Legal Authority 5 USC 552

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

of the Treasury issuing the subpoena and imposing
the charges.
‘‘(2) EXPIRATION.—The reporting requirement of this
subsection shall terminate in 3 years after the date of
the enactment of this section [Dec. 19, 2000].’’
Executive Documents
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 13892
Ex. Ord. No. 13892, Oct. 9, 2019, 84 F.R. 55239, which related to civil administrative enforcement and adjudication, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 13992, § 2, Jan. 20, 2021,
86 F.R. 7049, set out below.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 13979
Ex. Ord. No. 13979, Jan. 18, 2021, 86 F.R. 6813, which required senior appointee participation in agency rulemaking, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 14018, § 1, Feb. 24,
2021, 86 F.R. 11855.
EX. ORD. NO. 13992. REVOCATION OF CERTAIN EXECUTIVE
ORDERS CONCERNING FEDERAL REGULATION
Ex. Ord. No. 13992, Jan. 20, 2021, 86 F.R. 7049, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of
America, it is hereby ordered that:
SECTION 1. Policy. It is the policy of my Administration to use available tools to confront the urgent challenges facing the Nation, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) pandemic, economic recovery, racial justice, and climate change. To tackle these challenges effectively, executive departments and agencies
(agencies) must be equipped with the flexibility to use
robust regulatory action to address national priorities.
This order revokes harmful policies and directives that
threaten to frustrate the Federal Government’s ability
to confront these problems, and empowers agencies to
use appropriate regulatory tools to achieve these goals.
SEC. 2. Revocation of Orders. Executive Order 13771 of
January 30, 2017 (Reducing Regulation and Controlling
Regulatory Costs) [former 5 U.S.C. 601 note], Executive
Order 13777 of February 24, 2017 (Enforcing the Regulatory Reform Agenda) [former 5 U.S.C. 601 note], Executive Order 13875 of June 14, 2019 (Evaluating and Improving the Utility of Federal Advisory Committees)
[former 5 U.S.C. App. note], Executive Order 13891 of
October 9, 2019 (Promoting the Rule of Law Through
Improved Agency Guidance Documents) [former 5
U.S.C. 601 note], Executive Order 13892 of October 9, 2019
(Promoting the Rule of Law Through Transparency and
Fairness in Civil Administrative Enforcement and Adjudication) [formerly set out above], and Executive
Order 13893 of October 10, 2019 (Increasing Government
Accountability for Administrative Actions by Reinvigorating Administrative PAYGO) [former 5 U.S.C. 601
note], are hereby revoked.
SEC. 3. Implementation. The Director of the Office of
Management and Budget and the heads of agencies
shall promptly take steps to rescind any orders, rules,
regulations, guidelines, or policies, or portions thereof,
implementing or enforcing the Executive Orders identified in section 2 of this order, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law, including the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. 551 et seq. If in any case
such rescission cannot be finalized immediately, the
Director and the heads of agencies shall promptly take
steps to provide all available exemptions authorized by
any such orders, rules, regulations, guidelines, or policies, as appropriate and consistent with applicable law.
In addition, any personnel positions, committees, task
forces, or other entities established pursuant to the Executive Orders identified in section 2 of this order, including the regulatory reform officer positions and regulatory reform task forces established by sections 2 and
3 of Executive Order 13777 [former 5 U.S.C. 601 note],
shall be abolished, as appropriate and consistent with
applicable law.
SEC. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order
shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

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(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented in a manner consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create
any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the
United States, its departments, agencies, or entities,
its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
J.R. BIDEN, JR.

§ 552. Public information; agency rules, opinions,
orders, records, and proceedings
(a) Each agency shall make available to the
public information as follows:
(1) Each agency shall separately state and currently publish in the Federal Register for the
guidance of the public—
(A) descriptions of its central and field organization and the established places at which,
the employees (and in the case of a uniformed
service, the members) from whom, and the
methods whereby, the public may obtain information, make submittals or requests, or obtain decisions;
(B) statements of the general course and
method by which its functions are channeled
and determined, including the nature and requirements of all formal and informal procedures available;
(C) rules of procedure, descriptions of forms
available or the places at which forms may be
obtained, and instructions as to the scope and
contents of all papers, reports, or examinations;
(D) substantive rules of general applicability
adopted as authorized by law, and statements
of general policy or interpretations of general
applicability formulated and adopted by the
agency; and
(E) each amendment, revision, or repeal of
the foregoing.
Except to the extent that a person has actual
and timely notice of the terms thereof, a person
may not in any manner be required to resort to,
or be adversely affected by, a matter required to
be published in the Federal Register and not so
published. For the purpose of this paragraph,
matter reasonably available to the class of persons affected thereby is deemed published in the
Federal Register when incorporated by reference
therein with the approval of the Director of the
Federal Register.
(2) Each agency, in accordance with published
rules, shall make available for public inspection
in an electronic format—
(A) final opinions, including concurring and
dissenting opinions, as well as orders, made in
the adjudication of cases;
(B) those statements of policy and interpretations which have been adopted by the agency and are not published in the Federal Register;
(C) administrative staff manuals and instructions to staff that affect a member of the
public;
(D) copies of all records, regardless of form
or format—

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(i) that have been released to any person
under paragraph (3); and
(ii)(I) that because of the nature of their
subject matter, the agency determines have
become or are likely to become the subject
of subsequent requests for substantially the
same records; or
(II) that have been requested 3 or more
times; and
(E) a general index of the records referred to
under subparagraph (D);
unless the materials are promptly published and
copies offered for sale. For records created on or
after November 1, 1996, within one year after
such date, each agency shall make such records
available, including by computer telecommunications or, if computer telecommunications
means have not been established by the agency,
by other electronic means. To the extent required to prevent a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, an agency may delete
identifying details when it makes available or
publishes an opinion, statement of policy, interpretation, staff manual, instruction, or copies of
records referred to in subparagraph (D). However, in each case the justification for the deletion shall be explained fully in writing, and the
extent of such deletion shall be indicated on the
portion of the record which is made available or
published, unless including that indication
would harm an interest protected by the exemption in subsection (b) under which the deletion
is made. If technically feasible, the extent of the
deletion shall be indicated at the place in the
record where the deletion was made. Each agency shall also maintain and make available for
public inspection in an electronic format current indexes providing identifying information
for the public as to any matter issued, adopted,
or promulgated after July 4, 1967, and required
by this paragraph to be made available or published. Each agency shall promptly publish,
quarterly or more frequently, and distribute (by
sale or otherwise) copies of each index or supplements thereto unless it determines by order
published in the Federal Register that the publication would be unnecessary and impracticable,
in which case the agency shall nonetheless provide copies of such index on request at a cost not
to exceed the direct cost of duplication. Each
agency shall make the index referred to in subparagraph (E) available by computer telecommunications by December 31, 1999. A final
order, opinion, statement of policy, interpretation, or staff manual or instruction that affects
a member of the public may be relied on, used,
or cited as precedent by an agency against a
party other than an agency only if—
(i) it has been indexed and either made available or published as provided by this paragraph; or
(ii) the party has actual and timely notice of
the terms thereof.
(3)(A) Except with respect to the records made
available under paragraphs (1) and (2) of this
subsection, and except as provided in subparagraph (E), each agency, upon any request for
records which (i) reasonably describes such
records and (ii) is made in accordance with published rules stating the time, place, fees (if any),

§ 552

and procedures to be followed, shall make the
records promptly available to any person.
(B) In making any record available to a person
under this paragraph, an agency shall provide
the record in any form or format requested by
the person if the record is readily reproducible
by the agency in that form or format. Each
agency shall make reasonable efforts to maintain its records in forms or formats that are reproducible for purposes of this section.
(C) In responding under this paragraph to a request for records, an agency shall make reasonable efforts to search for the records in electronic form or format, except when such efforts
would significantly interfere with the operation
of the agency’s automated information system.
(D) For purposes of this paragraph, the term
‘‘search’’ means to review, manually or by automated means, agency records for the purpose of
locating those records which are responsive to a
request.
(E) An agency, or part of an agency, that is an
element of the intelligence community (as that
term is defined in section 3(4) of the National
Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a(4))) 1 shall
not make any record available under this paragraph to—
(i) any government entity, other than a
State, territory, commonwealth, or district of
the United States, or any subdivision thereof;
or
(ii) a representative of a government entity
described in clause (i).
(4)(A)(i) In order to carry out the provisions of
this section, each agency shall promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice and receipt of public
comment, specifying the schedule of fees applicable to the processing of requests under this
section and establishing procedures and guidelines for determining when such fees should be
waived or reduced. Such schedule shall conform
to the guidelines which shall be promulgated,
pursuant to notice and receipt of public comment, by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and which shall provide for a
uniform schedule of fees for all agencies.
(ii) Such agency regulations shall provide
that—
(I) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document search, duplication,
and review, when records are requested for
commercial use;
(II) fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document duplication when
records are not sought for commercial use and
the request is made by an educational or noncommercial scientific institution, whose purpose is scholarly or scientific research; or a
representative of the news media; and
(III) for any request not described in (I) or
(II), fees shall be limited to reasonable standard charges for document search and duplication.
In this clause, the term ‘‘a representative of the
news media’’ means any person or entity that
gathers information of potential interest to a
segment of the public, uses its editorial skills to
turn the raw materials into a distinct work, and
1 See

References in Text note below.

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

distributes that work to an audience. In this
clause, the term ‘‘news’’ means information that
is about current events or that would be of current interest to the public. Examples of newsmedia entities are television or radio stations
broadcasting to the public at large and publishers of periodicals (but only if such entities
qualify as disseminators of ‘‘news’’) who make
their products available for purchase by or subscription by or free distribution to the general
public. These examples are not all-inclusive.
Moreover, as methods of news delivery evolve
(for example, the adoption of the electronic dissemination of newspapers through telecommunications services), such alternative media shall
be considered to be news-media entities. A freelance journalist shall be regarded as working for
a news-media entity if the journalist can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication
through that entity, whether or not the journalist is actually employed by the entity. A publication contract would present a solid basis for
such an expectation; the Government may also
consider the past publication record of the requester in making such a determination.
(iii) Documents shall be furnished without any
charge or at a charge reduced below the fees established under clause (ii) if disclosure of the information is in the public interest because it is
likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the
government and is not primarily in the commercial interest of the requester.
(iv) Fee schedules shall provide for the recovery of only the direct costs of search, duplication, or review. Review costs shall include only
the direct costs incurred during the initial examination of a document for the purposes of determining whether the documents must be disclosed under this section and for the purposes of
withholding any portions exempt from disclosure under this section. Review costs may not
include any costs incurred in resolving issues of
law or policy that may be raised in the course of
processing a request under this section. No fee
may be charged by any agency under this section—
(I) if the costs of routine collection and processing of the fee are likely to equal or exceed
the amount of the fee; or
(II) for any request described in clause (ii)
(II) or (III) of this subparagraph for the first
two hours of search time or for the first one
hundred pages of duplication.
(v) No agency may require advance payment of
any fee unless the requester has previously
failed to pay fees in a timely fashion, or the
agency has determined that the fee will exceed
$250.
(vi) Nothing in this subparagraph shall supersede fees chargeable under a statute specifically
providing for setting the level of fees for particular types of records.
(vii) In any action by a requester regarding
the waiver of fees under this section, the court
shall determine the matter de novo: Provided,
That the court’s review of the matter shall be
limited to the record before the agency.
(viii)(I) Except as provided in subclause (II), an
agency shall not assess any search fees (or in the
case of a requester described under clause (ii)(II)

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of this subparagraph, duplication fees) under
this subparagraph if the agency has failed to
comply with any time limit under paragraph (6).
(II)(aa) If an agency has determined that unusual circumstances apply (as the term is defined in paragraph (6)(B)) and the agency provided a timely written notice to the requester in
accordance with paragraph (6)(B), a failure described in subclause (I) is excused for an additional 10 days. If the agency fails to comply with
the extended time limit, the agency may not assess any search fees (or in the case of a requester
described under clause (ii)(II) of this subparagraph, duplication fees).
(bb) If an agency has determined that unusual
circumstances apply and more than 5,000 pages
are necessary to respond to the request, an agency may charge search fees (or in the case of a requester described under clause (ii)(II) of this
subparagraph, duplication fees) if the agency
has provided a timely written notice to the requester in accordance with paragraph (6)(B) and
the agency has discussed with the requester via
written mail, electronic mail, or telephone (or
made not less than 3 good-faith attempts to do
so) how the requester could effectively limit the
scope of the request in accordance with paragraph (6)(B)(ii).
(cc) If a court has determined that exceptional
circumstances exist (as that term is defined in
paragraph (6)(C)), a failure described in subclause (I) shall be excused for the length of time
provided by the court order.
(B) On complaint, the district court of the
United States in the district in which the complainant resides, or has his principal place of
business, or in which the agency records are situated, or in the District of Columbia, has jurisdiction to enjoin the agency from withholding
agency records and to order the production of
any agency records improperly withheld from
the complainant. In such a case the court shall
determine the matter de novo, and may examine
the contents of such agency records in camera
to determine whether such records or any part
thereof shall be withheld under any of the exemptions set forth in subsection (b) of this section, and the burden is on the agency to sustain
its action. In addition to any other matters to
which a court accords substantial weight, a
court shall accord substantial weight to an affidavit of an agency concerning the agency’s determination as to technical feasibility under
paragraph (2)(C) and subsection (b) and reproducibility under paragraph (3)(B).
(C) Notwithstanding any other provision of
law, the defendant shall serve an answer or otherwise plead to any complaint made under this
subsection within thirty days after service upon
the defendant of the pleading in which such
complaint is made, unless the court otherwise
directs for good cause shown.
[(D) Repealed. Pub. L. 98–620, title IV, § 402(2),
Nov. 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3357.]
(E)(i) The court may assess against the United
States reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred in any case under
this section in which the complainant has substantially prevailed.
(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, a complainant has substantially prevailed if the complainant has obtained relief through either—

