2024 Survey of Earned Doctorates Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Data Collection Experiment Preliminary Findings Summary Report

National Center for Science and
Engineering Statistics

Title: 2024 Survey of Earned Doctorates SOGI Data
Collection Experiment Summary
Date: May 2024

Contract Awardee: RTI International
Contract Number: GS-00F-354CA 49100422F0033

Disclaimer: The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the National Science
Foundation (NSF) supports research opportunities to inform its strategic objectives. This report summarizes
research conducted under contract with NCSES and is being shared to inform interested parties of ongoing
activities and to encourage further discussion. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of NCSES or NSF. Please send questions to
ncsesweb@nsf.gov.

May 2024

2024 Survey of Earned Doctorates
Sexual Orientation and Gender
Identity Data Collection Experiment
Preliminary Findings Summary Report

Prepared for
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
2415 Eisenhower Avenue, Suite W14200
Alexandria, VA 22314
Phone: (703) 292-8780

Prepared by
Y. Patrick Hsieh, Laura Burns Fritch, Peter Einaudi
RTI International
3040 E. Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

RTI Project Number 0218508

Abstract
The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the National Science Foundation
(NSF) has been evaluating sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) questions for possible inclusion on its
surveys, including the Survey of Earned Doctorate (SED). This report summarizes the findings of a research
experiment in the 2024 SED data collection to compare several different versions of SOGI questions. The results
of this experiment combine with the qualitative findings from previous SED SOGI research to inform the
feasibility of asking SED respondents to report both their gender identity and sexual orientation for the future
data cycles beginning with the 2025 SED. Based on these results, considerations for the 2025 SED data
collection cycle include adding separate questions for sexual orientation and for gender identity with detailed
sets of response options and open-ended write-ins as well as assuring respondents that the individual-level
data will not be shared with their doctorate institutions to address concerns about confidentiality and privacy
raised by SOGI minorities.

Background
The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) within the National Science Foundation
(NSF) has been evaluating sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) questions for possible inclusion on its
surveys, including the Survey of Earned Doctorate (SED), in response to Executive Order 13985—which seeks to
expand the data available to the federal government to measure equity and capture the diversity of the
American people—and, more recently, Executive Order 14075—which aims to advance equality for lesbian,
gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQI+) individuals. 1
As part of this larger effort, in summer 2022, NCSES conducted cognitive interviews with a convenience sample
of 61 research doctoral students representing diverse sexual orientations, gender identities, and citizenship
status. The results of this work can be found in attachment 9 of the 2024–25 SED Information Collection
Request, Survey of Earned Doctorates Recent Methodological Research
(https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewDocument?ref_nbr=202305-3145-005).
Following the qualitative cognitive interviews, NCSES is now conducting a research experiment in the 2024 SED
data collection to compare several different versions of SOGI questions. A module of the SOGI experimental
questions was embedded in the demographic information section at the end of the 2024 SED Web instrument.
Based on the best practices for the SOGI data collection recommended by the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) and the 2022 cognitive interview participants’ preferences, the 2024 SED SOGI experiment
includes eight test questions in the module: 2 (1) a sex assigned at birth (SAB) question, (2) a combined SOGI
question that asks if the respondent considers themselves to be LGBTQ+, (3) three gender identity (GI)
questions, and (4) three sexual orientation (SO) questions. The experiment uses compound random assignment
to allocate respondents across the 10 experimental paths described in Table 1. Respondents in all 10 paths
encounter the SAB question first, followed by either the combined SOGI question (Figure 1) or one of the three
GI test questions on the same Web screen (Figure 2). For those in paths 2–10, the SO test questions were
presented next on the following screen (Figure 3). For the rest of this document, the questions are referenced
according to the question name noted in Figures 1–3.

1

Table 1.
2024 SED SOGI experiment design
Concept

Path 1

Sex assigned at birth (SAB)
Gender identity

Paths 2–10
SAB
G1 (25%)
G2 (25%)
G3 (25%)
SO1 (25%)
SO2 (25%)
SO3 (25%)

SOGI1 (25%)

Sexual orientation
Sample distribution

25%

75%

SED = Survey of Earned Doctorates; SOGI = sexual orientation and gender identity.

Figure 1.
Survey screen showing the sex assigned at birth and combined SOGI questions
Sex Assigned at Birth
(SAB)

What sex were you assigned at birth, on your original birth certificate?
O Male
O Female

Combined SOGI (1 Test Question)
(SOGI1) Do you consider yourself to be LGBTQ+?
O Yes
O No
O I prefer not to answer
LGBTQI+ = lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex; SAB = sex assigned at birth; SOGI = sexual orientation and
gender identity.

