2024 NHIS SSA 2023-11-3-2023_final

Attachment 1	Legislative Mandates (Excerpts)
Attachment 2 Attachments 2a-2c Attachment 2d	60-Day Federal Register Notice Comments Responses to the Comments
Attachment 3a	NHIS Survey Content Justification
Attachment 3b	NHIS Snapshot 3 Year-Cycle Questionnaire Content and Periodicity
Attachment 3c	NHIS Annual and Rotating Core 2024, 2025, 2026 - Sample Adult
Attachment 3d	NHIS Annual and Rotating Core 2024, 2025, 2026 - Sample Child
Attachment 3e	NHIS Potential Adult Sponsored and Emerging Content 2024, 2025, 2026
Attachment 3f	NHIS Potential Child Sponsored and Emerging Content 2024, 2025, 2026
Attachment 5a	2024 NHIS Sponsored Content Added – Concepts Measured
Attachment 5b	2024 NHIS Proposed New Content – Concepts Measured Duplication and Proposed use of Data
Attachment 6	NHIS Methodological projects
Attachment 7	NHIS Teen
Attachment 8	Precision Tables
Attachment 9a	2024 NHIS Roster Questionnaire
Attachment 9b	2024 NHIS Sample Adult Questionnaire
Attachment 9c	2024 NHIS Sample Child Questionnaire
Attachment 9d	2024 Reinterview Questionnaire
Attachment 10a	2024 NHIS Advance Letter
Attachment 10b	2024 NHIS Brochure
Attachment 10c	2024 NHIS Supplemental Mailings
Attachment 10d	2024 NHIS Thank You Letter
Attachment 11	NHIS Human Subjects Clearance
Attachment 12	Healthy People 2030 Objectives Slated for NHIS

Supporting Statement

NCHS National Health Interview Survey

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Goal: To collect data to measure and monitor the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability in the population and the utilization of health care

Intended use: For use by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to monitor trends in illness and disability and to track progress toward achieving many of the health objectives for the nation, and for the public health research community to conduct epidemiologic and policy analysis of such timely issues as characterizing those with various health problems, measuring levels of health insurance coverage, determining barriers to accessing and using health care, and evaluating the impact of health programs.

Data collection methods: In-person household interviews via Computer Assisted Personal Interview.

Subpopulation to be studied: Civilian noninstitutionalized population residing in the United States.

Data analysis methods: Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistics, including frequencies; chi-square and t-tests; and linear, logistic, and multilevel regression.

The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) is a critical ongoing source of information on the health of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. On December 23, 2020, OMB approved the NHIS through the 2023 data collection (OMB# 0920-0214, expires 12/31/2023), including the estimated sample size and estimated annual burden.

In this revision request, OMB approval is being sought to:

Conduct the National Health Interview Survey in 2024, 2025, and 2026.
Carry out cognitive testing and methodological projects, using web and/or mail survey tools, that will inform the development of new rotating and sponsored content
Conduct follow-up studies by web, phone, or mail to ask follow-up questions on topics that are 1) already included in the NHIS and 2) on a few new topics

A three-year clearance is requested. Attachments 4-9 describe in more detail 1) the content of the annual and rotating core 2) potential sponsored and emerging content and 3) methodological projects associated with the NHIS. Nonsubstantive change requests will be submitted to request approval to make subsequent minor modifications to the questionnaire(s) and to conduct methodological testing.

Justification

Circumstance Making the Collection of Information Necessary

Background

The NHIS is conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to comply with the NCHS mandate under 42 USC 242k (Attachment 1) to collect, on an annual basis, statistically valid data on the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability in the population and on the utilization of health care services for such conditions. NHIS data are used widely throughout the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to monitor trends in illness and disability and to track progress toward achieving many of the health objectives for the nation. The data are also used by the public health research community for epidemiologic and policy analysis of such issues as characterizing those with various health problems, measuring levels of health insurance coverage, determining barriers to accessing and using health care, and evaluating the impact of changes in federal health programs. (Attachment 3a).

In accordance with the 1995 initiative to increase the integration of surveys within DHHS, respondents to the NHIS serve as the sampling frame for the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS; OMB# 0935-0118, expires 11/30/2025). MEPS uses completed interviews from the NHIS to identify and select the desired sample, contact that sample to collect additional data, and combine their survey data with the original NHIS data. These procedures reduce survey costs, reduce overall burden on the public, and increase the amount of data available for critical health-related analysis.

The NHIS has been conducted every year since 1957. The current design of the NHIS questionnaire implemented in 2019, features a rotational schedule consisting of annual core, rotating core and sponsored content modules. Attachment 3a describes and Attachment 3b provides a visual depiction of the content and module structure. The NHIS sample adult and sample child questionnaires include annual core content that is scheduled to be fielded every year, rotating content that is fielded periodically, emerging content to address new topics of growing interest to NHCS, CDC, and DHHS, and sponsored content that is fielded when external funding is available.

The 2024 NHIS

The 2024 NHIS will include annual core and the rotating core scheduled for 2024 along with new sponsored content (that will replace the 2023 sponsored modules). Annual core content remains largely the same except that retail health clinics and urgent care centers are now asked in separate questions to better reflect the changing landscape of health care. Rotating core content also largely remains the same except that rotating core content on sleep includes updated questions to improve measurement of sleep medications.

