Malawi - VACS Cognitive Lab Report

Attachment N: Malawi 2013 VACS Questionnaire Cognitive Interview Report

VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN SURVEY (VACS)
COGNITIVE INTERVIEW STUDY, MALAWI:
FINAL REPORT
Daniel Harwell
Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory
National Center for Health Statistics

March 2013

INTRODCTION
This report outlines findings of the Violence Against Children Survey (VACS) cognitive
interview study conducted January 7-11, 2013 in Zomba, Malawi. As part of this study a total of
fifty interviews were conducted with twenty interviews conducted in English by researchers from
the Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory (QDRL) at the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) and thirty interviews conducted in Chichewa by researchers from the Centre
for Social Research (CSR) at the University of Malawi. The analytic purpose of the VACS
cognitive interviewing study was to provide understanding regarding:
Feasibility of collecting such data given the sensitivity and age suitability of the
questions
Assurance that meaning of terms and concepts are understood
Length of the questionnaire
Ordering of sections
Length of section introductions
Ability of respondents to distinguish between types of violence
Ability of respondents to distinguish specific events
This study was conducted following a similar study conducted in Manila, Philippines in
August 2012. The study in Manila had a number of key findings which included: a need to
reduce the questionnaire length, a reorganization of the question ordering, and the importance of
utilizing clear and concise wording. Specific recommendations that came out of the Philippines
study included:

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•
•
•
•
•
•

Eliminating repetitive questions
Increasing the use of skip patterns to ensure that only relevant questions are
administered to each respondent
Rewording questions to make them easier to administer
Reducing section introductions
Improving clarity of questions to ensure that respondents understand the concepts that
are being asked about to decrease false positives and underreporting
Revising the wording of questions to ensure that the topics being asked about are
unambiguous and conveyed in a concise manner

As a result of these findings, a number of changes were made before the questionnaire was tested
in this study. These changes included:
•

•

•

Increased use of Skip Patterns: This change was implemented to ensure respondents
were asked only relevant questions. In earlier versions, all respondents were asked if
they had received various injuries as a result of the violence they experienced, but in
the version utilized in Malawi only respondents who answered that they had received
injuries were asked what types of injuries they received. This change worked well to
reduce the length of interviews and also ensured that the respondent only received
relevant questions.
Rewording of Questions: The version of the questionnaire utilized in Malawi reduced
ambiguous language in a number of questions relating to sexual activities. In
previous versions, questions regarding sexual behavior asked respondents if they had
engaged in “sexual intercourse”, while the version used in Malawi asked, “Have you
ever had vaginal, oral, or anal sex?” This change did improve respondents’
understanding of the topics being discussed; however, this change caused a number of
respondents to feel embarrassed likely due to cultural sensitivities surrounding sex.
Reorganization of Questionnaire
o Question Ordering: Changes in question ordering were implemented to ask
all filter questions as part of a series, rather than asking a filter question and
immediately asking all the follow up questions. This change is best
exemplified in question F39, where respondents are asked all questions about
witnessing physical violence in a series, and then each yes answer is then
followed up on. Unfortunately, this change did not work as anticipated and
resulted in confusion for respondents during the follow up questions.
o Placement of Sensitive Questions: The questionnaire was also reorganized to
place more sensitive questions at the end of the questionnaire. This
reorganization allowed interviewers to establish a rapport with the respondent
that could be relied upon in more sensitive questions. Given that sensitive
questions increase the risk of a break off in the interview, placing the more
sensitive questions towards the end of the questionnaire minimizes the impact
that break offs will have data collection. This change was implemented to
conform to best practices for survey research and did not have a negative
impact on the interviews.

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In addition to the goals initially established for the cognitive interview study as a whole,
several additional research questions were posed for the cognitive interview study in Malawi
specifically. These additional research questions included 1) determining how the more use of
more explicit language in the definition of sexual activities affected respondents and 2)
determining how the structural changes made to the questionnaire altered respondents’
understanding of the questions.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Questionnaire Length
One of the research questions of this study was to determine the impact of questionnaire
length on the survey and the resulting data. Prior to the Malawi study, substantial changes were
made to the questionnaire to drastically reduce its length. These changes included removing
questions, reducing the number and length of section introductions, and the implementation of
more skip patterns.
Despite the reduction of the questionnaire, the cognitive interviews varied in length
between 45 and 120 minutes. After the first day, we were forced to scale back the amount
probing conducted and prioritize certain sections and questions in order to ensure that interviews
lasted no longer than 90 minutes. Interviewers frequently noted that respondents drifted off or
lost focus at various points throughout the survey. It should be noted that a cognitive interview
is unique from a standardized survey interview given that in a cognitive interview interviewers
ask additional follow up probes that are not included in the questionnaire itself. While this
probing allows us to gain additional information essential in the evaluation of the survey
questions, it also adds length to the interview compared with a standard survey interview.
One strategy that was implemented in both the Philippines and Malawi studies to reduce
the questionnaire length was the reduction of section introductions. While section introductions
can provide important information and useful transitions between topics, when lengthy or
frequent section introductions are used this can have a negative impact on data quality.
Introductions that contain examples can unintentionally cause respondents to focus on the
scenarios or topics mentioned in the examples. Additionally, warning respondents that particular
topics are considered sensitive can result in a heightened awareness of the sensitivity of the
information being provided. In the Philippines and Malawi studies, some limited transitions
between sections were retained to provide important information to respondents and to convey
reassurances regarding the confidentiality of the information being collected.
2. Suitability of Potentially Sensitive Content
An issue that proved challenging in Malawi was the sensitivity surrounding sexual topics
both in English and Chichewa. This problem occurred primarily with younger respondents, but
also with a couple of older respondents. Throughout all of the questions regarding romantic
partners and sexual activities there was a number of respondents who refused to discuss the
topics at any length. This issue arose in more sensitive questions such as questions about sexual
behaviors and abuse (F400, F700-F1000), as well as in questions that would not traditionally be
considered as sensitive such as relationship status or gender attitudes. For example, when
respondents were asked if they had a romantic partner, a number of respondents became
embarrassed and refused to answer the survey question. Additionally, a number of respondents
explained that they were too young to have a partner and did not discuss this any further. When
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respondents got to the F34 series of the gender attitudes section, one respondent stated, “I have
never done this and I am not there when people are doing it.” A different respondent asked,
“How would I know, I’m just a kid?” This issue became clearer in the sexual behavior and
sexual abuse sections when respondents would refuse to answer questions. One such respondent
hid their face when she was asked about sexual contact.
Similarly, interviewers noted that this issue became apparent as respondents became shy
and reserved or simply refused to answer the survey questions. Even in cases where the
respondent felt comfortable enough to answer the survey questions, respondents became visibly
embarrassed when they were asked to define or explain their understanding of sex. Interviewers
also noted that the repeated use of the definition of sex in the sexual abuse questions, as well as
in the follow up questions, was uncomfortable and awkward, but also felt that it distracted
respondents from the question.
3. The Impact of Interviewers
The impact of interviewers on data collection was observed in this study. The topics
covered in the VACS questionnaire sometimes prompted respondents to edit their answers. The
most glaring example of this is exhibited by the fact that no Chichewa respondents reported
having sex to a Chichewa speaking interviewer. Additionally, no Chichewa respondents
reported that anyone had tried to make them have sex but not succeeded (F800), that anyone had
ever physically forced them to have sex (F900), or that anyone had pressured them in a
nonphysical way to have sex (F1000) to a Chichewa speaking interviewer. On the hand, several
English speaking respondents did report to their English speaking interviewer that these types of
events had occurred. This reporting difference may be an artifact of interviewer demographics.
Aside from the generic impact of interviewers, there were other factors specific to this
study that could have caused these effects. One such factor is the impact of interviewer gender,
which has been known to have an impact on respondents’ answers. All Chichewa interviewers
for this study were male, but for English interviews the majority of respondents were paired with
an interviewer of the same gender. This could have resulted in female respondents feeling
uncomfortable discussing sensitive topics with a male. Another potential factor is the fact that
all of the English interviews were conducted by American interviewers. Given that the topic of
sexual activities is a particularly sensitive topic in Malawian culture, respondents may have
spoken more freely with English interviewers due to the fact that they are an “outsider” to
Malawian culture. Additionally, it should be noted that at times there were communication
difficulties between the interviewer and respondent due to language barriers. While all of the
respondents did speak English, some of the respondents did not speak English well enough to
fully express themselves to fully engage in a cognitive interview.
4. Question Ordering
A number of changes were made to the question order from previous versions of the
questionnaire. One change that was problematic in the Malawi study was the grouping of similar
filter questions, which were then followed up with additional questions about each topic (See the
sexual abuse sections:F700, F800, F900, and F1000 for the best example). This was a difficult
cognitive task for respondents who reported experiencing more than one form of violence in a
particular series. Respondents were first asked a series of related questions and then asked to
follow up on each topic, rather than moving straight from a filter question to the applicable
follow up questions. A number of respondents in both languages struggled to determine which