Figure 2.
Survey screen showing the sex assigned at birth and gender identity (GI) test questions
Sex Assigned at Birth
(SAB)

What sex were you assigned at birth, on your original birth certificate?
O Male
O Female

Gender Identity (1 of 3 Test Questions)
(G1) How do you currently describe
yourself?
Select all that apply.

 Male
 Female
 Transgender
 I use a different term:____

(G2) Do you consider yourself to be
a gender minority (e.g.,
transgender, non-binary)?

O Yes
O No
O I prefer not to answer

(G3) How do you currently describe
yourself?
Select all that apply.

 Man
 Woman
 Transgender
 Non-binary, Gender non-conforming,
Genderfluid, Genderqueer

 I use a different term: ____
 I prefer not to answer
SAB = sex assigned at birth.

2

Figure 3.
Survey screen showing the Sexual Orientation (SO) test questions
Sexual Orientation (1 of 3 Test Questions)
(SO1) How you think of yourself?

O Straight or heterosexual
O Gay, lesbian, bisexual, queer or
another orientation

O I prefer not to answer

(SO2) Do you consider yourself to be a
sexual minority (e.g., gay,
lesbian, bisexual)?

O Yes
O No
O I prefer not to answer

(SO3) Which of the following best
represents how you think of
yourself?

O Straight or heterosexual
O Gay or lesbian
O Bisexual
O I use a different term: ____
O I prefer not to answer

From the time the 2024 SED data collection began on 31 May 2023 to 31 March 2024, 3 a total of 30,745
respondents had completed the Web survey. For the preliminary SOGI experiment data analysis, the question
performance was measured by item nonresponse rates, breakoff rates, construct validity of the estimates of
SOGI minorities, and respondents’ ratings of the ease of understanding and answering the SOGI test questions.
Additional evaluation metrics included respondents’ concerns about confidentiality and privacy of their SOGI
data and their perceived representation of SOGI response options because such concerns or perceptions may
be associated with respondents’ willingness to answer SOGI questions outside of the experimental research
context. (See the appendix for the details of these evaluation questions.)

Methods
The following criteria were used to assess the preliminary SOGI data:
•

Item nonresponse rates of all test questions in the SOGI experiment were compared with the historical
item nonresponse rates of SED questions and were considered acceptable if they were under 10%, a
benchmark for the item nonresponse rates for other similarly sensitive questions, such as questions about
functional limitations. When examining the item nonresponse rates for the sets of GI or SO test questions,
the item nonresponse rates were compared only among the questions measuring the same construct.

•

Breakoff rates for the SOGI module were assessed by counting the number of respondent breakoffs
occurring on a given SOGI question screen divided by the total number of breakoffs in the survey. The
breakoff rates in the SOGI module were then compared against the average breakoff rate across all survey
screens (1.7%, excluding screens with zero breakoffs from the calculation). Breakoff rates in the SOGI
module that were less than the average breakoff rate were classified as acceptable.

•

Construct validity was assessed by comparing responses to different test questions and assessing if the
percentage of respondents identified as SOGI minorities was similar, meaning that the percentage
difference between estimates was less than 20%; for example: absolute value (estimate1 - estimate2) /
estimate2. The next section summarizes the key findings of this preliminary data analysis and
recommendations.

Key Findings
SOGI test questions in the SED yielded acceptable item nonresponse and survey breakoff rates while achieving
construct validity. Item nonresponse rates presented here were calculated based on the sum of survey
respondents who did not answer and those who selected the “I prefer not to answer.” The item nonresponse
rates for the gender identity questions were 1.8% for G1, 3.0% for G3, and 4.6% for G2. For the sexual
orientation questions, item nonresponse rates were 5.6% for SO2, 6.7% for SO1, and 6.9% for SO3. The item
nonresponse rate for SOGI1 was 6.5%. Between 2020 and 2022, the questions about respondents’ functional
limitations and their parents’ education have exhibited approximately 10% and 13% item nonresponse rates,
3