Content to be removed

Rotating sample adult core content that was on the NHIS in 2023 and will rotate off the 2024 NHIS includes chronic pain, service utilization, and preventive services. Sponsored content that will be removed includes content on vision conditions, vision services, preventive screening, genetic cancer testing, family history of cancer, arthritis, Hepatitis B vaccination, hearing, and hearing-related work exposure. Emerging content on everyday discrimination, heightened vigilance, and mental health has also been removed.

Items on service utilization and stressful life events will rotate off the sample child core. Sponsored content on social support, stressful life events, vision, and hearing will also be removed.

Content to be added

The 2024 rotating sample adult core will include questions that were previously fielded in the NHIS including allergies; rotating health conditions; health-related behaviors such as smoking history and cessation, alcohol use, fatigue, physical activity, waking, doctor’s advice to exercise and sleep; and psychological distress. All this rotating content has been fielded on the NHIS since the 2019 NHIS redesign. New sponsored content includes items perceptions of the walking environment, sun safety, lung cancer screening, hepatitis A vaccination, loss of the sense of taste and smell, and social support and loneliness. Most of the sponsored content previously been included on the survey since the 2019 NHIS redesign. Emerging content on the use of GLP-1 injectables has also been added.

The 2024 rotating sample child core will include items on allergies and other health conditions and health-related behaviors such as height and weight, physical activity, neighborhood characteristics, sleep, and screen time. All this rotating content has been fielded on the NHIS since the 2019 NHIS redesign. Sponsored content on taste and smell has also been added to the sample child questionnaire.

For the 2024 questionnaire, a summary of the proposed new content that has not been included on the NHIS since the 2019 redesign, and documentation of the efforts to reduce duplication and proposed uses of the data are included in Attachments 5a and 5b. The full set of annual and rotating core and sponsored content items are presented in Attachments 9a-c.

Follow-back surveys

The adolescent follow-back survey or NHIS-Teen was conducted to understand whether online surveys can be successfully used to collect additional data from NHIS households. The NHIS-Teen started as a pilot study in July of 2021. It is part of the CDC Public Health Data Modernization Initiative. The NHIS -Teen follows up with adolescents age 12-17 who were the subject of the NHIS Sample Child interview.

The goals of NHIS-Teen were to evaluate completion rates by adolescents and assess the agreement of parent and adolescent reports of a variety of health outcomes. NCHS is currently evaluating the data from NHIS-Teen to determine the future direction of the follow-back survey. NHIS-Teen may be continued in years 2025-2026 pending evaluation of the data from 2021-2023 and the availability of funding.

The data collection process for NHIS-Teen starts with the NHIS Sample Child interview. Using the usual procedures of the NHIS, one “sample child” aged 17 years or less is randomly selected from each household (if any children live in the household) to be the subject of a detailed interview. However, sample children themselves are not interviewed. Instead, a knowledgeable adult responsible for the child’s health and health care (typically a parent or guardian) answers questions about the sample child’s health. Because of this design, NCHS and survey sponsors are limited to asking questions on topics that parents can reliably report.

The limitation of a parent report restricts the ability of the current NHIS to explore some issues thought to be related to health, such as physical activity, sedentary activity, use of social media and electronic devices, eating habits, school activities, extracurricular activities, friendships, bullying, and risk behaviors such as smoking and alcohol. Few existing surveys collect data directly from adolescents, and even fewer can link those data to extensive parent-reported data such as those collected by the NHIS.

The follow-back survey is conducted online with adolescents following their parents’ completion of the NHIS interview. Eligible adolescents are contacted through mailings, text messages and e-mails to complete an online survey. Topics included in NHIS-Teen are those already included in the NHIS with some new content exclusively in the follow-back.

Data to be collected from adolescents include items on a range of health topics, including general health and well-being, mental health, content of care, health care access, physical activity, sleep, screen time, injuries, sexual orientation and gender identity, mental health care use and unmet need, social support, stressful life events, bullying, everyday discrimination, and demographics.

In efforts to assess agreement between parent and teen report, items between the NHIS and NHIS-Teen will be compared. Attachment 7 provides a summary of the content that has previously been included on the NHIS-Teen. This content may be updated if the NHIS-Teen is fielded in the future.

Criteria for prioritizing core content

Since the NHIS is the nation’s premier health survey, questions relating to public health remain a priority. Specifically, the redesign focuses on risk and protective factors related to the leading causes of illness and death, health insurance, and access to health care. The NHIS also prioritizes content that is relevant to agency goals, needed for long-term monitoring, able to be measured well in household interviews, and able to create estimates reliably with one or two years of data (see attachment 3a for further justification.)

Adding Questions to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS): Guidance for Sponsors

The main objective of the NHIS is to monitor the health of the United States population through the collection and analysis of data on a broad range of health-related topics. The National Health Survey Act of 1956 provided for a continuing survey and special studies to secure accurate and current statistical information on the amount, distribution, and effects of illness and disability in the United States and the services rendered for or because of such conditions. A major strength of this survey lies in the ability to describe these health characteristics by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. NHIS data are used widely throughout the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to monitor trends in illness and disability and to track progress toward achieving national health objectives. The data are also used by the public health research community for epidemiologic and policy analysis of such timely issues as characterizing those with various health problems, determining barriers to accessing and using appropriate health care, and evaluating federal health programs.

