Attachment C - CWS News Release (2023)

Attachment C

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Friday, November 8, 2024

USDL-24-2267

Technical information: (202) 691-6378 • cpsinfo@bls.gov • www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact:
(202) 691-5902 • PressOffice@bls.gov

CONTINGENT AND ALTERNATIVE EMPLOYMENT ARRANGEMENTS — JULY 2023
In July 2023, 4.3 percent of workers—6.9 million people—held contingent jobs on their sole or
main job, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Contingent jobs are those that
people do not expect to last or that are temporary. These workers do not have an implicit or
explicit contract for ongoing employment in their jobs. In May 2017, the last time the survey was
conducted, 3.8 percent of workers held contingent jobs. (See tables A and 1.)
In addition to contingent workers, the survey also identified workers in four alternative work
arrangements on their sole or main jobs. In July 2023, there were 11.9 million people who were
independent contractors (7.4 percent of total employment), 2.8 million on-call workers (1.7
percent of total employment), 945,000 temporary help agency workers (0.6 percent of total
employment), and 862,000 workers provided by contract firms (0.5 percent of total
employment). (See tables A and 5.)
Contingent work and alternative employment arrangements are measured separately. Some
workers are both contingent and working in an alternative arrangement, but this is not
necessarily the case.
This news release includes new data on the contingent and alternative work arrangement status
of second jobs held by multiple jobholders. The measures of contingent work and alternative
employment arrangements are presented separately for a person's sole or main job and for the
second job of multiple jobholders. For individuals with more than one job, the main job is the
one in which they usually work the most hours.

Additional Estimates from the Contingent Work Supplement
The July 2023 Contingent Work Supplement included questions on digital platform employment
(app-based work) that are not included in this news release on contingent and alternative work
arrangements. BLS intends to publish additional estimates from this supplement in the future,
with the exact release date to be determined. The public use microdata file will be available after
BLS has completed all releases of data from this supplement. Additional information, including
notification of upcoming publications from this supplement, will be posted to
www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#contingent when available.

This information was obtained from a supplement to the July 2023 Current Population Survey
(CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households that provides data on employment
and unemployment in the United States. Prior to July 2023, data on contingent and alternative
employment arrangements were collected periodically between February 1995 and May 2017.
The concepts and definitions used in the supplement are included in the Technical Note in this
news release. Also see www.bls.gov/cps/labor-force/contingent-and-alternative-arrangementsfaqs-2023.htm for answers to frequently asked questions.
Highlights from the July 2023 data:
•

There were 6.9 million workers whose sole or main job was contingent, representing 4.3
percent of the employed. (See table 1.)

•

Workers ages 16 to 24 were four times more likely to have contingent jobs than workers age
25 and older. (See table 1.)

•

With respect to alternative employment arrangements on the sole or main job, 7.4 percent of
all workers were independent contractors, 1.7 percent were on-call workers, 0.6 percent were
temporary help agency workers, and 0.5 percent were workers provided by contract firms.
(See table 5.)

•

Compared to workers in traditional arrangements, independent contractors were more likely
to be older, and temporary help agency workers were more likely to be Black or Hispanic.
(See table 5a.)

Contingent Status on Sole or Main Job
In July 2023, 6.9 million workers were contingent on their sole or main job. The contingent rate,
the percent of employed people who are in contingent jobs, was 4.3 percent. This is higher than
the 3.8 percent of workers in May 2017. (See table A and the Technical Note for an explanation
of the concepts.)
Demographic Characteristics (Sole or Main Job)
Younger workers were four times more likely to have contingent jobs than older workers. The
contingent rate for workers ages 16 to 24 was 12.9 percent, compared with 3.1 percent for those
ages 25 to 54 and 2.6 percent for those age 55 and older. (See tables 1 and 1a.)
The contingent rates for men and women on their sole or main job were about the same (4.3
percent and 4.2 percent, respectively).
Among the major race and ethnicity groups, White (4.1 percent) and Black (3.9 percent) workers
were less likely to be contingent than Asian (5.9 percent) and Hispanic or Latino (6.0 percent)
workers. While overall men and women were about equally likely to be contingent, among
Hispanic workers, men were more likely to be contingent than women (6.6 percent versus 5.2
percent).

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People enrolled in school were much more likely to be contingent on their sole or main job than
people not enrolled in school (15.5 percent versus 4.0 percent among those ages 16 to 54). About
1 in 5 people ages 16 to 54 with contingent jobs were enrolled in school.
By educational attainment, workers with less than a high school diploma were much more likely
to have a contingent job than those with higher levels of education. Among those age 25 and
over, the contingent rate for workers with less than a high school diploma was 7.1 percent. Rates
for other levels of education ranged from 2.2 percent for those with some college or an associate
degree to 3.0 percent for workers with at least a bachelor's degree.
Job Characteristics (Sole or Main Job)
Part-time workers were three times more likely to have contingent jobs than were full-time
workers (9.7 percent versus 3.2 percent). (See tables 2 and 2a.)
As in previous surveys, workers who are contingent on their sole or main job can be found in
each major occupational group. In July 2023, contingent rates were highest in natural resources,
construction, and maintenance occupations (6.5 percent) and in service occupations (6.1
percent). Within the natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations group,
farming, fishing, and forestry occupations had the highest rate (17.9 percent). Within the service
occupations group, rates ranged from 4.2 percent for healthcare support occupations to 9.3
percent for personal care and service occupations.
Management, business, and financial operations occupations (2.1 percent) were among the
occupations with the lowest contingent rates. About 1 in 10 contingent workers were employed
in these occupations on their sole or main job, compared with 2 in 10 noncontingent workers.
By industry, the contingent rates were highest in agriculture and related industries (10.4 percent)
and in leisure and hospitality (7.7 percent). Within the leisure and hospitality industry, the
highest rate was 14.1 percent for workers in the arts, entertainment, and recreation industry.
Job Preference (Sole or Main Job)
In July 2023, 44.8 percent of contingent workers would have preferred a permanent job as their
sole or main job, while 40.8 percent preferred their contingent employment arrangement. The
remainder expressed no clear preference. (See table 9.)
Earnings and Health Insurance Coverage by Contingent Status (Sole or Main Job)
Workers with contingent jobs earned less than those whose jobs were not contingent. Among
full-time workers in July 2023, median weekly earnings on the sole or main job for contingent
workers ($838) were 74 percent of those of noncontingent workers ($1,137). The disparity in
earnings likely reflects the differences in the demographic and job characteristics, such as age
and occupation, of those in contingent and noncontingent jobs. (See table 11.)

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In July 2023, workers in contingent jobs were much less likely to have employer-provided health
insurance than workers in noncontingent jobs (19.9 percent versus 51.2 percent). Overall, 74.3
percent of workers whose sole or main job was contingent had health insurance coverage from
any source, including coverage from another family member's policy, through a government
program, or by purchasing it on their own, compared with 84.3 percent of workers in jobs that
were not contingent. (See table 10.)
Contingent Status on Second job
About 5 percent of the employed are multiple jobholders, that is, they have more than one job. In
July 2023, 1.1 million multiple jobholders had a second job that was contingent, accounting for
12.8 percent of all multiple jobholders. (See table 3.)
Similar to the pattern of contingent rates on the sole or main job, younger multiple jobholders
were more likely to have contingent second jobs than older workers. Workers ages 16 to 24 (18.7
percent) had a higher likelihood of being contingent on their second job than workers ages 25 to
54 (12.6 percent) and those age 55 and over (9.6 percent).
Among multiple jobholders, the contingent rates of men and women on their second job were
little different (11.4 percent versus 14.1 percent).
Multiple jobholders in the major race and Hispanic ethnicity groups were about equally likely to
be contingent on their second job in July 2023.
Second jobs in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (4.5 percent) were
the least likely to be contingent. There was little difference in the contingent rates for other
occupations; rates ranged from 10.6 percent in management, business, and financial operations
occupations to 15.9 percent in professional and related occupations. (See table 4.)
Of the 8.4 million multiple jobholders in July 2023, 186,000, or about 2 percent, were contingent
on both their main and second jobs. (See tables 3 and 13.)
Alternative Employment Arrangements on Sole or Main Job
The July 2023 survey collected information on the number and characteristics of workers in four
alternative employment arrangements—independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary
help agency workers, and workers employed by contract firms.
The characteristics of workers in alternative employment arrangements varied between the four
arrangements.
Independent Contractors (Sole or Main Job)
Independent contractors (including independent consultants and freelance workers) were the
largest of the four alternative work arrangements. In July 2023, 11.9 million people were
independent contractors on their sole or main job, representing 7.4 percent of total employment.

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This estimate is higher than the 6.9 percent of workers who were independent contractors in May
2017. (See tables 5 and 5a.)
The likelihood of being an independent contractor increases with age. Among workers age 55
and over, 11.5 percent were independent contractors on their sole or main job, compared with 6.9
percent of those ages 25 to 54 and 2.2 percent of those ages 16 to 24. Independent contractors are
generally older than workers in other alternative and traditional arrangements. In July 2023, 36
percent of independent contractors were age 55 or older; by contrast, about 25 percent of workers
in all of the other alternative arrangements and 22 percent of workers in traditional arrangements
were in this age group.
As in past surveys, men were more likely to be independent contractors than women (8.7 percent
and 5.8 percent in July 2023, respectively).
White workers (7.9 percent) and Hispanic or Latino workers (7.4 percent) were more likely to be
independent contractors than Black workers (5.4 percent) and Asian workers (5.4 percent).
Within each race and ethnicity group, men were more likely to be independent contractors than
their female counterparts.
Part-time workers were about two times more likely than full-time workers to be working as
independent contractors (13.1 percent and 6.2 percent, respectively). However, 70.7 percent of
independent contractors worked full time. (See tables 6 and 6a.)
The likelihood of being an independent contractor was highest in the following occupations: arts,
design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations (28.1 percent); personal care and service
occupations (19.7 percent); construction and extraction occupations (15.1 percent); and building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (13.2 percent). By industry, workers in real
estate and rental and leasing (24.2 percent) and construction (18.5 percent) were among the most
likely to be independent contractors.
In July 2023, 84.6 percent of independent contractors on their sole or main jobs were selfemployed. However, not all self-employed people were independent contractors—nearly twothirds of the self-employed were independent contractors in July 2023.
As in prior surveys, independent contractors overwhelmingly preferred their work arrangement
(80.3 percent), whereas 8.3 percent would prefer a traditional work arrangement. The remainder
expressed no clear preference. (See table 9.)
In July 2023, 4.1 percent of workers who were independent contractors on their sole or main job
were also contingent on that same job. (See table 12.)
On-call Workers (Sole or Main Job)
On-call workers are defined as those who report to work only when needed, although they can be
scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row. In July 2023, there were 2.8 million on-