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topic was being asked about during the follow up questions. This led to respondents frequently
asking for clarification on what topic was being discussed and to misreporting of information as
a result of this confusion. Based on this experience, we recommend that each stem question
should be directly followed by all applicable follow up questions.
While this specific change was unsuccessful, other changes and improvements made to
the questionnaire were found to be successful. One example of this was the movement of more
sensitive questions to the end of the survey. This allowed interviewers to build a sense of rapport
with the respondent that could then be utilized when more sensitive questions were being
administered.
5. Understanding of Key Terms and Concepts
Generally, Malawi respondents did not have difficulty understanding key concepts.
There were a few terms or phrases that respondents did not understand, such as charred skin or
spanking, but overall respondents had little difficulty understanding the questions.
While comprehension of concepts was not a widespread problem, respondents did have
some difficulty understanding concepts that were being asked about for a few of the questions.
For example, one consistently problematic question, in both English and Chichewa, was question
F1303 in the mental health section. Respondents frequently noted that they were unable to
distinguish between the phrases used in the F1303 series. Another issue that arose was confusion
over what constitutes touching someone in a sexual way. For example, a few male respondents
reported that female friends had done things like massaging the respondents’ chest and
shoulders. The respondents felt that this constituted someone touching them in a sexual way;
however, based on the current question it is unclear if this should be reported. In another
question there was some confusion over what constituted pressuring someone in a nonphysical
way to have sex. For example, a few male respondents stated that they had received peer
pressure from their friends to engage in sexual activities; however, these respondents wanted to
wait until they were married to have sex. Based on the current wording of the question (F1000),
it is unclear if this scenario should be reported in this question. Finally, there was some
confusion about what constituted being forced to watch pornography in question F600a. One
respondent reported that he had been forced to watch pornography because his friends had
pressured and encouraged him to watch. Other respondents reported similar experiences, but did
not feel that this constituted being forced to watch pornography. Ultimately, these kinds of
inconsistencies in the understanding of such key concepts lead to inaccurate reporting.
6. Respondents’ Ability to Distinguish Between Events
An individual’s level of experience with violence influences the degree to which they
can provide an accurate answer. For some respondents, this may be difficult to impossible to
recall. Respondents who had frequently experienced violence and respondents who had
experienced violence a number of years in the past had difficulty recalling details about specific
instances of violence. For example, respondents who had experienced a large number of
instances of physical violence over an extended period of time often had difficulty distinguishing
between instances of violence. Additionally, respondents who had experienced violence more
than a few years in the past as well as respondents who had experienced extensive violence had
difficulty recalling specific details about the event, such as the age when the violence occurred or
whether they had received injuries from a specific instance of violence. While some changes
were implemented from earlier versions of the questionnaire, it is likely impossible to completely

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eliminate these issues and given this the data collected from respondents who are recalling events
from several years in the past or respondents who have experienced extensive amounts of
violence may have underlying issues.
7. Physical Violence vs. Punishment
Respondents’ make judgments as to whether violence that they have experienced is or is
not justified. Violence that the respondent deemed to be justified was not reported. As a result,
a pattern that came to light during our analysis was the fact that a large number of respondents
interpreted some of the physical abuse questions as asking about punishment. This was observed
particularly in question F147a which asks, “Has a parents or other adult relative ever: punched,
kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object?” While the question assumes that violence is
always unjustified, not all respondents make the same assumption. One respondent explained,
“… this is violence but a way of making us behave better.” Additionally, when asked in
question F35 whether they viewed physical punishment as being acceptable a number of
respondents reported that they felt this was an acceptable form of punishment. Ultimately, the
view that certain instances of violence are justified, could lead respondents to under report their
experience with violence.
8. Translation Issues
Prior to the first day of interviewing, the complete questionnaire was reviewed to ensure
that the Chichewa translation of the instrument matched the English version as closely as
possible. While a few issues were detected and corrected, a few additional translation issues
were discovered once the questionnaire was administered to respondents. A problem was
deemed to be a translation or language issue if there were differing understandings of a word
between respondents who received the questionnaire in Chichewa and those who received the
questionnaire in English. One issue that arose with a few questions was that respondents had
difficulty differentiating because questions and reported that the questions were asking the same
thing. This issue arose in questions F9 and F10, as well as the mental health series (F1303).
Additionally, question F33e discusses the ramifications of a wife preparing “bad food”. In
Chichewa, respondents interpreted this as meaning that the food was improperly prepared or
undercooked; however, respondents who completed the questionnaire in English did not have
these interpretations. These issues underscore the importance of having country specific
researchers reviewing the questionnaire, but also conducting small pilot or cognitive
interviewing studies to fully detect these issues.

METHODOLOGY
This section details the methodology used for this specific study as well as a general description
of cognitive interviewing methodology.
Cognitive Interviewing
The aim of cognitive interviewing study is to investigate how well survey questions
perform when asked of respondents, that is, if respondents understand the questions according to
their intended design and if they can provide accurate answers based on that intent. As a
qualitative method, the primary benefit of cognitive interviewing is that it provides rich,
contextual insight into the ways in which respondents 1) interpret a question, 2) consider and

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weigh out relevant aspects of their lives and, finally, 3) formulate a response based on that
consideration. As such, cognitive interviewing provides in-depth understanding of the ways in
which a question operates, the kind of phenomena that it captures, and how it ultimately serves
(or fails) the scientific goal. Findings from a cognitive interviewing project typically lead to
recommendations for improving a survey question, or results can be used in post-survey analysis
to assist in data interpretation.
Traditionally, cognitive testing is performed by conducting in-depth, semi-structured
interviews with a small sample of approximately twenty to forty respondents. The typical
interview structure consists of respondents first answering the evaluated question and then
answering a series of follow-up probe questions that reveal what respondents were thinking and
their rationale for that specific response. In this regard, cognitive interviews unfold within a
narrative format and are often personal and, in comparison to traditional survey interviews, are
unique to each respondent. Through this semi-structured design, various types of questionresponse problems, such as interpretive errors or recall accuracy, are uncovered—problems that
often go unnoticed in traditional survey interviews. By asking respondents to provide textual
verification and the process by which they formulated their answer, elusive errors are revealed.
As a qualitative method, the sample selection for a cognitive testing project is purposive.
Respondents are not selected through a random process, but rather are selected for specific
characteristics such as gender or race or some other attribute that is relevant to the type of
questions being examined. When studying questions designed to identify persons with
disabilities, for example, the test sample would likely consist of respondents with a previously
known disability and, to discover potential causes of false positive or false negative reporting,
some respondents with no known disability. Because of the small sample size, not all social and
demographic groups are represented. Analysis of cognitive interviews does not produce
generalizable findings in a statistical sense, but rather, provides an explicit exploration of
response processes including patterns of interpretation which could lead to response error.
Analysis of cognitive interviews can be conducted from transcribed interviews or, as is
often the case, from interviewer notes. The texts of the interviews (either transcribed materials
or interviewer notes) are collated by question so that comparisons can be made systematically
across all respondents. Several levels of analysis can typically be performed. First, distinct
occurrences in which respondents experience difficulty or confusion while answering are
identified. Additionally, specific instances or patterns of error are also noted and, most
importantly, the particular causes of those errors are identified. In addition to response errors,
analysis of cognitive interviews can be conducted to reveal patterns of question interpretation.
By comparing each respondent’s interpretation to a particular question, patterns can be identified
and then examined for consistency and degree of variation among respondents. This type of
interpretive analysis does not necessarily illustrate overt response errors, but rather provides
deeper insight into the substance or the actual meaning that constitutes the survey data.
VACS Cognitive Interview Study Methods
A total of fifty interviews were conducted for this project with twenty interviews
conducted in English by researchers from the Questionnaire Design Research Laboratory
(QDRL) at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and thirty interviews conducted in
Chichewa by researchers from the Centre for Social Research (CSR) at the University of
Malawi.

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Individuals between the ages of 13 and 23 living in Zomba District were eligible to
participate in the study. Respondents were recruited and screened for eligibility by Research
Assistants from CSR. In order to capture respondents with a broad range of experience, 80
percent of respondents lived in villages around Zomba City, while 20 percent of respondents
lived in Zomba City. Additionally, 60 percent of respondents recruited for the study were under
the age of 18 in order to assess of the suitability of the VACS content for this age range. Table 1
shows the breakdown of respondent ages by the language in which the interview was completed.
In order to recruit respondents who could speak English well enough to complete the cognitive
interview, the majority of respondents interviewed in English were over age 18, while
respondents who were interviewed in Chichewa were younger. Table 2 shows the breakdown of
respondent age by sex. Given that one focus of this study was to evaluate the language used in
the survey for younger respondents, a total of 30 respondents (evenly divided between sexes)
under age 18 were recruited. Twenty respondents over the age of 18 were recruited and the
sample was evenly divided between males and females.
Additional demographic information was not formally obtained in order to minimize the
collection of personally identifiable information in order to ensure that the risk to participants
was minimal; however, some additional demographic information was obtained as part of the
questionnaire. Thirteen respondents reported that they had had a boyfriend or girlfriend, while
five respondents reported that they had had sexual intercourse.