The NHIS includes annual core content that is in the survey every year and rotating core content that is included with a fixed periodicity. Content that is sponsored by agencies external to NCHS, can be on annually, periodically, or one-time. Additionally, content can remain the same from year to year or it can vary.

Given the analytic goals of the NHIS, the National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS) status as a federal statistical agency, the need to maintain high data quality and follow OMB standards, and the requirements to minimize public burden, a number of factors are considered prior to making decisions about what content can be sponsored on the NHIS. The following guidance is given to potential sponsors.

Considerations for adding sponsored questions on the NHIS

NHIS content generally covers measures of health status, causes of morbidity and mortality, populations at risk, other known risk and protective factors, intermediate outcomes, and related medical or social service use. As a result, NHIS content focuses on health conditions, functioning and disability, health insurance, health care access, health care service use, and health-related behaviors, as well as covariates of health outcomes and demographics that permit assessment of health disparities.

Questions may be included to evaluate the impact of health and health care policies, federal health programs, or nationwide health promotion initiatives. The NHIS does not generally include questions on opinions, attitudes, stated preferences or other hypotheticals. The NHIS also does not generally include questions intended only to evaluate the need for or impact of targeted programs or focused health communication efforts.

Sponsored content may be used to collect data on new topics or to go into more depth about subjects already on the NHIS, including rotating core content. Sponsors may also provide funding to field existing rotating content on years that they are not scheduled to be included.

NCHS survey content, including sponsored content, must not advocate for or appear to favor any specific health policy or political viewpoint.

Estimates of interest should have expected prevalence greater than 2 percent and be fielded with a universe of sufficient size to permit reliable estimates with a single year of data. Occasionally, questions with less than 2-percent prevalence can be included if they are needed to support the complete measurement of a larger topic area or are planned for inclusion across multiple contiguous years.

For low prevalence estimates, questions can be included in the survey over several contiguous years in order to increase sample size if multi-year pooled data will improve the stability of estimates, the prevalence estimates are expected to be stable across those years, and high-quality nationally representative data on the topic are not available elsewhere. For such situations, a sponsor is expected to make a commitment for multiple years.

When baseline estimates of health outcomes or covariates associated with a new policy or part of an emerging trend are needed, a low baseline prevalence may be acceptable when the expectation is that the estimate will increase over time (e.g., the receipt of a new vaccine) and the question(s) will be included for several years to track trends.

The same sponsored content can be included periodically (e.g., every 5 years) to monitor generally increasing or decreasing (or stable) trends, i.e., where the estimates do not show both increases and decreases in the period between data collections. When monitoring trends, questions and contexts should be kept consistent to avoid the impact of methodological changes on estimates.

NHIS is a household survey where interviewers ask adult respondents questions in person and enter responses into a computer. Sampled adults answer for themselves whenever possible and a knowledgeable adult gives answers for the sampled child. Questions should be simple and written in such a way that respondents with varying levels of cognition can understand the question, recall the relevant information, and provide a straightforward response. Certain topics lend themselves well to the household survey, while others do not. Certain constructs have the potential to be too complicated for the NHIS or too difficult for respondents to recall or report accurately. Certain subject matter may be too sensitive for interviewers to ask or respondents to answer. To the extent it is known, sponsors are expected to provide evidence that the proposed questions are of high quality and appropriate for the population being surveyed.

The NHIS questionnaire, including sponsored content, must remain constant for the duration of a given calendar year. Exceptions may be made if the questions pertain to a seasonal topic.

Process for adding sponsored questions on the NHIS

NCHS determines what content will be included in the NHIS. Prioritization criteria include alignment with the HHS mission and the goals of the NHIS, data quality and appropriateness of the NHIS to measure the proposed content, ability to release data in the public-use files, and available space.

The average length of the NHIS interview is intended to be under 60 minutes. To achieve this goal, the average length of the sample adult interview can be no more than 48 minutes. (The remaining time is reserved for the household roster and, in households with children, the sample child questionnaire). Approximately 10-12 minutes is reserved for sponsored and emerging content. If there is more acceptable sponsored content than available space, priority will be given to content that best reflects HHS health improvement priorities, fits well with the data year’s rotating core modules, and is funded by a sponsor annually. Content for any individual sponsor may not exceed 25 questions.

Sponsors are advised to start a conversation with NCHS well in advance of when the questions are intended to be included in the NHIS. Due to limited space, rotating and sponsored content on the NCHS are planned in advance. Cognitive testing of the questions is often part of the development process and must be built into the schedule. However, NHIS is designed to be flexible, and should there be a need, it may be feasible to include sponsored content on the NHIS within a shorter timeframe.

NCHS releases information through reports, as well as public-use and restricted-use datafiles. As a federal statistical agency, NCHS is responsible for ensuring the privacy of survey respondents and the confidentiality of their responses. NCHS determines what is included in the public-use and restricted-use files. Any data that are included solely in the restricted-use data will be available through the NCHS restricted-use data center. Any sponsored content that does not have disclosure risk will be included in the public-use files.