respectively, while the item nonresponse rate for other questions—such as race/ethnicity, citizenship, place of
birth, and month and year of birth—range between 5% and 7%. 4 Therefore, the SOGI test questions yielded
comparable or better data quality than these questions as measured by item nonresponse. Among the
respondents who started the 2024 SED Web instrument, 667 respondents had broken off without finishing the
survey as of 31 March 2024. Of these, 10 respondents broke off on a screen requesting SOGI information; 8
respondents broke off on the first screen (i.e., Figure 1 or Figure 2), and 2 respondents broke off on the screen
that ask for confirmation of their gender identity responses. These 10 breakoffs accounted for approximately
1.5% of all survey breakoffs, which is slightly lower than 1.7%, the average breakoff rate across all survey
screens with breakoffs.
The percentage of respondents identifying themselves as SOGI minorities was similar across the SOGI test
questions, suggesting construct validity among the presented question wording options. When analysis focuses
on reporting of gender identity, the percentage of respondents who identified as gender minorities ranged
between 2.5% (G1) and 2.9% (G2), with a 15.3 percent difference between the highest and lowest estimates.
Similarly, the percentage of respondents who identified as sexual minorities ranged from 13.0% (SO1) to 14.7%
(SO3), with a 13.4 percent difference between the highest and lowest estimates. The percentage of
respondents who identified as LGBTQ+ in SOGI1 (path 1) (13.4%) fell within the range of 13.1% and 16.4% of
respondents identified as SOGI minorities from the GI and SO test questions (paths 2─10). 5
Taken together, despite the difference in the test question design and the specificity of the response options,
the SOGI test questions exhibited acceptable item nonresponse rates and a similar ability to collect and identify
SOGI minority status from respondents.
The majority of SOGI minority and nonminority respondents indicated that reporting their SOGI information
in a federal government survey was comfortable and easy for them to do. Across all seven SOGI test
questions, between 77.5% (SOGI1) and 89.2% (G3) of SOGI nonminorities were comfortable providing their
SOGI information. The majority of SOGI minorities, to a lesser extent, were also comfortable providing SOGI
information in response to six of the seven test questions (G2, 62.7%; G3, 58.3%; SO1, 69.3%; SO2, 71.3%; SO3,
72.2%; and SOGI1, 60.4%), with the exception of G1 (45.3%). Similarly, over 90% of SOGI nonminorities rated
the SOGI test questions as being easy to answer, while more than two-thirds of SOGI minorities gave the same
rating for six of the seven test questions (G2, 74.2%; G3, 72.4; SO1, 83.5%; SO2, 82.9%; SO3, 82.5%; and SOGI1,
73.3%), with the exception of G1 (50.5%).
Among those 1.8%–6.9% of respondents who chose not to answer the SOGI questions, between 12.0% (G1)
and 27.6% (SO2) were somewhat or very comfortable providing their SOGI info, and between 38.1% (G2) and
46.8% (SO3) rated the SOGI questions very or somewhat easy to answer. Taken together, with the exception of
those who answered the GI test question G1, the majority of both SOGI minorities and nonminorities were
comfortable with answering the SOGI questions and said they were easy to answer in a federal government
survey.
The proportion of respondents expressing concerns about privacy and confidentiality varied by SOGI status.
SOGI minorities were about twice as likely as SOGI nonminorities to be concerned about how their SOGI data
would be used (from 39.7% [SO2] to 61.0% [G1]). Respondents who declined to provide their SOGI information
also exhibited similar levels of concerns (from 46.4% [SO2] to 63.2% [G1]) as their SOGI minority counterparts.
SOGI nonminorities were least concerned about the use of their SOGI information (from 18.8% [SO1] to 25.2%
[SOGI1]). With regard to privacy concerns, about a third of SOGI minorities (from 31.1% [G3] to 37.7% [SOGI1])
and between half and two-thirds of respondents who did not provide their SOGI status (from 52.6% [G1] to
67.8% [SO1]) considered SOGI information to be their own private information. However, less than 25% of SOGI
nonminorities (from 14.6% [G3] to 23.4% [SOGI1]) exhibited the privacy concerns. More than three-fourths of
4

SOGI minorities (from 75.4% [SO2] to 92.0% [G1]) indicated they had concerns about sharing SOGI information,
whereas about half of nonminorities did so (from 45.1% [SO1] to 54.8% [SOG1]).
Besides the overall patterns of how respondents answered and perceived the SOGI test questions and how
such response pattens varied by each respondent’s SOGI status, several notable findings regarding data quality
of specific test questions also emerged from the data analysis.
•