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(I) a judicial order, or an enforceable written
agreement or consent decree; or
(II) a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency, if the complainant’s claim
is not insubstantial.
(F)(i) Whenever the court orders the production of any agency records improperly withheld
from the complainant and assesses against the
United States reasonable attorney fees and
other litigation costs, and the court additionally issues a written finding that the circumstances surrounding the withholding raise
questions whether agency personnel acted arbitrarily or capriciously with respect to the withholding, the Special Counsel shall promptly initiate a proceeding to determine whether disciplinary action is warranted against the officer
or employee who was primarily responsible for
the withholding. The Special Counsel, after investigation and consideration of the evidence
submitted, shall submit his findings and recommendations to the administrative authority
of the agency concerned and shall send copies of
the findings and recommendations to the officer
or employee or his representative. The administrative authority shall take the corrective action that the Special Counsel recommends.
(ii) The Attorney General shall—
(I) notify the Special Counsel of each civil
action described under the first sentence of
clause (i); and
(II) annually submit a report to Congress on
the number of such civil actions in the preceding year.
(iii) The Special Counsel shall annually submit a report to Congress on the actions taken by
the Special Counsel under clause (i).
(G) In the event of noncompliance with the
order of the court, the district court may punish
for contempt the responsible employee, and in
the case of a uniformed service, the responsible
member.
(5) Each agency having more than one member
shall maintain and make available for public inspection a record of the final votes of each member in every agency proceeding.
(6)(A) Each agency, upon any request for
records made under paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of
this subsection, shall—
(i) determine within 20 days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays)
after the receipt of any such request whether
to comply with such request and shall immediately notify the person making such request
of—
(I) such determination and the reasons
therefor;
(II) the right of such person to seek assistance from the FOIA Public Liaison of the
agency; and
(III) in the case of an adverse determination—
(aa) the right of such person to appeal to
the head of the agency, within a period determined by the head of the agency that is
not less than 90 days after the date of such
adverse determination; and
(bb) the right of such person to seek dispute resolution services from the FOIA
Public Liaison of the agency or the Office
of Government Information Services; and

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(ii) make a determination with respect to
any appeal within twenty days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays)
after the receipt of such appeal. If on appeal
the denial of the request for records is in
whole or in part upheld, the agency shall notify the person making such request of the
provisions for judicial review of that determination under paragraph (4) of this subsection.
The 20-day period under clause (i) shall commence on the date on which the request is first
received by the appropriate component of the
agency, but in any event not later than ten days
after the request is first received by any component of the agency that is designated in the
agency’s regulations under this section to receive requests under this section. The 20-day period shall not be tolled by the agency except—
(I) that the agency may make one request to
the requester for information and toll the 20day period while it is awaiting such information that it has reasonably requested from the
requester under this section; or
(II) if necessary to clarify with the requester
issues regarding fee assessment. In either case,
the agency’s receipt of the requester’s response to the agency’s request for information
or clarification ends the tolling period.
(B)(i) In unusual circumstances as specified in
this subparagraph, the time limits prescribed in
either clause (i) or clause (ii) of subparagraph
(A) may be extended by written notice to the
person making such request setting forth the
unusual circumstances for such extension and
the date on which a determination is expected
to be dispatched. No such notice shall specify a
date that would result in an extension for more
than ten working days, except as provided in
clause (ii) of this subparagraph.
(ii) With respect to a request for which a written notice under clause (i) extends the time limits prescribed under clause (i) of subparagraph
(A), the agency shall notify the person making
the request if the request cannot be processed
within the time limit specified in that clause
and shall provide the person an opportunity to
limit the scope of the request so that it may be
processed within that time limit or an opportunity to arrange with the agency an alternative time frame for processing the request or
a modified request. To aid the requester, each
agency shall make available its FOIA Public Liaison, who shall assist in the resolution of any
disputes between the requester and the agency,
and notify the requester of the right of the requester to seek dispute resolution services from
the Office of Government Information Services.
Refusal by the person to reasonably modify the
request or arrange such an alternative time
frame shall be considered as a factor in determining whether exceptional circumstances exist
for purposes of subparagraph (C).
(iii) As used in this subparagraph, ‘‘unusual
circumstances’’ means, but only to the extent
reasonably necessary to the proper processing of
the particular requests—
(I) the need to search for and collect the requested records from field facilities or other
establishments that are separate from the office processing the request;

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

(II) the need to search for, collect, and appropriately examine a voluminous amount of
separate and distinct records which are demanded in a single request; or
(III) the need for consultation, which shall
be conducted with all practicable speed, with
another agency having a substantial interest
in the determination of the request or among
two or more components of the agency having
substantial subject-matter interest therein.
(iv) Each agency may promulgate regulations,
pursuant to notice and receipt of public comment, providing for the aggregation of certain
requests by the same requestor, or by a group of
requestors acting in concert, if the agency reasonably believes that such requests actually
constitute a single request, which would otherwise satisfy the unusual circumstances specified
in this subparagraph, and the requests involve
clearly related matters. Multiple requests involving unrelated matters shall not be aggregated.
(C)(i) Any person making a request to any
agency for records under paragraph (1), (2), or (3)
of this subsection shall be deemed to have exhausted his administrative remedies with respect to such request if the agency fails to comply with the applicable time limit provisions of
this paragraph. If the Government can show exceptional circumstances exist and that the agency is exercising due diligence in responding to
the request, the court may retain jurisdiction
and allow the agency additional time to complete its review of the records. Upon any determination by an agency to comply with a request
for records, the records shall be made promptly
available to such person making such request.
Any notification of denial of any request for
records under this subsection shall set forth the
names and titles or positions of each person responsible for the denial of such request.
(ii) For purposes of this subparagraph, the
term ‘‘exceptional circumstances’’ does not include a delay that results from a predictable
agency workload of requests under this section,
unless the agency demonstrates reasonable
progress in reducing its backlog of pending requests.
(iii) Refusal by a person to reasonably modify
the scope of a request or arrange an alternative
time frame for processing a request (or a modified request) under clause (ii) after being given
an opportunity to do so by the agency to whom
the person made the request shall be considered
as a factor in determining whether exceptional
circumstances exist for purposes of this subparagraph.
(D)(i) Each agency may promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice and receipt of public
comment, providing for multitrack processing of
requests for records based on the amount of
work or time (or both) involved in processing requests.
(ii) Regulations under this subparagraph may
provide a person making a request that does not
qualify for the fastest multitrack processing an
opportunity to limit the scope of the request in
order to qualify for faster processing.
(iii) This subparagraph shall not be considered
to affect the requirement under subparagraph
(C) to exercise due diligence.

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(E)(i) Each agency shall promulgate regulations, pursuant to notice and receipt of public
comment, providing for expedited processing of
requests for records—
(I) in cases in which the person requesting
the records demonstrates a compelling need;
and
(II) in other cases determined by the agency.
(ii) Notwithstanding clause (i), regulations
under this subparagraph must ensure—
(I) that a determination of whether to provide expedited processing shall be made, and
notice of the determination shall be provided
to the person making the request, within 10
days after the date of the request; and
(II) expeditious consideration of administrative appeals of such determinations of whether
to provide expedited processing.
(iii) An agency shall process as soon as practicable any request for records to which the
agency has granted expedited processing under
this subparagraph. Agency action to deny or affirm denial of a request for expedited processing
pursuant to this subparagraph, and failure by an
agency to respond in a timely manner to such a
request shall be subject to judicial review under
paragraph (4), except that the judicial review
shall be based on the record before the agency at
the time of the determination.
(iv) A district court of the United States shall
not have jurisdiction to review an agency denial
of expedited processing of a request for records
after the agency has provided a complete response to the request.
(v) For purposes of this subparagraph, the
term ‘‘compelling need’’ means—
(I) that a failure to obtain requested records
on an expedited basis under this paragraph
could reasonably be expected to pose an imminent threat to the life or physical safety of an
individual; or
(II) with respect to a request made by a person primarily engaged in disseminating information, urgency to inform the public concerning actual or alleged Federal Government
activity.
(vi) A demonstration of a compelling need by
a person making a request for expedited processing shall be made by a statement certified by
such person to be true and correct to the best of
such person’s knowledge and belief.
(F) In denying a request for records, in whole
or in part, an agency shall make a reasonable effort to estimate the volume of any requested
matter the provision of which is denied, and
shall provide any such estimate to the person
making the request, unless providing such estimate would harm an interest protected by the
exemption in subsection (b) pursuant to which
the denial is made.
(7) Each agency shall—
(A) establish a system to assign an individualized tracking number for each request received that will take longer than ten days to
process and provide to each person making a
request the tracking number assigned to the
request; and
(B) establish a telephone line or Internet
service that provides information about the
status of a request to the person making the

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request using the assigned tracking number,
including—
(i) the date on which the agency originally
received the request; and
(ii) an estimated date on which the agency
will complete action on the request.
(8)(A) An agency shall—
(i) withhold information under this section
only if—
(I) the agency reasonably foresees that disclosure would harm an interest protected by
an exemption described in subsection (b); or
(II) disclosure is prohibited by law; and
(ii)(I) consider whether partial disclosure of
information is possible whenever the agency
determines that a full disclosure of a requested record is not possible; and
(II) take reasonable steps necessary to segregate and release nonexempt information;
and
(B) Nothing in this paragraph requires disclosure of information that is otherwise prohibited
from disclosure by law, or otherwise exempted
from disclosure under subsection (b)(3).
(b) This section does not apply to matters that
are—
(1)(A) specifically authorized under criteria
established by an Executive order to be kept
secret in the interest of national defense or
foreign policy and (B) are in fact properly classified pursuant to such Executive order;
(2) related solely to the internal personnel
rules and practices of an agency;
(3) specifically exempted from disclosure by
statute (other than section 552b of this title),
if that statute—
(A)(i) requires that the matters be withheld from the public in such a manner as to
leave no discretion on the issue; or
(ii) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be withheld; and
(B) if enacted after the date of enactment
of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009, specifically
cites to this paragraph.
(4) trade secrets and commercial or financial
information obtained from a person and privileged or confidential;
(5) inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that would not be available by
law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency, provided that the deliberative process privilege shall not apply to
records created 25 years or more before the
date on which the records were requested;
(6) personnel and medical files and similar
files the disclosure of which would constitute
a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy;
(7) records or information compiled for law
enforcement purposes, but only to the extent
that the production of such law enforcement
records or information (A) could reasonably be
expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) would deprive a person of a right
to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, (C)
could reasonably be expected to constitute an
unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D)
could reasonably be expected to disclose the

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identity of a confidential source, including a
State, local, or foreign agency or authority or
any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis, and, in the
case of a record or information compiled by
criminal law enforcement authority in the
course of a criminal investigation or by an
agency conducting a lawful national security
intelligence investigation, information furnished by a confidential source, (E) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or
would disclose guidelines for law enforcement
investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law, or (F) could reasonably
be expected to endanger the life or physical
safety of any individual;
(8) contained in or related to examination,
operating, or condition reports prepared by, on
behalf of, or for the use of an agency responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions; or
(9) geological and geophysical information
and data, including maps, concerning wells.
Any reasonably segregable portion of a record
shall be provided to any person requesting such
record after deletion of the portions which are
exempt under this subsection. The amount of information deleted, and the exemption under
which the deletion is made, shall be indicated on
the released portion of the record, unless including that indication would harm an interest protected by the exemption in this subsection
under which the deletion is made. If technically
feasible, the amount of the information deleted,
and the exemption under which the deletion is
made, shall be indicated at the place in the
record where such deletion is made.
(c)(1) Whenever a request is made which involves access to records described in subsection
(b)(7)(A) and—
(A) the investigation or proceeding involves
a possible violation of criminal law; and
(B) there is reason to believe that (i) the
subject of the investigation or proceeding is
not aware of its pendency, and (ii) disclosure
of the existence of the records could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement
proceedings,
the agency may, during only such time as that
circumstance continues, treat the records as not
subject to the requirements of this section.
(2) Whenever informant records maintained by
a criminal law enforcement agency under an informant’s name or personal identifier are requested by a third party according to the informant’s name or personal identifier, the agency may treat the records as not subject to the
requirements of this section unless the informant’s status as an informant has been officially
confirmed.
(3) Whenever a request is made which involves
access to records maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation pertaining to foreign intelligence or counterintelligence, or international
terrorism, and the existence of the records is
classified information as provided in subsection
(b)(1), the Bureau may, as long as the existence
of the records remains classified information,

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

treat the records as not subject to the requirements of this section.
(d) This section does not authorize withholding of information or limit the availability
of records to the public, except as specifically
stated in this section. This section is not authority to withhold information from Congress.
(e)(1) On or before February 1 of each year,
each agency shall submit to the Attorney General of the United States and to the Director of
the Office of Government Information Services a
report which shall cover the preceding fiscal
year and which shall include—
(A) the number of determinations made by
the agency not to comply with requests for
records made to such agency under subsection
(a) and the reasons for each such determination;
(B)(i) the number of appeals made by persons
under subsection (a)(6), the result of such appeals, and the reason for the action upon each
appeal that results in a denial of information;
and
(ii) a complete list of all statutes that the
agency relies upon to authorize the agency to
withhold information under subsection (b)(3),
the number of occasions on which each statute
was relied upon, a description of whether a
court has upheld the decision of the agency to
withhold information under each such statute,
and a concise description of the scope of any
information withheld;
(C) the number of requests for records pending before the agency as of September 30 of the
preceding year, and the median and average
number of days that such requests had been
pending before the agency as of that date;
(D) the number of requests for records received by the agency and the number of requests which the agency processed;
(E) the median number of days taken by the
agency to process different types of requests,
based on the date on which the requests were
received by the agency;
(F) the average number of days for the agency to respond to a request beginning on the
date on which the request was received by the
agency, the median number of days for the
agency to respond to such requests, and the
range in number of days for the agency to respond to such requests;
(G) based on the number of business days
that have elapsed since each request was originally received by the agency—
(i) the number of requests for records to
which the agency has responded with a determination within a period up to and including 20 days, and in 20-day increments up
to and including 200 days;
(ii) the number of requests for records to
which the agency has responded with a determination within a period greater than 200
days and less than 301 days;
(iii) the number of requests for records to
which the agency has responded with a determination within a period greater than 300
days and less than 401 days; and
(iv) the number of requests for records to
which the agency has responded with a determination within a period greater than 400
days;

Page 104

(H) the average number of days for the agency to provide the granted information beginning on the date on which the request was
originally filed, the median number of days for
the agency to provide the granted information, and the range in number of days for the
agency to provide the granted information;
(I) the median and average number of days
for the agency to respond to administrative
appeals based on the date on which the appeals
originally were received by the agency, the
highest number of business days taken by the
agency to respond to an administrative appeal, and the lowest number of business days
taken by the agency to respond to an administrative appeal;
(J) data on the 10 active requests with the
earliest filing dates pending at each agency,
including the amount of time that has elapsed
since each request was originally received by
the agency;
(K) data on the 10 active administrative appeals with the earliest filing dates pending before the agency as of September 30 of the preceding year, including the number of business
days that have elapsed since the requests were
originally received by the agency;
(L) the number of expedited review requests
that are granted and denied, the average and
median number of days for adjudicating expedited review requests, and the number adjudicated within the required 10 days;
(M) the number of fee waiver requests that
are granted and denied, and the average and
median number of days for adjudicating fee
waiver determinations;
(N) the total amount of fees collected by the
agency for processing requests;
(O) the number of full-time staff of the agency devoted to processing requests for records
under this section, and the total amount expended by the agency for processing such requests;
(P) the number of times the agency denied a
request for records under subsection (c); and
(Q) the number of records that were made
available for public inspection in an electronic
format under subsection (a)(2).
(2) Information in each report submitted under
paragraph (1) shall be expressed in terms of each
principal component of the agency and for the
agency overall.
(3) Each agency shall make each such report
available for public inspection in an electronic
format. In addition, each agency shall make the
raw statistical data used in each report available in a timely manner for public inspection in
an electronic format, which shall be made available—
(A) without charge, license, or registration
requirement;
(B) in an aggregated, searchable format; and
(C) in a format that may be downloaded in
bulk.
(4) The Attorney General of the United States
shall make each report which has been made
available by electronic means available at a single electronic access point. The Attorney General of the United States shall notify the Chairman and ranking minority member of the Com-