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call workers, accounting for 1.7 percent of total employment—the same percentage as in May
2017. (See tables 5 and 5a.)
The share of men who were on-call workers (1.9 percent) was slightly larger than the share of
women (1.5 percent). Hispanic or Latino workers were more likely to work on-call (2.2 percent)
than were White workers (1.7 percent), Black workers (1.5 percent), or Asian workers (1.3
percent). Among workers age 25 and older, those with less than a high school diploma were
more likely to be on-call than those with a bachelor's degree and higher (3.3 percent versus 1.2
percent).
Part-time workers were two times more likely than full-time workers to work on-call (3.2 percent
versus 1.4 percent). About one-third of on-call workers usually worked part time. (See tables 6
and 6a.)
People working in protective service occupations (4.3 percent), in construction and extraction
occupations (3.4 percent), and in healthcare practitioners and technical occupations (3.3 percent)
on their sole or main jobs were among the most likely to be on-call. By major industry, on-call
work was more common for those working in transportation and utilities (3.8 percent) on their
sole or main jobs.
In July 2023, 40.6 percent of on-call workers preferred to work in an on-call arrangement, about
the same as the percentage who would prefer a traditional arrangement (41.6 percent). The
remainder expressed no clear preference. (See table 9.)
Among workers who were on-call on their sole or main job, 17.2 percent were also contingent on
that same job. (See table 12.)
Temporary Help Agency Workers (Sole or Main Job)
In July 2023, 945,000 workers were paid by a temporary help agency on their sole or main job,
representing 0.6 percent of total employment. This is down from 0.9 percent of workers in May
2017.
Men and women were about equally likely to be temporary help agency workers on their sole or
main jobs in July 2023 (0.5 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively). Black and Hispanic workers
(1.0 percent and 1.1 percent, respectively) were more likely to work for temporary help agencies
than White and Asian workers (0.5 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively). Among workers age 25
and older, those with less than a high school diploma were the most likely to work for a
temporary help agency (1.2 percent). (See table 5.)
Part-time workers were more likely to work for temporary help agencies (0.9 percent) than fulltime workers (0.5 percent). About one-fourth of temporary help agency workers usually worked
part time. (See tables 6 and 6a.)
Among the major occupational groups, workers in production, transportation, and material
moving occupations (1.2 percent) and in service occupations (0.7 percent) were the most likely

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to be temporary help agency workers. Within the service occupations group, 1.6 percent of
workers in healthcare support occupations were temporary help agency workers. Among
temporary help agency workers, the production, transportation, and material moving occupations
group accounted for 1 in 4 workers.
In July 2023, 48.2 percent of temporary help agency workers preferred their work arrangement,
while 27.7 percent would prefer a traditional arrangement. The remainder expressed no clear
preference. (See table 9.)
Among people who were temporary help agency workers on their sole or main job, 54.8 percent
were also contingent on that same job in July 2023. (See table 12.)
Workers Provided by Contract Firms (Sole or Main Job)
In July 2023, there were 862,000 workers provided by contract firms on their sole or main job,
representing 0.5 percent of total employment, about the same percentage as in May 2017. These
individuals work for companies that provide workers or their services to other organizations
under contract, are usually assigned to one client at a time, and usually work at the client's place
of business.
Men were more likely than women to be contract company workers on their sole or main jobs
(0.7 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively). Nearly two-thirds of contract company workers were
men, compared with about half of workers in traditional arrangements. (See tables 5 and 5a.)
Hispanic or Latino workers accounted for 1 in 4 workers provided by contract firms, compared
with fewer than 1 in 5 workers in traditional arrangements.
People working in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations (1.5 percent)
and service occupations (0.9 percent) were more likely to be provided by contract firms than
those in other major occupation groups. Within service occupations, the rates were highest for
those in protective service occupations (2.5 percent) and healthcare support occupations (1.3
percent). Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations accounted for about 1 in
4 contract company workers, compared with fewer than 1 in 10 workers in traditional
arrangements. (See tables 6 and 6a.)
In July 2023, 22.5 percent of contract company workers on their sole or main job were also
contingent on that same job. (See table 12.)
Earnings and Health Insurance Coverage (Sole or Main Job)
Among full-time workers, there was wide variation in the median earnings of those in alternative
and traditional employment arrangements. In July 2023, median weekly earnings on the sole or
main job were higher for full-time workers in traditional arrangements ($1,132) and on-call
workers ($1,125) than for independent contractors ($949) and temporary help agency workers
($818). Contract company workers had median weekly earnings of $1,014. (See table 11.)

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Differences in earnings for workers in the four alternative arrangements reflect, in part,
variations in the occupational distributions and the demographic characteristics of the workers.
For example, temporary help agency workers are more likely to work in lower-paying
production, transportation, and material moving occupations.
Workers in alternative arrangements remained less likely than workers in traditional
arrangements to have employer-provided health insurance on their sole or main job. In July
2023, 40.2 percent of contract company workers had employer-provided health insurance,
compared with 38.1 percent of on-call workers and 16.6 percent of temporary help agency
workers. In contrast, 54.4 percent of workers in traditional arrangements received health
insurance through their employer. (Estimates of employer-provided health insurance are not
presented for independent contractors because most of them are self-employed.) (See table 10.)
Although most workers in alternative arrangements did not receive health insurance through their
jobs, a large share had health insurance from some source, including coverage from another
family member's policy, through a government program, or by purchasing it on their own. In July
2023, 84.9 percent of workers in traditional arrangements had health insurance from any source,
a larger share than workers employed by contract companies (79.4 percent), on-call workers
(78.2 percent), and independent contractors (74.2 percent). Temporary help agency workers were
the least likely to have health insurance from any source, at 60.8 percent.
Alternative Employment Arrangements on Second Job
The July 2023 survey collected information from multiple jobholders about their second job and
whether these second jobs were in any of the four alternative employment arrangements.
Among the 8.4 million multiple jobholders in July 2023, the most common alternative
arrangement on a second job was independent contractor. In July 2023, 1.9 million people were
independent contractors on their second job, representing 22.8 percent of multiple jobholders.
There were 348,000 multiple jobholders (4.2 percent) that were on-call workers on their second
job, 118,000 workers (1.4 percent) were paid by a temporary help agency on their second job,
and 26,000 multiple jobholders (0.3 percent) were workers provided by contract firms on their
second job. (See tables 7 and 7a.)

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Table A. Employed people with contingent and alternative work arrangements, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Second job of multiple
jobholders

Sole or main job

Characteristic and description

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Contingent status
Contingent means that workers do not have an implicit or
explicit contract for ongoing employment. For wage and
salary workers, these workers report that their jobs are
temporary or not expected to last. If the worker does not
expect to continue in their job for personal reasons such as
retirement or returning to school, the job is not considered
contingent.
The self-employed and independent contractors are included
if they expect their employment to last for an additional year
or less and they had been self-employed or independent
contractors for 1 year or less.
Alternative work arrangements
Independent contractors
Independent contractors, consultants, and freelance workers,
regardless of whether they are self-employed or wage and
salary workers
On-call workers
People who are called into work only when they are needed,
although they can be scheduled to work for several days or
weeks in a row
Temporary help agency workers
Workers who are paid by a temporary help agency, whether
or not their job was temporary
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers who are employed by a company that provides
them or their services to others under contract, are usually
assigned to only one customer, and usually work at that
customer's worksite

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

6,899

4.3

1,076

12.8

11,904

7.4

1,916

22.8

2,771

1.7

348

4.2

945

0.6

118

1.4

862

0.5

26

0.3

NOTE: Contingent status and alternative employment arrangements are measured separately. A person's job can be both contingent and an alternative
arrangement, but that is not necessarily the case. There are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms."

Technical Note
The data presented in this news release were collected
through a supplement to the July 2023 Current Population
Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 eligible
households that provides data on employment and
unemployment for the nation. The CPS is conducted by the
U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).
The July 2023 supplement obtained information from
workers on whether they held contingent jobs—jobs that are
temporary or expected to last only a limited period of time—
and whether they had alternative employment arrangements
(working as independent contractors, as on-call workers,
through temporary help agencies, or through contract firms).
Contingent and alternative employment arrangements are
measured separately. A person in an alternative employment
arrangement may or may not be contingent. Likewise, a
person in a contingent job may or may not be in an alternative
employment arrangement.
Supplement questions were asked of all employed
people except unpaid family workers. In this news release,
wage and salary workers exclude the incorporated selfemployed. The self-employed in this news release refer to
both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
In 2023, supplement questions were added about the
second job of multiple jobholders. Questions were asked
separately for main and second jobs. In July 2023, about 5
percent of employed people were multiple jobholders. The
vast majority (more than 90 percent) of multiple jobholders
only have two jobs. However, for the small share of multiple
jobholders with more than two jobs, the status of jobs beyond
the second job is unknown.
Additional information, including articles and archived
news
releases,
is
available
online
at
www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#contingent. Answers
to frequently asked questions are available online at
www.bls.gov/cps/labor-force/contingent-and-alternativearrangements-faqs-2023.htm.
If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech
disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications
relay services.
Concepts and definitions
Information about general employment and earnings
concepts in the CPS is available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/opub/hom/cps/concepts.htm.
Defining contingent jobs and the contingent rate.
Contingent jobs are those that people do not expect to last
or are temporary. Workers in these jobs do not have an
implicit or explicit contract for ongoing employment. If a
person does not expect a job to continue for personal reasons,