All items on the NHIS, including sponsored content, undergo question quality evaluation using methods such as expert consultations, focus groups, cognitive testing, or field tests.

NCHS ultimately is responsible for the questions and content included on the NHIS. NCHS is responsible for working with the NCHS Ethics Review Board (ERB) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to obtain their approval. Changes may be needed to any sponsored content depending on ERB or OMB feedback. NCHS will work with the sponsor to resolve any issues.

Purpose and Use of Information Collection

The purposes of the NHIS are (1) to provide national data on an annual basis on the prevalence of chronic conditions and impairments, the extent of disability, the utilization of health care services, and other health-related topics; (2) to provide more detailed information on selected topics periodically and on a one time basis (3) to provide a sampling frame for the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and other follow-back surveys. It is also a main provider of data for the Congressionally mandated Health, United States report and provides data for many indicators used in monitoring progress toward current Healthy People goals and for detailing health disparities; and (4) provide a gold standard to benchmark and calibrate estimates from the Rapid Surveys System.

A major strength of the NHIS is its ability to display health characteristics by selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population. NHIS data are typically used for program planning and evaluation, public health education and health promotion and epidemiological research. Input to the design of questions is solicited from experts in a variety of organizations within the federal government, and from outside researchers and public health professionals.

In addition to the principal questionnaires, like in past years, a small sample of respondents will be reinterviewed as a quality control measure; the reinterview questionnaire is provided in Attachment 9d.

Methodological tests and follow-back surveys needed to expand the depth and breadth of information related to topics in the main NHIS and on new topics are briefly described in Attachment 6.

Use of Improved Information Technology and Burden Reduction

Like in past years, the survey will be conducted by Computer Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI), using Blaise software, which reduces the time required for collecting, transferring, processing, and releasing data. CAPI usually reduces the average duration of interviews compared to a paper questionnaire with identical content.

In order to reduce burden on Spanish-speaking respondents, the NHIS questionnaire has been translated into Spanish (and programmed into the CAPI software in this version), thus allowing the survey to be conducted seamlessly by Spanish-speaking interviewers.

The questionnaire launched in January 2019 was streamlined compared to past years’ questionnaires. In addition, critical family-level content has moved from what had historically been collected in the family questionnaire to the sample adult and sample child questionnaires. This substantially reduces the amount of information collected about all household members. Together, these revisions result in reduced public burden while minimizing the loss of information to be collected. Additionally, the redesigned NHIS questionnaire introduced a new content structure, according to which certain sections of the core content will rotate on and off the survey with a fixed periodicity. This allows the NHIS to monitor a greater number of health topics while reducing respondent burden within any given year.

Efforts to Identify Duplication and Use of Similar Information

NHIS is the primary source of information for DHHS regarding the U.S. noninstitutionalized civilian population’s health status, health care access, health care coverage, and progress toward achieving national health objectives. Measures included on the NHIS are often used by other federal data collection systems for calibration. NHIS questions are intended to be consistent with those on other federal surveys, but the NHIS does not duplicate detailed content collected in other topically specialized federal surveys. At the same time, some overlap between NHIS core content and that covered by other surveys is needed. This is the only way to ensure that the NHIS collects an adequate number of covariates to allow for varied and meaningful analysis of the NHIS data.

When developing content for the NHIS, wording of questions on other federal surveys is examined. In most cases where NHIS content areas is found to overlap with those covered by other federal surveys, the terminology used in those surveys has been adopted into the new NHIS questionnaire to increase consistency in definitions. The specific surveys include the following:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS)
National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH)
American Community Survey (ACS)
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
American Housing Survey (AHS)

In addition, NCHS has participated in interagency workgroups established to harmonize content across major DHHS surveys, including questions on mental health, sexual orientation, health insurance, and tobacco use. Results from past and ongoing harmonization efforts have been carried through into the redesigned questionnaire.

In the years since the 2019 redesign, NCHS has continued its efforts to collaborate with other agencies that collect similar content or rely on our data for policy decisions. For example, cognitive testing results (which show how respondents interpret questions) may suggest minor revisions to specific questions to ensure they are appropriate to meet NHIS measurement objectives. These results will not only be made available on the NCHS Q-Bank website, but also will be shared with agencies that we have collaborated with in the redesign process. This may lead to discussions about the performance of the questions and about the fitness of the questions for specific measurement objectives, recognizing that NHIS objectives may differ from other agency’s objectives. While we cannot assure the use of our specific questions by other agencies, we will make every effort to keep them informed of our rationale for making decisions about questions. Agencies who want to add follow-up questions to the NHIS to explore objectives in more detail than needed to meet NHIS measurement goals will be welcome to do so throughout the life of the new design.