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

mittee on Oversight and Government Reform of
the House of Representatives and the Chairman
and ranking minority member of the Committees on Homeland Security and Governmental
Affairs and the Judiciary of the Senate, no later
than March 1 of the year in which each such report is issued, that such reports are available by
electronic means.
(5) The Attorney General of the United States,
in consultation with the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget, shall develop reporting and performance guidelines in connection
with reports required by this subsection by October 1, 1997, and may establish additional requirements for such reports as the Attorney
General determines may be useful.
(6)(A) The Attorney General of the United
States shall submit to the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of
Representatives, the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, and the President a report on
or before March 1 of each calendar year, which
shall include for the prior calendar year—
(i) a listing of the number of cases arising
under this section;
(ii) a listing of—
(I) each subsection, and any exemption, if
applicable, involved in each case arising
under this section;
(II) the disposition of each case arising
under this section; and
(III) the cost, fees, and penalties assessed
under subparagraphs (E), (F), and (G) of subsection (a)(4); and
(iii) a description of the efforts undertaken
by the Department of Justice to encourage
agency compliance with this section.
(B) The Attorney General of the United States
shall make—
(i) each report submitted under subparagraph (A) available for public inspection in an
electronic format; and
(ii) the raw statistical data used in each report submitted under subparagraph (A) available for public inspection in an electronic format, which shall be made available—
(I) without charge, license, or registration
requirement;
(II) in an aggregated, searchable format;
and
(III) in a format that may be downloaded
in bulk.
(f) For purposes of this section, the term—
(1) ‘‘agency’’ as defined in section 551(1) of
this title includes any executive department,
military department, Government corporation, Government controlled corporation, or
other establishment in the executive branch of
the Government (including the Executive Office of the President), or any independent regulatory agency; and
(2) ‘‘record’’ and any other term used in this
section in reference to information includes—
(A) any information that would be an
agency record subject to the requirements of
this section when maintained by an agency
in any format, including an electronic format; and
(B) any information described under subparagraph (A) that is maintained for an

§ 552

agency by an entity under Government contract, for the purposes of records management.
(g) The head of each agency shall prepare and
make available for public inspection in an electronic format, reference material or a guide for
requesting records or information from the
agency, subject to the exemptions in subsection
(b), including—
(1) an index of all major information systems of the agency;
(2) a description of major information and
record locator systems maintained by the
agency; and
(3) a handbook for obtaining various types
and categories of public information from the
agency pursuant to chapter 35 of title 44, and
under this section.
(h)(1) There is established the Office of Government Information Services within the National Archives and Records Administration.
The head of the Office shall be the Director of
the Office of Government Information Services.
(2) The Office of Government Information
Services shall—
(A) review policies and procedures of administrative agencies under this section;
(B) review compliance with this section by
administrative agencies; and
(C) identify procedures and methods for improving compliance under this section.
(3) The Office of Government Information
Services shall offer mediation services to resolve disputes between persons making requests
under this section and administrative agencies
as a nonexclusive alternative to litigation and
may issue advisory opinions at the discretion of
the Office or upon request of any party to a dispute.
(4)(A) Not less frequently than annually, the
Director of the Office of Government Information Services shall submit to the Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform of the House
of Representatives, the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, and the President—
(i) a report on the findings of the information reviewed and identified under paragraph
(2);
(ii) a summary of the activities of the Office
of Government Information Services under
paragraph (3), including—
(I) any advisory opinions issued; and
(II) the number of times each agency engaged in dispute resolution with the assistance of the Office of Government Information Services or the FOIA Public Liaison;
and
(iii) legislative and regulatory recommendations, if any, to improve the administration of
this section.
(B) The Director of the Office of Government
Information Services shall make each report
submitted under subparagraph (A) available for
public inspection in an electronic format.
(C) The Director of the Office of Government
Information Services shall not be required to obtain the prior approval, comment, or review of
any officer or agency of the United States, including the Department of Justice, the Archi-

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

vist of the United States, or the Office of Management and Budget before submitting to Congress, or any committee or subcommittee thereof, any reports, recommendations, testimony, or
comments, if such submissions include a statement indicating that the views expressed therein are those of the Director and do not necessarily represent the views of the President.
(5) The Director of the Office of Government
Information Services may directly submit additional information to Congress and the President as the Director determines to be appropriate.
(6) Not less frequently than annually, the Office of Government Information Services shall
conduct a meeting that is open to the public on
the review and reports by the Office and shall
allow interested persons to appear and present
oral or written statements at the meeting.
(i) The Government Accountability Office
shall conduct audits of administrative agencies
on the implementation of this section and issue
reports detailing the results of such audits.
(j)(1) Each agency shall designate a Chief
FOIA Officer who shall be a senior official of
such agency (at the Assistant Secretary or
equivalent level).
(2) The Chief FOIA Officer of each agency
shall, subject to the authority of the head of the
agency—
(A) have agency-wide responsibility for efficient and appropriate compliance with this
section;
(B) monitor implementation of this section
throughout the agency and keep the head of
the agency, the chief legal officer of the agency, and the Attorney General appropriately informed of the agency’s performance in implementing this section;
(C) recommend to the head of the agency
such adjustments to agency practices, policies, personnel, and funding as may be necessary to improve its implementation of this
section;
(D) review and report to the Attorney General, through the head of the agency, at such
times and in such formats as the Attorney
General may direct, on the agency’s performance in implementing this section;
(E) facilitate public understanding of the
purposes of the statutory exemptions of this
section by including concise descriptions of
the exemptions in both the agency’s handbook
issued under subsection (g), and the agency’s
annual report on this section, and by providing an overview, where appropriate, of certain general categories of agency records to
which those exemptions apply;
(F) offer training to agency staff regarding
their responsibilities under this section;
(G) serve as the primary agency liaison with
the Office of Government Information Services
and the Office of Information Policy; and
(H) designate 1 or more FOIA Public Liaisons.
(3) The Chief FOIA Officer of each agency shall
review, not less frequently than annually, all aspects of the administration of this section by
the agency to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section, including—
(A) agency regulations;

Page 106

(B) disclosure of records required under
paragraphs (2) and (8) of subsection (a);
(C) assessment of fees and determination of
eligibility for fee waivers;
(D) the timely processing of requests for information under this section;
(E) the use of exemptions under subsection
(b); and
(F) dispute resolution services with the assistance of the Office of Government Information Services or the FOIA Public Liaison.
(k)(1) There is established in the executive
branch the Chief FOIA Officers Council (referred
to in this subsection as the ‘‘Council’’).
(2) The Council shall be comprised of the following members:
(A) The Deputy Director for Management of
the Office of Management and Budget.
(B) The Director of the Office of Information
Policy at the Department of Justice.
(C) The Director of the Office of Government
Information Services.
(D) The Chief FOIA Officer of each agency.
(E) Any other officer or employee of the
United States as designated by the Co-Chairs.
(3) The Director of the Office of Information
Policy at the Department of Justice and the Director of the Office of Government Information
Services shall be the Co-Chairs of the Council.
(4) The Administrator of General Services
shall provide administrative and other support
for the Council.
(5)(A) The duties of the Council shall include
the following:
(i) Develop recommendations for increasing
compliance and efficiency under this section.
(ii) Disseminate information about agency
experiences, ideas, best practices, and innovative approaches related to this section.
(iii) Identify, develop, and coordinate initiatives to increase transparency and compliance
with this section.
(iv) Promote the development and use of
common performance measures for agency
compliance with this section.
(B) In performing the duties described in subparagraph (A), the Council shall consult on a
regular basis with members of the public who
make requests under this section.
(6)(A) The Council shall meet regularly and
such meetings shall be open to the public unless
the Council determines to close the meeting for
reasons of national security or to discuss information exempt under subsection (b).
(B) Not less frequently than annually, the
Council shall hold a meeting that shall be open
to the public and permit interested persons to
appear and present oral and written statements
to the Council.
(C) Not later than 10 business days before a
meeting of the Council, notice of such meeting
shall be published in the Federal Register.
(D) Except as provided in subsection (b), the
records, reports, transcripts, minutes, appendices, working papers, drafts, studies, agenda, or
other documents that were made available to or
prepared for or by the Council shall be made
publicly available.
(E) Detailed minutes of each meeting of the
Council shall be kept and shall contain a record

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

§ 552

of the persons present, a complete and accurate
description of matters discussed and conclusions
reached, and copies of all reports received,
issued, or approved by the Council. The minutes
shall be redacted as necessary and made publicly
available.
(l) FOIA Public Liaisons shall report to the
agency Chief FOIA Officer and shall serve as supervisory officials to whom a requester under
this section can raise concerns about the service
the requester has received from the FOIA Requester Center, following an initial response
from the FOIA Requester Center Staff. FOIA
Public Liaisons shall be responsible for assisting
in reducing delays, increasing transparency and
understanding of the status of requests, and assisting in the resolution of disputes.
(m)(1) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget, in consultation with the Attorney General, shall ensure the operation of a
consolidated online request portal that allows a
member of the public to submit a request for
records under subsection (a) to any agency from
a single website. The portal may include any additional tools the Director of the Office of Management and Budget finds will improve the implementation of this section.
(2) This subsection shall not be construed to
alter the power of any other agency to create or
maintain an independent online portal for the
submission of a request for records under this
section. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall establish standards for
interoperability between the portal required
under paragraph (1) and other request processing
software used by agencies subject to this section.

stituted for ‘‘officer’’ to retain the coverage of Public
Law 89–487 and to conform to the definitions in 5 U.S.C.
2101, 2104, and 2105.
In the last sentence of subsection (a)(2), the words ‘‘A
final order * * * may be relied on * * * only if’’ are substituted for ‘‘No final order * * * may be relied upon
* * * unless’’; and the words ‘‘a party other than an
agency’’ and ‘‘the party’’ are substituted for ‘‘a private
party’’ and ‘‘the private party’’, respectively, on authority of the definition of ‘‘private party’’ in 5 App.
U.S.C. 1002(g).
In subsection (a)(3), the words ‘‘the responsible employee, and in the case of a uniformed service, the responsible member’’ are substituted for ‘‘the responsible
officers’’ to retain the coverage of Public Law 89–487
and to conform to the definitions in 5 U.S.C. 2101, 2104,
and 2105.
In subsection (a)(4), the words ‘‘shall maintain and
make available for public inspection a record’’ are substituted for ‘‘shall keep a record * * * and that record
shall be available for public inspection’’.
In subsection (b)(5) and (7), the words ‘‘a party other
than an agency’’ are substituted for ‘‘a private party’’
on authority of the definition of ‘‘private party’’ in 5
App. U.S.C. 1002(g).
In subsection (c), the words ‘‘This section does not
authorize’’ and ‘‘This section is not authority’’ are substituted for ‘‘Nothing in this section authorizes’’ and
‘‘nor shall this section be authority’’, respectively.
5 App. U.S.C. 1002(g), defining ‘‘private party’’ to
mean a party other than an agency, is omitted since
the words ‘‘party other than an agency’’ are substituted for the words ‘‘private party’’ wherever they
appear in revised 5 U.S.C. 552.
5 App. U.S.C. 1002(h), prescribing the effective date, is
omitted as unnecessary. That effective date is prescribed by section 4 of this bill.

(Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 383; Pub. L.
90–23, § 1, June 5, 1967, 81 Stat. 54; Pub. L. 93–502,
§§ 1–3, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1561–1564; Pub. L.
94–409, § 5(b), Sept. 13, 1976, 90 Stat. 1247; Pub. L.
95–454, title IX, § 906(a)(10), Oct. 13, 1978, 92 Stat.
1225; Pub. L. 98–620, title IV, § 402(2), Nov. 8, 1984,
98 Stat. 3357; Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §§ 1802, 1803,
Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–48, 3207–49; Pub. L.
104–231, §§ 3–11, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3049–3054;
Pub. L. 107–306, title III, § 312, Nov. 27, 2002, 116
Stat. 2390; Pub. L. 110–175, §§ 3, 4(a), 5, 6(a)(1),
(b)(1), 7(a), 8–10(a), 12, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat.
2525–2530; Pub. L. 111–83, title V, § 564(b), Oct. 28,
2009, 123 Stat. 2184; Pub. L. 114–185, § 2, June 30,
2016, 130 Stat. 538.)

The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (a)(3)(E), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495,
which was formerly classified principally to chapter 15
(§ 401 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense,
prior to editorial reclassification in chapter 44 (§ 3001 et
seq.) of Title 50. Section 3 of the Act is now classified
to section 3003 of Title 50. For complete classification
of this Act to the Code, see Tables.
The date of enactment of the OPEN FOIA Act of 2009,
referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(B), is the date of enactment
of Pub. L. 111–83, which was approved Oct. 28, 2009.

HISTORICAL AND REVISION NOTES
1966 ACT
Derivation
..................

Revised Statutes and
Statutes at Large

U.S. Code
5 U.S.C. 1002.

June 11, 1946, ch. 324, § 3, 60
Stat. 238.