such as retirement or returning to school, that job is not
considered contingent.
To determine their contingent status, wage and salary
workers are asked:
1. Some people are in temporary jobs that last for a
limited time or until the completion of a project. Is your job
temporary?
2. Provided the economy does not change and your job
performance is adequate, can you continue to work for your
current employer as long as you wish?
Wage and salary workers who answered either “yes” to
the first question or “no” to the second question were asked
follow-up questions to determine the reason why their job is
temporary. Answers to these questions distinguish workers
who are in temporary jobs from those who, for personal
reasons, are temporarily holding jobs that offer the
opportunity of ongoing employment. The questions ask if a
person is working only until the completion of a specific
project, temporarily replacing another worker, being hired
for a fixed time period, filling a seasonal job that is available
only during certain times of the year, or if other business
conditions dictate that the job is short term. Jobs that are
temporary for one of these reasons are contingent.
For example, a person hired for 6 months to replace a
teacher on paternity leave and a person hired to work in a
company's shipping department for the holiday season would
both be considered to have contingent jobs. In contrast,
students holding jobs at fast-food restaurants while in school
might view their jobs as temporary if they intend to leave
them at the end of the school year. The jobs themselves,
however, would be filled by other workers once the students
leave, and thus, the students’ jobs are not contingent.
The self-employed and independent contractors are not
asked if their job is temporary; these workers’ jobs are
classified as contingent if they have been self-employed (or
an independent contractor) in that job for a year or less and
expect to continue being self-employed (or an independent
contractor) for an additional year or less.
Contingent work, which is determined by expectations
about the duration of a person's job, is a separate concept
from alternative employment arrangements. A worker can be
both in a contingent job and working in an alternative
arrangement on that same job, but this is not automatically
the case.
The contingent rate is the percent of employed people
who are in contingent jobs.
Defining alternative employment arrangements.
Alternative employment arrangements are determined by
the workers’ relationship to their employer. To provide
estimates of the number of workers in alternative
employment arrangements, the supplement includes

questions about whether individuals are paid by a temporary
help agency or contract company, or whether they are on-call
workers or independent contractors.
Definitions of the four alternative employment
arrangements follow, as well as the key questions used to
identify workers in each category:
Independent contractors are those who are identified
as independent contractors, consultants, or freelance workers
in the supplement, regardless of whether they are identified
as wage and salary workers or self-employed in the basic
monthly CPS labor force status questions. Those identified
as self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) are
asked a question to distinguish independent contractors from
business operators such as a restaurant owner: "Are you selfemployed as an independent contractor, independent
consultant, freelance worker, or something else (such as a
shop or restaurant owner)?" Those identified as wage and
salary workers in the basic CPS are asked, "Last week, were
you working as an independent contractor, an independent
consultant, or a freelance worker?"
On-call workers are called into work only when they
are needed. This category includes workers who answer
"yes" to the question, "Some people are in a pool of workers
who are ONLY called to work as needed, although they can
be scheduled to work for several days or weeks in a row, for
example, substitute teachers and construction workers
supplied by a union hiring hall. These people are sometimes
referred to as ON-CALL workers. Were you an ON-CALL
worker last week?" Only wage and salary workers were
asked about on-call work; the self-employed, both
incorporated and unincorporated, were excluded.
Temporary help agency workers are those who are
paid by a temporary help agency. This category includes
workers who say their job is temporary and answer "yes" to
the question, "Are you paid by a temporary help agency?"
Also included are workers who say their job is not temporary
and answer affirmatively to the question, "Even though you
told me your job is not temporary, are you paid by a
temporary help agency?" Temporary help agency workers
include both the permanent staff of the agencies and those
who are placed with other companies in temporary
assignments.
Workers provided by contract firms are those who
work for a contract company, are usually assigned to only
one customer, and usually work at that customer's worksite.
This refers to individuals who are employed by firms who
contract out their workers or their workers' services, rather
than all workers employed by firms that provide services
under contract, such as advertising agencies and law firms.
This category includes workers who answer "yes" to the
question, "Some companies provide employees or their
services to others under contract. A few examples of services
that can be contracted out include security, food service,
medical care, health services, or computer programming. Did
you work for a company that contracts out you or your
services last week?" These workers also responded "no" to

the question, "Are you usually assigned to more than one
customer?" Finally, these workers responded "yes" to the
question, "Do you usually work at the customer's worksite?"
Comparability of the estimates
Previous supplements that included questions about
contingent work and alternative work arrangements were
collected in February of 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2005, and
May of 2017. The overall concepts of contingent and
alternative arrangements remain the same in the July 2023
supplement. However, the July 2023 supplement questions
were modified from questions used in earlier years. More
information about changes to the supplement are available
online at www.bls.gov/cps/labor-force/contingent-andalternative-arrangements-faqs-2023.htm.
There are a few issues that could affect the
comparability of the 2023 estimates with those from prior
years. The primary issue is that the 2023 supplement was
collected in July, whereas the 2017 supplement was collected
in May and supplements for prior years were collected in
February. The seasonality of contingent jobs and alternative
employment arrangements is not known. However, any
seasonality may affect the number and composition of
contingent jobs or those in alternative arrangements. For
example, a seasonal job that is only available at a certain time
each year counts as a contingent job. The number and types
of seasonal jobs might differ in February, May, and July.
Data presented in this news release is not strictly
comparable with those for earlier years due to several other
methodological issues. Comparability of estimates over time
is affected by the introduction of population controls and
changes in the classification of industries and occupations.
Additional information about comparability of data over
time is available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling
and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire
population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they
represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling
error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of
the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of
confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population
value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally
conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error.
Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to
obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability
or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing
of the data.

Information about the reliability of data from the CPS
and guidance on estimating standard errors is available at
www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.

Table 1. Employed people by contingent status on sole or main job and selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Contingent

Total
employed
Number

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Men
Women
Black or African American
Men
Women
Asian
Men
Women
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Men
Women
See footnotes at end of table.

Not contingent

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

161,878
21,575
6,425
15,150
102,899
36,221
35,010
31,667
37,404
26,517
10,887
86,374
10,855
55,425
19,514
19,046
16,866
20,094
14,162
5,932
75,504
10,719
47,474
16,707
15,965
14,802
17,311
12,355
4,956

6,899
2,785
1,309
1,476
3,141
1,408
991
743
973
590
383
3,742
1,440
1,751
770
576
405
551
347
204
3,156
1,344
1,391
638
415
337
422
243
178

4.3
12.9
20.4
9.7
3.1
3.9
2.8
2.3
2.6
2.2
3.5
4.3
13.3
3.2
3.9
3.0
2.4
2.7
2.4
3.4
4.2
12.5
2.9
3.8
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.0
3.6

154,979
18,790
5,116
13,674
99,757
34,813
34,020
30,925
36,432
25,927
10,505
82,632
9,415
53,674
18,744
18,470
16,461
19,543
13,815
5,727
72,347
9,375
46,083
16,069
15,550
14,464
16,889
12,112
4,777

95.7
87.1
79.6
90.3
96.9
96.1
97.2
97.7
97.4
97.8
96.5
95.7
86.7
96.8
96.1
97.0
97.6
97.3
97.6
96.6
95.8
87.5
97.1
96.2
97.4
97.7
97.6
98.0
96.4

161,878
86,374
75,504
124,074
67,235
56,839
20,594
9,959
10,635
11,041
5,878
5,163
29,883
16,889
12,994

6,899
3,742
3,156
5,060
2,778
2,282
799
448
351
652
333
319
1,793
1,122
670

4.3
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.1
4.0
3.9
4.5
3.3
5.9
5.7
6.2
6.0
6.6
5.2

154,979
82,632
72,347
119,014
64,457
54,557
19,795
9,511
10,284
10,389
5,545
4,844
28,090
15,766
12,324

95.7
95.7
95.8
95.9
95.9
96.0
96.1
95.5
96.7
94.1
94.3
93.8
94.0
93.4
94.8

Table 1. Employed people by contingent status on sole or main job and selected demographic characteristics, July 2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Contingent

Total
employed
Number

School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 16 to 24 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 25 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher2
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree3

Not contingent

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

124,473
8,432
116,042
21,575
5,343
16,231
102,899
3,088
99,810

5,926
1,306
4,620
2,785
1,057
1,728
3,141
249
2,892

4.8
15.5
4.0
12.9
19.8
10.6
3.1
8.1
2.9

118,547
7,125
111,422
18,790
4,286
14,504
99,757
2,839
96,919

95.2
84.5
96.0
87.1
80.2
89.4
96.9
91.9
97.1

140,303
7,868
33,488
34,657
64,290
39,180
25,110

4,114
557
892
768
1,897
1,090
807

2.9
7.1
2.7
2.2
3.0
2.8
3.2

136,189
7,311
32,595
33,890
62,393
38,090
24,303

97.1
92.9
97.3
97.8
97.0
97.2
96.8

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: For multiple jobholders, contingent status is based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours. Estimates for the
race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified
as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding.

Table 1a. Percent distribution of employed people by contingent status on sole or main job and
selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Men
Women
White
Men
Women
Black or African American
Men
Women
Asian
Men
Women
See footnotes at end of table.

Total
employed

Contingent

Not
contingent

161,878
100.0
13.3
4.0
9.4
63.6
22.4
21.6
19.6
23.1
16.4
6.7
86,374
100.0
12.6
64.2
22.6
22.1
19.5
23.3
16.4
6.9
75,504
100.0
14.2
62.9
22.1
21.1
19.6
22.9
16.4
6.6

6,899
100.0
40.4
19.0
21.4
45.5
20.4
14.4
10.8
14.1
8.6
5.5
3,742
100.0
38.5
46.8
20.6
15.4
10.8
14.7
9.3
5.5
3,156
100.0
42.6
44.1
20.2
13.1
10.7
13.4
7.7
5.7

154,979
100.0
12.1
3.3
8.8
64.4
22.5
22.0
20.0
23.5
16.7
6.8
82,632
100.0
11.4
65.0
22.7
22.4
19.9
23.7
16.7
6.9
72,347
100.0
13.0
63.7
22.2
21.5
20.0
23.3
16.7
6.6

161,878
100.0
53.4
46.6
76.6
41.5
35.1
12.7
6.2
6.6
6.8
3.6
3.2

6,899
100.0
54.2
45.8
73.3
40.3
33.1
11.6
6.5
5.1
9.5
4.8
4.6

154,979
100.0
53.3
46.7
76.8
41.6
35.2
12.8
6.1
6.6
6.7
3.6
3.1

Table 1a. Percent distribution of employed people by contingent status on sole or main job and
selected demographic characteristics, July 2023 -- Continued
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Men
Women
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 16 to 24 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 25 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher2
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree3

Total
employed

Contingent

Not
contingent

18.5
10.4
8.0

26.0
16.3
9.7

18.1
10.2
8.0

124,473
100.0
6.8
93.2
21,575
100.0
24.8
75.2
102,899
100.0
3.0
97.0

5,926
100.0
22.0
78.0
2,785
100.0
38.0
62.0
3,141
100.0
7.9
92.1

118,547
100.0
6.0
94.0
18,790
100.0
22.8
77.2
99,757
100.0
2.8
97.2

140,303
100.0
5.6
23.9
24.7
45.8
27.9
17.9

4,114
100.0
13.5
21.7
18.7
46.1
26.5
19.6

136,189
100.0
5.4
23.9
24.9
45.8
28.0
17.8

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³ Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: For multiple jobholders, contingent status is based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the
greatest number of hours. Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to
total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of
any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding.