Among SOGI minority and nonminority respondents, SOGI1 yielded higher item nonresponse and
greater privacy concerns than other SOGI test questions. As noted earlier, SOGI1 is one of the two test
questions with higher item nonresponse, at approximately 6.5%, than other test questions. Among SOGI
minority respondents, the proportion of respondents who considered SOGI status as their own private
information (37.7%) was the highest for those who answered the combined question SOGI1 in path 1 as
compared to their counterparts answering different combinations of SOGI test questions in other paths
(from 29.1% [G2] to 32.9% [SO1]). As one of the higher percentages, the 83.8% of SOGI minorities who
answered SOGI1 had concerns sharing their SOGI information, and another 49.5% were concerned with
how SOGI data may be used. Although not the lowest percentage, 60.5% of SOGI minorities who answered
SOGI1 felt somewhat or very comfortable providing SOGI information to the federal government.
Similarly, among the nonminority respondents, the proportion of respondents who considered SOGI status
as their own private information (23.4%) and the proportion of those who were concerned about sharing
their SOGI information (54.8%) and how SOGI information may be used (25.2%) all were the highest for
those who answered SOGI1. Furthermore, the proportion of nonminority respondents feeling very or
somewhat comfortable providing SOGI information to the federal government was the lowest for those
who answered SOGI1 (77.5%).

•

G2 yielded higher item nonresponse and request for clarification than other GI test questions. Among
the three GI test questions, G2 had the highest item nonresponse rate, at 4.6%, with G1 and G3 at 1.8%
and 3.0%, respectively. The question also seems to invoke some comprehension issues, given that some
respondents provided comments in the feedback section at the end of the survey instrument stating that
they interpreted “gender minority” to include cisgender women.
Among gender nonminority respondents, the proportions of respondents who expressed concerns about
G2 were the highest for more than five tested dimensions. For example, the percentage of gender
nonminority respondents who did not understand G2 (2.3%) was about twice the percentage of those who
did not understand G1 (1.1%) or G3 (1.2%). Those who were concerned about how GI information might be
used were highest for the respondents who answered G2 (22.9%) when compared with those who
answered G1 (21.5%) or G3 (20.7%). Similarly, the proportion of gender nonminority respondents who felt
somewhat or very comfortable providing their SOGI information in a federal government survey was the
lowest for those who answered G2 (85.4%) when compared with those answering G1 (89.0%) or G3
(89.2%).

•

Among gender minorities, G1 appeared to be more difficult to understand and drew more privacy
concerns than other GI test questions. The proportion of gender minorities who considered G1 somewhat
or very difficult to answer was the highest (49.5%) when compared with their counterparts who answered
G2 or G3 (25.8% or 27.6%, respectively). The proportions of gender minorities who were concerned about
sharing their GI information and of those concerned about how GI information might be use, were both
the highest for the gender minorities who answered G1 (92.0% and 61.0%, respectively) when compared
with those answering G2 (79.1% and 46.6%, respectively) or G3 (86.4% and 58.3%, respectively). In
contrast, the proportion of gender minorities who feel somewhat or very comfortable providing GI
information in a federal government survey was the lowest for those who answered G1 (45.3%) when
compared with those who answered G2 (62.7%) and G3 (58.3%). The proportion of gender minorities
indicating that the response options did reflect how they think of themselves is also higher for those who
answered G1 (39.0%) than those who answered G3 (8.25%). 6
5

•

The percentages of sexual minorities were generally similar across the three SO test questions; however,
due to its more detailed response options, SO3 provides the highest potential analytic utility. As noted
earlier, all three SO test questions yielded similar level of estimates of sexual minorities. Among the sexual
minorities, the proportion who indicated that the response options did not reflect how they think of
themselves ranged from 11.6% for respondents who answered SO3 to 6.1% for those who answered SO1.
However, among respondents who chose not to answer the SO test questions, the opposite pattern
appeared: 18.3% indicated that SO1 did not reflect how they think of themselves, compared with 9.2% for
SO3. This contrast in respondents’ engagement with SO1 and SO3 may be associated with the inclusion of
the term “queer” in the response options of SO1 and its exclusion in SO3; sexual minorities who consider
themselves queer would have seen themselves in SO1 but not in SO3. This conclusion is supported by the
fact that “queer” is the most common term provided in the open-ended “I use a different term” text for
SO3. SO3 also provides more clearly defined analytic subgroups and an open-ended fill-in option that could
be used to improve the response options over time as the SOGI terminologies continue to evolve, such as
exploring the addition of “queer” as a response option in future iterations.

•

The majority of SOGI minorities were comfortable sharing their SOGI responses to NSF and their
doctorate institutions anonymously, but only about half were comfortable sharing these data when
associated with their names. About 80% of SOGI minorities indicated that they were comfortable sharing
their SOGI answers anonymously with NSF (82.0%) and their doctorate institutions (81.1%), but only about
half were comfortable sharing their information associated with their names (49.1% for NSF and 52.5% for
academic institutions).