In subsection (b)(3), the words ‘‘formulated and’’ are
omitted as surplusage. In the last sentence of subsection (b), the words ‘‘in any manner’’ are omitted as
surplusage since the prohibition is all inclusive.
Standard changes are made to conform with the definitions applicable and the style of this title as outlined
in the preface to the report.
1967 ACT
Section 1 [of Pub. L. 90–23] amends section 552 of title
5, United States Code, to reflect Public Law 89–487.
In subsection (a)(1)(A), the words ‘‘employees (and in
the case of a uniformed service, the member)’’ are sub-

Editorial Notes
REFERENCES IN TEXT

CODIFICATION
Section 552 of former Title 5, Executive Departments
and Government Officers and Employees, was transferred to section 2243 of Title 7, Agriculture.
AMENDMENTS
2016—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(A)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted ‘‘for public inspection in an electronic format’’ for ‘‘for public inspection
and copying’’.
Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(A)(iii), in concluding provisions,
substituted ‘‘public inspection in an electronic format
current’’ for ‘‘public inspection and copying current’’.
Subsec. (a)(2)(D). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(A)(ii), added
subpar. (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which
read as follows: ‘‘copies of all records, regardless of
form or format, which have been released to any person
under paragraph (3) and which, because of the nature of
their subject matter, the agency determines have become or are likely to become the subject of subsequent
requests for substantially the same records; and’’.
Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(viii). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(B), added
cl. (viii) and struck out former cl. (viii) which read as
follows: ‘‘An agency shall not assess search fees (or in
the case of a requester described under clause (ii)(II),
duplication fees) under this subparagraph if the agency

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

fails to comply with any time limit under paragraph
(6), if no unusual or exceptional circumstances (as
those terms are defined for purposes of paragraphs
(6)(B) and (C), respectively) apply to the processing of
the request.’’
Subsec. (a)(6)(A)(i). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(C)(i), substituted ‘‘making such request of—’’ for ‘‘making such
request of such determination and the reasons therefor,
and of the right of such person to appeal to the head of
the agency any adverse determination; and’’ and added
subcls. (I) to (III).
Subsec. (a)(6)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(C)(ii), substituted ‘‘the agency, and notify the requester of the
right of the requester to seek dispute resolution services from the Office of Government Information Services.’’ for ‘‘the agency.’’
Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(1)(D), added par. (8).
Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(2), amended par. (5)
generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows:
‘‘inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters
which would not be available by law to a party other
than an agency in litigation with the agency;’’.
Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(3)(A)(i), in introductory provisions, inserted ‘‘and to the Director of the Office of Government Information Services’’ after
‘‘United States’’.
Subsec. (e)(1)(P), (Q). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(3)(A)(ii)–(iv),
added subpars. (P) and (Q).
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(3)(B), added par. (3)
and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows:
‘‘Each agency shall make each such report available to
the public including by computer telecommunications,
or if computer telecommunications means have not
been established by the agency, by other electronic
means. In addition, each agency shall make the raw
statistical data used in its reports available electronically to the public upon request.’’
Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(3)(C), substituted
‘‘Oversight and Government Reform’’ for ‘‘Government
Reform and Oversight’’ and ‘‘March’’ for ‘‘April’’ and
inserted ‘‘Homeland Security and’’ before ‘‘Governmental Affairs’’.
Subsec. (e)(6). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(3)(D), added par. (6)
and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows:
‘‘The Attorney General of the United States shall submit an annual report on or before April 1 of each calendar year which shall include for the prior calendar
year a listing of the number of cases arising under this
section, the exemption involved in each case, the disposition of such case, and the cost, fees, and penalties
assessed under subparagraphs (E), (F), and (G) of subsection (a)(4). Such report shall also include a description of the efforts undertaken by the Department of
Justice to encourage agency compliance with this section.’’
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(4), in introductory provisions, substituted ‘‘available for public inspection in
an electronic format’’ for ‘‘publicly available upon request’’.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(5)(A), inserted at
end ‘‘The head of the Office shall be the Director of the
Office of Government Information Services.’’
Subsec. (h)(2)(C). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(5)(B), added subpar. (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as
follows: ‘‘recommend policy changes to Congress and
the President to improve the administration of this
section.’’
Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(5)(C), added par. (3)
and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows:
‘‘The Office of Government Information Services shall
offer mediation services to resolve disputes between
persons making requests under this section and administrative agencies as a non-exclusive alternative to litigation and, at the discretion of the Office, may issue
advisory opinions if mediation has not resolved the dispute.’’
Subsec. (h)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(5)(D), added
pars. (4) to (6).
Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(6), added subsec. (j) and
struck out former subsec. (j) which read as follows:

Page 108

‘‘Each agency shall designate a Chief FOIA Officer who
shall be a senior official of such agency (at the Assistant Secretary or equivalent level).’’
Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(6), added subsec. (k)
and struck out former subsec. (k) which related to authority and responsibilities of the Chief FOIA Officer.
Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 114–185, § 2(7), added subsec. (m).
2009—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 111–83 added par. (3) and
struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: ‘‘specifically exempted from disclosure by statute (other
than section 552b of this title), provided that such statute (A) requires that the matters be withheld from the
public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the
issue, or (B) establishes particular criteria for withholding or refers to particular types of matters to be
withheld;’’.
2007—Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–175, § 3, inserted
concluding provisions.
Subsec. (a)(4)(A)(viii). Pub. L. 110–175, § 6(b)(1)(A),
added cl. (viii).
Subsec. (a)(4)(E). Pub. L. 110–175, § 4(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cl. (ii).
Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 110–175, § 5, designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cls. (ii) and (iii).
Subsec. (a)(6)(A). Pub. L. 110–175, § 6(a)(1), inserted
concluding provisions.
Subsec. (a)(6)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 110–175, § 6(b)(1)(B), inserted after the first sentence ‘‘To aid the requester,
each agency shall make available its FOIA Public Liaison, who shall assist in the resolution of any disputes
between the requester and the agency.’’
Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 110–175, § 7(a), added par. (7).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–175, § 12, in concluding provisions, inserted ‘‘, and the exemption under which the
deletion is made,’’ after ‘‘The amount of information
deleted’’ in second sentence and after ‘‘the amount of
the information deleted’’ in third sentence.
Subsec. (e)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(a)(1), inserted
‘‘the number of occasions on which each statute was relied upon,’’ after ‘‘subsection (b)(3),’’.
Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(a)(2), inserted
‘‘and average’’ after ‘‘median’’.
Subsec. (e)(1)(E). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(a)(3), inserted before semicolon ‘‘, based on the date on which the requests were received by the agency’’.
Subsec. (e)(1)(F) to (O). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(a)(4), (5),
added subpars. (F) to (M) and redesignated former subpars. (F) and (G) as (N) and (O), respectively.
Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(b)(2), added par. (2).
Former par. (2) redesignated (3).
Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(b)(1), (c), redesignated par. (2) as (3) and inserted at end ‘‘In addition,
each agency shall make the raw statistical data used in
its reports available electronically to the public upon
request.’’ Former par. (3) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (e)(4) to (6). Pub. L. 110–175, § 8(b)(1), redesignated pars. (3) to (5) as (4) to (6), respectively.
Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 110–175, § 9, added par. (2) and
struck out former par. (2) which read as follows:
‘‘ ‘record’ and any other term used in this section in
reference to information includes any information that
would be an agency record subject to the requirements
of this section when maintained by an agency in any
format, including an electronic format.’’
Subsecs. (h) to (l). Pub. L. 110–175, § 10(a), added subsecs. (h) to (l).
2002—Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 107–306, § 312(1), inserted ‘‘and except as provided in subparagraph (E),’’
after ‘‘of this subsection,’’.
Subsec. (a)(3)(E). Pub. L. 107–306, § 312(2), added subpar. (E).
1996—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(4), (5), in first
sentence struck out ‘‘and’’ at end of subpar. (B) and inserted subpars. (D) and (E).
Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(7), inserted after first sentence
‘‘For records created on or after November 1, 1996, within one year after such date, each agency shall make
such records available, including by computer telecommunications or, if computer telecommunications
means have not been established by the agency, by
other electronic means.’’

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Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(1), in second sentence substituted
‘‘staff manual, instruction, or copies of records referred
to in subparagraph (D)’’ for ‘‘or staff manual or instruction’’.
Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(2), inserted before period at end of
third sentence ‘‘, and the extent of such deletion shall
be indicated on the portion of the record which is made
available or published, unless including that indication
would harm an interest protected by the exemption in
subsection (b) under which the deletion is made’’.
Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(3), inserted after third sentence ‘‘If
technically feasible, the extent of the deletion shall be
indicated at the place in the record where the deletion
was made.’’
Pub. L. 104–231, § 4(6), which directed the insertion of
the following new sentence after the fifth sentence
‘‘Each agency shall make the index referred to in subparagraph (E) available by computer telecommunications by December 31, 1999.’’, was executed by making
the insertion after the sixth sentence, to reflect the
probable intent of Congress and the addition of a new
sentence by section 4(3) of Pub. L. 104–231.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–231, § 5, inserted subpar. (A)
designation after ‘‘(3)’’, redesignated subpars. (A) and
(B) as cls. (i) and (ii), respectively, and added subpars.
(B) to (D).
Subsec. (a)(4)(B). Pub. L. 104–231, § 6, inserted at end
‘‘In addition to any other matters to which a court accords substantial weight, a court shall accord substantial weight to an affidavit of an agency concerning the
agency’s determination as to technical feasibility
under paragraph (2)(C) and subsection (b) and reproducibility under paragraph (3)(B).’’
Subsec. (a)(6)(A)(i). Pub. L. 104–231, § 8(b), substituted
‘‘20 days’’ for ‘‘ten days’’.
Subsec. (a)(6)(B). Pub. L. 104–231, § 7(b), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B)
read as follows: ‘‘In unusual circumstances as specified
in this subparagraph, the time limits prescribed in either clause (i) or clause (ii) of subparagraph (A) may be
extended by written notice to the person making such
request setting forth the reasons for such extension and
the date on which a determination is expected to be
dispatched. No such notice shall specify a date that
would result in an extension for more than ten working
days. As used in this subparagraph, ‘unusual circumstances’ means, but only to the extent reasonably
necessary to the proper processing of the particular request—
‘‘(i) the need to search for and collect the requested
records from field facilities or other establishments
that are separate from the office processing the request;
‘‘(ii) the need to search for, collect, and appropriately examine a voluminous amount of separate
and distinct records which are demanded in a single
request; or
‘‘(iii) the need for consultation, which shall be conducted with all practicable speed, with another agency having a substantial interest in the determination
of the request or among two or more components of
the agency having substantial subject-matter interest therein.’’
Subsec. (a)(6)(C). Pub. L. 104–231, § 7(c), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and added cls. (ii) and (iii).
Subsec. (a)(6)(D). Pub. L. 104–231, § 7(a), added subpar.
(D).
Subsec. (a)(6)(E), (F). Pub. L. 104–231, § 8(a), (c), added
subpars. (E) and (F).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–231, § 9, inserted at end of closing provisions ‘‘The amount of information deleted
shall be indicated on the released portion of the record,
unless including that indication would harm an interest protected by the exemption in this subsection under
which the deletion is made. If technically feasible, the
amount of the information deleted shall be indicated at
the place in the record where such deletion is made.’’
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–231, § 10, amended subsec. (e)
generally, revising and restating provisions relating to
reports to Congress.

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Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–231, § 3, amended subsec. (f)
generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows: ‘‘For purposes of this section, the term ‘agency’
as defined in section 551(1) of this title includes any executive department, military department, Government
corporation, Government controlled corporation, or
other establishment in the executive branch of the
Government (including the Executive Office of the
President), or any independent regulatory agency.’’
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 104–231, § 11, added subsec. (g).
1986—Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1803, amended
subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (A)
read as follows: ‘‘In order to carry out the provisions of
this section, each agency shall promulgate regulations,
pursuant to notice and receipt of public comment,
specifying a uniform schedule of fees applicable to all
constituent units of such agency. Such fees shall be
limited to reasonable standard charges for document
search and duplication and provide for recovery of only
the direct costs of such search and duplication. Documents shall be furnished without charge or at a reduced
charge where the agency determines that waiver or reduction of the fee is in the public interest because furnishing the information can be considered as primarily
benefiting the general public.’’
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1802(a), amended par.
(7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) read as follows: ‘‘investigatory records compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such records would (A) interfere with enforcement proceedings, (B) deprive a person of a right to a
fair trial or an impartial adjudication, (C) constitute
an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, (D) disclose the identity of a confidential source and, in the
case of a record compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation, or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, confidential information furnished only by the confidential source, (E) disclose investigative techniques and procedures, or (F)
endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement
personnel;’’.
Subsecs. (c) to (f). Pub. L. 99–570, § 1802(b), added subsec. (c) and redesignated former subsecs. (c) to (e) as (d)
to (f), respectively.
1984—Subsec. (a)(4)(D). Pub. L. 98–620 repealed subpar.
(D) which provided for precedence on the docket and
expeditious disposition of district court proceedings authorized by subsec. (a).
1978—Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 95–454 substituted references to the Special Counsel for references to the
Civil Service Commission wherever appearing and reference to his findings for reference to its findings.
1976—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 94–409 inserted provision
excluding section 552b of this title from applicability of
exemption from disclosure and provision setting forth
conditions for statute specifically exempting disclosure.
1974—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 93–502, § 1(a), substituted
provisions relating to maintenance and availability of
current indexes, for provisions relating to maintenance
and availability of a current index, and inserted provisions relating to publication and distribution of copies
of indexes or supplements thereto.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 93–502, § 1(b)(1), substituted provisions requiring requests to reasonably describe
records for provisions requiring requests, for identifiable records, and struck out provisions setting forth
procedures to enjoin agencies from withholding the requested records and ordering their production.
Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 93–502, § 1(b)(2), added par.
(4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 93–502, § 1(c), added par. (6).
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 93–502, § 2(a), designated existing provisions as cl. (A), substituted ‘‘authorized under
criteria established by an’’ for ‘‘required by’’, and
added cl. (B).
Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 93–502, § 2(b), substituted provisions relating to exemption for investigatory records
compiled for law enforcement purposes, for provisions

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relating to exemption for investigatory files compiled
for law enforcement purposes.
Subsec. (b), foll. par. (9). Pub. L. 93–502, § 2(c), inserted
provision relating to availability of segregable portion
of records.
Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 93–502, § 3, added subsecs. (d)
and (e).
1967—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–23 substituted introductory statement requiring every agency to make available to the public certain information for former introductory provision excepting from disclosure (1) any
function of the United States requiring secrecy in the
public interest or (2) any matter relating to internal
management of an agency, covered in subsec. (b)(1) and
(2) of this section.
Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 90–23 incorporated provisions
of: former subsec. (b)(1) in (A), inserting requirement of
publication of names of officers as sources of information and provision for public to obtain decisions, and
striking out publication requirement for delegations by
the agency of final authority; former subsec. (b)(2), introductory part, in (B); former subsec. (b)(2), concluding part, in (C), inserting publication requirement
for rules of procedure and descriptions of forms available or the places at which forms may be obtained;
former subsec. (b)(3), introductory part, in (D), inserting requirement of general applicability of substantive
rules and interpretations, added clause (E), substituted
exemption of any person from failure to resort to any
matter or from being adversely affected by any matter
required to be published in the Federal Register but not
so published for former subsec. (b)(3), concluding part,
excepting from publication rules addressed to and
served upon named persons in accordance with laws and
final sentence reading ‘‘A person may not be required
to resort to organization or procedure not so published’’ and inserted provision deeming matter, which
is reasonably available, as published in the Federal
Register when such matter is incorporated by reference
in the Federal Register with the approval of its Director.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 90–23 incorporated provisions of
former subsec. (c), provided for public copying of
records, struck out requirement of agency publication
of final opinions or orders and authority for secrecy
and withholding of opinions and orders required for
good cause to be held confidential and not cited as
precedents, latter provision now superseded by subsec.
(b) of this section, designated existing subsec. (c) as
clause (A), including provision for availability of concurring and dissenting opinions, inserted provisions for
availability of policy statements and interpretations in
clause (B) and staff manuals and instructions in clause
(C), deletion of personal identifications from records to
protect personal privacy with written justification
therefor, and provision for indexing and prohibition of
use of records not indexed against any private party
without actual and timely notice of the terms thereof.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 90–23 incorporated provisions of
former subsec. (d) and substituted provisions requiring
identifiable agency records to be made available to any
person upon request and compliance with rules as to
time, place, and procedure for inspection, and payment
of fees and provisions for Federal district court proceedings de novo for enforcement by contempt of noncompliance with court’s orders with the burden on the
agency and docket precedence for such proceedings for
former provisions requiring matters of official record
to be made available to persons properly and directly
concerned except information held confidential for
good cause shown, the latter provision superseded by
subsec. (b) of this section.
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 90–23 added par. (4).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–23 added subsec. (b) which superseded provisions excepting from disclosure any function of the United States requiring secrecy in the public interest or any matter relating to internal management of an agency, formerly contained in former subsec. (a), final opinions or orders required for good cause
to be held confidential and not cited as precedents, for-