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Table 1: Respondent Age by Interview Language
Age

English Chichewa TOTAL

13

0

8

8

14

0

6

6

15

1

3

4

16

1

6

7

17

2

3

5

18

8

3

11

19

6

1

7

20

0

0

0

21

0

0

0

22

0

0

0

23

2

0

2

24

0

0

0

TOTAL

20

30

50

Table 2: Respondent Age by Respondent Sex
Male Female TOTAL
13-17

15

15

30

18-24

10

10

20

TOTAL

25

25

50

Respondents were recruited for this project by CSR which distributing flyers to primary
and secondary schools in the area, as well as at Chancellor College. CSR also travelled to the
villages surrounding Zomba and spoke with parents of potential respondents to provide
additional information about the study. Interview dates were scheduled and respondents were
provided transportation to the interview location. The average interview lasted approximately 70
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minutes and all interviews were limited to 90 minutes. Respondents received 3,500 Kwacha
(approximately $11 USD) for their participation. Additionally, as a result of changes made
following the VACS Philippines Study, the full VACS questionnaire was administered for this
study. A copy of the questionnaire utilized can be found in Appendix A.
Method of Analysis
Analysis of interviews includes a three stage process involving data reduction and theory
building (i.e. drawing conclusions). A data entry and analysis software application (Q-Notes)
was used to conduct analysis. Q-Notes, developed by the Question Design Research Laboratory,
ensures systematic and transparent analysis across all cognitive interviews as well as provides an
audit trail depicting the way in which findings are generated from the raw interview data.
Without such an analysis, conclusions presented in cognitive interview reports can, without the
reader’s knowledge, consist of anecdotal reports derived from one or two standout interviews or
the general impressions of interviewers.
To conduct analysis for the VACS study, original interview text from every interview
was first summarized into detailed interview notes. Summary notes specified the way in which
individual respondents answered every survey question, including each respondent’s
interpretation of questions and key terms, activities and experiences considered by respondents,
and any response difficulties and errors. Next, analysis was conducted systematically across
interviews, identifying interpretive patterns (including patterns of response errors) across
interviews. Findings from this second level of analysis depict the phenomena captured by each
question and allows for the assessment of construct validity. The final stage of analysis involves
examination of themes by specific subgroups. Identifying the presence of specific patterns
occurring only within in a particular subgroup (e.g. girls vs. boys) can signal potential bias in
resulting survey data.

QUESTION BY QUESTION REVIEW
This section presents an in depth analysis of questions from the VACS Malawi
questionnaire. Some questions have been omitted from this analysis, as interviewers were only
able to probe on a limited number of questions due to time constraints for the cognitive
interviews. Additionally, in some instances a series of questions have been grouped together to
allow for a more cohesive discussion given the relationship between the questions.
F7

How much do you feel connected or close to other students? A lot, A little, Not very
much, Not at all?
In order to answer this question, respondents had to interpret what it means to feel
“connected or close” to other students. Respondents ultimately interpreted this phrase broadly.
In discussing their understanding of the phrase “connected or close to other students”
respondents mentioned talking with friends, helping others, and behaviors to explain their
understanding of this phrase.
Respondents frequently mentioned talking or chatting with their friends to describe how
connected they feel. One respondent who said that she felt a little connected to other students
explained that she said only a little because she doesn't like chatting with others. Another
respondent who answered “a lot” explained that he feels close to other students because he can

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talk to other students about problems. Some respondents stated that they discuss personal
problems with other students, while other respondents reported that they only discuss school
related topics with other students. Despite this distinction, it did not seem to have any impact on
the response option that respondents ultimately selected.
In explaining their answer, respondents frequently mentioned giving or receiving help
from other students. One respondent who answered “a lot” explained she felt this way because
the students help each other out by providing pens or pencils when other students are in need.
This respondent also explained that when one student is sick the students come together as a
group to visit the sick student. Another respondent explained their answer by saying, “We rely
on each other and get support from others.”
A number of respondents who answered “not very much” explained that they felt this
way because the people at their school had “bad behavior”. One respondent explained, “Some
students have defiant behavior, bad behaviors.” Another respondent explained that the students
at her school cursed and that she is no longer friends with them.
F8

How much do you talk to friends about important things?
Respondents' interpretations of the phrase “important things” varied between
respondents; however, all of these interpretations focused on topics related to either education or
personal problems. For example, one respondent explained that important things meant “family
trouble or academic problems”. Another respondent defined important things as “education and
future plans and lifestyle”.

F9

How much can you count on friends for support?
Respondents varied greatly in their interpretation of the words support, though
respondents generally felt that they could count on their friends for support. In explaining the
support that they could count on their friends for, respondents discussed academics, monetary or
tangible gifts, and other intangible benefits. One example of a respondent who interpreted
support in terms of academics said, “When I have no pen, my friends lend me one and they
always come to my assistance.” Another respondent mentioned that she felt that she could rely
on her friends in “academic matters” because they share reading materials and textbooks and
study together for exams.
Several respondents also mentioned that they felt they could rely on their friends for
money, food, clothes, or other tangible items when they were in need. One respondent explained
that she though support meant buying clothes or giving food. Another respondent explained that
they help each other out with “necessities”.
Additionally, a number of respondents explained that they feel they can rely on their
friends for a number of intangible forms of support, such as advice or being able to discuss
problems in their lives. For example, one respondent explained that he friends had helped her
when she was having difficulty with her boyfriend. Another respondent said that they “go to
their friends for advice”.
A number of Chichewa respondents also reported difficulty answering this question.
Some respondents felt that this question was asking the same thing as the previous question.
Several respondents needed to have the question read to them multiple times and were ultimately
unable to answer the question. .

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F10

Have you ever worked for money or any other form of payment?
While the majority of respondents stated that they had never engaged in any type of work
and were easily able to answer this question, other respondents had more difficulty due to
confusion over what counted as work. During probing on the definition of work, a number of
respondents differentiated between full time employment and “piece work”, or ad hoc, part-time
work that someone does from time to time. A number of respondents indicated that they would
not include “piece work” in their answer to this question. This is best exemplified by a
respondent who says that he works in people’s gardens as a side. Other respondents did report
this type of work in their answer to the question. For example, one respondent says that he
works on cell phones occasionally in order to help him buy educational materials such as books
and pens.
In addition to part-time or “piece work”, some respondents reported that they worked on
a more regular basis. One respondent explained that they had taught social studies at a local
secondary school. Another respondent reported that he is a “builder” and does plumbing and
construction work on people’s homes in order to get money for educational needs and to buy
clothing.
F11a Have you ever… Begged for alms?
A number of respondents reported that they did not know the word “alms”. This issue
was particularly apparent in English interviews, but was also noted in some Chichewa
interviews. In order to answer the question, respondents usually focused on begging in order to
answer the question. One English respondent explained that the question was asking, “Have you
ever begged from outsiders?” Other respondents explained that this question was asking about
any type of begging done on the street.
F11b Have you ever… Sold items on the street?
A number of respondents indicated that they had or were currently selling items on the
side of the road. The majority of respondents who answered yes to this question explained that
this was something they had done when they were younger. Respondents reported that they had
sold food such as mangos, corn, fish, or mandas.
F13 Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your biological parents, your
natural parents who gave birth to you. Is your biological mother living with you?
The majority of respondents had no difficulty answering this question; however, several
students who are attending college away from their home reported that they still live with their
parents. One respondent explained this by saying that even though she is away at college, her
mom’s house is what she considers to be home. Another respondent explained that the house
where his parents live is what he considers to be his home, even though the respondent
acknowledged that he only goes home for holidays.
While answering this series of questions, a fifteen year old respondent whose mother had
died two years began sobbing during the interview. The respondent explained that this series of
question about his mother reminded him of her and the he missed her “so much”. It should be
noted that questions regarding respondents’ parents may be particularly emotional for some
respondents if traumatic events relate to their parents.