Table 2. Employed people by contingent status on sole or main job, usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class
of worker, and multiple jobholding status, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Total
employed

Contingent

Number

Total, 16 years and over
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of sole or main job
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of sole or main job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Service occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
See footnotes at end of table.

Not contingent

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

161,878

6,899

4.3

154,979

95.7

135,201
26,677

4,301
2,597

3.2
9.7

130,899
24,080

96.8
90.3

133,476
28,144
258

4,176
2,715
7

3.1
9.6
2.6

129,299
25,429
251

96.9
90.4
97.4

71,164
31,154
20,824
10,330
40,010
6,694
3,862
1,985
3,120
2,209
8,557
3,563
10,019
26,264
4,911
3,179
8,144
5,747
4,284
30,690
14,508
16,182
14,000
1,078
8,038
4,884
19,759
8,269
11,490

2,544
649
393
256
1,895
354
167
164
128
63
517
250
253
1,598
206
178
405
412
397
1,086
400
686
903
193
598
112
767
282
485

3.6
2.1
1.9
2.5
4.7
5.3
4.3
8.3
4.1
2.9
6.0
7.0
2.5
6.1
4.2
5.6
5.0
7.2
9.3
3.5
2.8
4.2
6.5
17.9
7.4
2.3
3.9
3.4
4.2

68,620
30,505
20,431
10,074
38,115
6,340
3,696
1,821
2,992
2,146
8,040
3,313
9,766
24,667
4,705
3,001
7,740
5,334
3,886
29,604
14,108
15,495
13,097
885
7,440
4,772
18,992
7,987
11,005

96.4
97.9
98.1
97.5
95.3
94.7
95.7
91.7
95.9
97.1
94.0
93.0
97.5
93.9
95.8
94.4
95.0
92.8
90.7
96.5
97.2
95.8
93.5
82.1
92.6
97.7
96.1
96.6
95.8

Table 2. Employed people by contingent status on sole or main job, usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class
of worker, and multiple jobholding status, July 2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Total
employed

Contingent

Number

Industry of sole or main job
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Transportation and warehousing
Utilities
Information
Financial activities
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and business services
Professional and technical services
Management, administrative, and waste services
Education and health services
Educational services
Health care and social assistance
Leisure and hospitality
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Accommodation and food services
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of sole or main job¹
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Multiple-jobholding status
Single jobholders
Multiple jobholders

Not contingent

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

2,203
159,675
637
11,539
15,812
10,448
5,363
20,389
3,713
16,675
9,828
8,339
1,488
2,900
10,923
7,702
3,221
21,322
14,261
7,061
35,678
13,088
22,590
14,648
4,017
10,631
7,640
8,360

229
6,670
1
653
486
313
173
625
97
528
355
330
25
90
229
174
55
944
427
517
1,517
844
672
1,128
567
561
320
322

10.4
4.2
0.2
5.7
3.1
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.6
3.2
3.6
4.0
1.7
3.1
2.1
2.3
1.7
4.4
3.0
7.3
4.3
6.5
3.0
7.7
14.1
5.3
4.2
3.9

1,973
153,006
636
10,886
15,325
10,135
5,190
19,764
3,617
16,147
9,473
8,009
1,464
2,809
10,695
7,528
3,166
20,379
13,834
6,544
34,161
12,243
21,918
13,520
3,450
10,070
7,320
8,038

89.6
95.8
99.8
94.3
96.9
97.0
96.8
96.9
97.4
96.8
96.4
96.0
98.3
96.9
97.9
97.7
98.3
95.6
97.0
92.7
95.7
93.5
97.0
92.3
85.9
94.7
95.8
96.1

146,120
15,757

6,367
532

4.4
3.4

139,754
15,226

95.6
96.6

153,484
8,393

6,358
541

4.1
6.4

147,126
7,853

95.9
93.6

¹ Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: For multiple jobholders, contingent status is based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours. Full time
is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. Hours vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for
full-time work on their sole or main job.

Table 2a. Percent distribution of employed people by contingent status on sole or main job,
usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and multiple jobholding
status, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of sole or main job
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of sole or main job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Service occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
See footnotes at end of table.

Total
employed

Contingent

Not
contingent

161,878
100.0

6,899
100.0

154,979
100.0

83.5
16.5

62.3
37.7

84.5
15.5

82.5
17.4
0.2

60.5
39.4
0.1

83.4
16.4
0.2

44.0
19.2
12.9
6.4
24.7
4.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.4
5.3
2.2
6.2
16.2
3.0
2.0
5.0
3.6
2.6
19.0
9.0
10.0
8.6
0.7
5.0
3.0
12.2
5.1
7.1

36.9
9.4
5.7
3.7
27.5
5.1
2.4
2.4
1.8
0.9
7.5
3.6
3.7
23.2
3.0
2.6
5.9
6.0
5.8
15.7
5.8
9.9
13.1
2.8
8.7
1.6
11.1
4.1
7.0

44.3
19.7
13.2
6.5
24.6
4.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.4
5.2
2.1
6.3
15.9
3.0
1.9
5.0
3.4
2.5
19.1
9.1
10.0
8.5
0.6
4.8
3.1
12.3
5.2
7.1

Table 2a. Percent distribution of employed people by contingent status on sole or main job,
usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and multiple jobholding
status, July 2023 -- Continued
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job

Characteristic

Industry of sole or main job
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Transportation and warehousing
Utilities
Information
Financial activities
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and business services
Professional and technical services
Management, administrative, and waste services
Education and health services
Educational services
Health care and social assistance
Leisure and hospitality
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Accommodation and food services
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of sole or main job¹
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Multiple-jobholding status
Single jobholders
Multiple jobholders

Total
employed

Contingent

Not
contingent

1.4
98.6
0.4
7.1
9.8
6.5
3.3
12.6
2.3
10.3
6.1
5.2
0.9
1.8
6.7
4.8
2.0
13.2
8.8
4.4
22.0
8.1
14.0
9.0
2.5
6.6
4.7
5.2

3.3
96.7
0.0
9.5
7.1
4.5
2.5
9.1
1.4
7.7
5.1
4.8
0.4
1.3
3.3
2.5
0.8
13.7
6.2
7.5
22.0
12.2
9.7
16.4
8.2
8.1
4.6
4.7

1.3
98.7
0.4
7.0
9.9
6.5
3.3
12.8
2.3
10.4
6.1
5.2
0.9
1.8
6.9
4.9
2.0
13.1
8.9
4.2
22.0
7.9
14.1
8.7
2.2
6.5
4.7
5.2

90.3
9.7

92.3
7.7

90.2
9.8

94.8
5.2

92.2
7.8

94.9
5.1

¹ Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated
and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: For multiple jobholders, contingent status is based on their main job—the one at which they usually work
the greatest number of hours. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. Hours
vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on their sole or main
job.

Table 3. Multiple jobholders by contingent status on second job and selected demographic
characteristics, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Total multiple
jobholders

Contingent

Number

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Women, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher²
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree³

Not contingent

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

8,393
1,145
5,548
1,700
4,025
451
2,680
894
4,368
694
2,868
806

1,076
214
698
164
460
94
301
65
616
120
397
99

12.8
18.7
12.6
9.6
11.4
20.8
11.2
7.3
14.1
17.3
13.9
12.2

6,950
870
4,597
1,483
3,416
346
2,276
794
3,533
524
2,320
690

82.8
76.0
82.8
87.2
84.9
76.7
84.9
88.8
80.9
75.5
80.9
85.5

8,393
4,025
4,368
6,203
1,393
420
1,123

1,076
460
616
719
214
55
165

12.8
11.4
14.1
11.6
15.3
13.0
14.6

6,950
3,416
3,533
5,252
1,073
360
934

82.8
84.9
80.9
84.7
77.0
85.7
83.2

6,693
687
6,006

912
146
767

13.6
21.2
12.8

5,466
510
4,956

81.7
74.3
82.5

7,248
206
1,157
1,962
3,924
2,132
1,791

862
34
97
244
488
222
266

11.9
16.5
8.4
12.4
12.4
10.4
14.8

6,080
160
1,004
1,657
3,260
1,818
1,442

83.9
77.5
86.8
84.5
83.1
85.2
80.5

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Contingent status on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders; thus, the number of
contingent and not contingent second jobs will not sum to total. Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding.

Table 3a. Percent distribution of multiple jobholders by contingent status
on second job and selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Women, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher²
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree³

Total multiple
jobholders

Contingent

Not
contingent

8,393
100.0
13.6
66.1
20.3
4,025
100.0
11.2
66.6
22.2
4,368
100.0
15.9
65.7
18.5

1,076
100.0
19.9
64.9
15.2
460
100.0
20.4
65.5
14.2
616
100.0
19.5
64.5
16.0

6,950
100.0
12.5
66.1
21.3
3,416
100.0
10.1
66.6
23.2
3,533
100.0
14.8
65.7
19.5

8,393
100.0
48.0
52.0
73.9
16.6
5.0
13.4

1,076
100.0
42.7
57.3
66.8
19.9
5.1
15.3

6,950
100.0
49.2
50.8
75.6
15.4
5.2
13.4

6,693
100.0
10.3
89.7

912
100.0
16.0
84.0

5,466
100.0
9.3
90.7

7,248
100.0
2.8
16.0
27.1
54.1
29.4
24.7

862
100.0
4.0
11.2
28.3
56.5
25.7
30.8

6,080
100.0
2.6
16.5
27.3
53.6
29.9
23.7

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Contingent status on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple
jobholders; thus, the number of contingent and not contingent second jobs will not sum to
total. Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not
sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is
identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not
sum to total due to rounding.