Considerations for the 2025 SED
Combined with the qualitative findings from the previous SED SOGI cognitive interviews and the quantitative
preliminary findings from the SOGI experiment in the 2024 SED, asking SED respondents to report both their
gender identity and sexual orientation is viable for the future data cycles beginning with the 2025 SED.
Among the three GI questions tested in the experiment, G3 resulted in the least issues across the tested
dimensions of item nonresponse rates, breakoff rates, ease of answering, and construct validity; also, it raised
the least concerns about confidentiality and privacy among gender minorities. When the results are taken
altogether, G3 yielded the highest data quality. This question also has more inclusive response options than G1
and G2, including “Non-binary, Gender Non-conforming, Gender fluid, or Genderqueer” as a response option.
While the results obtained by the three SO test questions may be at a similar level, SO3 (with it greater number
of response options) may be preferable and consistent with the SO question example provided in the OMB best
practices. The design of G3 and SO3 questions, with more detailed sets of response options with an openended write-in, should be considered for the 2025 SED data collection cycle. Furthermore, given that “queer” is
the most frequently reported open-ended response to SO3 in the experiment, an addition of the “queer”
option to SO3, with the necessary format change to allow selecting multiple responses may also be considered
to improve the SO question design in the future.
Given the concerns expressed by many SOGI minorities about privacy and confidentiality of SOGI data and the
potential increase in the item nonresponse rates on the SOGI data collection outside of an experimental
condition, NCSES may consider informing 2025 SED respondents that their individual responses to the SOGI
questions will not be shared with their institutions and will only be reported in aggregated form to help
mitigate the risk of higher item nonresponse.

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Appendix: Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) Sexual Orientation and Gender identity (SOGI)
Experiment Evaluation Questions Analyzed in the Report
1. Assessment of ease of understanding and answering sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI)
questions
How easy or difficult was it for you to report your [FILL-1] information in this question?
O Very comfortable
O Somewhat comfortable
O Somewhat uncomfortable
O Very uncomfortable
[FILL-1 for G1, G2, G3]: gender identity
[FILL-1 for SO1, SO2, SO3]: sexual orientation
[FILL-1 for SOGI1]: sexual and gender identity
2. Assessment of respondents’ concerns about privacy, confidentiality, and perceived representation of their
SOGI information
Which of the following statements are true for you when thinking about this question?
Select all that apply.
 This information is important for ensuring equity for [FILL-2] minorities
 I consider my [FILL-3] to be my own private information
 I have questions about how this information would be useful to the SED
 I have concerns about how this information may be used
 The response options do not reflect how I think of myself (only for G1/G3/SO1/SO3)
 I did not understand the question
 I have other concerns. Please specify: _____________
 I do not have any concerns about sharing this information

[FILL-2 for G1, G2, G3]: gender
[FILL-2 for SO1, SO2, SO3]: sexual
[FILL-2 for SOGI1]: sexual and gender
[FILL-3 for G1, G2, G3]: gender identity
[FILL-3 for SO1, SO2, SO3]: sexual orientation
[FILL-3 for SOGI1]: sexual and gender identity

Notes
For Executive Order 13985, see https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/25/2021-01753/advancing-racialequity-and-support-for-underserved-communities-through-the-federal-government; for Executive Order 14075, see
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/06/21/2022-13391/advancing-equality-for-lesbian-gay-bisexualtransgender-queer-and-intersex-individuals.
2
See https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/SOGI-Best-Practices.pdf.
3
A nonresponse bias analysis comparing early and late responders in previous SED data collections indicates that in each
of the past five survey cycles, a set of key characteristics of early respondents through 31 March 31 was not significantly
different from all respondents in the survey cycle. Based on this finding and on the stability of the preliminary 2024 SED
SOGI experimental findings examined monthly, the use of survey respondents from 31 May 2023 through 31 March 2024
1

7

does not appear to produce any bias in determining whether to collect the SOGI data in the 2025 SED survey cycle before
the full results are available after the data collection cycle ends. The 2024 SED survey data collection cycle is from June
2023 through December 2024; the 2025 cycle is from June 2024 through December 2025.
4
See https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf24300/technical-notes#technical-tables.
5
For paths 2–10, respondents who identified as a gender minority and a sexual minority were counted only once for the
purposes of calculating the percentage who identified as a SOGI minority.
6
G2 presented “Yes”/“No”/“I prefer not to answer” options to the respondents. Therefore, respondents who answered G2
were not asked to assess whether the response options reflect how they think of themselves.

8