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F14

How old were you when you last lived with her?
Respondents who said that they had last lived with their mother at various ages ranging
from five to sixteen. One respondent was unable to recall exactly how old they were the last
time they lived with their mother and simply said “very small”. Another respondent recalled that
his mother died in 2001, and he did the math to calculate that he was 9 years old when his mom
died.
F16
F17
F18

Is your biological mother still alive?
How old were you when she died?
How close do you/did you feel to your biological mother? Would you say very close,
close, not close, or never had a relationship with her?
Respondents discussed a broad range of reasons why they do or do not feel close to their
mother. In discussing their answers, respondents mentioned a variety of topics. These topics can
be broken down into issues around parental responsibilities and emotional connections.
A common theme that emerged among respondents who indicated that they felt close to
their mother and among respondents who said that they weren’t very close to their mother was
mentioning that their mother ensures that their basic needs, such as providing food and clothes,
were met. One respondent who was explaining why she felt very close to her mother stated that
her mother buys her all the necessities including clothes and books. Another respondent who
also answered that he felt very close said, “I go to school and she keeps food for me and gives
me all I need.” Respondents also mentioned basic needs in discussing why they didn’t feel as
close to their mother. This generally emerged when a respondent discussed basic needs that
were not met, for example one respondent said that they answered close rather than very close
because their mother is unable to help them pay their school fees.
Another pattern emerged exclusively in Chichewa interviews when discussing this
question was that respondents mentioned completing household chores as a way of showing their
connection to their mothers. One respondent said, “I can say I am very close to my mother
because I help her with household chores willingly and almost as a matter of routine.”
Interestingly, all respondents who mentioned completing household chores said that they feel
“very close” to their mothers.
A number of respondents also mentioned being able to discuss problems or issues as an
explanation of how close they are with their mothers. For example, one respondent cited their
ability to get advice on “critical personal decisions” as one reason that they felt very close to
their mother. Another respondent mentioned that their inability to speak with their mother about
some topics was a reason that they described their closeness to their mother as “close” rather
than “very close”.
One theme that appeared less frequently was the topic of discipline and its connection to
how close respondents feel to their mothers. Respondents mentioned this topic in discussing
reasons why they do not feel particularly close to their mother. For example, one respondent
mentioned that he doesn’t feel too close to his mother because she often rebukes him even on
“the most trivial mistakes”.
Another theme that appeared less frequently was the explanation that respondent’s felt
that their mothers taught them life lessons. For example, one respondent when asked why they
consider themselves to be close to their mother said, “Because I want someone to teach me what
is bad or good and she does this.”

13

F19
F20

Is your biological father living with you?
How old were you when you last lived with your father?
A majority of respondents reported that they do not live with their fathers. A number of
respondents had difficulty pinpointing exactly how old they were the last time they were when
they last lived with their father. This was particularly problematic among respondents who were
young when they stopped living with their father.
F21

What was the main reason you stopped living with him?
The majority of respondents who reported not living with their father reported that their
father had died. Other respondents explained that their parents had separated or gotten divorced
or stated that they were sent away for school.
F22
F23

Is your biological father still alive?
How old were you when he died?
This question was a bit problematic for some respondents who reported that their fathers
had died. Several respondents stated that they had already answered this question (F21), but
other respondents noted that their fathers stopped living with them before they died. For
example, one respondent stated that his father died when the respondent was nine years old, but
stated that his father had stopped living with them at age eight because he was in the hospital.

F24 How close do you/did you feel to your biological father? Would you say very close,
close, not close, or never had a relationship with her?
Generally, respondents indicated that they were not as close with their father as they were
with their mother; however, some of the same topics (parental responsibilities and emotional
connections) that were mentioned when discussing how close respondents feel to their mother
(F18) emerged in discussing this question
One of the themes that overlapped with the previous question was the discussion of how
the respondents’ fathers provided or did not provide basic needs to the respondent. For example,
one respondent said that she felt that she was close to her father because he met her “basic needs
of everyday life”. Another respondent said that he did not feel very close to his father because
he does not live with his father, but said that he did feel close to his father because his father
buys him clothing and other school necessities. Similar to how respondents discussed their
relationship with their mothers, some respondents discussed basic needs to explain why they do
not feel close to their fathers. For example, one respondent said that he felt close, rather than
very close, to his father because sometimes his father “declined to provide” his basic needs.
Another respondent said that she was not close to her father because he could not provide for
“the daily basic needs”.
Another topic that overlapped with respondents’ discussions about their relationships
with their mothers was the ability to talk with their father. A number of respondents said that
they felt that they could tell their fathers anything, while another respondent said, “When I have
secrets, I tell my dad. I don’t tell my mother.” Some respondents also cited their inability to talk
with their fathers as a reason that they did not feel close to their father. One example of this
comes from a respondent who said, “We are not able to sustain a conversation for a very long
time.” Another respondent explained that she answered “close”, rather than “very close”,
because she cannot talk to him about everything like she does with her mother.

14

One topic that emerged when respondents were discussing their relationship with their
fathers that did not emerge when discussing their relationship with their mothers was the impact
of their fathers’ drunkenness. One respondent explained that he was close to his father;
however, the respondent explained that it was a problem when he got drunk because he could
“beat up everyone”. Another respondent stated that they were not close to their father because
he usually comes home after the respondent goes to bed and that he is often drunk when he
comes home.
F29

Have you ever lived together with someone as if you were married?
While most respondents had no difficulty with this question, a few respondents had
difficulty understanding this question in English. In one instance, the respondent did not know
what the question was asking, so the interviewer attempted to help the respondent understand the
question by asking if he had ever cohabitated with anyone. The respondent said yes because he
was currently living with a roommate. Another respondent when asked to explain what this
question was asking said, “Somebody who would join me and be like my parents.” Given that
these problems only occurred in English interviews these problems are likely due to language
difficulties between the respondent and interviewer.

F32

Have you ever had a boyfriend or romantic partner?
Generally, respondents had no difficulty answering this question. While more
respondents 18 and older reported having had a romantic partner, a handful of younger
respondents also reported having romantic partners.
Respondents cited two reasons for why they had not had a romantic partner. The first
explanation was that they were focusing on their education. A number of respondents explained
that they felt that having a relationship would disturb their studies. Other respondents explained
that they were too young to have a romantic partner. One respondent said, “I am too young to
have a lover. My mum would beat me if she heard I had a girlfriend.”
While some younger respondents discussed the topic without issue, a number of younger
respondents appeared uncomfortable about discussing this topic. In a number of interviews
interviewers noted that the respondent became visibly embarrassed or hesitant to discuss this
topic. This was primarily observed in Chichewa interviews, but also occurred in one English
interview.
Gender Attitudes
F33

Do you believe, it is right for a man to hit or beat his wife:
Respondents generally answered the questions in this series based on their own personal
feelings, which is the goal of the question, rather than their own experiences or what they
believed happens. While some respondents did mention what they witness or had experienced,
they were able to separate these experiences from their personal beliefs in responding to these
questions.
A) If she goes out without telling him

15

In discussing this question, respondents discussed a wide variety of attitudes towards a
man hitting or beating his wife if she goes out without telling him. A number of respondents
explained that they did not view hitting or beating their wives was acceptable under any
circumstance. A number of respondents held a similar view, but added that they felt that
husbands and wives should talk about issues that they have rather than fighting. Other
respondents, felt that there were certain circumstances where it would be okay for a man to hit
his wife for leaving the house without permission. Several respondents explained that they
would ask questions when the wife came home and explained that there are some circumstances
where this would be acceptable, such as if the wife left the house to get food or if the husband
was not at home when she left. These respondents also explained that if the wife had not left the
house for these types of circumstances, then they felt it was acceptable for the man to hit his
wife. Finally, a number of Chichewa respondents felt that it would be acceptable for a man to hit
or beat his wife if she left the house without permission. Respondents who held this belief
generally explained that this meant that the wife was having sex with other men or misbehaving
in some other way. As one respondent explained that if the wife left the home without the
husband’s permission then this would be an act of defiance. This respondent added, “She must
have a hidden agenda and must pay for it.”
B) If she ignores the children
As with the previous question, a number of respondents mentioned that they did not feel
that this would be acceptable, while others explained that the husband and wife should discuss
the problems rather than resort to violence. However, several Chichewa respondents said that
they felt it would be acceptable for a husband to hit or beat his wife if the wife ignored the
children. Respondents generally explained that children are important for the future and
therefore they viewed it as being extremely important for the wife to take care of the children.
One such respondent explained, “…children are an investment for the future and they can even
become key players in government, hence it is important to take care of them fully.” Another
respondent stated, “Children are a precious possession and as such they need to be take care of…
they should not suffer.”
C) If she argues with him
The vast majority of respondents explained that they did not view this as an acceptable
reason for a man to hit or beat his wife. Some respondents explained that if the husband or wife
are fighting they should seek a third party to help them resolve the conflict, while other
respondents explained that the couple should simply talk about issues. Two English respondents
did state that they did believe this was an acceptable reason for the husband to beat his wife, but
in both cases interviewers noted that they had language difficulties that may have led to the
respondent misunderstanding the question.
D) If she refuses to have sex with him
The majority of respondents felt that a wife refusing to have sex would not be an
acceptable reason for the husband to beat the wife. A number of respondents mentioned that
there may be a good reason that the wife might not want to have sex with her husband, such as
having an illness that she does not want to transmit to the husband. Other respondents explained
that they felt that the husband should talk with the wife to understand why she does not want to
have sex. While the majority of respondents did think that this was not an acceptable reason for