Table 4. Multiple jobholders by contingent status on second job, usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry,
and class of worker, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Total multiple
jobholders

Contingent

Number

Total, 16 years and over
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of second job¹
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of second job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Industry of second job
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of second job²
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers

Not contingent

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

8,393

1,076

12.8

6,950

82.8

7,361
1,032

856
220

11.6
21.3

6,188
762

84.1
73.8

537
7,021
835

62
934
80

11.6
13.3
9.6

426
5,822
702

79.2
82.9
84.0

3,261
1,306
1,954
2,037
1,573
364
551

450
138
312
314
216
17
65

13.8
10.6
15.9
15.4
13.7
4.5
11.8

2,792
1,162
1,630
1,715
1,336
348
486

85.6
88.9
83.4
84.2
85.0
95.5
88.2

350
7,482
8
212
219
933
413
154
546
1,078
1,797
1,375
568
179

11
1,058
15
14
77
99
12
32
142
282
238
110
38

3.2
14.1
7.0
6.6
8.2
23.9
7.8
5.9
13.2
15.7
17.3
19.4
21.3

338
6,376
8
197
205
845
315
142
509
932
1,500
1,127
456
140

96.8
85.2
93.0
93.4
90.6
76.1
92.2
93.2
86.5
83.5
82.0
80.3
78.7

5,366
2,660

861
215

16.0
8.1

4,505
2,445

84.0
91.9

¹ Hours data for second job refer to hours at all jobs other than the main job.
² Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated selfemployed.
NOTE: Class of worker, industry, and occupation data about second jobs are not available for a small share of multiple jobholders; these
estimates may not sum to total. This also means that contingent status on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders,
and the number of contingent and not contingent second jobs will not sum to total. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less
than 35 hours. Hours vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on all jobs other than their main
job. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 4a. Percent distribution of multiple jobholders by contingent status on second job,
usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, and class of worker, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of second job¹
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of second job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Industry of second job
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of second job²
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers

Total multiple
jobholders

Contingent

Not
contingent

8,393
100.0

1,076
100.0

6,950
100.0

87.7
12.3

79.5
20.5

89.0
11.0

6.4
83.6
10.0

5.8
86.7
7.5

6.1
83.8
10.1

38.9
15.6
23.3
24.3
18.7
4.3
6.6

41.8
12.9
29.0
29.1
20.1
1.5
6.1

40.2
16.7
23.5
24.7
19.2
5.0
7.0

4.2
89.1
0.1
2.5
2.6
11.1
4.9
1.8
6.5
12.8
21.4
16.4
6.8
2.1

1.1
98.3
1.4
1.3
7.1
9.2
1.1
3.0
13.2
26.2
22.1
10.2
3.5

4.9
91.7
0.1
2.8
2.9
12.2
4.5
2.0
7.3
13.4
21.6
16.2
6.6
2.0

63.9
31.7

80.0
20.0

64.8
35.2

¹ Hours data for second job refer to hours at all jobs other than the main job.
² Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated
and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: Class of worker, industry, and occupation data about second jobs are not available for a small share of
multiple jobholders; these estimates may not sum to total. This also means that contingent status on the second
job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders, and the number of contingent and not contingent
second jobs will not sum to total. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours.
Hours vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on all jobs other
than their main job. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where
base is less than 75,000).

Table 5. Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
employed

Independent contractors

Number

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Men
Women
Black or African American
Men
Women
See footnotes at end of table.

Percent of
total
employed

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total
employed

161,878
21,575
6,425
15,150
102,899
36,221
35,010
31,667
37,404
26,517
10,887
86,374
10,855
55,425
19,514
19,046
16,866
20,094
14,162
5,932
75,504
10,719
47,474
16,707
15,965
14,802
17,311
12,355
4,956

11,904
478
113
365
7,136
1,750
2,673
2,713
4,290
2,454
1,835
7,528
313
4,346
1,019
1,686
1,640
2,869
1,659
1,210
4,376
165
2,791
730
987
1,073
1,421
796
625

7.4
2.2
1.8
2.4
6.9
4.8
7.6
8.6
11.5
9.3
16.9
8.7
2.9
7.8
5.2
8.9
9.7
14.3
11.7
20.4
5.8
1.5
5.9
4.4
6.2
7.2
8.2
6.4
12.6

2,771
393
120
272
1,675
649
507
519
704
457
247
1,653
243
1,044
407
285
352
366
250
116
1,119
150
631
242
223
167
338
207
131

1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.5
2.1
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.1
2.0
1.7
2.6

945
112
20
92
599
282
188
129
234
160
74
460
74
295
173
75
48
90
63
27
485
38
303
110
112
81
144
96
48

0.6
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.8
1.0

862
127
25
103
518
140
237
141
217
163
53
562
63
359
118
163
78
140
108
32
300
64
159
22
74
63
76
55
21

0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4

145,536
20,487
6,147
14,340
93,037
33,419
31,434
28,183
32,012
23,321
8,691
76,284
10,184
49,432
17,816
16,851
14,765
16,668
12,113
4,556
69,252
10,303
43,605
15,603
14,584
13,418
15,344
11,209
4,135

89.9
95.0
95.7
94.7
90.4
92.3
89.8
89.0
85.6
87.9
79.8
88.3
93.8
89.2
91.3
88.5
87.5
83.0
85.5
76.8
91.7
96.1
91.9
93.4
91.4
90.7
88.6
90.7
83.4

161,878
86,374
75,504
124,074
67,235
56,839
20,594
9,959
10,635

11,904
7,528
4,376
9,782
6,247
3,535
1,120
659
460

7.4
8.7
5.8
7.9
9.3
6.2
5.4
6.6
4.3

2,771
1,653
1,119
2,141
1,292
849
307
177
130

1.7
1.9
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.2

945
460
485
638
315
323
205
99
106

0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0

862
562
300
629
433
196
129
71
58

0.5
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.5

145,536
76,284
69,252
110,993
59,034
51,959
18,860
8,979
9,881

89.9
88.3
91.7
89.5
87.8
91.4
91.6
90.2
92.9

Table 5. Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by selected demographic characteristics, July 2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
employed

Independent contractors

Number

Asian
Men
Women
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Men
Women
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 16 to 24 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 25 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher2
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree3
1

Percent of
total
employed

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total
employed

11,041
5,878
5,163
29,883
16,889
12,994

598
373
225
2,225
1,568
657

5.4
6.3
4.4
7.4
9.3
5.1

148
112
36
645
388
258

1.3
1.9
0.7
2.2
2.3
2.0

61
37
24
339
178
161

0.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
1.1
1.2

68
40
28
221
171
50

0.6
0.7
0.5
0.7
1.0
0.4

10,171
5,316
4,855
26,504
14,626
11,878

92.1
90.4
94.0
88.7
86.6
91.4

124,473
8,432
116,042
21,575
5,343
16,231
102,899
3,088
99,810

7,614
229
7,385
478
70
408
7,136
159
6,977

6.1
2.7
6.4
2.2
1.3
2.5
6.9
5.1
7.0

2,068
150
1,918
393
86
307
1,675
64
1,611

1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.9
1.6
2.1
1.6

711
45
666
112
36
76
599
9
590

0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.6

645
41
604
127
31
97
518
10
508

0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.5

113,523
7,971
105,553
20,487
5,120
15,366
93,037
2,851
90,186

91.2
94.5
91.0
95.0
95.8
94.7
90.4
92.3
90.4

140,303
7,868
33,488
34,657
64,290
39,180
25,110

11,426
837
2,658
2,867
5,064
3,279
1,785

8.1
10.6
7.9
8.3
7.9
8.4
7.1

2,379
261
620
724
775
510
265

1.7
3.3
1.9
2.1
1.2
1.3
1.1

833
92
221
202
317
208
109

0.6
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4

735
87
236
142
269
142
127

0.5
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5

125,049
6,620
29,809
30,731
57,889
35,059
22,831

89.1
84.1
89.0
88.7
90.0
89.5
90.9

Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total because there are a small number of workers
who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." For multiple jobholders, work arrangements are based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours.
Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding.
2
3

Table 5a. Percent distribution of employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by
selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total employed
Independent
contractors

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
16 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Men, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Women, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
25 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 years and over
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Men
Women
White
Men
Women
Black or African American
Men
Women
Asian
Men
Women
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Men
Women
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 16 to 24 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Total, 25 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
See footnotes at end of table.

On-call workers

Temporary
help agency
workers

Workers
provided by
contract firms

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

161,878
100.0
13.3
4.0
9.4
63.6
22.4
21.6
19.6
23.1
16.4
6.7
86,374
100.0
12.6
64.2
22.6
22.1
19.5
23.3
16.4
6.9
75,504
100.0
14.2
62.9
22.1
21.1
19.6
22.9
16.4
6.6

11,904
100.0
4.0
0.9
3.1
60.0
14.7
22.5
22.8
36.0
20.6
15.4
7,528
100.0
4.2
57.7
13.5
22.4
21.8
38.1
22.0
16.1
4,376
100.0
3.8
63.8
16.7
22.6
24.5
32.5
18.2
14.3

2,771
100.0
14.2
4.3
9.8
60.4
23.4
18.3
18.7
25.4
16.5
8.9
1,653
100.0
14.7
63.2
24.6
17.2
21.3
22.1
15.1
7.0
1,119
100.0
13.4
56.4
21.6
19.9
14.9
30.2
18.5
11.7

945
100.0
11.9
2.1
9.7
63.4
29.9
19.9
13.6
24.8
16.9
7.9
460
100.0
16.2
64.3
37.5
16.3
10.4
19.6
13.8
5.8
485
100.0
7.8
62.5
22.6
23.2
16.7
29.7
19.9
9.8

862
100.0
14.8
2.9
11.9
60.1
16.2
27.5
16.4
25.1
18.9
6.2
562
100.0
11.3
63.8
20.9
28.9
13.9
25.0
19.3
5.7
300
100.0
21.3
53.2
7.4
24.7
21.1
25.5
18.4
7.1

145,536
100.0
14.1
4.2
9.9
63.9
23.0
21.6
19.4
22.0
16.0
6.0
76,284
100.0
13.4
64.8
23.4
22.1
19.4
21.9
15.9
6.0
69,252
100.0
14.9
63.0
22.5
21.1
19.4
22.2
16.2
6.0

