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Reason for job loss
Plant or company closed down or moved
Insufficient work
Position or shift abolished
Occupation of lost job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
See footnotes at end of table.

Employed

Unemployed

Not in labor
force

6,272
567
4,212
1,081
412
3,537
308
2,451
575
203
2,736
258
1,762
507
209
4,808
866
322
1,182

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

68.7
69.9
73.6
59.6
40.5
69.6
64.5
76.6
53.4
39.5
67.5
76.4
69.5
66.7
41.4
68.7
67.5
66.4
68.3

16.4
15.3
16.5
16.3
17.0
15.0
19.8
14.0
16.5
16.1
18.2
9.8
20.1
16.0
17.9
16.7
16.3
20.7
19.2

14.9
14.9
9.9
24.1
42.5
15.4
15.7
9.4
30.1
44.4
14.4
13.8
10.5
17.3
40.8
14.6
16.2
12.9
12.4

1,939
2,236
2,098

100.0
100.0
100.0

73.0
69.7
63.5

12.8
16.7
19.4

14.2
13.6
17.1

2,281
1,115
1,166
896
1,420
621
798
624
43
392
189
870
426
444

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

68.9
63.4
74.2
70.3
66.6
61.3
70.8
70.6
73.2
67.8
70.4
71.3
69.5

17.7
24.0
11.6
14.6
17.8
21.2
15.1
10.8
11.9
7.7
16.2
12.9
19.4

13.4
12.6
14.2
15.1
15.6
17.5
14.1
18.7
14.9
24.5
13.4
15.8
11.1

Table 8. Total displaced workers¹ by selected characteristics and employment status in January 2024 -Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Percent distribution by employment status

Characteristic

Total
Total

Industry and class of worker of lost job
Agriculture and related industries wage and salary workers
Nonagricultural industries wage and salary workers
Private nonagricultural wage and salary workers
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Government wage and salary workers

39
6,004
5,752
17
514
938
593
345
778
302
220
380
1,181
652
548
221
252

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

Employed

69.0
68.5
74.4
68.2
69.3
66.3
69.7
74.3
60.4
72.3
62.3
69.9
69.1
74.6
79.0

Unemployed

16.3
16.8
11.9
16.4
16.5
16.2
17.4
20.3
12.0
16.6
19.5
18.1
16.3
10.4
4.7

Not in labor
force

14.7
14.6
13.7
15.4
14.2
17.5
13.0
5.4
27.6
11.1
18.2
12.0
14.7
15.0
16.3

¹Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job between January 2021 and December 2023
because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
²Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation, industry or class of worker of lost
job, not shown separately.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data
that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).