16

a man to beat his wife, one respondent did think this would be acceptable. This respondent
explained that when the wife married her husband she was promising to have sex with him and
so when she does not do so then she is ignoring the rules of marriage.
E) If she makes bad food
This question proved to be particularly problematic for Chichewa respondents, who
generally understood “bad food” as meaning food that was not properly or fully cooked. A
number of respondents explained that it might not be the wife’s fault that she prepared “bad
food” due to firewood shortages, and because of this husband’s should be more understanding
about this issue. This issue is likely due to translation issues. Additionally, a number of
respondents simply laughed when they heard this question and explained that they did not view
this as a reason for a man to beat his wife.
F34

Do you believe:
A) Men, not women, should decide when to have sex
A number of respondents felt that it was the man who decides when to have sex. The
majority of respondents explained that this is the man’s responsibility because he is the head of
the household. Respondents who said they did not believe this did not generally provide any
reason that they believed this.
A number of respondents felt uncomfortable because of this question. Interviewers noted
that respondents looked away or were hesitant to answer the question. One respondent stated, “I
have never done this and I am not there when people are doing it.” A different respondent asked,
“How would I know, I’m just a kid?”
B) Men need more sex than women
A large number of respondents agreed with the statement that men need more sex than
women. Few patterns emerged in reviewing respondents’ explanations for this view, but most
responses simply reiterated the belief that men need more sex than women. As with the previous
question, several respondents refused to answer this question on the basis that they do not know
about these types of things.
C) Men need to have sex with other women, even if they have good relationships
with their wives
A large number of respondents felt that it was acceptable for men to have sex with other
women even if they had a good relationship with their wives. Respondents generally explained
that men need more sex than women do, so this is why they need other women. This explanation
could be due to the ordering of the questions.
D) Women who carry condoms have sex with a lot of men
The majority of respondents agreed with the statement that women who carry condoms
have sex with a lot of men. Respondents’ explanations generally explained that women wouldn’t
carry condoms unless they expected to have sex. One such respondent explained, “It would be
weird for somebody who doesn’t have sex to carry condoms.” Additionally, a number of
respondents, particularly in Chichewa, thought that carrying condoms meant that the women who
carry condoms are looking to engage in prostitution. One such respondent stated, “Money is

17

very important in peoples’ lives and why would a woman carry condoms it is not for the desire
for commercial sex.”
Respondents who disagreed with this statement explained that these women are just
carrying condoms in order to protect themselves when they do have sex.
E) A woman should tolerate violence to keep her family together
Most respondents explained that they did not feel that this was acceptable and that if this
is occurring the wife should seek help from marriage counselors or village chief. One
respondent explained, “That’s what we are taught. That that the man is strong, that he has the
last word. If he hits, you should just take it. But that is inhuman, it’s just not right.”
Respondents who agreed with this statement explained that keeping the family together
was the most important thing, even if the wife has to accept violence in order to achieve this.
F35

Do you find it justifiable for parents to use physical punishment such as, smacking,
slapping, hitting, or beating when a child behaves inappropriately?
Respondents were divided on whether the use of physical punishment is acceptable. A
number of respondents explained that they viewed physical punishment as an acceptable way to
discipline a child and a number stated that this is very common in Malawi. However, a number
of respondents also explained that this should not be done because the child might be hurt or
even killed.
F36

Do you think it is appropriate for a child to use violence in order to resolve
conflicts?
While respondents felt that it was acceptable for parents to use physical punishment to
discipline their children, they do not think that it is acceptable for children to resort to violence in
order to settle differences. One such respondent stated, “When you are young, sometimes you
don’t know how to behave and deal with other people, so you fight. But talking is the best and
as you grow up you should learn this.”
How much do you trust people living in the area in which you live 1… a lot, some,
not too much, or not at all?
In order to answer this question, respondents had to decide what they considered to be
their community and then decide what factors contribute to their trust or distrust of the people
living in their community.
Respondents’ definition of community broke down into two different groups. The first
explanation was focused on a specific geographic area, which respondents defined as their
village or neighborhood. A smaller group of respondents explained that when they thought
about their community this meant the people around them. For example, one Chichewa
respondent explained that this meant “people from the same clan”. Another respondent
explained that community meant “people from the same village”.
Respondents accounted for a wide variety of topics in deciding how much they trusted
the people in their community. One topic that a number of respondents mentioned was their
ability to trust people in their community with their secrets. One respondent explained, “Some
F37

The phrase “the area in which you live” was determined to be the best phrase to use to explain community in
Malawi. This was the English translation of the word that was used in the Chichewa version of the questionnaire.

1

18

people… they will reveal your secrets, so I trust very few people.” Another respondent
explained that there is a lot of gossip in the area where they live. The topic of gossip and trusting
community members with secrets was a topic that also emerged frequently in the Philippines
when respondents were evaluating how much they could trust people in their community.
The topic of crime was also a topic that a number of respondents mentioned in
considering how much they trusted the people in their community. Respondents cited this topic
in order to explain why they did not place much trust in people in their community. For
example, one respondent said that he could only trust people in his community “some” because
sometimes when they come to chat with you at your house they steal things. Another respondent
stated that some people in his community are thieves and he does not trust them.
In addition to the above themes, some additional themes emerged solely in Chichewa
interviews. One such theme was the topic of community development projects. A number of
respondents discussed community members’ participation in working on community
development projects as a reason why they trusted them. One respondent who said she trusts
community members “a lot” in part because community members work together on these types
of projects. As with other themes that emerged with this question, respondents also mentioned
this theme as a negative. Several respondents mentioned that they do not place much trust in
community members because they do not participate in community development project.
Another topic that emerged exclusively in Chichewa interviews was the topic of village
chiefs. A number of respondents evaluated how much they trusted community members based
on their responsiveness to village chiefs. For example, one respondent explained that she
“believes” in the people around her a lot because when a chief calls “they all go”. A different
respondent explained he does not trust people in his community “too much” because community
members do not respect the village chief and do not follow his commands.
F38

How safe do you feel in the area in which you live… very safe, somewhat safe, or not
safe at all?
In moving along to thinking about their safety, in some cases respondents shifted the way
they were defining their community. This was especially common among older respondents who
were away at college. In the previous question (F37), older respondents tended to focus their
answers on the area where they currently lived, but also made comparisons between their current
home to their childhood home. Ultimately, the majority of respondents defined their community
is the village or neighborhood where they live.
In evaluating how safe they feel, respondents discussed a number of aspects relating to
their physical safety and their quality of life.
Respondents frequently mentioned the presence or proximity of their community to
police stations or soldier barracks. All of the respondents who mentioned this theme answered
that they felt either very safe or somewhat safe. For example, one respondent who stated that he
only feels somewhat safe because there are “a lot of robbers” in his village, but stated that he
feels somewhat safe because the police station is located close to his house. Another respondent
explained that she felt very safe because when any kind of crime occurred the police responded
quickly.
Another theme that emerged in discussing this question was crime. Respondents who
mentioned that there was little or no crime in their community tended to report that they felt safe
in their community. For example, a male respondent explained that there is no theft in his
community and said he feels safe because of this. While some respondents mentioned the lack

19

of crime in their communities, others discussed the presence of crime to explain why they don’t
feel safe. For example, one respondent explained that he used to consider his community as
being very safe, but now feels that it is only “somewhat safe” due to the increasing number of
thefts in the area. Another respondent reported feeling very safe in their community because
there are no violent crimes.
Another topic that frequently emerged in discussing this question was the access to
education. For example, one respondent explained that he feels very safe because people in their
community “allow and encourage” children to go to school. The respondent further explained, “I
feel safe because our community is upholding our freedom of education…” Another respondent
explained that she does not feel safe because her sister, who is her guardian, wants her to drop
out of school in order to get married.
A pattern that emerged solely in Chichewa interviews was food security. Two
respondents explained that they did not feel very safe due to food shortages. One respondent
explained, “We sometimes do not eat because of a shortage of food.” Another respondent stated
that his family had not benefitted from a subsidy program and said, “This makes us vulnerable to
hunger; we are not very safe.”