161,878
100.0
53.4
46.6
76.6
41.5
35.1
12.7
6.2
6.6
6.8
3.6
3.2
18.5
10.4
8.0

11,904
100.0
63.2
36.8
82.2
52.5
29.7
9.4
5.5
3.9
5.0
3.1
1.9
18.7
13.2
5.5

2,771
100.0
59.6
40.4
77.2
46.6
30.6
11.1
6.4
4.7
5.3
4.0
1.3
23.3
14.0
9.3

945
100.0
48.6
51.4
67.5
33.3
34.2
21.7
10.5
11.2
6.4
3.9
2.5
35.9
18.9
17.0

862
100.0
65.2
34.8
73.0
50.3
22.7
14.9
8.2
6.7
7.9
4.7
3.2
25.7
19.9
5.8

145,536
100.0
52.4
47.6
76.3
40.6
35.7
13.0
6.2
6.8
7.0
3.7
3.3
18.2
10.0
8.2

124,473
100.0
6.8
93.2
21,575
100.0
24.8
75.2
102,899
100.0
3.0
97.0

7,614
100.0
3.0
97.0
478
100.0
14.7
85.3
7,136
100.0
2.2
97.8

2,068
100.0
7.2
92.8
393
100.0
21.8
78.2
1,675
100.0
3.8
96.2

711
100.0
6.3
93.7
112
100.0
32.4
67.6
599
100.0
1.5
98.5

645
100.0
6.3
93.7
127
100.0
24.2
75.8
518
100.0
1.9
98.1

113,523
100.0
7.0
93.0
20,487
100.0
25.0
75.0
93,037
100.0
3.1
96.9

Table 5a. Percent distribution of employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by
selected demographic characteristics, July 2023 -- Continued
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total employed
Independent
contractors

Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher²
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree³

140,303
100.0
5.6
23.9
24.7
45.8
27.9
17.9

11,426
100.0
7.3
23.3
25.1
44.3
28.7
15.6

On-call workers

2,379
100.0
11.0
26.1
30.4
32.6
21.4
11.1

Temporary
help agency
workers

833
100.0
11.1
26.6
24.3
38.1
25.0
13.1

Workers
provided by
contract firms

735
100.0
11.8
32.2
19.4
36.6
19.3
17.3

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

125,049
100.0
5.3
23.8
24.6
46.3
28.0
18.3

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total
because there are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." For multiple jobholders, work arrangements are
based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours. Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African
American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be
of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding.

Table 6. Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and
multiple jobholding status, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
employed

Independent contractors

Number

Total, 16 years and over
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of sole or main job
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of sole or main job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations occupations
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Service occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
See footnotes at end of table.

Percent of
total
employed

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total
employed

161,878

11,904

7.4

2,771

1.7

945

0.6

862

0.5

145,536

89.9

135,201
26,677

8,417
3,487

6.2
13.1

1,910
862

1.4
3.2

699
246

0.5
0.9

697
165

0.5
0.6

123,592
21,944

91.4
82.3

133,476
28,144
258

8,131
3,687
86

6.1
13.1
33.4

1,853
913
5

1.4
3.2
1.9

698
247
-

0.5
0.9
-

693
165
4

0.5
0.6
1.7

122,215
23,158
162

91.6
82.3
63.0

71,164
31,154
20,824
10,330
40,010
6,694
3,862
1,985
3,120
2,209
8,557
3,563
10,019
26,264
4,911
3,179
8,144
5,747
4,284
30,690
14,508
16,182
14,000
1,078
8,038
4,884

5,303
2,993
2,239
754
2,310
203
170
122
167
182
159
1,001
306
1,901
164
30
104
761
842
2,060
1,553
507
1,661
60
1,212
388

7.5
9.6
10.8
7.3
5.8
3.0
4.4
6.1
5.4
8.3
1.9
28.1
3.1
7.2
3.3
0.9
1.3
13.2
19.7
6.7
10.7
3.1
11.9
5.6
15.1
7.9

1,035
268
216
52
766
108
29
14
89
14
95
89
329
623
102
138
154
136
94
312
130
182
396
15
271
111

1.5
0.9
1.0
0.5
1.9
1.6
0.8
0.7
2.9
0.6
1.1
2.5
3.3
2.4
2.1
4.3
1.9
2.4
2.2
1.0
0.9
1.1
2.8
1.4
3.4
2.3

340
93
17
77
246
41
32
4
12
19
29
25
85
181
81
9
25
50
16
123
11
113
70
13
52
5

0.5
0.3
0.1
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.6
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.5
1.2
0.7
0.1

332
95
44
51
237
74
39
6
25
28
14
50
232
66
80
43
29
14
27
9
18
208
19
158
31

0.5
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
0.3
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
1.3
2.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.5
1.8
2.0
0.6

64,192
27,713
18,316
9,396
36,479
6,280
3,592
1,839
2,832
1,995
8,252
2,441
9,248
23,351
4,509
2,922
7,823
4,779
3,317
28,169
12,807
15,362
11,715
976
6,383
4,355

90.2
89.0
88.0
91.0
91.2
93.8
93.0
92.6
90.8
90.3
96.4
68.5
92.3
88.9
91.8
91.9
96.1
83.2
77.4
91.8
88.3
94.9
83.7
90.5
79.4
89.2

Table 6. Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and
multiple jobholding status, July 2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
employed

Independent contractors

Number

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Industry of sole or main job¹
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Transportation and warehousing
Utilities
Information
Financial activities
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and business services
Professional and technical services
Management, administrative, and waste services
Education and health services
Educational services
Health care and social assistance
Leisure and hospitality
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Accommodation and food services
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of sole or main job²
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
See footnotes at end of table.

Percent of
total
employed

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total
employed

19,759
8,269
11,490

979
253
725

5.0
3.1
6.3

406
90
316

2.1
1.1
2.7

232
106
126

1.2
1.3
1.1

62
20
42

0.3
0.2
0.4

18,110
7,807
10,302

91.7
94.4
89.7

2,203
159,567
640
11,489
15,853
10,460
5,393
20,403
3,730
16,673
9,824
8,328
1,496
2,881
10,935
7,712
3,224
21,143
14,217
6,926
35,727
13,128
22,599
14,603
4,011
10,592
7,634
8,433

282
11,622
9
2,121
347
254
92
927
185
742
938
899
39
302
1,185
405
780
2,864
1,736
1,128
1,050
248
802
752
579
173
1,099
29

12.8
7.3
1.5
18.5
2.2
2.4
1.7
4.5
5.0
4.5
9.5
10.8
2.6
10.5
10.8
5.3
24.2
13.5
12.2
16.3
2.9
1.9
3.5
5.1
14.4
1.6
14.4
0.3

24
2,728
19
297
111
82
28
182
19
163
374
299
76
68
116
59
57
320
135
185
704
137
567
243
75
168
167
128

1.1
1.7
3.0
2.6
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.9
0.5
1.0
3.8
3.6
5.1
2.3
1.1
0.8
1.8
1.5
0.9
2.7
2.0
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.9
1.6
2.2
1.5

17
880
6
53
123
103
20
56
36
19
38
36
2
10
40
32
8
269
60
209
175
42
133
48
14
34
21
41

0.8
0.6
1.0
0.5
0.8
1.0
0.4
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.4
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.3
1.3
0.4
3.0
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5

14
788
3
117
81
46
35
35
22
13
45
31
14
5
5
157
100
57
197
69
127
14
5
9
16
119

0.6
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.5
0.4
0.9
0.0
0.1
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
1.4

1,871
143,665
602
8,935
15,200
9,981
5,219
19,208
3,468
15,740
8,442
7,073
1,369
2,502
9,590
7,212
2,378
17,559
12,193
5,366
33,618
12,638
20,980
13,547
3,338
10,208
6,342
8,121

85.0
90.0
94.1
77.8
95.9
95.4
96.8
94.1
93.0
94.4
85.9
84.9
91.5
86.8
87.7
93.5
73.8
83.0
85.8
77.5
94.1
96.3
92.8
92.8
83.2
96.4
83.1
96.3

146,120
15,757

1,839
10,065

1.3
63.9

2,771
-

1.9
-

945
-

0.6
-

862
-

0.6
-

139,843
5,693

95.7
36.1

Table 6. Employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and
multiple jobholding status, July 2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
employed

Independent contractors

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total
employed

Multiple-jobholding status
Single jobholders
Multiple jobholders

153,484
8,393

11,216
688

7.3
8.2

2,555
217

1.7
2.6

877
68

0.6
0.8

796
66

0.5
0.8

138,168
7,368

90.0
87.8

1
For temporary help agency workers and workers provided by contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were assigned. Some workers did not provide this information and thus
industry estimates will not sum to total.
2
Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total because there are a small number of workers who were
both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." For multiple jobholders, work arrangements are based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours. Full time is 35 hours or
more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. Hours vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on their sole or main job. Dash indicates no data or data that
do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 6a. Percent distribution of employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by usual
full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and multiple jobholding status, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total employed
Independent
contractors

Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of sole or main job
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of sole or main job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Service occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Industry of sole or main job¹
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods manufacturing
Nondurable goods manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Transportation and warehousing
Utilities
Information
Financial activities
Finance and insurance
Real estate and rental and leasing
Professional and business services
Professional and technical services
Management, administrative, and waste services
Education and health services
Educational services
Health care and social assistance
See footnotes at end of table.