NCHS is in the processes of establishing a new survey system, Rapid Survey Systems (RSS). The RSS will collect data on emerging public health topics, attitudes, and behaviors using cross-sectional samples from commercially available, national probability-based online panels. The RSS has three major goals: (1) to provide CDC and other partners with time-sensitive data of known quality about emerging and priority health concerns, (2) to use these data collections to continue NCHS’s evaluation of the quality of public health estimates generated from commercial online panels, and (3) to improve methods to communicate the appropriateness of public health estimates generated from commercial online panels. The RSS is intended to collect data in contexts in which decision makers’ need for time-sensitive data of known quality about emerging and priority health concerns is a higher priority than their need for statistically unbiased estimates.

The RSS will complement NCHS’s current household survey systems but will not be used to produce and disseminate the same estimates already released by the household surveys. Each round’s questionnaire will consist of four main components: (1) basic demographic information on respondents to be used as covariates in analyses; (2) new, emerging, or supplemental content proposed by NCHS, other CDC Centers, Institute, and Offices, and other HHS agencies; (3) questions used for calibrating the survey weights; and (4) additional content selected by NCHS to evaluate against relevant benchmarks. NCHS will use questions from components 1 and 2 to provide relevant, timely data on new, emerging, and priority health topics to be used for decision making. NCHS will use questions from components 3 and 4 to weight and evaluate the quality of the estimates coming from questions in components 1 and 2. This limited set of questions will be included in the NHIS as well; component 3 questions will be used for weighting and component 4 questions will be used in benchmarking and data quality evaluations. NCHS will not disseminate statistical estimates for the variables added to a given individual survey solely for the purposes of calibrating survey weights (Component 3); rather, the weighted sums of the calibration variables will be forced to equal the totals of better-estimated population totals from a source like the NHIS. However, as long as the calibration variables are of sufficient data quality and there are no confidentiality restrictions, the survey responses will be included in the publicly available data files for both the NHIS and Rapid Surveys.

Impact on Small Businesses or Other Small Entities

Information collection for the NHIS does not involve small businesses or other small entities.

Consequences of Collecting the Information Less Frequently

The continuous nature of the NHIS is necessary for several reasons. First, many of the data items collected in the NHIS are used for annual tracking of health events and circumstances, including the National Objectives for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and the health status of minority populations. Second, the continuous design makes it possible to aggregate data over longer periods of time to include enough cases to study rare events and small populations, such as population subgroups or persons with certain conditions. Third, the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (Household Component and Medical Providers Component, OMB No. 0935-0118, expires 11/30/2025) now depends on the NHIS for their sample, and failure of the NHIS to collect data annually may cause this survey to be postponed or canceled. Fourth, a continuous survey is more cost-effective because it makes possible a stable interviewing staff, which increases the quality of the data and avoids start-up and shut-down costs. Fifth, NHIS quarterly data releases allow rapid assessment of important health topics. Finally, the continuous design allows for a predetermined schedule of rotating core content, collecting data less than annually would lead to health outcomes not being able to be examined in combination and/or with all the covariates of interest available. Reducing the frequency of data collection would undermine all these desirable features of the NHIS.

There are no legal obstacles to reducing the burden.

Special Circumstances Relating to the Guidelines of 5 CFR 1320.5

This request fully complies with the regulations 5CFR 1320.5.

Comments in Response to the Federal Register Notice and Efforts to Consult Outside the Agency

A. Public Comment

A 60-day Federal Register Notice was published in the Federal Register on 08/21/2023, Vol. 88, No. 160, pp. 56823 (see Attachment 2). Three comments were received from this Notice (see Attachments 2a-c). See Attachment 2d for NCHS’ responses to the comments.

B. Other Consultations Outside the Agency

In 2008, the Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC) of NCHS commissioned a panel to review the NHIS. The panel issued a report, in which it states that, “The NHIS is the gold standard for U.S. survey data. The size, scope and the quality of the NHIS data set it apart from the vast majority of other U.S. health surveys.” The full report may be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/bsc/NHISFinalReportwithexecsumm112108.pdf

A new sample design was implemented with the 2016 NHIS. Sample areas were reselected to account for changes in the distribution of the U.S. population since 2006, when the previous sample design was first implemented. Commercial address lists were used as the main source of addresses, rather than field listing; and the oversampling procedures for black, Hispanic, and Asian persons that were a feature of the previous sample design were not implemented in 2016. For the 2016 NHIS sample redesign, sampling experts at NCHS collaborated with their counterparts at the U.S. Census Bureau to develop a timeline and procedures for implementing the new sample. Workgroups at NCHS and the Census Bureau conducted methodological and procedural research on approaches to creating a new sample, with specific focus on the new source of sample addresses (e.g., accuracy, geocoding quality, coverage of college dormitories, etc.) and the anticipated flexibility to alter overall sample size and/or shift sample allocations between States from year to year.

Explanation of Any Payments or Gifts to Respondents

No incentives are used to recruit participants for the annual NHIS. An incentive of $5 in cash will be provided to adolescents who complete the 15 minute adolescent follow-back survey as a token of appreciation, which reflects a similar rate seen in other adolescent surveys (e.g. the National Survey on Drug Use and Health offers $30 for an hour-long interview). An additional non-conditional $5 cash token of appreciation will be provided to adolescents who have not completed the survey after the first few weeks of the study period.