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merly contained in subsec. (c), and information held
confidential for good cause found, contained in former
subsec. (d) of this section.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90–23 added subsec. (c).
Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries
CHANGE OF NAME
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of
House of Representatives changed to Committee on
Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives by
House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2016 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 114–185, § 6, June 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 544, provided that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section and section 3102 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents,
and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 101 of this title], and the amendments
made by this Act, shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [June 30, 2016] and shall apply to any
request for records under section 552 of title 5, United
States Code, made after the date of enactment of this
Act.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2007 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 110–175, § 6(a)(2), Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2526,
provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect 1 year
after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2007].’’
Pub. L. 110–175, § 6(b)(2), Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2526,
provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect 1 year
after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2007]
and apply to requests for information under section 552
of title 5, United States Code, filed on or after that effective date.’’
Pub. L. 110–175, § 7(b), Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2527, provided that: ‘‘The amendment made by this section
[amending this section] shall take effect 1 year after
the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2007] and
apply to requests for information under section 552 of
title 5, United States Code, filed on or after that effective date.’’
Pub. L. 110–175, § 10(b), Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2530, provided that: ‘‘The amendments made by this section
[amending this section] shall take effect on the date of
enactment of this Act [Dec. 31, 2007].’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 104–231, § 12, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3054, provided that:
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in subsection
(b), this Act [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes below] shall take effect 180 days
after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 2,
1996].
‘‘(b) PROVISIONS EFFECTIVE ON ENACTMENT [sic].—Sections 7 and 8 [amending this section] shall take effect
one year after the date of the enactment of this Act
[Oct. 2, 1996].’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1804, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat.
3207–50, provided that:
‘‘(a) The amendments made by section 1802 [amending
this section] shall be effective on the date of enactment
of this Act [Oct. 27, 1986], and shall apply with respect
to any requests for records, whether or not the request
was made prior to such date, and shall apply to any
civil action pending on such date.
‘‘(b)(1) The amendments made by section 1803 [amending this section] shall be effective 180 days after the
date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 27, 1986], except that
regulations to implement such amendments shall be
promulgated by such 180th day.
‘‘(2) The amendments made by section 1803 [amending
this section] shall apply with respect to any requests

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for records, whether or not the request was made prior
to such date, and shall apply to any civil action pending on such date, except that review charges applicable
to records requested for commercial use shall not be
applied by an agency to requests made before the effective date specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection or
before the agency has finally issued its regulations.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–620 not applicable to cases
pending on Nov. 8, 1984, see section 403 of Pub. L. 98–620,
set out as an Effective Date note under section 1657 of
Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1978 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 95–454 effective 90 days after
Oct. 13, 1978, see section 907 of Pub. L. 95–454, set out as
a note under section 1101 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1976 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 94–409 effective 180 days after
Sept. 13, 1976, see section 6 of Pub. L. 94–409, set out as
an Effective Date note under section 552b of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1974 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 93–502, § 4, Nov. 21, 1974, 88 Stat. 1564, provided
that: ‘‘The amendments made by this Act [amending
this section] shall take effect on the ninetieth day beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov.
21, 1974].’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1967 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 90–23, § 4, June 5, 1967, 81 Stat. 56, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section] shall be effective July 4, 1967, or on the date of enactment [June 5,
1967], whichever is later.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 104–231, § 1, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3048, provided
that: ‘‘This Act [amending this section and enacting
provisions set out as notes under this section] may be
cited as the ‘Electronic Freedom of Information Act
Amendments of 1996’.’’
SHORT TITLE OF 1986 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 99–570, title I, § 1801, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat.
3207–48, provided that: ‘‘This subtitle [subtitle N
(§§ 1801–1804) of title I of Pub. L. 99–570, amending this
section and enacting provisions set out as a note under
this section] may be cited as the ‘Freedom of Information Reform Act of 1986’.’’
SHORT TITLE
This section is popularly known as the ‘‘Freedom of
Information Act’’.
REVIEW AND ISSUANCE OF REGULATIONS
Pub. L. 114–185, § 3, June 30, 2016, 130 Stat. 544, provided that:
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days after the
date of enactment of this Act [June 30, 2016], the head
of each agency (as defined in section 551 of title 5,
United States Code) shall review the regulations of
such agency and shall issue regulations on procedures
for the disclosure of records under section 552 of title 5,
United States Code, in accordance with the amendments made by section 2 [amending this section].
‘‘(b) REQUIREMENTS.—The regulations of each agency
shall include procedures for engaging in dispute resolution through the FOIA Public Liaison and the Office of
Government Information Services.’’
TREATMENT OF INFORMATION IN CATCH A SERIAL
OFFENDER PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES
Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title V, § 550, Dec. 20, 2019, 133
Stat. 1379, provided that:
‘‘(a) TREATMENT UNDER FOIA.—Victim disclosures
under the Catch a Serial Offender Program shall be

§ 552

withheld from public disclosure under paragraph (b)(3)
of section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly
referred to as the ‘Freedom of Information Act’).
‘‘(b) PRESERVATION OF RESTRICTED REPORT.—The
transmittal or receipt in connection with the Catch a
Serial Offender Program of a report on a sexual assault
that is treated as a restricted report shall not operate
to terminate its treatment or status as a restricted report.’’
PROTECTED NATIONAL SECURITY DOCUMENTS
Pub. L. 111–83, title V, § 565, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat.
2184, provided that:
‘‘(a) SHORT TITLE.—This section may be cited as the
‘Protected National Security Documents Act of 2009’.
‘‘(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of the law
to the contrary, no protected document, as defined in
subsection (c), shall be subject to disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code[,] or any proceeding under that section.
‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:
‘‘(1) PROTECTED DOCUMENT.—The term ‘protected
document’ means any record—
‘‘(A) for which the Secretary of Defense has
issued a certification, as described in subsection
(d), stating that disclosure of that record would endanger citizens of the United States, members of
the United States Armed Forces, or employees of
the United States Government deployed outside the
United States; and
‘‘(B) that is a photograph that—
‘‘(i) was taken during the period beginning on
September 11, 2001, through January 22, 2009; and
‘‘(ii) relates to the treatment of individuals engaged, captured, or detained after September 11,
2001, by the Armed Forces of the United States in
operations outside of the United States.
‘‘(2) PHOTOGRAPH.—The term ‘photograph’ encompasses all photographic images, whether originals or
copies, including still photographs, negatives, digital
images, films, video tapes, and motion pictures.
‘‘(d) CERTIFICATION.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—For any photograph described
under subsection (c)(1), the Secretary of Defense shall
issue a certification if the Secretary of Defense determines that disclosure of that photograph would endanger citizens of the United States, members of the
United States Armed Forces, or employees of the
United States Government deployed outside the
United States.
‘‘(2) CERTIFICATION EXPIRATION.—A certification and
a renewal of a certification issued pursuant to subsection (d)(3) shall expire 3 years after the date on
which the certification or renewal, [sic] is issued by
the Secretary of Defense.
‘‘(3) CERTIFICATION RENEWAL.—The Secretary of Defense may issue—
‘‘(A) a renewal of a certification at any time; and
‘‘(B) more than 1 renewal of a certification.
‘‘(4) NOTICE TO CONGRESS.—The Secretary of Defense
shall provide Congress a timely notice of the Secretary’s issuance of a certification and of a renewal of
a certification.
‘‘(e) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this section
shall be construed to preclude the voluntary disclosure
of a protected document.
‘‘(f) EFFECTIVE DATE.—This section shall take effect
on the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 28, 2009] and
apply to any protected document.’’
FINDINGS
Pub. L. 110–175, § 2, Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2524, provided that: ‘‘Congress finds that—
‘‘(1) the Freedom of Information Act [probably
means Pub. L. 89–487 which amended section 1002 of
former Title 5, Executive Departments and Government Officers and Employees, see Historical and Revision notes above] was signed into law on July 4,
1966, because the American people believe that—

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‘‘(A) our constitutional democracy, our system of
self-government, and our commitment to popular
sovereignty depends upon the consent of the governed;
‘‘(B) such consent is not meaningful unless it is
informed consent; and
‘‘(C) as Justice Black noted in his concurring
opinion in Barr v. Matteo (360 U.S. 564 (1959)), ‘The
effective functioning of a free government like ours
depends largely on the force of an informed public
opinion. This calls for the widest possible understanding of the quality of government service rendered by all elective or appointed public officials or
employees.’;
‘‘(2) the American people firmly believe that our
system of government must itself be governed by a
presumption of openness;
‘‘(3) the Freedom of Information Act establishes a
‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure’ as noted
by the United States Supreme Court in United States
Department of State v. Ray (502 U.S. 164 (1991)), a presumption that applies to all agencies governed by
that Act;
‘‘(4) ‘disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act,’ as noted by the United States Supreme Court in Department of Air Force v. Rose (425
U.S. 352 (1976));
‘‘(5) in practice, the Freedom of Information Act
has not always lived up to the ideals of that Act; and
‘‘(6) Congress should regularly review section 552 of
title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as
the Freedom of Information Act), in order to determine whether further changes and improvements are
necessary to ensure that the Government remains
open and accessible to the American people and is always based not upon the ‘need to know’ but upon the
fundamental ‘right to know’.’’
LIMITATION ON AMOUNTS OBLIGATED OR EXPENDED
FROM CLAIMS AND JUDGMENT FUND
Pub. L. 110–175, § 4(b), Dec. 31, 2007, 121 Stat. 2525, provided that: ‘‘Notwithstanding section 1304 of title 31,
United States Code, no amounts may be obligated or
expended from the Claims and Judgment Fund of the
United States Treasury to pay the costs resulting from
fees assessed under section 552(a)(4)(E) of title 5, United
States Code. Any such amounts shall be paid only from
funds annually appropriated for any authorized purpose
for the Federal agency against which a claim or judgment has been rendered.’’
NONDISCLOSURE OF CERTAIN PRODUCTS OF COMMERCIAL
SATELLITE OPERATIONS
Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title IX, § 914, Oct. 28, 2004, 118
Stat. 2029, provided that:
‘‘(a) MANDATORY DISCLOSURE REQUIREMENTS INAPPLICABLE.—The requirements to make information available under section 552 of title 5, United States Code,
shall not apply to land remote sensing information.
‘‘(b) LAND REMOTE SENSING INFORMATION DEFINED.—In
this section, the term ‘land remote sensing information’—
‘‘(1) means any data that—
‘‘(A) are collected by land remote sensing; and
‘‘(B) are prohibited from sale to customers other
than the United States Government and United
States Government-approved customers for reasons
of national security pursuant to the terms of an operating license issued pursuant to the Land Remote
Sensing Policy Act of 1992 ([former] 15 U.S.C. 5601 et
seq.) [now 51 U.S.C. 60101 et seq.]; and
‘‘(2) includes any imagery and other product that is
derived from such data and which is prohibited from
sale to customers other than the United States Government and United States Government-approved
customers for reasons of national security pursuant
to the terms of an operating license described in
paragraph (1)(B).
‘‘(c) STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT DISCLOSURES.—
Land remote sensing information provided by the head

Page 112

of a department or agency of the United States to a
State, local, or tribal government may not be made
available to the general public under any State, local,
or tribal law relating to the disclosure of information
or records.
‘‘(d) SAFEGUARDING INFORMATION.—The head of each
department or agency of the United States having land
remote sensing information within that department or
agency or providing such information to a State, local,
or tribal government shall take such actions, commensurate with the sensitivity of that information, as are
necessary to protect that information from disclosure
other than in accordance with this section and other
applicable law.
‘‘(e) ADDITIONAL DEFINITION.—In this section, the
term ‘land remote sensing’ has the meaning given such
term in section 3 of the Land Remote Sensing Policy
Act of 1992 ([former] 15 U.S.C. 5602) [now 51 U.S.C.
60101].
‘‘(f) DISCLOSURE TO CONGRESS.—Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the withholding of
information from the appropriate committees of Congress.’’
DISCLOSURE OF ARSON, EXPLOSIVE, OR FIREARM
RECORDS
Pub. L. 108–7, div. J, title VI, § 644, Feb. 20, 2003, 117
Stat. 473, provided that: ‘‘No funds appropriated under
this Act or any other Act with respect to any fiscal
year shall be available to take any action based upon
any provision of 5 U.S.C. 552 with respect to records
collected or maintained pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 846(b),
923(g)(3) or 923(g)(7), or provided by Federal, State,
local, or foreign law enforcement agencies in connection with arson or explosives incidents or the tracing of
a firearm, except that such records may continue to be
disclosed to the extent and in the manner that records
so collected, maintained, or obtained have been disclosed under 5 U.S.C. 552 prior to the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 20, 2003].’’
DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION ON JAPANESE IMPERIAL
GOVERNMENT
Pub. L. 106–567, title VIII, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 2864,
as amended by Pub. L. 108–199, div. H, § 163, Jan. 23, 2004,
118 Stat. 452; Pub. L. 109–5, § 1, Mar. 25, 2005, 119 Stat. 19,
provided that:
‘‘SEC. 801. SHORT TITLE.
‘‘This title may be cited as the ‘Japanese Imperial
Government Disclosure Act of 2000’.
‘‘SEC. 802. DESIGNATION.
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section:
‘‘(1) AGENCY.—The term ‘agency’ has the meaning
given such term under section 551 of title 5, United
States Code.
‘‘(2) INTERAGENCY GROUP.—The term ‘Interagency
Group’ means the Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working
Group established under subsection (b).
‘‘(3) JAPANESE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS.—The
term ‘Japanese Imperial Government records’ means
classified records or portions of records that pertain
to any person with respect to whom the United
States Government, in its sole discretion, has
grounds to believe ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the experimentation on, and persecution of, any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political opinion, during the period
beginning September 18, 1931, and ending on December 31, 1948, under the direction of, or in association
with—
‘‘(A) the Japanese Imperial Government;
‘‘(B) any government in any area occupied by the
military forces of the Japanese Imperial Government;
‘‘(C) any government established with the assistance or cooperation of the Japanese Imperial Government; or