20

Witnessing Physical Violence
F39a At any time in your life… did you see your parent get pushed, slapped, hit, punched,
or beaten up by your other parent, or their boyfriend or girlfriend?
A number of respondents reported witnessing this type of behavior by their fathers.
Respondents explained that their fathers would come home drunk and then would hit their
mothers. Another respondent answered yes, but then explained that he was away at boarding
school most of the time, but he thought that his father had hit his mother on several occasions
while he was away.
F39b At any time in your life… did you see a parent hit, beat, kick, or physically hurt
your brothers or sisters, not including a spanking on the bottom?
A number of respondents stated that they had seen this because it is a fairly common
form of punishment in Malawi. Some respondents reported that their parents would hit their
siblings, while others reported that their parents would beat their siblings with a stick.
One problematic issue with this question was the use of the term “spanking”. This was
not a word that respondents were familiar with in English. Additionally, when this term is
translated into Chichewa, it has more of a sexual connotation, rather than something that is done
as a form of punishment.
F39c At any time in your life… outside of your home and family environment, did you see
anyone get attacked or hit on purpose with a stick, rock, gun, knife or other thing
that would hurt?
The majority of respondents indicated that they had seen someone outside of their home
attacked with a weapon. This question appeared to be easy for respondents to answer quickly
and accurately. Additionally, a majority of respondents cited the types of events that this
question is attempting to capture; however, some of the responses are potentially outside the
scope of what this question is attempting to capture. One example of a likely out of scope
answer comes from a respondent who explained that he sees two children at the house next door
who frequently fight while the parents are away at work. Another respondent explained that on
many occasions he has seen parents beat their children with a stick as a form of punishment.
Ultimately, this question should be tailored based on the type of events that this question is
attempting to capture.
F39d At any time in your life… did you see anyone get attacked on purpose without using
an object or weapon?
A number of respondents reported that they had witnessed this. A number of respondents
explained that they had witnessed people fighting in the streets or at the market. Other
respondents reported seeing neighbors fighting in their village.
During probing, it was discovered that one respondent had seen a fight at school, but she
did not include it in her answer to this question because she did not view it as being “serious”.
The respondent said she did not view it as serious because nobody got hurt. It is possible that
other respondents are underreporting witnessing violence for similar reasons.

21

Physical Violence
The next questions are about parents or other adult relatives. Remember, you can ask to
skip any question that you do not want to answer.
F147a
Has a parent or other adult relative ever: punched, kicked, whipped, or beat
you with an object?
The vast majority of respondents understood this question as asking about punishment,
regardless of whether they had ever experienced this type of violence. For example, one
respondent answered yes to this question because he was “hit on the bottom” with a stick when
he did not follow his mother’s instructions. Another respondent explained that he was
“whipped” when he misbehaved and was expelled from school. Respondents who answered that
they had not experienced this type of violence also mentioned punishment in discussing this
question. A female respondent explained that her parents sometimes hit her as punishment, but
that it was always with their hand and not with an object. Another respondent who answered no
to this question said that his parents always talked to him rather than hit him when he did
something wrong. Respondents who did not state that the violence that they experienced was a
form of punishment usually did not know why a parent did this.
While the majority of respondents said that the violence that they experienced was a form
of punishment, a few respondents reported that they felt that this violence was justified. One
such respondent said, “… this is violence but a way of making us behave better.” While these
respondents still answered yes to this question, it is conceivable that other respondents might not
depending on their understanding of this question.
F147B

Has a parent or other adult relative ever: choked, smothered, tried to drown,
or intentionally burn them?
Five respondents ultimately answered yes to this question. Three of these respondents
reported that a parent or adult relative had burned them, while two said that a parent or adult
relative had tried to drown them.
Respondents struggled to share many details regarding why they had been burned, but
one respondent was able to explain that this was done as a punishment. The respondent stated
that she had broken something in their house and did not apologize, so her mother decided to
burn her as a form of punishment. Additionally, one respondent who later explained that he had
burned (during the follow up series for F147a) stated that his mother had hit him with a stick that
had been in the fire. The respondent explained that he did not answer yes to this question
because he did not believe that his mother intended to burn him.
Among the two respondents who had been held underwater, one stated that this was a
form of punishment while the other was unsure of why this was done to him. The respondent
who was unsure of the reason explained that a “distant relative” had held him underwater until
the respondent’s friend told the relative to stop. The relative had stated that he was trying to
teach the respondent to swim. The other respondent explained that he was “dipped in water”
several times by his uncle as a punishment. The respondent explained, “I was very troublesome
when I was young I used to beat up other kids and he put me in water so that I should stop the
bad behavior.”
F147C

Has a parent or other adult relative ever: used or threatened you with a knife
or other weapon?
Four respondents reported that a parent or adult relative had used or threatened to use a
weapon against them. One difference that emerged between these four respondents was the way
22

that they understood what constituted a weapon. While two respondents focused on a knife, one
respondent explained that his uncle who was drunk at the time had tried to hit him with a glass
bottle. Another respondent explained that they answered yes to this question because her mother
had beat her with a stick, which she felt was a weapon. Ultimately, the wording of this question
may need to be tailored to better fit the true intent of this question.
F148

How many times has a parent or other adult relative punched, kicked,
whipped, or beat you with an object: once, a few times, many times?
Respondents were generally able to estimate the number of times that they had been hit
and then fit that number into one of the response options without difficulty. As would be
expected, respondents who reported that these types of abuse had occurred either once or many
had a relatively easy time answering this question. Ultimately, respondents who had only
experienced this form of abuse a handful of times only had one remaining response option to
select.
F150

How old were you the last time this happened?
The majority of respondents were able to easily provide an estimate for the age when this
form of abuse had occurred. Most respondents were able to recall what grade (in Malawi this is
called a form), which then allowed them to estimate the age they were when the event occurred.
While most respondents were able to recall this information, one respondent was ultimately
unable to recall how old they were when this occurred and answered the question by saying it
was “a long time ago”. The cognitive burden of this question could be reduced by providing the
response categories. As the question is written, most respondents try to provide a precise age
when the event occurred.
F151

What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you
this last time?
Respondents were able to recall this information without difficulty; however, a number of
English respondents had difficulty understanding what this question was asking. For example,
one respondent thought that the question was asking about the relationship was with the
perpetrator and the respondent answered by saying, “It was ok.” Several other English
respondents had to ask for clarification in order to answer the question.
Another issue arose with this question when several respondents explained that more than
one person had done this to them. A number of respondents explained that both their mother and
father did this to them the last time; however, as the question is currently formatted interviewers
can only record one answer.
F154a

Did you experience? Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or
other minor marks?
F154b
Did you experience: Sprains, dislocations, or blistering?
F154c
Did you experience: Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened
or charred skin?
All respondents that indicated that they had received injuries answered yes to this
question. Most respondents explained that they had redness, swelling, or scratches as a result of
this abuse. Two respondents said that they had experienced sprains, dislocations, or blistering as
a result of this abuse. Additionally, two respondents indicated that they had experienced

23

blackened or charred skin. When interviewers followed up on this question, one respondent
indicated that they had blackened skin due to bruising, which is why they said yes to this
question. Another respondent indicated that they had been hit with a stick that had been taken
out of a fire, which is how he was burned.
F156

How old were you the first time this happened?
Similar to previous questions that required respondents to provide an age when the event
occurred, respondents utilized a number of strategies in order to estimate the age they were.
Some respondents were able to recall what grade they were in and then estimated an age based
on that, while other respondents use memorable life events to recall the age when an event
occurred. For example, one respondent explained that he remembered that an event occurred
around the time when his family moved, which he said happened when he was 4. Other
respondents said that they were too young to remember the first time and the interviewer
ultimately recorded that this occurred between zero and five. Ultimately, providing the response
options will allow more accurate reporting from respondents.
F159

This first time when parent or adult relative punched, kicked, whipped, or
beat you with an object, did you receive any injuries?
The majority of respondents did not have difficulty answering this question; however,
one Chichewa interview was not sure how to define injury. The respondent explained that he
had some swelling in the areas where he had been hit, but the respondent did not consider this to
be an injury. The respondent explained that he felt injuries meant more serious problems, such
as open wounds, fractures, or dislocations.
F163

How old were you the last time this happened?
In answering this question, one respondent estimated that he was ten years old the last
time this had occurred, while another respondent was unable to recall the most recent time that
this had occurred.
F187

The next questions are about other people who are in the area where you
live. This includes such people as teachers, police, religious or community
leaders, friends, classmates or even strangers.
F187a
Has one of these people ever: punched, kicked, whipped, or beat you with an
object?
Due to concerns about the length of interviews, interviewers did not probe extensively on
this question; however, in the brief discussions a number of respondents indicated that they had
been physically hit or beaten at school by teachers or their headmaster. Respondents who said
that they had experienced this type of violence at school stated that it was used as a form of
punishment. A number of students stated that they experienced this type of violence when they
were late for school. For example, one respondent explained that she was late coming back to
class after break time and the teacher hit her with a ruler. A Chichewa respondent explained that
once when they were late for class, the teacher hit them with a stick. Other respondents
explained that being hit was simply a generic punishment that was used at their school. One
such respondent explained that at her school, students “get whipped and things like that” as a
form of punishment.