Protection of the Privacy and Confidentiality of Information Provided by Respondents

The NCHS Privacy Act Coordinator has determined that the Privacy Act is applicable because information in identifiable form is being collected. The Privacy Act System of Records relevant to this data collection is entitled Health and Demographic Surveys Conducted in Probability Samples of the U.S. Population (09-20-0164). See Attachment 13 for a current copy of the Privacy Impact Assessment.

Confidentiality assurances to respondents are shown in Attachment 1. The collection, transfer, processing, storage, and release of NHIS data are conducted in compliance with section 308(d) of the Public Health Service Act (42 USC 242m), the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2018 (CIPSEA; 44 U.S.C. 3561-3583), and the Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a. NCHS will use the data for statistical purposes only, and will grant data access to NCHS staff, contractors, and agents for this purpose only when required and with necessary controls.

All NCHS employees and agents who access NHIS data are subject to the confidentiality procedures set forth in CIPSEA, which states:

“Whoever, being an officer, employee, or agent of an agency acquiring information for exclusively statistical purposes, having taken and subscribed the oath of office, or having sworn to observe the limitations imposed by section 512, comes into possession of such information by reason of his or her being an officer, employee, or agent and, knowing that the disclosure of the specific information is prohibited under the provisions of this title, willfully discloses the information in any manner to a person or agency not entitled to receive it, shall be guilty of a Class E felony and imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or fined not more than $250,000, or both.”

Information in Identifiable Form

Information in identifiable form (IIF) is collected for linkage with other federal sources of data and to enable the MEPS and NHIS follow-back surveys to develop a sampling frame from NHIS data. All of these items have been routinely approved and collected in the past. The identifiable information includes:

Name
Date of birth
State/Territory where born (if born in US)
Last four digits of the Social Security Number and/or Medicare number
Mailing address
Phone numbers
Medical information

The NHIS continues to collect, on a confidential basis, data needed to recontact respondents for additional information and for participation in the MEPS, NHIS follow-back surveys and other special projects, as well as to match respondents to administrative records such as the National Death Index. This ability to track respondents and match to other records greatly expands the usefulness of the data at very low cost and with no added respondent burden.

The collection of information in identifiable form requires strong measures to ensure that private information is not disclosed in a breach of confidentiality. Only those NCHS employees, those specially designated agents (including staff at the U.S. Census Bureau), and those NHIS research partners who must use the personal information for a specific purpose can use such data.

All NCHS employees as well as all contract staff, receive appropriate training and sign a “Nondisclosure Statement.” Staff from collaborating agencies are also required to sign this statement, and members of outside agencies are required to enter into a more formal agreement with NCHS. Everyone else who uses NHIS data can do so only after all identifiable information is removed.

To aid interviewers in guarding the confidentiality and security of data, all data collected for the NHIS will be collected on Census Bureau-furnished laptop computers that are secured with encryption software. This software encrypts data contained on the computer and has two levels of password protection. In the event of computer theft or other loss of the computer, the software prevents unauthorized access to any data on the computer, thereby adding an extra layer of security and confidentiality to the data. The transmission of confidential data from the Census Bureau to NCHS will be protected through procedures such as encryption and carefully restricted access, as is the storage of confidential data on both agencies’ servers. In addition, a routine set of measures will be taken to safeguard confidentiality, including the following: all Census Bureau and NCHS staff who have access to confidential information are given instruction by NCHS staff on the requirement to protect confidentiality, and are required to sign a pledge to maintain confidentiality; only such authorized personnel are allowed access to confidential records, and only when their work requires it; and when confidential information is not in use, it is stored in secure conditions.

It is NCHS policy to make NHIS data available via public use data files to the scientific community. Publicly released data sets are available indefinitely on the NCHS website. A concerted effort is made to avoid any disclosures that may allow a researcher to go back and find individuals in the general population. To this end, prior to their release, the NHIS data files are reviewed by the NCHS Disclosure Review Board to evaluate hundreds of tabulations of data estimates along with the survey methods in order to determine where disclosure risks might arise and how to minimize them. Several techniques are used to minimize these risks, including collapsing categories, top and bottom coding, adding noise to variables, removing detailed geographic information that may allow someone to identify individuals in the general population, along with other statistically sound means. This results in all personal identifiers being removed from the public release files; this includes participant name, address, survey location number, and so forth. Researchers wishing to conduct analysis on variables not available in the public use data files may submit a research proposal to use the NCHS Research Data Center. Procedures for submitting the proposal and other important information can be found here http://www.cdc.gov/rdc/.

The process of informing respondents of the procedures used to keep information confidential begins with the advance letter and information brochure mailed in advance (Attachments 10a and 10b) and will carry through to interviewer training and all communications with potential respondents. The advance letter includes all appropriate elements of informed consent, including the purpose of the data collection, the voluntary nature of the survey, with whom the information will be shared, and the effect upon the respondent for not participating. These mailings may be supplemented with other mailed material (postcards and letters) that are leveraged based on Census Regional Offices’ need to establish contact with prospective respondents (Attachment 10c). After the interview, all respondents are mailed an official “Thank You letter” to express appreciation for their participation (Attachment 10d).