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

‘‘(D) any government which was an ally of the
Japanese Imperial Government.
‘‘(4) RECORD.—The term ‘record’ means a Japanese
Imperial Government record.
‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERAGENCY GROUP.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2000], the
President shall designate the Working Group established under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act
(Public Law 105–246; 5 U.S.C. 552 note) to also carry
out the purposes of this title with respect to Japanese Imperial Government records, and that Working
Group shall remain in existence for 6 years after the
date on which this title takes effect. Such Working
Group is redesignated as the ‘Nazi War Crimes and
Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency
Working Group’.
‘‘(2) MEMBERSHIP.—[Amended Pub. L. 105–246, set
out as a note below.]
‘‘(c) FUNCTIONS.—Not later than 1 year after the date
of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2000], the Interagency Group shall, to the greatest extent possible consistent with section 803—
‘‘(1) locate, identify, inventory, recommend for declassification, and make available to the public at
the National Archives and Records Administration,
all classified Japanese Imperial Government records
of the United States;
‘‘(2) coordinate with agencies and take such actions
as necessary to expedite the release of such records to
the public; and
‘‘(3) submit a report to Congress, including the
Committee on Government Reform [now Committee
on Oversight and Reform] and the Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on the Judiciary and the
Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate, describing all such records, the disposition of such
records, and the activities of the Interagency Group
and agencies under this section.
‘‘(d) FUNDING.—There is authorized to be appropriated
such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this title.
‘‘SEC. 803. REQUIREMENT OF DISCLOSURE OF
RECORDS.
‘‘(a) RELEASE OF RECORDS.—Subject to subsections
(b), (c), and (d), the Japanese Imperial Government
Records Interagency Working Group shall release in
their entirety Japanese Imperial Government records.
‘‘(b) EXEMPTIONS.—An agency head may exempt from
release under subsection (a) specific information, that
would—
‘‘(1) constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal
privacy;
‘‘(2) reveal the identity of a confidential human
source, or reveal information about an intelligence
source or method when the unauthorized disclosure of
that source or method would damage the national security interests of the United States;
‘‘(3) reveal information that would assist in the development or use of weapons of mass destruction;
‘‘(4) reveal information that would impair United
States cryptologic systems or activities;
‘‘(5) reveal information that would impair the application of state-of-the-art technology within a
United States weapon system;
‘‘(6) reveal United States military war plans that
remain in effect;
‘‘(7) reveal information that would impair relations
between the United States and a foreign government,
or undermine ongoing diplomatic activities of the
United States;
‘‘(8) reveal information that would impair the current ability of United States Government officials to
protect the President, Vice President, and other officials for whom protection services are authorized in
the interest of national security;
‘‘(9) reveal information that would impair current
national security emergency preparedness plans; or

§ 552

‘‘(10) violate a treaty or other international agreement.
‘‘(c) APPLICATIONS OF EXEMPTIONS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In applying the exemptions provided in paragraphs (2) through (10) of subsection (b),
there shall be a presumption that the public interest
will be served by disclosure and release of the records
of the Japanese Imperial Government. The exemption
may be asserted only when the head of the agency
that maintains the records determines that disclosure and release would be harmful to a specific interest identified in the exemption. An agency head who
makes such a determination shall promptly report it
to the committees of Congress with appropriate jurisdiction, including the Committee on the Judiciary
and the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform [now
Committee on Oversight and Reform] and the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House
of Representatives.
‘‘(2) APPLICATION OF TITLE 5.—A determination by
an agency head to apply an exemption provided in
paragraphs (2) through (9) of subsection (b) shall be
subject to the same standard of review that applies in
the case of records withheld under section 552(b)(1) of
title 5, United States Code.
‘‘(d) RECORDS RELATED TO INVESTIGATIONS OR PROSECUTIONS.—This section shall not apply to records—
‘‘(1) related to or supporting any active or inactive
investigation, inquiry, or prosecution by the Office of
Special Investigations of the Department of Justice;
or
‘‘(2) solely in the possession, custody, or control of
the Office of Special Investigations.
‘‘SEC. 804. EXPEDITED PROCESSING OF REQUESTS
FOR
JAPANESE
IMPERIAL
GOVERNMENT
RECORDS.
‘‘For purposes of expedited processing under section
552(a)(6)(E) of title 5, United States Code, any person
who was persecuted in the manner described in section
802(a)(3) and who requests a Japanese Imperial Government record shall be deemed to have a compelling need
for such record.
‘‘SEC. 805. EFFECTIVE DATE.
‘‘The provisions of this title shall take effect on the
date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of
this Act [Dec. 27, 2000].’’
NAZI WAR CRIMES DISCLOSURE
Pub. L. 105–246, Oct. 8, 1998, 112 Stat. 1859, as amended
by Pub. L. 106–567, § 802(b)(2), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 2865,
provided that:
‘‘SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
‘‘This Act may be cited as the ‘Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act’.
‘‘SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF NAZI WAR CRIMINAL
RECORDS INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP.
‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section the term—
‘‘(1) ‘agency’ has the meaning given such term
under section 551 of title 5, United States Code;
‘‘(2) ‘Interagency Group’ means the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group [redesignated Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group, see
section 802(b)(1) of Pub. L. 106–567, set out above] established under subsection (b);
‘‘(3) ‘Nazi war criminal records’ has the meaning
given such term under section 3 of this Act; and
‘‘(4) ‘record’ means a Nazi war criminal record.
‘‘(b) ESTABLISHMENT OF INTERAGENCY GROUP.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 60 days after the
date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 8, 1998], the President shall establish the Nazi War Criminal Records
Interagency Working Group, which shall remain in
existence for 3 years after the date the Interagency
Group is established.
‘‘(2) MEMBERSHIP.—The President shall appoint to
the Interagency Group individuals whom the Presi-

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

dent determines will most completely and effectively
carry out the functions of the Interagency Group
within the time limitations provided in this section,
including the Director of the Holocaust Museum, the
Historian of the Department of State, the Archivist
of the United States, the head of any other agency
the President considers appropriate, and no more
than 4 other persons who shall be members of the
public, of whom 3 shall be persons appointed under
the provisions of this Act in effect on October 8,
1998..[sic] The head of an agency appointed by the
President may designate an appropriate officer to
serve on the Interagency Group in lieu of the head of
such agency.
‘‘(3) INITIAL MEETING.—Not later than 90 days after
the date of enactment of this Act, the Interagency
Group shall hold an initial meeting and begin the
functions required under this section.
‘‘(c) FUNCTIONS.—Not later than 1 year after the date
of enactment of this Act [Oct. 8, 1998], the Interagency
Group shall, to the greatest extent possible consistent
with section 3 of this Act—
‘‘(1) locate, identify, inventory, recommend for declassification, and make available to the public at
the National Archives and Records Administration,
all classified Nazi war criminal records of the United
States;
‘‘(2) coordinate with agencies and take such actions
as necessary to expedite the release of such records to
the public; and
‘‘(3) submit a report to Congress, including the
Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the
Committee on Government Reform and Oversight
[now Committee on Oversight and Reform] of the
House of Representatives, describing all such records,
the disposition of such records, and the activities of
the Interagency Group and agencies under this section.
‘‘(d) FUNDING.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Act.
‘‘SEC. 3. REQUIREMENT OF DISCLOSURE OF
RECORDS REGARDING PERSONS WHO COMMITTED NAZI WAR CRIMES.
‘‘(a) NAZI WAR CRIMINAL RECORDS.—For purposes of
this Act, the term ‘Nazi war criminal records’ means
classified records or portions of records that—
‘‘(1) pertain to any person with respect to whom the
United States Government, in its sole discretion, has
grounds to believe ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person because of race, religion, national origin, or political
opinion, during the period beginning on March 23,
1933, and ending on May 8, 1945, under the direction
of, or in association with—
‘‘(A) the Nazi government of Germany;
‘‘(B) any government in any area occupied by the
military forces of the Nazi government of Germany;
‘‘(C) any government established with the assistance or cooperation of the Nazi government of Germany; or
‘‘(D) any government which was an ally of the
Nazi government of Germany; or
‘‘(2) pertain to any transaction as to which the
United States Government, in its sole discretion, has
grounds to believe—
‘‘(A) involved assets taken from persecuted persons during the period beginning on March 23, 1933,
and ending on May 8, 1945, by, under the direction
of, on behalf of, or under authority granted by the
Nazi government of Germany or any nation then allied with that government; and
‘‘(B) such transaction was completed without the
assent of the owners of those assets or their heirs
or assigns or other legitimate representatives.
‘‘(b) RELEASE OF RECORDS.—
‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to paragraphs (2), (3), and
(4), the Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency
Working Group shall release in their entirety Nazi

Page 114

war criminal records that are described in subsection
(a).
‘‘(2) EXCEPTION FOR PRIVACY, ETC.—An agency head
may exempt from release under paragraph (1) specific
information, that would—
‘‘(A) constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy;
‘‘(B) reveal the identity of a confidential human
source, or reveal information about the application
of an intelligence source or method, or reveal the
identity of a human intelligence source when the
unauthorized disclosure of that source would clearly and demonstrably damage the national security
interests of the United States;
‘‘(C) reveal information that would assist in the
development or use of weapons of mass destruction;
‘‘(D) reveal information that would impair United
States cryptologic systems or activities;
‘‘(E) reveal information that would impair the application of state-of-the-art technology within a
United States weapon system;
‘‘(F) reveal actual United States military war
plans that remain in effect;
‘‘(G) reveal information that would seriously and
demonstrably impair relations between the United
States and a foreign government, or seriously and
demonstrably undermine ongoing diplomatic activities of the United States;
‘‘(H) reveal information that would clearly and
demonstrably impair the current ability of United
States Government officials to protect the President, Vice President, and other officials for whom
protection services, in the interest of national security, are authorized;
‘‘(I) reveal information that would seriously and
demonstrably impair current national security
emergency preparedness plans; or
‘‘(J) violate a treaty or international agreement.
‘‘(3) APPLICATION OF EXEMPTIONS.—
‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—In applying the exemptions
listed in subparagraphs (B) through (J) of paragraph (2), there shall be a presumption that the
public interest in the release of Nazi war criminal
records will be served by disclosure and release of
the records. Assertion of such exemption may only
be made when the agency head determines that disclosure and release would be harmful to a specific
interest identified in the exemption. An agency
head who makes such a determination shall
promptly report it to the committees of Congress
with appropriate jurisdiction, including the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight [now
Committee on Oversight and Reform] of the House
of Representatives. The exemptions set forth in
paragraph (2) shall constitute the only authority
pursuant to which an agency head may exempt
records otherwise subject to release under paragraph (1).
‘‘(B) APPLICATION OF TITLE 5.—A determination by
an agency head to apply an exemption listed in subparagraphs (B) through (I) of paragraph (2) shall be
subject to the same standard of review that applies
in the case of records withheld under section
552(b)(1) of title 5, United States Code.
‘‘(4) LIMITATION ON APPLICATION.—This subsection
shall not apply to records—
‘‘(A) related to or supporting any active or inactive investigation, inquiry, or prosecution by the
Office of Special Investigations of the Department
of Justice; or
‘‘(B) solely in the possession, custody, or control
of that office.
‘‘(c) INAPPLICABILITY OF NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF
1947 EXEMPTION.—Section 701(a) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 431[(a)]) [now 50 U.S.C.
3141(a)] shall not apply to any operational file, or any
portion of any operational file, that constitutes a Nazi
war criminal record under section 3 of this Act.

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

‘‘SEC. 4. EXPEDITED PROCESSING OF FOIA REQUESTS FOR NAZI WAR CRIMINAL RECORDS.
‘‘(a) EXPEDITED PROCESSING.—For purposes of expedited processing under section 552(a)(6)(E) of title 5,
United States Code, any requester of a Nazi war criminal record shall be deemed to have a compelling need
for such record.
‘‘(b) REQUESTER.—For purposes of this section, the
term ‘requester’ means any person who was persecuted
in the manner described under section 3(a)(1) of this
Act who requests a Nazi war criminal record.
‘‘SEC. 5. EFFECTIVE DATE.
‘‘This Act and the amendments made by this Act
shall take effect on the date that is 90 days after the
date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 8, 1998].’’
CONGRESSIONAL STATEMENT OF FINDINGS AND PURPOSE;
PUBLIC ACCESS TO INFORMATION IN ELECTRONIC FORMAT

Pub. L. 104–231, § 2, Oct. 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 3048, provided
that:
‘‘(a) FINDINGS.—The Congress finds that—
‘‘(1) the purpose of section 552 of title 5, United
States Code, popularly known as the Freedom of Information Act, is to require agencies of the Federal
Government to make certain agency information
available for public inspection and copying and to establish and enable enforcement of the right of any
person to obtain access to the records of such agencies, subject to statutory exemptions, for any public
or private purpose;
‘‘(2) since the enactment of the Freedom of Information Act in 1966, and the amendments enacted in
1974 and 1986, the Freedom of Information Act has
been a valuable means through which any person can
learn how the Federal Government operates;
‘‘(3) the Freedom of Information Act has led to the
disclosure of waste, fraud, abuse, and wrongdoing in
the Federal Government;
‘‘(4) the Freedom of Information Act has led to the
identification of unsafe consumer products, harmful
drugs, and serious health hazards;
‘‘(5) Government agencies increasingly use computers to conduct agency business and to store publicly valuable agency records and information; and
‘‘(6) Government agencies should use new technology to enhance public access to agency records
and information.
‘‘(b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act [see Short
Title of 1996 Amendment note above] are to—
‘‘(1) foster democracy by ensuring public access to
agency records and information;
‘‘(2) improve public access to agency records and information;
‘‘(3) ensure agency compliance with statutory time
limits; and
‘‘(4) maximize the usefulness of agency records and
information collected, maintained, used, retained,
and disseminated by the Federal Government.’’
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT EXEMPTION FOR
CERTAIN OPEN SKIES TREATY DATA
Pub. L. 103–236, title V, § 533, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat.
480, provided that:
‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Data with respect to a foreign
country collected by sensors during observation flights
conducted in connection with the Treaty on Open
Skies, including flights conducted prior to entry into
force of the treaty, shall be exempt from disclosure
under the Freedom of Information Act—
‘‘(1) if the country has not disclosed the data to the
public; and
‘‘(2) if the country has not, acting through the Open
Skies Consultative Commission or any other diplomatic channel, authorized the United States to disclose the data to the public.
‘‘(b) STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION.—This section constitutes a specific exemption within the meaning of
section 552(b)(3) of title 5, United States Code.