24

While the majority of respondents focused their answers on physical violence that they
received from teachers, a small number also mentioned experiencing physical violence from
their friends during arguments. For example, one respondent explained that he had gotten in a
physical fight with a friend, but could not recall the reason that they had gotten in this fight.
F187b

Has one of these people ever: choked, smothered, tried to drown you, or
burned you intentionally?
Only one respondent answered yes to this question. The respondent explained that he
was fighting with a friend at a dam when this friend was hitting him as well as holding him under
water. The respondent explained that this was the same event that caused him to answer yes to
question F187a.
F187c

Has one of these people ever: used or threatened you with a knife or other
weapon?
A few respondents stated that they had experienced this type of violence in their
community. Two respondents said that they had been threatened with a knife. In one instance,
the respondent explained that he was sent to the grocery store by his mother and that while he
was walking to the store a stranger approached him with a knife and demanded his money. The
respondent was able to get away without injury. Another respondent was on his way home from
a ball when he explained that he was threatened by strangers who the respondent described as
“thugs”. The respondent explained that he answered yes because the strangers were sharpening
their knives. One additional respondent indicated that he had been “threatened and accosted”
many times by strangers as well as by friends. This respondent explained that most of the people
in his village carry large knives with them at all times, but stated that they never actually used
these knives.
One additional respondent answered yes, but the event that caused this respondent to
answer yes to this question are likely outside the scope of what this question is intending to
capture. The respondent stated that she was thinking of a male teacher who had hit her with her
a ruler because she was late getting to class, which she reported in F187a.
Physical Violence Services
F233

Thinking about all your experiences with physical violence, did you know of
a place to go and seek professional help?
This series of questions proved to be some of the most problematic questions in the entire
questionnaire for a number of reasons. The most common problem that respondents had with
this question was the fact that a number of respondents either did not understand or did not hear
that the question asks about professional help. A number of respondents, in both English and
Chichewa, answered yes to this question and then explained that they could speak with relatives
or friends.
Additionally, this question along with other question in this series, assume that
respondents interpret their experiences as being physical violence. Several respondents indicated
that they did not consider what they had experienced to be serious enough to constitute violence.
One such respondent explained that if she had felt that it was serious she could go to the police,
but she did not view her experiences as being serious enough to warrant that.

25

F234

Did you try to seek professional help for any of these incidents?
During follow up probing, interviewers learned that a number of respondents who
answered yes to this question had not in fact sought professional help, but had instead told their
parents or other relatives. Additionally, one respondent explained that she had not sought help
because the violence occurred when she was younger and was unaware of community resources
to help with these type of problems. This respondent explained that if these incidents happened
now that she would know where to go.
F235

What was the main reason you did not try to seek professional help?
The majority of respondents reported that they either did not need or want help. Other
respondents cited fears that they would be abandoned or that their parents would be arrested if
they reported the violence.
F236

Did you receive any professional help for any of these incidents?
All respondents who reported receiving any form of professional help explained during
probing that they had spoken with family members about the issues.
Emotional Violence
F300a
Has a parent or someone like a parent ever: Told you that you were not
loved, or did not deserve to be loved?
A few respondents indicated that they had been told this. The majority of these
respondents explained that this is something that had been said to them in anger or in the heat of
an argument, rather than something that they are told on a regular basis. One respondent
explained that he had been told this when he and his mother had argued and he said that she told
him that she didn’t love him, but he said that he did not truly believe this because she said it
during an argument. Additionally, a few respondents explained that they had heard these things
said to other children, but said that their parents had never said anything like this to him
F300b

Has a parent or someone like a parent ever: said they wished you had never
been born or were dead?
As with the preceding question, most respondents who answered yes to this question
explained that this was something that their parents had said to them during an argument.
Additionally, a few respondents answered yes to this question who shouldn’t have. One such
respondent answered yes because she said that he sister had told her this. In order to minimize
this type of error in the final version of the survey, interviewers should always read them stem of
this question to remind the respondents that this question is only asking about a parent saying
these things.
F300c

Has a parent or someone like a parent ever: Ridiculed you or put you down
(for example saying that you were stupid or useless).
A number of respondents stated that they had been told that they were stupid or useless.
Respondents reported that they had been told these things for a wide variety of reasons. One
respondent explained that his parents tell him that he is stupid when he makes a mistake.
Another respondent said that his mother will say this type of thing to him when she gets
frustrated with him. The respondent added, “I guess it is her way of venting off her anger.”

26

As seen in F300b, one respondent answered yes, but explained that a friend had said this
to her. The respondent explained that one of her friends says this to her because the friends
wants her to smoke. When the respondent tells her friend that she does not want to, the friends
tells the respondent that she is stupid.
Additionally, a number of English respondents did not understand the word ridiculed or
the phrase “put you down”. Respondents were able to explain that once they heard the example
of being told that they were stupid or useless, they were able to determine what this question was
asking.
Sexual Behavior
F400

The next questions are about sexual activity. By sex, we mean vaginal, oral,
or anal sex. Have you ever had vaginal, oral, or anal sex?
In discussing this question, respondents mentioned a variety of topics. A majority of
respondents explained that sex was something that occurred between a man and a woman. A 15
year old, English respondent stated that sex is “when a man and a woman sleep together and
have intercourse.” A 13 year old Chichewa explained that he understood sex as meaning “a man
and woman making love”. A 19 year old female respondent explained that to her sex meant
“relations between a boy and a girl”.
Another theme that was mentioned a few times was an explanation that sex was
something that was for married people. For example, when a 19 year old male respondent was
asked this question he explained that “this was not the right time to be doing such things”. The
respondent elaborated by explaining that he would have sex once he gets married to a woman.
Another respondent explained his understanding of sex by stating, “When a boy and a girl sleep
together as sexual intercourse.” However, this respondent quickly explained that the boy and the
girl are usually married when they had sex. Respondents commonly discussed sex similarly to
this respondent by explaining that it was between a man and a woman who are married.
Finally, some respondents also explained sex in biological terms. For example, one
respondent did not want to elaborate about sex beyond saying, “The mating of male and female
gametes. That is all.” Another respondent explained that sex is what she had learned in her
Biology class as “the fusion of male and female gametes”. This pattern of interpretation only
presented among older respondent who had been exposed to higher level Biology.
A number of issues also emerged with this question. The primary issue that emerged was
the difficulty for younger to discuss the topic. A number of respondents, primarily younger
respondents, seemed to withdraw or become extremely shy when the topic of sex was mentioned.
One respondent even hid her face when the topic of sex was mentioned. Additionally, this issue
was much more present in Chichewa interviews than English interviews; however, this could be
due to the fact that the majority of Chichewa interviews were with younger respondents. This
issue could also be due to interviewer effects. All of the Chichewa interviewers were male and it
is possible that some of the female respondents may have not felt comfortable discussing the
topic of sex with a male interviewer.
Another issue that arose was the fact that respondents claimed that they had no
knowledge of “other forms of sex” other than vaginal sex. CSR interviewers noted that the
Chichewa word for oral and anal sex is simply not used. CSR interviewers also noted that this
the subject of anal and oral sex is also a difficult topic to discuss due to cultural sensitivities and
ongoing national debates regarding homosexuality. The difficulty in discussing these topics

27

manifested in a variety of ways. A number of respondents, particularly in Chichewa, reported
that they were not aware of other forms of sex except for “heterosexual sex”, which means
vaginal sex. Other respondents simply refused to discuss the topics at all. One respondent
refused to discuss the topic it all, explaining that she had not had sex because she is still a
student. In a few cases, English interviewers noted these problems, but not to the same extent as
Chichewa interviewers. Additionally, one English respondent reported that she had engaged in
oral sex.
F401

How old were you when you had sex for the very first time?
The majority of respondents reported that they were between the ages of 14 and 17 when
they first had sex; however one respondent reported that she was 5 years old the first time she
had sex. This respondent later explained that a neighbor who was watching her had molested
her. It was unclear how she determined she was five years old at the time. Other respondents
reported that they recalled the age because they were able to recall what grade they were in at the
time and use this to provide an age.
F402

The first time you had sex, was it because you wanted to or because you were
made to?
Of the four respondents who reported that they had had sex, two stated that they had had
sex because they were made to. As mentioned in the previous question, one respondent reported
that they had been molested at a young age. The other respondent explained that he felt he had
been forced to have sex because his friends pressured him to have sex. The respondent was not
physically forced to have sex, but reported that he felt extreme social pressure to do so.
F403

The person with whom you had sex the first time, what was their relationship
to you?
Of the two respondents who reported that they had wanted to have sex, one reported that
the first time they had sex it was with their girlfriend, while the other reported that it was with a
friend who was a girl. The respondent who had had sex with a friend explained, “We were
watching a [pornographic] movie, and we wanted to try the things we saw.”
F409

In your life, how many sexual partners have you ever had?
Of the three respondents who reported that they had had sex, three respondents reported
that they had only one sexual partner. The additional respondent reported that they had had three
sexual partners; however, during probing the interviewer learned that she had not actually had
sex with one of these people, but had been molested by this person.
Sexual Violence: Money, Goods, or Favors Exchanged for Sex
F500

Have you ever received food, favors, or any gifts in exchange for sex?
All respondents reported that they had never received any food, favors, or gifts in
exchange for having sex. Two respondents did report that she had been asked to do this. The
first respondent said that a man that she did not know asked her to have sex with him in
exchange for airtime for the respondent’s cell phone. The respondent stated that she went home
and told her mother, who handled the situation. Another respondent reported that her primary
school teacher had asked her to sleep with him. The teacher promised that the respondent would