Temporary
help agency
workers

On-call
workers

Workers
provided by
contract firms

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

161,878
100.0

11,904
100.0

2,771
100.0

945
100.0

862
100.0

145,536
100.0

83.5
16.5

70.7
29.3

68.9
31.1

74.0
26.0

80.9
19.1

84.9
15.1

82.5
17.4
0.2

68.3
31.0
0.7

66.9
33.0
0.2

73.9
26.1
-

80.4
19.1
0.5

84.0
15.9
0.1

44.0

44.5

37.3

35.9

38.6

44.1

19.2

25.1

9.7

9.9

11.1

19.0

12.9
6.4
24.7
4.1
2.4
1.2
1.9
1.4
5.3

18.8
6.3
19.4
1.7
1.4
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.3

7.8
1.9
27.6
3.9
1.1
0.5
3.2
0.5
3.4

1.8
8.1
26.1
4.4
3.4
0.4
1.2
2.0
3.0

5.1
5.9
27.5
8.6
4.5
0.7
2.9
3.3

12.6
6.5
25.1
4.3
2.5
1.3
1.9
1.4
5.7

2.2

8.4

3.2

2.7

1.7

1.7

6.2
16.2
3.0
2.0
5.0

2.6
16.0
1.4
0.3
0.9

11.9
22.5
3.7
5.0
5.5

9.0
19.1
8.5
0.9
2.7

5.8
27.0
7.7
9.2
5.0

6.4
16.0
3.1
2.0
5.4

3.6

6.4

4.9

5.3

3.3

3.3

2.6
19.0
9.0
10.0

7.1
17.3
13.0
4.3

3.4
11.2
4.7
6.6

1.7
13.0
1.1
11.9

1.7
3.1
1.0
2.1

2.3
19.4
8.8
10.6

8.6

14.0

14.3

7.4

24.2

8.0

0.7
5.0
3.0
12.2
5.1
7.1

0.5
10.2
3.3
8.2
2.1
6.1

0.5
9.8
4.0
14.6
3.2
11.4

1.4
5.5
0.5
24.5
11.2
13.3

2.3
18.3
3.6
7.2
2.3
4.9

0.7
4.4
3.0
12.4
5.4
7.1

1.4
98.6
0.4
7.1
9.8
6.5
3.3
12.6
2.3
10.3
6.1
5.1
0.9
1.8
6.8
4.8
2.0
13.1
8.8
4.3
22.1
8.1
14.0

2.4
97.6
0.1
17.8
2.9
2.1
0.8
7.8
1.6
6.2
7.9
7.5
0.3
2.5
10.0
3.4
6.6
24.1
14.6
9.5
8.8
2.1
6.7

0.9
98.4
0.7
10.7
4.0
3.0
1.0
6.6
0.7
5.9
13.5
10.8
2.7
2.4
4.2
2.1
2.1
11.5
4.9
6.7
25.4
4.9
20.4

1.8
93.1
0.7
5.6
13.0
10.9
2.1
5.9
3.8
2.0
4.0
3.8
0.2
1.1
4.2
3.3
0.9
28.5
6.4
22.1
18.5
4.4
14.1

1.6
91.4
0.3
13.6
9.3
5.3
4.0
4.0
2.6
1.5
5.2
3.6
1.6
0.5
0.5
18.2
11.6
6.6
22.8
8.0
14.8

1.3
98.7
0.4
6.1
10.4
6.9
3.6
13.2
2.4
10.8
5.8
4.9
0.9
1.7
6.6
5.0
1.6
12.1
8.4
3.7
23.1
8.7
14.4

Table 6a. Percent distribution of employed workers with alternative and traditional work arrangements on sole or main job by usual
full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, class of worker, and multiple jobholding status, July 2023 -- Continued
(Percent distribution)
Status on sole or main job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total employed
Independent
contractors

Leisure and hospitality
Arts, entertainment, and recreation
Accommodation and food services
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of sole or main job²
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
Multiple-jobholding status
Single jobholders
Multiple jobholders
1

Temporary
help agency
workers

On-call
workers

Workers
provided by
contract firms

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

9.0
2.5
6.5
4.7
5.2

6.3
4.9
1.5
9.2
0.2

8.8
2.7
6.1
6.0
4.6

5.1
1.5
3.6
2.2
4.3

1.6
0.6
1.0
1.8
13.8

9.3
2.3
7.0
4.4
5.6

90.3
9.7

15.4
84.6

100.0
-

100.0
-

100.0
-

96.1
3.9

94.8
5.2

94.2
5.8

92.2
7.8

92.8
7.2

92.3
7.7

94.9
5.1

For temporary help agency workers and workers provided by contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were assigned. Some
workers did not provide this information and thus industry estimates will not sum to total.
2
Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total
because there are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." For multiple jobholders, work arrangements are based
on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest number of hours. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours.
Hours vary is for people whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on their sole or main job. Dash indicates no data or data that
do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 7. Multiple jobholders with alternative and traditional work arrangements on second job by selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on second job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total
multiple
jobholders

Independent contractors

Number

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Women, 16 years and over
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher2
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree3
1Includes

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Workers provided by
contract firms

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

8,393
1,145
5,548
1,700
4,025
451
2,680
894
4,368
694
2,868
806

1,916
112
1,321
483
1,055
38
732
285
860
74
589
197

22.8
9.8
23.8
28.4
26.2
8.5
27.3
31.9
19.7
10.6
20.5
24.5

348
45
236
67
147
26
83
38
202
19
153
29

4.2
3.9
4.3
3.9
3.6
5.7
3.1
4.2
4.6
2.8
5.3
3.6

118
5
93
20
29
16
12
89
5
77
7

1.4
0.5
1.7
1.2
0.7
0.6
1.4
2.0
0.8
2.7
0.9

26
8
9
9
16
7
9
10
1
9
-

0.3
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.4
1.6
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.3
-

5,627
913
3,636
1,078
2,639
369
1,746
524
2,988
544
1,890
554

67.0
79.8
65.5
63.4
65.6
81.8
65.1
58.6
68.4
78.5
65.9
68.7

8,393
4,025
4,368
6,203
1,393
420
1,123

1,916
1,055
860
1,468
323
86
202

22.8
26.2
19.7
23.7
23.2
20.5
18.0

348
147
202
249
56
12
36

4.2
3.6
4.6
4.0
4.0
2.9
3.2

118
29
89
44
52
5
22

1.4
0.7
2.0
0.7
3.8
1.3
2.0

26
16
10
16
-

0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
-

5,627
2,639
2,988
4,194
856
311
838

67.0
65.6
68.4
67.6
61.4
74.1
74.6

6,693
687
6,006

1,433
84
1,349

21.4
12.2
22.5

281
16
266

4.2
2.3
4.4

98
19
79

1.5
2.8
1.3

17
7
10

0.3
1.0
0.2

4,549
531
4,018

68.0
77.3
66.9

7,248
206
1,157
1,962
3,924
2,132
1,791

1,804
38
227
459
1,080
588
492

24.9
18.3
19.6
23.4
27.5
27.6
27.5

303
19
39
69
176
80
97

4.2
9.2
3.4
3.5
4.5
3.7
5.4

113
14
42
57
20
37

1.6
1.2
2.1
1.5
1.0
2.0

18
18
17
0

0.2
0.4
0.8
0.0

4,714
137
821
1,331
2,425
1,344
1,081

65.0
66.6
71.0
67.8
61.8
63.0
60.3

people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total because there are a small number of workers
who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." In addition, whether a worker is in an alternative arrangement on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders.
Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino
may be of any race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than
75,000).
2Includes
3Includes

Table 7a. Percent distribution of multiple jobholders with alternative and traditional work arrangements on second job by
selected demographic characteristics, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Workers with alternative arrangements

Total multiple
jobholders
Independent
contractors

Age and sex
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Men, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Women, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
16 to 24 years
25 to 54 years
55 years and over
Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
School enrollment
Total, 16 to 54 years (in thousands)
Percent
Enrolled in school
Not enrolled in school
Educational attainment
Total, 25 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Less than a high school diploma
High school graduates, no college¹
Some college or associate degree
Bachelor's degree and higher²
Bachelor's degree only
Advanced degree³

On-call workers

Temporary
help agency
workers

Workers
provided by
contract firms

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

8,393
100.0
13.6
66.1
20.3
4,025
100.0
11.2
66.6
22.2
4,368
100.0
15.9
65.7
18.5

1,916
100.0
5.8
69.0
25.2
1,055
100.0
3.6
69.4
27.0
860
100.0
8.6
68.5
23.0

348
100.0
12.9
67.8
19.3
147
100.0
17.4
56.8
25.8
202
100.0
9.6
75.8
14.5

118
100.0
4.6
78.8
16.6
29
89
100.0
6.0
85.7
8.3

26
16
10
-

5,627
100.0
16.2
64.6
19.2
2,639
100.0
14.0
66.2
19.8
2,988
100.0
18.2
63.2
18.5

8,393
100.0
48.0
52.0
73.9
16.6
5.0
13.4

1,916
100.0
55.1
44.9
76.6
16.9
4.5
10.6

348
100.0
42.1
57.9
71.6
16.1
3.5
10.5

118
100.0
24.2
75.8
37.4
44.4
4.5
18.9

26
-

5,627
100.0
46.9
53.1
74.5
15.2
5.5
14.9

6,693
100.0
10.3
89.7

1,433
100.0
5.8
94.2

281
100.0
5.5
94.5

98
100.0
19.4
80.6

17
-

4,549
100.0
11.7
88.3

7,248
100.0
2.8
16.0
27.1
54.1
29.4
24.7

1,804
100.0
2.1
12.6
25.4
59.9
32.6
27.3

303
100.0
6.2
12.9
22.8
58.1
26.3
31.9

113
100.0
12.1
37.2
50.7
18.1
32.6

18
-

4,714
100.0
2.9
17.4
28.2
51.4
28.5
22.9

¹Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
²Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
³Includes people with master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total
because there are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." In addition, whether a worker is in an alternative
arrangement on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. Estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American,
and Asian) do not sum to total because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any
race. Detail for other characteristics may not sum to total due to rounding. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not
shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 8. Multiple jobholders with alternative and traditional work arrangements on second job by usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, and class of worker, July
2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on second job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total multiple
jobholders

Independent contractors
Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Total, 16 years and over
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs
combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of second job¹
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of second job
Management, professional, and related
occupations
Management, business, and financial
operations occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations
Industry of second job²
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Public administration
See footnotes at end of table.