§ 552

‘‘(c) DEFINITIONS.—For the purposes of this section—
‘‘(1) the term ‘Freedom of Information Act’ means
the provisions of section 552 of title 5, United States
Code;
‘‘(2) the term ‘Open Skies Consultative Commission’ means the commission established pursuant to
Article X of the Treaty on Open Skies; and
‘‘(3) the term ‘Treaty on Open Skies’ means the
Treaty on Open Skies, signed at Helsinki on March
24, 1992.’’
Executive Documents
CLASSIFIED NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION
For provisions relating to a response to a request for
information under this section when the fact of its existence or nonexistence is itself classified or when it
was originally classified by another agency, see Ex.
Ord. No. 13526, § 3.6, Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 718, set out as
a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National
Defense.
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 12174
Ex. Ord. No. 12174, Nov. 30, 1979, 44 F.R. 69609, which
related to minimizing Federal paperwork, was revoked
by Ex. Ord. No. 12291, Feb. 17, 1981, 46 F.R. 13193, formerly set out as a note under section 601 of this title.
EX. ORD. NO. 12600. PREDISCLOSURE NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR CONFIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INFORMATION
Ex. Ord. No. 12600, June 23, 1987, 52 F.R. 23781, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and statutes of the United States of
America, and in order to provide predisclosure notification procedures under the Freedom of Information Act
[5 U.S.C. 552] concerning confidential commercial information, and to make existing agency notification provisions more uniform, it is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. The head of each Executive department
and agency subject to the Freedom of Information Act
[5 U.S.C. 552] shall, to the extent permitted by law, establish procedures to notify submitters of records containing confidential commercial information as described in section 3 of this Order, when those records
are requested under the Freedom of Information Act
[FOIA], 5 U.S.C. 552, as amended, if after reviewing the
request, the responsive records, and any appeal by the
requester, the department or agency determines that it
may be required to disclose the records. Such notice requires that an agency use good-faith efforts to advise
submitters of confidential commercial information of
the procedures established under this Order. Further,
where notification of a voluminous number of submitters is required, such notification may be accomplished
by posting or publishing the notice in a place reasonably calculated to accomplish notification.
SEC. 2. For purposes of this Order, the following definitions apply:
(a) ‘‘Confidential commercial information’’ means
records provided to the government by a submitter
that arguably contain material exempt from release
under Exemption 4 of the Freedom of Information Act,
5 U.S.C. 552(b)(4), because disclosure could reasonably
be expected to cause substantial competitive harm.
(b) ‘‘Submitter’’ means any person or entity who provides confidential commercial information to the government. The term ‘‘submitter’’ includes, but is not
limited to, corporations, state governments, and foreign governments.
SEC. 3. (a) For confidential commercial information
submitted prior to January 1, 1988, the head of each Executive department or agency shall, to the extent permitted by law, provide a submitter with notice pursuant to section 1 whenever:
(i) the records are less than 10 years old and the information has been designated by the submitter as confidential commercial information; or
(ii) the department or agency has reason to believe
that disclosure of the information could reasonably be
expected to cause substantial competitive harm.

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

(b) For confidential commercial information submitted on or after January 1, 1988, the head of each Executive department or agency shall, to the extent permitted by law, establish procedures to permit submitters of confidential commercial information to designate, at the time the information is submitted to the
Federal government or a reasonable time thereafter,
any information the disclosure of which the submitter
claims could reasonably be expected to cause substantial competitive harm. Such agency procedures may
provide for the expiration, after a specified period of
time or changes in circumstances, of designations of
competitive harm made by submitters. Additionally,
such procedures may permit the agency to designate
specific classes of information that will be treated by
the agency as if the information had been so designated
by the submitter. The head of each Executive department or agency shall, to the extent permitted by law,
provide the submitter notice in accordance with section 1 of this Order whenever the department or agency
determines that it may be required to disclose records:
(i) designated pursuant to this subsection; or
(ii) the disclosure of which the department or agency
has reason to believe could reasonably be expected to
cause substantial competitive harm.
SEC. 4. When notification is made pursuant to section
1, each agency’s procedures shall, to the extent permitted by law, afford the submitter a reasonable period
of time in which the submitter or its designee may object to the disclosure of any specified portion of the information and to state all grounds upon which disclosure is opposed.
SEC. 5. Each agency shall give careful consideration
to all such specified grounds for nondisclosure prior to
making an administrative determination of the issue.
In all instances when the agency determines to disclose
the requested records, its procedures shall provide that
the agency give the submitter a written statement
briefly explaining why the submitter’s objections are
not sustained. Such statement shall, to the extent permitted by law, be provided a reasonable number of days
prior to a specified disclosure date.
SEC. 6. Whenever a FOIA requester brings suit seeking to compel disclosure of confidential commercial information, each agency’s procedures shall require that
the submitter be promptly notified.
SEC. 7. The designation and notification procedures
required by this Order shall be established by regulations, after notice and public comment. If similar procedures or regulations already exist, they should be reviewed for conformity and revised where necessary. Existing procedures or regulations need not be modified if
they are in compliance with this Order.
SEC. 8. The notice requirements of this Order need
not be followed if:
(a) The agency determines that the information
should not be disclosed;
(b) The information has been published or has been
officially made available to the public;
(c) Disclosure of the information is required by law
(other than 5 U.S.C. 552);
(d) The disclosure is required by an agency rule that
(1) was adopted pursuant to notice and public comment,
(2) specifies narrow classes of records submitted to the
agency that are to be released under the Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552], and (3) provides in exceptional circumstances for notice when the submitter
provides written justification, at the time the information is submitted or a reasonable time thereafter, that
disclosure of the information could reasonably be expected to cause substantial competitive harm;
(e) The information requested is not designated by
the submitter as exempt from disclosure in accordance
with agency regulations promulgated pursuant to section 7, when the submitter had an opportunity to do so
at the time of submission of the information or a reasonable time thereafter, unless the agency has substantial reason to believe that disclosure of the information
would result in competitive harm; or
(f) The designation made by the submitter in accordance with agency regulations promulgated pursuant to

Page 116

section 7 appears obviously frivolous; except that, in
such case, the agency must provide the submitter with
written notice of any final administrative disclosure
determination within a reasonable number of days
prior to the specified disclosure date.
SEC. 9. Whenever an agency notifies a submitter that
it may be required to disclose information pursuant to
section 1 of this Order, the agency shall also notify the
requester that notice and an opportunity to comment
are being provided the submitter. Whenever an agency
notifies a submitter of a final decision pursuant to section 5 of this Order, the agency shall also notify the requester.
SEC. 10. This Order is intended only to improve the
internal management of the Federal government, and
is not intended to create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law by a party
against the United States, its agencies, its officers, or
any person.
RONALD REAGAN.
EX. ORD. NO. 13110. NAZI WAR CRIMES AND JAPANESE IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT RECORDS INTERAGENCY WORKING
GROUP
Ex. Ord. No. 13110, Jan. 11, 1999, 64 F.R. 2419, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of
America, including the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act
(Public Law 105–246) (the ‘‘Act’’) [5 U.S.C. 552 note], it
is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. Establishment of Working Group. There is
hereby established the Nazi War Criminal Records
Interagency Working Group [now Nazi War Crimes and
Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency
Working Group] (Working Group). The function of the
Group shall be to locate, inventory, recommend for declassification, and make available to the public at the
National Archives and Records Administration all classified Nazi war criminal records of the United States,
subject to certain designated exceptions as provided in
the Act. The Working Group shall coordinate with
agencies and take such actions as necessary to expedite
the release of such records to the public.
SEC. 2. Schedule. The Working Group should complete
its work to the greatest extent possible and report to
the Congress within 1 year.
SEC. 3. Membership. (a) The Working Group shall be
composed of the following members:
(1) Archivist of the United States (who shall serve as
Chair of the Working Group);
(2) Secretary of Defense;
(3) Attorney General;
(4) Director of Central Intelligence;
(5) Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation;
(6) Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum;
(7) Historian of the Department of State; and
(8) Three other persons appointed by the President.
(b) The Senior Director for Records and Access Management of the National Security Council will serve as
the liaison to and attend the meetings of the Working
Group. Members of the Working Group who are fulltime Federal officials may serve on the Working Group
through designees.
SEC. 4. Administration. (a) To the extent permitted by
law and subject to the availability of appropriations,
the National Archives and Records Administration
shall provide the Working Group with funding, administrative services, facilities, staff, and other support
services necessary for the performance of the functions
of the Working Group.
(b) The Working Group shall terminate 3 years from
the date of this Executive order.
WILLIAM J. CLINTON.
EX. ORD. NO. 13392. IMPROVING AGENCY DISCLOSURE OF
INFORMATION
Ex. Ord. No. 13392, Dec. 14, 2005, 70 F.R. 75373, provided:

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of
America, and to ensure appropriate agency disclosure
of information, and consistent with the goals of section
552 of title 5, United States Code, it is hereby ordered
as follows:
SECTION 1. Policy.
(a) The effective functioning of our constitutional democracy depends upon the participation in public life
of a citizenry that is well informed. For nearly four
decades, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) [5
U.S.C. 552] has provided an important means through
which the public can obtain information regarding the
activities of Federal agencies. Under the FOIA, the
public can obtain records from any Federal agency,
subject to the exemptions enacted by the Congress to
protect information that must be held in confidence for
the Government to function effectively or for other
purposes.
(b) FOIA requesters are seeking a service from the
Federal Government and should be treated as such. Accordingly, in responding to a FOIA request, agencies
shall respond courteously and appropriately. Moreover,
agencies shall provide FOIA requesters, and the public
in general, with citizen-centered ways to learn about
the FOIA process, about agency records that are publicly available (e.g., on the agency’s website), and
about the status of a person’s FOIA request and appropriate information about the agency’s response.
(c) Agency FOIA operations shall be both results-oriented and produce results. Accordingly, agencies shall
process requests under the FOIA in an efficient and appropriate manner and achieve tangible, measurable improvements in FOIA processing. When an agency’s
FOIA program does not produce such results, it should
be reformed, consistent with available resources appropriated by the Congress and applicable law, to increase
efficiency and better reflect the policy goals and objectives of this order.
(d) A citizen-centered and results-oriented approach
will improve service and performance, thereby
strengthening compliance with the FOIA, and will help
avoid disputes and related litigation.
SEC. 2. Agency Chief FOIA Officers.
(a) Designation. The head of each agency shall designate within 30 days of the date of this order a senior
official of such agency (at the Assistant Secretary or
equivalent level), to serve as the Chief FOIA Officer of
that agency. The head of the agency shall promptly notify the Director of the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB Director) and the Attorney General of
such designation and of any changes thereafter in such
designation.
(b) General Duties. The Chief FOIA Officer of each
agency shall, subject to the authority of the head of
the agency:
(i) have agency-wide responsibility for efficient and
appropriate compliance with the FOIA;
(ii) monitor FOIA implementation throughout the
agency, including through the use of meetings with the
public to the extent deemed appropriate by the agency’s Chief FOIA Officer, and keep the head of the agency, the chief legal officer of the agency, and the Attorney General appropriately informed of the agency’s
performance in implementing the FOIA, including the
extent to which the agency meets the milestones in the
agency’s plan under section 3(b) of this order and training and reporting standards established consistent with
applicable law and this order;
(iii) recommend to the head of the agency such adjustments to agency practices, policies, personnel, and
funding as may be necessary to carry out the policy set
forth in section 1 of this order;
(iv) review and report, through the head of the agency, at such times and in such formats as the Attorney
General may direct, on the agency’s performance in implementing the FOIA; and
(v) facilitate public understanding of the purposes of
the FOIA’s statutory exemptions by including concise
descriptions of the exemptions in both the agency’s

§ 552

FOIA handbook issued under section 552(g) of title 5,
United States Code, and the agency’s annual FOIA report, and by providing an overview, where appropriate,
of certain general categories of agency records to
which those exemptions apply.
(c) FOIA Requester Service Center and FOIA Public Liaisons. In order to ensure appropriate communication
with FOIA requesters:
(i) Each agency shall establish one or more FOIA Requester Service Centers (Center), as appropriate, which
shall serve as the first place that a FOIA requester can
contact to seek information concerning the status of
the person’s FOIA request and appropriate information
about the agency’s FOIA response. The Center shall include appropriate staff to receive and respond to inquiries from FOIA requesters;
(ii) The agency Chief FOIA Officer shall designate one
or more agency officials, as appropriate, as FOIA Public Liaisons, who may serve in the Center or who may
serve in a separate office. FOIA Public Liaisons shall
serve as supervisory officials to whom a FOIA requester
can raise concerns about the service the FOIA requester has received from the Center, following an initial response from the Center staff. FOIA Public Liaisons shall seek to ensure a service-oriented response to
FOIA requests and FOIA-related inquiries. For example, the FOIA Public Liaison shall assist, as appropriate, in reducing delays, increasing transparency and
understanding of the status of requests, and resolving
disputes. FOIA Public Liaisons shall report to the
agency Chief FOIA Officer on their activities and shall
perform their duties consistent with applicable law and
agency regulations;
(iii) In addition to the services to FOIA requesters
provided by the Center and FOIA Public Liaisons, the
agency Chief FOIA Officer shall also consider what
other FOIA-related assistance to the public should appropriately be provided by the agency;
(iv) In establishing the Centers and designating FOIA
Public Liaisons, the agency shall use, as appropriate,
existing agency staff and resources. A Center shall have
appropriate staff to receive and respond to inquiries
from FOIA requesters;
(v) As determined by the agency Chief FOIA Officer,
in consultation with the FOIA Public Liaisons, each
agency shall post appropriate information about its
Center or Centers on the agency’s website, including
contact information for its FOIA Public Liaisons. In
the case of an agency without a website, the agency
shall publish the information on the Firstgov.gov
website or, in the case of any agency with neither a
website nor the capability to post on the Firstgov.gov
website, in the Federal Register; and
(vi) The agency Chief FOIA Officer shall ensure that
the agency has in place a method (or methods), including through the use of the Center, to receive and respond promptly and appropriately to inquiries from
FOIA requesters about the status of their requests. The
Chief FOIA Officer shall also consider, in consultation
with the FOIA Public Liaisons, as appropriate, whether
the agency’s implementation of other means (such as
tracking numbers for requests, or an agency telephone
or Internet hotline) would be appropriate for responding to status inquiries.
SEC. 3. Review, Plan, and Report.
(a) Review. Each agency’s Chief FOIA Officer shall
conduct a review of the agency’s FOIA operations to
determine whether agency practices are consistent
with the policies set forth in section 1 of this order. In
conducting this review, the Chief FOIA Officer shall:
(i) evaluate, with reference to numerical and statistical benchmarks where appropriate, the agency’s administration of the FOIA, including the agency’s expenditure of resources on FOIA compliance and the extent to which, if any, requests for records have not been
responded to within the statutory time limit (backlog);
(ii) review the processes and practices by which the
agency assists and informs the public regarding the
FOIA process;
(iii) examine the agency’s:

§ 552

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

(A) use of information technology in responding to
FOIA requests, including without limitation the
tracking of FOIA requests and communication with
requesters;
(B) practices with respect to requests for expedited
processing; and
(C) implementation of multi-track processing if
used by such agency;
(iv) review the agency’s policies and practices relating to the availability of public information through
websites and other means, including the use of websites
to make available the records described in section
552(a)(2) of title 5, United States Code; and
(v) identify ways to eliminate or reduce its FOIA
backlog, consistent with available resources and taking
into consideration the volume and complexity of the
FOIA requests pending with the agency.
(b) Plan.
(i) Each agency’s Chief FOIA Officer shall develop, in
consultation as appropriate with the staff of the agency
(including the FOIA Public Liaisons), the Attorney
General, and the OMB Director, an agency-specific plan
to ensure that the agency’s administration of the FOIA
is in accordance with applicable law and the policies
set forth in section 1 of this order. The plan, which
shall be submitted to the head of the agency for approval, shall address the agency’s implementation of
the FOIA during fiscal years 2006 and 2007.
(ii) The plan shall include specific activities that the
agency will implement to eliminate or reduce the agency’s FOIA backlog, including (as applicable) changes
that will make the processing of FOIA requests more
streamlined and effective, as well as increased reliance
on the dissemination of records that can be made available to the public through a website or other means
that do not require the public to make a request for the
records under the FOIA.
(iii) The plan shall also include activities to increase
public awareness of FOIA processing, including as appropriate, expanded use of the agency’s Center and its
FOIA Public Liaisons.
(iv) The plan shall also include, taking appropriate
account of the resources available to the agency and
the mission of the agency, concrete milestones, with
specific timetables and outcomes to be achieved, by
which the head of the agency, after consultation with
the OMB Director, shall measure and evaluate the
agency’s success in the implementation of the plan.
(c) Agency Reports to the Attorney General and OMB Director.
(i) The head of each agency shall submit a report, no
later than 6 months from the date of this order, to the
Attorney General and the OMB Director that summarizes the results of the review under section 3(a) of this
order and encloses a copy of the agency’s plan under
section 3(b) of this order. The agency shall publish a
copy of the agency’s report on the agency’s website or,
in the case of an agency without a website, on the
Firstgov.gov website, or, in the case of any agency with
neither a website nor the capability to publish on the
Firstgov.gov website, in the Federal Register.
(ii) The head of each agency shall include in the agency’s annual FOIA reports for fiscal years 2006 and 2007
a report on the agency’s development and implementation of its plan under section 3(b) of this order and on
the agency’s performance in meeting the milestones set
forth in that plan, consistent with any related guidelines the Attorney General may issue under section
552(e) of title 5, United States Code.
(iii) If the agency does not meet a milestone in its
plan, the head of the agency shall:
(A) identify this deficiency in the annual FOIA report to the Attorney General;
(B) explain in the annual report the reasons for the
agency’s failure to meet the milestone;
(C) outline in the annual report the steps that the
agency has already taken, and will be taking, to address the deficiency; and
(D) report this deficiency to the President’s Management Council.

Page 118

SEC. 4. Attorney General.
(a) Report. The Attorney General, using the reports
submitted by the agencies under subsection 3(c)(i) of
this order and the information submitted by agencies
in their annual FOIA reports for fiscal year 2005, shall
submit to the President, no later than 10 months from
the date of this order, a report on agency FOIA implementation. The Attorney General shall consult the
OMB Director in the preparation of the report and shall
include in the report appropriate recommendations on
administrative or other agency actions for continued
agency dissemination and release of public information. The Attorney General shall thereafter submit two
further annual reports, by June 1, 2007, and June 1, 2008,
that provide the President with an update on the agencies’ implementation of the FOIA and of their plans
under section 3(b) of this order.
(b) Guidance. The Attorney General shall issue such
instructions and guidance to the heads of departments
and agencies as may be appropriate to implement sections 3(b) and 3(c) of this order.
SEC. 5. OMB Director. The OMB Director may issue
such instructions to the heads of agencies as are necessary to implement this order, other than sections 3(b)
and 3(c) of this order.
SEC. 6. Definitions. As used in this order:
(a) the term ‘‘agency’’ has the same meaning as the
term ‘‘agency’’ under section 552(f)(1) of title 5, United
States Code; and
(b) the term ‘‘record’’ has the same meaning as the
term ‘‘record’’ under section 552(f)(2) of title 5, United
States Code.
SEC. 7. General Provisions.
(a) The agency reviews under section 3(a) of this
order and agency plans under section 3(b) of this order
shall be conducted and developed in accordance with
applicable law and applicable guidance issued by the
President, the Attorney General, and the OMB Director, including the laws and guidance regarding information technology and the dissemination of information.
(b) This order:
(i) shall be implemented in a manner consistent with
applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations;
(ii) shall not be construed to impair or otherwise affect the functions of the OMB Director relating to
budget, legislative, or administrative proposals; and
(iii) is intended only to improve the internal management of the executive branch and is not intended to,
and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive
or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by a
party against the United States, its departments, agencies, instrumentalities, or entities, its officers or employees, or any other person.
GEORGE W. BUSH.
EX. ORD. NO. 13642. MAKING OPEN AND MACHINE READABLE THE NEW DEFAULT FOR GOVERNMENT INFORMATION

Ex. Ord. No. 13642, May 9, 2013, 78 F.R. 28111, provided:
By the authority vested in me as President by the
Constitution and the laws of the United States of
America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
SECTION 1. General Principles. Openness in government
strengthens our democracy, promotes the delivery of
efficient and effective services to the public, and contributes to economic growth. As one vital benefit of
open government, making information resources easy
to find, accessible, and usable can fuel entrepreneurship, innovation, and scientific discovery that improves
Americans’ lives and contributes significantly to job
creation.
Decades ago, the U.S. Government made both weather data and the Global Positioning System freely available. Since that time, American entrepreneurs and
innovators have utilized these resources to create navigation systems, weather newscasts and warning systems, location-based applications, precision farming
tools, and much more, improving Americans’ lives in

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TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

countless ways and leading to economic growth and job
creation. In recent years, thousands of Government
data resources across fields such as health and medicine, education, energy, public safety, global development, and finance have been posted in machine-readable form for free public use on Data.gov. Entrepreneurs and innovators have continued to develop a
vast range of useful new products and businesses using
these public information resources, creating good jobs
in the process.
To promote continued job growth, Government efficiency, and the social good that can be gained from
opening Government data to the public, the default
state of new and modernized Government information
resources shall be open and machine readable. Government information shall be managed as an asset
throughout its life cycle to promote interoperability
and openness, and, wherever possible and legally permissible, to ensure that data are released to the public
in ways that make the data easy to find, accessible,
and usable. In making this the new default state, executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall ensure
that they safeguard individual privacy, confidentiality,
and national security.
SEC. 2. Open Data Policy. (a) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), in consultation
with the Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chief Technology Officer (CTO), and Administrator of the Office
of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA), shall
issue an Open Data Policy to advance the management
of Government information as an asset, consistent with
my memorandum of January 21, 2009 (Transparency and
Open Government), OMB Memorandum M–10–06 (Open
Government Directive), OMB and National Archives
and Records Administration Memorandum M–12–18
(Managing Government Records Directive), the Office
of Science and Technology Policy Memorandum of February 22, 2013 (Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research), and the CIO’s strategy entitled ‘‘Digital Government: Building a 21st Century Platform to Better Serve the American People.’’
The Open Data Policy shall be updated as needed.
(b) Agencies shall implement the requirements of the
Open Data Policy and shall adhere to the deadlines for
specific actions specified therein. When implementing
the Open Data Policy, agencies shall incorporate a full
analysis of privacy, confidentiality, and security risks
into each stage of the information lifecycle to identify
information that should not be released. These review
processes should be overseen by the senior agency official for privacy. It is vital that agencies not release information if doing so would violate any law or policy,
or jeopardize privacy, confidentiality, or national security.
SEC. 3. Implementation of the Open Data Policy. To facilitate effective Government-wide implementation of
the Open Data Policy, I direct the following:
(a) Within 30 days of the issuance of the Open Data
Policy, the CIO and CTO shall publish an open online
repository of tools and best practices to assist agencies
in integrating the Open Data Policy into their operations in furtherance of their missions. The CIO and
CTO shall regularly update this online repository as
needed to ensure it remains a resource to facilitate the
adoption of open data practices.
(b) Within 90 days of the issuance of the Open Data
Policy, the Administrator for Federal Procurement
Policy, Controller of the Office of Federal Financial
Management, CIO, and Administrator of OIRA shall
work with the Chief Acquisition Officers Council, Chief
Financial Officers Council, Chief Information Officers
Council, and Federal Records Council to identify and
initiate implementation of measures to support the integration of the Open Data Policy requirements into
Federal acquisition and grant-making processes. Such
efforts may include developing sample requirements
language, grant and contract language, and workforce
tools for agency acquisition, grant, and information
management and technology professionals.
(c) Within 90 days of the date of this order, the Chief
Performance Officer (CPO) shall work with the Presi-

§ 552

dent’s Management Council to establish a Cross-Agency Priority (CAP) Goal to track implementation of the
Open Data Policy. The CPO shall work with agencies to
set incremental performance goals, ensuring they have
metrics and milestones in place to monitor advancement toward the CAP Goal. Progress on these goals
shall be analyzed and reviewed by agency leadership,
pursuant to the GPRA Modernization Act of 2010 (Public Law 111–352).
(d) Within 180 days of the date of this order, agencies
shall report progress on the implementation of the CAP
Goal to the CPO. Thereafter, agencies shall report
progress quarterly, and as appropriate.
SEC. 4. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this order
shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department, agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of OMB relating to
budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This order shall be implemented consistent with
applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This order is not intended to, and does not, create
any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the
United States, its departments, agencies, or entities,
its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(d) Nothing in this order shall compel or authorize
the disclosure of privileged information, law enforcement information, national security information, personal information, or information the disclosure of
which is prohibited by law.
(e) Independent agencies are requested to adhere to
this order.
BARACK OBAMA.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan.
21, 2009, 74 F.R. 4683, provided:
Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies
A democracy requires accountability, and accountability requires transparency. As Justice Louis Brandeis wrote, ‘‘sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants.’’ In our democracy, the Freedom of Information
Act (FOIA), which encourages accountability through
transparency, is the most prominent expression of a
profound national commitment to ensuring an open
Government. At the heart of that commitment is the
idea that accountability is in the interest of the Government and the citizenry alike.
The Freedom of Information Act should be administered with a clear presumption: In the face of doubt,
openness prevails. The Government should not keep information confidential merely because public officials
might be embarrassed by disclosure, because errors and
failures might be revealed, or because of speculative or
abstract fears. Nondisclosure should never be based on
an effort to protect the personal interests of Government officials at the expense of those they are supposed
to serve. In responding to requests under the FOIA, executive branch agencies (agencies) should act promptly
and in a spirit of cooperation, recognizing that such
agencies are servants of the public.
All agencies should adopt a presumption in favor of
disclosure, in order to renew their commitment to the
principles embodied in FOIA, and to usher in a new era
of open Government. The presumption of disclosure
should be applied to all decisions involving FOIA.
The presumption of disclosure also means that agencies should take affirmative steps to make information
public. They should not wait for specific requests from
the public. All agencies should use modern technology
to inform citizens about what is known and done by
their Government. Disclosure should be timely.
I direct the Attorney General to issue new guidelines
governing the FOIA to the heads of executive departments and agencies, reaffirming the commitment to accountability and transparency, and to publish such

§ 552a

TITLE 5—GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES

guidelines in the Federal Register. In doing so, the Attorney General should review FOIA reports produced by
the agencies under Executive Order 13392 of December
14, 2005. I also direct the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to update guidance to the agencies
to increase and improve information dissemination to
the public, including through the use of new technologies, and to publish such guidance in the Federal
Register.
This memorandum does not create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in
equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
The Director of the Office of Management and Budget
is hereby authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
BARACK OBAMA.

§ 552a. Records maintained on individuals
(a) DEFINITIONS.—For purposes of this section—
(1) the term ‘‘agency’’ means agency as defined in section 552(e) 1 of this title;
(2) the term ‘‘individual’’ means a citizen of
the United States or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence;
(3) the term ‘‘maintain’’ includes maintain,
collect, use, or disseminate;
(4) the term ‘‘record’’ means any item, collection, or grouping of information about an
individual that is maintained by an agency,
including, but not limited to, his education, financial transactions, medical history, and
criminal or employment history and that contains his name, or the identifying number,
symbol, or other identifying particular assigned to the individual, such as a finger or
voice print or a photograph;
(5) the term ‘‘system of records’’ means a
group of any records under the control of any
agency from which information is retrieved by
the name of the individual or by some identifying number, symbol, or other identifying
particular assigned to the individual;
(6) the term ‘‘statistical record’’ means a
record in a system of records maintained for
statistical research or reporting purposes only
and not used in whole or in part in making
any determination about an identifiable individual, except as provided by section 8 of title
13;
(7) the term ‘‘routine use’’ means, with respect to the disclosure of a record, the use of
such record for a purpose which is compatible
with the purpose for which it was collected;
(8) the term ‘‘matching program’’—
(A) means any computerized comparison
of—
(i) two or more automated systems of
records or a system of records with nonFederal records for the purpose of—
(I) establishing or verifying the eligibility of, or continuing compliance with
statutory and regulatory requirements
by, applicants for, recipients or beneficiaries of, participants in, or providers
of services with respect to, cash or inkind assistance or payments under Federal benefit programs, or
1 See

References in Text note below.

Page 120

(II) recouping payments or delinquent
debts under such Federal benefit programs, or
(ii) two or more automated Federal personnel or payroll systems of records or a
system of Federal personnel or payroll
records with non-Federal records,
(B) but does not include—
(i) matches performed to produce aggregate statistical data without any personal
identifiers;
(ii) matches performed to support any
research or statistical project, the specific
data of which may not be used to make decisions concerning the rights, benefits, or
privileges of specific individuals;
(iii) matches performed, by an agency (or
component thereof) which performs as its
principal function any activity pertaining
to the enforcement of criminal laws, subsequent to the initiation of a specific
criminal or civil law enforcement investigation of a named person or persons for
the purpose of gathering evidence against
such person or persons;
(iv) matches of tax information (I) pursuant to section 6103(d) of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, (II) for purposes of
tax administration as defined in section
6103(b)(4) of such Code, (III) for the purpose
of intercepting a tax refund due an individual under authority granted by section
404(e), 464, or 1137 of the Social Security
Act; or (IV) for the purpose of intercepting
a tax refund due an individual under any
other tax refund intercept program authorized by statute which has been determined by the Director of the Office of
Management and Budget to contain
verification, notice, and hearing requirements that are substantially similar to the
procedures in section 1137 of the Social Security Act;
(v) matches—
(I) using records predominantly relating to Federal personnel, that are performed for routine administrative purposes (subject to guidance provided by
the Director of the Office of Management
and Budget pursuant to subsection (v));
or
(II) conducted by an agency using only
records from systems of records maintained by that agency;
if the purpose of the match is not to take
any adverse financial, personnel, disciplinary, or other adverse action against Federal personnel;
(vi) matches performed for foreign counterintelligence purposes or to produce
background checks for security clearances
of Federal personnel or Federal contractor
personnel;
(vii) matches performed incident to a
levy described in section 6103(k)(8) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986;
(viii) matches performed pursuant to
section 202(x)(3) or 1611(e)(1) of the Social
Security Act (42 U.S.C. 402(x)(3), 1382(e)(1));
(ix) matches performed by the Secretary
of Health and Human Services or the In-