Institutional Review Board (IRB) Review and Justification for Sensitive Questions

Under the 2018 requirements of the Common Rule (45 CFR 46.102(l)(2)), the NHIS was determined to be a public health surveillance activity so Institutional Review Board approval is not required. This was reviewed and confirmed again on September 28^th, 2023. In accordance with the NCHS’ Practices and Procedures for the Protection of Human Subjects in Primary Data Collection Excluded from or Exempt under the Common Rule, the NHIS informed consent procedures were reviewed and approved by the NCHS Ethics Review Board on 9/28/2023 expiring October 4, 2024. New clearance will be sought before it expires (Attachment 11).

Some of the NHIS research topics include potentially sensitive questions. With the exception of the set of questions pertaining to stressful life events for children that were first on the 2019 NHIS, all these questions have been on the NHIS for a number of years. In the informed consent procedure, participants are advised of the voluntary nature of their participation in the survey or any of its components. Sample adults, sample child respondents, and household respondents are informed that they can choose not to answer any questions they do not wish to answer and that they may stop the interview at any time.

The potential sensitivity of questions was an evaluation criterion in determining content of the survey. The multi-purpose nature of the NHIS makes it necessary to exclude topics so sensitive that they may interfere with participation.

Questions asked about the following topics are considered by some to be of a sensitive nature:

Social Security and Health Insurance Claim Number (last four digits)
Citizenship Status
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Stressful life events for children

Social Security Number and Health Insurance Claim Number: The last four digits of the social security number is asked on the NHIS questionnaire to allow linkage with administrative and vital records such as the National Death Index (NDI; OMB# 0920-0215, expires 03/31/2023). The NDI is a computerized central file of death record information. It is compiled from data obtained by NCHS from the State vital statistics offices. The data contain a standard set of identifying information on decedents from 1979 to the present. Records are matched using Social Security Number and other variables such as name, date of birth, sex, state of residence, and marital status. Of these, social security number is the most important identifier for successful matching. The last four digits has been shown to be nearly as effective for matching as the full number.

Medicare beneficiaries are given a health insurance claim number. The NHIS asks for the last four digits of that number so that the NHIS data can be linked to Medicare claims information for purposes of statistical research.

Citizenship Status: Health care coverage availability and offerings can differ by citizenship status. To best estimate the coverage status among those eligible, it is useful to obtain information about the citizenship status of NHIS sample persons.

Sexual Orientation: Beginning in 2013, questions on sexual orientation were added to the NHIS. Extensive testing occurred prior to this addition to examine the impact of the questions on interview break-off, nonresponse or refusals, and other possible negative reactions. Multiple rounds of cognitive testing and three rounds of field testing were conducted. Treating the questions as sensitive by offering ACASI administration did not alter the results. Since introducing the questions on the NHIS in January 2013, there have been no complaints from respondents or negative outcomes. These questions have been recommended for use by the interagency workgroup established to harmonize content across major DHHS surveys.

Gender Identity: Experimental items on gender identity have been included in the NHIS since 2022 to develop a methodology for asking about gender identity. NCHS is in the process of evaluating the data from these questions and determining the optimal approach for gender identity moving forward. An item on gender identity was also included on the NHIS Teen.

Stressful life events for children: Questions pertaining to stressful life events are included in the child questionnaire. These questions were first asked in the 2019 NHIS and may be considered sensitive. However, these questions have been regularly asked in the National Survey of Children’s Health (OMB# 0607-0990, expires 05/31/2025), without complaints from participants. The questions ask about events over the entire course of a child’s life. Introductory text is read to respondents before beginning these questions, which informs respondents that some people may feel uncomfortable answering these types of questions and that they may skip any questions they do not want to answer.

Estimates of Annualized Burden Hours and Costs

Time Estimates

This submission requests OMB approval for three years of data collection, to occur within the context of ongoing data collection activities (OMB# 0920-0214, expires 12/31/2023). The average burden for each survey component for one complete survey cycle is shown in the table below.

The estimated overall average annual burden for 2024, including the roster, adult questionnaire, child questionnaire, methodological projects, NHIS Teen and the reinterview component, is 39,192 hours. The average annual burden for 2025 and 2026 is estimated to be comparable to this estimated burden for 2024. Any future modification that might impact the instruments and/or burden estimates will be submitted as a nonsubstantive change request for OMB review, as applicable.

Lines 1-3 of the burden table represent the different sections of the NHIS questionnaire. Line 4 covers the methodological projects such as web and/or mail-based methodological projects, cognitive testing, and mixed-mode NHIS activities. Line 5 covers the NHIS-Teen survey. Small quality control reinterview surveys of participating households are represented on line 6.

Estimated Annualized Burden Hours 

Type of Respondent	Form Name	Number of Respondents	Number of Responses per respondent	Average Burden per Response (in hours)	Total Burden Hours
Adult Household Member	Household Roster	36,000	1	4/60	2,400
Sample Adult	Adult Questionnaire	33,000	1	50/60	27,500
Adult Family Member	Child Questionnaire	10,000	1	22/60	3,667
Adult Family Member	Methodological Projects	15,000	1	20/60	5,000
Sample Child	NHIS-Teen survey	667	1	15/60	167
Adult Family Member	Reinterview Survey	5,500	1	5/60	458
Total					39,192

Not all questions apply to each person, and the questionnaire instrument automatically skips over questions that do not apply, based on earlier information given by the respondent. Thus, no respondent is ever asked all of the questions in the questionnaire.