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers
Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Workers provided by
contract firms

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

Number

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

8,393

1,916

22.8

348

4.2

118

1.4

26

0.3

5,627

67.0

7,361
1,032

1,691
224

23.0
21.7

289
59

3.9
5.8

109
9

1.5
0.8

26
-

0.4
-

4,937
690

67.1
66.9

537
7,021
835

87
1,553
276

16.2
22.1
33.1

13
303
32

2.4
4.3
3.9

11
102
5

2.0
1.5
0.6

7
19
-

1.3
0.3
-

370
4,788
468

68.9
68.2
56.1

3,261

942

28.9

146

4.5

52

1.6

9

0.3

2,094

64.2

1,306

441

33.8

46

3.5

16

1.2

-

-

796

61.0

1,954
2,037
1,573

500
266
447

25.6
13.0
28.4

100
91
54

5.1
4.5
3.4

36
50
11

1.8
2.5
0.7

9
9
1

0.4
0.4
0.1

1,298
1,621
1,039

66.4
79.6
66.1

364

144

39.5

10

2.7

-

-

-

-

211

57.8

551

98

17.7

38

6.8

5

1.0

7

1.3

404

73.2

350
7,482
8
212
219
941
412
154
546
1,049
1,802
1,386
568
184

83
1,808
119
80
145
175
33
217
461
220
152
182
23

23.8
24.2
56.3
36.7
15.4
42.5
21.6
39.7
44.0
12.2
11.0
32.0
12.7

1
338
8
10
29
32
3
14
27
127
49
5
34

0.2
4.5
3.7
4.5
3.1
7.7
2.1
2.6
2.5
7.0
3.6
1.0
18.3

118
5
29
38
27
13
6

1.6
2.4
2.8
2.1
1.9
2.3
3.2

26
8
17
0
-

0.3
0.9
1.6
0.0
-

266
5,153
8
85
124
747
205
118
310
519
1,403
1,147
366
121

76.0
68.9
40.0
56.4
79.4
49.8
76.3
56.8
49.5
77.8
82.8
64.4
65.8

Table 8. Multiple jobholders with alternative and traditional work arrangements on second job by usual full- or part-time status, occupation, industry, and class of worker, July
2023 -- Continued
(Numbers in thousands)
Status on second job
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Total multiple
jobholders

Independent contractors

Number

Class of worker of second job³
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
1Hours

5,366
2,660

324
1,592

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

6.0
59.9

Temporary help agency
workers

On-call workers

Number

348
-

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

6.5
-

Number

118
-

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

2.2
-

Workers with traditional
arrangements

Workers provided by
contract firms
Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

Number

26
-

0.5
-

Number

4,559
1,068

Percent of
total multiple
jobholders

85.0
40.1

data for second job refer to hours at all jobs other than the main job.
temporary help agency workers and workers provided by contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were assigned. If workers did not provide this information, industry estimates
will not sum to total.
3Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: Class of worker, industry, and occupation data about second jobs are not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. In addition, whether a worker is in an alternative arrangement on the second job is
not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. There are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." For these reasons, estimates may not sum to total. Workers with
traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. Hours vary is for people whose
usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on all jobs other than their main job. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than
75,000).
2For

Table 8a. Percent distribution of multiple jobholders with alternative and traditional work arrangements on second job by usual fullor part-time status, occupation, industry, and class of worker, July 2023
(Percent distribution)
Status on second job

Characteristic

Total multiple
jobholders

Workers with alternative arrangements
Independent
contractors

Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Usual full- or part-time status (all jobs combined)
Full-time workers
Part-time workers
Usual hours of second job¹
Full time
Part time
Hours vary
Occupation of second job
Management, professional, and related occupations
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations
Professional and related occupations
Service occupations
Sales and office occupations
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations
Industry of second job²
Agriculture and related industries
Nonagricultural industries
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
Construction
Manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade
Transportation and utilities
Information
Financial activities
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Public administration
Class of worker of second job³
Wage and salary workers
Self-employed workers
1Hours

Temporary
help agency
workers

On-call
workers

Workers
provided by
contract firms

Workers with
traditional
arrangements

8,393
100.0

1,916
100.0

348
100.0

118
100.0

26
-

5,627
100.0

87.7
12.3

88.3
11.7

83.0
17.0

92.6
7.4

-

87.7
12.3

6.4
83.6
10.0

4.5
81.0
14.4

3.7
87.1
9.2

9.1
86.3
4.6

-

6.6
85.1
8.3

38.9

49.1

41.9

43.8

-

37.2

15.6

23.0

13.2

13.7

-

14.2

23.3
24.3
18.7

26.1
13.9
23.4

28.7
26.3
15.5

30.1
42.6
9.1

-

23.1
28.8
18.5

4.3

7.5

2.8

-

-

3.7

6.6

5.1

10.8

4.5

-

7.2

4.2
89.1
0.1
2.5
2.6
11.2
4.9
1.8
6.5
12.5
21.5
16.5
6.8
2.2

4.3
94.4
6.2
4.2
7.6
9.1
1.7
11.3
24.1
11.5
7.9
9.5
1.2

0.2
97.0
2.3
2.8
8.4
9.1
0.9
4.1
7.6
36.4
14.2
1.6
9.7

100.0
4.5
24.6
32.2
22.6
11.1
5.0

-

4.7
91.6
0.1
1.5
2.2
13.3
3.7
2.1
5.5
9.2
24.9
20.4
6.5
2.2

63.9
31.7

16.9
83.1

100.0
-

100.0
-

-

81.0
19.0

data for second job refer to hours at all jobs other than the main job.
temporary help agency workers and workers provided by contract firms, the industry classification is that of the place to which they were assigned. If
workers did not provide this information, industry estimates will not sum to total.
3Wage and salary workers exclude all of the self-employed. The self-employed includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed.
NOTE: Class of worker, industry, and occupation data about second jobs are not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. In addition, whether a worker
is in an alternative arrangement on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. There are a small number of workers who were both
"on call" and "provided by contract firms." For these reasons, estimates may not sum to total. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall
into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. Hours vary is for people
whose usual hours vary above and below the threshold for full-time work on all jobs other than their main job. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet
publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

2For

Table 9. Preference for arrangement by contingent status and alternative work arrangement on sole or main job, July 2023
(Percent distribution)

Preference
Total, 16 years and over (in thousands)
Percent
Prefer different arrangement
Prefer this arrangement
It depends
Not available

Contingent

6,899
100.0
44.8
40.8
12.6
1.7

Independent
contractors
11,904
100.0
8.3
80.3
8.9
2.5

On-call workers

2,771
100.0
41.6
40.6
16.2
1.6

Temporary help
agency workers
945
100.0
27.7
48.2
18.4
5.7

NOTE: Information about preference for work arrangement was collected only for sole or main job. Preference was not collected for workers provided by
contract firms. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding.

Table 10. Health insurance coverage by contingent status and alternative work arrangement on sole or main job, July 2023

Status on sole or main job

Total employed
(thousands)

Percent with health insurance
coverage
Provided by
employer¹

Total

Total, 16 years and over
Contingent
Not contingent
Alternative work arrangements
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers with traditional arrangements
1

161,878
6,899
154,979

83.9
74.3
84.3

49.9
19.9
51.2

11,904
2,771
945
862
145,536

74.2
78.2
60.8
79.4
84.9

38.1
16.6
40.2
54.4

Excludes the self-employed (incorporated and unincorporated) and independent contractors.
- Not applicable.
NOTE: Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total
because there are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms."

Table 11. Median usual weekly earnings of full- and part-time workers by contingent status and alternative work
arrangement on sole or main job by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, July 2023
Workers with alternative arrangements

Characteristic

Full-time workers
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Part-time workers
Total, 16 years and over
Men
Women
White
Black or African American
Asian
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Contingent

Not
contingent

Independent
contractors

On-call
workers

Temporary
help agency
workers

Workers with
traditional
Workers
provided by arrangements
contract firms

$838
829
856
822
704
996
711

$1,137
1,233
1,019
1,150
955
1,550
894

$949
1,004
857
961
835
764
768

$1,125
1,196
949
1,107
963
1,432
802

$818
856
757
799
782
751

$1,014
1,019
917
1,108
997
807

$1,132
1,227
1,017
1,145
961
1,548
892

320
372
293
327
255
382
364

367
369
366
360
386
463
383

400
422
383
400
230
552
319

315
293
327
307
291
312

362
341
364
429
365

306
318
291
-

365
368
363
358
389
438
383

NOTE: Earnings were collected only for sole or main job. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do not fall into any of the
"alternative arrangements" categories. Earnings data for those in contingent and not contingent jobs refer to wage and salary workers and
exclude independent contractors and the self-employed. Earnings data for independent contractors include the self-employed; however, the selfemployed are excluded from the earnings data for workers with other alternative and traditional arrangements. Full- or part-time status is
determined by hours usually worked at sole or main job; full time is 35 hours or more per week, and part time is less than 35 hours. People
whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values
not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 12. Employed people with alternative and traditional work arrangements by contingent status,
July 2023
(Numbers in thousands)
Contingent

Characteristic

Total
Number

Status on sole or main job¹
Total employed, 16 years and over
Workers with alternative arrangements
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers with traditional arrangements
Status on second job
Total multiple jobholders, 16 years and over
Workers with alternative arrangements
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms
Workers with traditional arrangements

Not contingent

Percent of
total

Number

Percent of
total

161,878
16,342
11,904
2,771
945
862
145,536

6,899
1,603
483
476
518
194
5,296

4.3
9.8
4.1
17.2
54.8
22.5
3.6

154,979
14,739
11,421
2,296
427
668
140,240

95.7
90.2
95.9
82.8
45.2
77.5
96.4

8,393
2,399
1,916
348
118
26
5,627

1,076
362
220
60
81
0
715

12.8
15.1
11.5
17.2
68.7
12.7

6,950
2,037
1,695
289
37
25
4,912

82.8
84.9
88.5
82.8
31.3
87.3

¹ For multiple jobholders, contingent status is based on their main job—the one at which they usually work the greatest
number of hours.
NOTE: Contingent status on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders; thus, the number of
contingent and not contingent second jobs will not sum to total. Workers with traditional arrangements are those who do
not fall into any of the "alternative arrangements" categories. Detail may not sum to total because there are a small
number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." In addition, whether a worker is in an
alternative arrangement on the second job is not available for a small share of multiple jobholders. Dash indicates no
data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

Table 13. Employed people 16 years and over with contingent and alternative work arrangements on sole, main, and second
jobs, July 2023
(In thousands)
Multiple jobholders

Characteristic

Contingent
Workers with alternative arrangements
Independent contractors
On-call workers
Temporary help agency workers
Workers provided by contract firms

Total on sole
or main job

6,899
16,342
11,904
2,771
945
862

Which job
Sole job

6,358
15,316
11,216
2,555
877
796

Total on
main job

541
1,026
688
217
68
66

Total on
second job

1,076
2,399
1,916
348
118
26

Main job
only

355
527
365
175
43
66

Both main
and second
job
186
499
323
41
25
-

Second job
only

890
1,900
1,593
307
93
26

NOTE: Total on sole or main job includes the sole job of single jobholders, multiple jobholders on their main job only, and multiple jobholders on both
their main and second jobs. Total on main job includes multiple jobholders on their main job only and multiple jobholders on both their main and second
jobs. Total on second job includes multiple jobholders on their second job only and multiple jobholders on both their main and second jobs. Detail may
not sum to total because there are a small number of workers who were both "on call" and "provided by contract firms." Dash indicates no data or data
that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).