The estimate of response burden above is based on an average length of interview per household. Variations occur in individual household interview times primarily because of differing numbers of persons in the household and variations in the number of health conditions reported in the household.

The burden on any single member of a sample family also varies according to who is designated respondent for each component. In some sample families the same adult could be the respondent for all of the major components: roster, adult, and child. In other families there could be a different respondent for each component. In the first case, the total average burden on the single respondent would be about one hour; in all other cases the burden on a single respondent would be less.

The amount of time for the 2024 sample adult and sample child questionnaires is expected to be similar to 2023 see attachments 9a-9c for NHIS roster, sample adult and sample child content). Similarly, the amount of burden hours remains the same for methodological projects (see attachment 6) and the reinterview survey (see attachment 9d). The NHIS-Teen is expected to take 15 minutes to administer, but depends on funding availability (see attachment 7).

B. Cost to Respondents

At an average wage rate of $21.00 per hour, the estimated annualized cost for the 39,192 burden hours is

$823,032. This estimated cost does not represent an out-of-pocket expense but represents a monetary value attributed to the time spent doing the interview.

Estimated Annualized Burden Costs

Type of Respondent	Form Name	Total Burden Hours	Hourly Wage Rate	Total Respondent Costs
Adult Household Member	Household Roster	2,400	$21.00	$50,400
Sample Adult	Adult Questionnaire	27,500	$21.00	$577,500
Adult Family Member	Child Questionnaire	3,667	$21.00	$77,007
Adult Family Member	Methodological Projects	5,000	$21.00	$105,000
Sample Child	NHIS-Teen Survey	167	$21.00	$3,500
Adult Family Member	Reinterview Survey	458	$21.00	$9,625
Total	$823,032

Estimates of Other Total Annual Cost Burden to Respondents or Record keepers

There are no annual capital or maintenance costs to the respondent resulting from this collection of information.

Annualized Cost to the Federal Government

As shown in the table below, the total cost of the 2024 NHIS is estimated to be about $47 million, the same as for the 2020 survey. This includes costs to NCHS directly and to its fieldwork contractor, the Bureau of the Census. For NCHS, the estimated cost for the 2024 data collection is about $9 million. This cost includes work on survey design, evaluation, analysis, comparability studies, coding, processing, questionnaire design laboratory testing, field pretests, weighting, and estimation, printing of survey materials, and staff observation costs (travel and per diem). It is estimated that Census Bureau costs for survey planning, design, and data collection for the 2024 NHIS will be about $38 million, which is transferred to the Census Bureau through an Interagency Agreement.

Total 2024 Survey Costs 47 million

U.S. Bureau of the Census 38 million

(Interagency Agreement)

Sampling 4.5 million

Survey Management 3.5 million

Field Operations 27 million

Data Editing 1.5 million

Programming and IT 1.5 million

National Center for Health Statistics 9 million

Approximately $9 million of these costs are provided to NCHS through Interagency Agreements with survey sponsors.

Explanation for Program Changes or Adjustments

Currently there are 38,095 burden hours for 2021-2023. The total burden estimated for 2024-2026 is 39,192 hours. The 1,097 hours increase is due to a program change.

Plans for Tabulation and Publication and Project Time Schedule

The following are key activities and projected completion dates for the 2024 NHIS:

Activity Projected Completion Date

2024 data collection Following OMB approval, for 12-months

Early release of selected
estimates (Quarter 1) Eight months after OMB approval

2024 data file available 18 months after OMB approval

Publication of Summary
Statistics Two years after OMB approval

Reason(s) Display of OMB Expiration Date is Inappropriate

The display of the OMB expiration date is not inappropriate.

Exceptions to Certification for Paperwork Reduction Act Submissions

There are no exceptions to the certification.

File Type	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
Author	gnx5
File Modified	0000-00-00
File Created	2023-11-16

2024 NHIS SSA 2023-11-3-2023_final

2024 NHIS SSA 2023-11-3-2023_final.docx

[NCHS] National Health Interview Survey

OMB: 0920-0214

Circumstance Making the Collection of Information Necessary

Purpose and Use of Information Collection

Use of Improved Information Technology and Burden Reduction

Efforts to Identify Duplication and Use of Similar Information

Impact on Small Businesses or Other Small Entities

Consequences of Collecting the Information Less Frequently

Special Circumstances Relating to the Guidelines of 5 CFR 1320.5

Comments in Response to the Federal Register Notice and Efforts to Consult Outside the Agency

Explanation of Any Payments or Gifts to Respondents

Protection of the Privacy and Confidentiality of Information Provided by Respondents

Institutional Review Board (IRB) Review and Justification for Sensitive Questions

Estimates of Annualized Burden Hours and Costs

Estimates of Other Total Annual Cost Burden to Respondents or Record keepers

Annualized Cost to the Federal Government

Explanation for Program Changes or Adjustments

Plans for Tabulation and Publication and Project Time Schedule

Reason(s) Display of OMB Expiration Date is Inappropriate

Exceptions to Certification for Paperwork Reduction Act Submissions