28

be the top student in her class and that he would pay her money. The respondent refused and she
reported that she had been punished by being forced to clean toilets at the school and that she
received extra homework.
A number of respondents did state that they had “heard of” people having sex in
exchange for food, favors, or gifts. Several of these respondents reported that they had heard
about classmates who have sex with teachers in exchange for better grades. One college age
respondent stated that people at her college call it “STG”, which stands for sexually transmitted
grades. The majority of respondents who said that they had heard of people having sex in
exchange for good grades tended to be older, primarily college-age respondents. Respondents
also mentioned that they had heard of people having sex in exchange for money. One
respondent said that he felt this was “common practice” in his village. Additionally, one
respondent in discussing this question said that she had heard of prostitution occurring but that
she had never been asked to do anything like this. It is important to note that the high number of
respondents, in both English and Chichewa, stating that they had “heard of” this type of
behavior, but then stating that they had not engaged in it or been asked to engage in it, could be
symptomatic of social desirability bias. This type of bias occurs when respondents feel the need
to edit their responses in order to avoid revealing sensitive information.
A number of interviewers also probed respondents asking them what types of items they
identified as gifts or favors. Respondents frequently cited clothing as examples of gifts, while
respondents primarily identified having sex in exchange for better grades as being an example of
a favor. Additionally, a number of respondents mentioned that they felt that food could also be
another example of a gift.
Two respondents were confused by this question due to difficulty differentiating gifts that
they had received from a romantic partner versus gifts or favors they received from someone
who was not a romantic partner. One respondent said, “It’s like giving someone a watch with
the aim of having sex with them. Like when you give a girlfriend a gift.” It should be noted that
both respondents who had this difficulty were interviewed in English, and this error could be due
to language issues.
Sexual Violence: Non-Contact Sexual Violence
F600a

Has anyone ever.. Forced you to watch sexual activities or sexual abuse, even
without making you participate.. For example images, photos, videos, or
online?
Two respondents reported that they had been forced to view pornography. Respondents
varied greatly in the way that they interpreted “forced” in the context of this question. In one
case, a female respondent reported that an older, male neighbor had forced her to watch a
pornographic video before the neighbor would allow her to leave. The respondent said, “I was at
his house and he made me watch it with him.” A male respondent explained that one of his
friends was pornographic material on their cell phone and that sometimes his friends watch this
as a group. The respondent said that the first time he watched this video, but since then he said
that he steps away when they begin watching. While this respondent was not physically forced
to watch these videos, he does feel social pressure to do so. Additionally, another boy who
answered no said that he had seen a pornographic video on a friend’s cell phone, but the
respondent walked away when he realized what he was seeing. This respondent explained that
he did not feel this constituted being forced to watch the pornography. Another respondent

29

reported that they do repair work on cell phones and that sometimes he sees pornographic
materials on clients’ phones. The respondent answered no to this question because he
inadvertently sees this material and nobody forces him to see it. Several other respondents also
reported that they had seen pornography, but answered no because they had chosen to view the
material. Ultimately, the fact that respondents’ interpreted the word “forced” in such broad
terms for this question could potentially capture unintended cases.
Sexual Violence: Sexual Abuse
In conducting interviews, it was discovered that the topic of sex is considered to be
particularly sensitive and private. Because of this, only a limited number of respondents felt
comfortable enough discussing the topics in this series of questions. It also should be noted that
respondents who were interviewed in English, seemed much more willing to speak with candor
about their sexual experiences compared to respondents who were interviewed in Chichewa.
This could be due to age differences between the Chichewa and English respondents.
Additionally, the repeated use of the words vaginal, oral, and anal sex was found to be
problematic, particularly in Chichewa. This was particularly common with younger respondents,
but also with some of the older respondents as well. Interviewers also noted that it felt awkward
and unnecessary to repeat the phrase with all of the questions. This was particularly heightened
by cultural sensitivities in Malawi where sex is solely construed as vaginal sex. Additionally,
anal and oral sex is principally thought of as homosexual activities and homosexuality is
currently banned by Malawian law. Thus by repeating vaginal, oral, and anal multiple times in
this series of question likely makes the questions overly dramatic; however, defining the term
“sex” may be important to help respondents understand what should be included in their
responses. This may be particularly important in cultures given that what constitutes can vary
greatly between countries.
F700

Has anyone ever touched you in a sexual way without your permission, but
did not try and force you to have sex?
Six respondents stated that they had been touched in a sexual manner without their
permission. All respondents stated that the perpetrators were people that the respondents knew
and the majority of perpetrators were making unwanted sexual advances. There were some
distinct differences between the incidents that males and females reported in this question. Of
the six respondents who reported experiencing this type of violence, two were females. One of
these female respondents stated that a classmate at school had touched her breast. The other
female respondent said that someone her age had touched her in a sexual way, but not in a
“private place”. The respondent told the boy to stop and he did. The four male respondents all
reported that they had had female friends touch them in a sexual manner. One such respondent
said that girls had tried to “seduce” him by touching and rubbing his arms and shoulders.
Another respondent explained that he has had girls touch his chest and tickle his stomach, which
made him feel uncomfortable.
F800

Has anyone ever tried to make you have vaginal sex, oral sex, or anal sex or
tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus, but did not succeed?
Three respondents reported that someone had tried to make them have vaginal, oral, or
anal sex. One respondent explained that she had gone over to a friend’s house for what she
described as “a simple chat”, but that the friend wanted to have sex with her. The respondent

30

said that she immediately left the friend’s house and told him to leave her alone. Another
respondent reported that a friend who wanted to date her insisted on escorting her home after
school. The respondent explained that the friend then tried to force himself on the respondent,
but that she fought him off by biting him. A male respondent reported that he has had a number
of girls try to make him have sex with them. The respondent clarified that these girls did not try
to physically force him to have sex, but that they did things like compliment him on his body,
tickle him, and encourage him to have sex.
F900

Has anyone ever physically forced you to have vaginal sex, oral sex or anal
sex or tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus and did succeed?
One respondent reported that she had been forced to have vaginal sex during her second
year of college. The respondent reported that another student had wanted to date her, when she
finally agreed he told her to meet him at his dormitory. The respondent said that he forced
himself on her and said, “You’re my woman now.”
F1000

Has anyone ever pressured you in a nonphysical way, to have vaginal sex,
oral sex or anal sex or tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus?
Five respondents reported that they had felt pressured to have sex. The majority of these
respondents answered yes to this question because of peer pressure that they have experienced
encouraging them to have sex. One such respondent explained that she answered that she had
experienced this because she has friends who encourage her to have sex “because it’s good”.
Another respondent explained that she answered yes to this question because people ask her out
“over and over again”. Other respondents who had not experienced this directly also mentioned
people encouraging them to have sex with them. For example, one respondent explained that
they felt that pressuring a person to have sex would include any situation where one person is
asking the other person to have sex, but that they do not want to. The respondent added that the
person might provide gifts in order to pressure the person to have sex.
F701

How many times in your life has anyone touched you in a sexual way without
your permission, but did not try and force you to have sex?
The majority of respondents reported that this had only occurred once, so these
respondents had no difficulty answering this question; however, respondents who had
experienced this more than once had more difficulty coming to an answer for this question. In
one instance, a respondent could not come up with a precise number and would only say “many
times”. Other respondents provided their best estimates for the number of times that this had
occurred. One such respondent attempted to think about each instance when this occurred, but
said that he was unsure if it had occurred three or four times. Another respondent simply
responded that this had happened “plenty” of times, when the interviewer asked them to provide
a number they took a few minutes and ultimately answered that they had occurred three times.
F801

How many times in your life has anyone tried to make you have vaginal, sex
oral sex, anal sex or tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus, but did
not succeed?
Only three respondents answered this question, and of these three respondents, two said
that this had only occurred once. The third respondent could not come up with a numerical count
for the number of times that this occurred, but simply said “many times”.

31

F901

How many times in your life have you been physically forced to have vaginal,
oral, or anal sex or physically forced to insert an object into your vagina or
anus?
Only one respondent had been physically forced to have sex, and this respondent reported
that this had occurred twice. Due to the extremely traumatic nature of this experience, it is not
unexpected that this is a number that respondents would readily be able to provide; however,
may be unwilling to provide.
F1001

How many times in your life has someone pressured you in a nonphysical
way, to have vaginal sex, oral sex, or anal sex or inserted an object into your
vagina or anus?
As with previous questions in this section, respondents who had only experienced this
once had no difficulty answering this question while respondents who had experienced this more
than once had more difficulty coming to an answer. Due to their interpretation of pressured, one
respondent explained that this had occurred more than ten times. When the interviewer pressed
for a number, the respondent could not provide a specific count. Another respondent could not
provide a specific number, but simply said “many times”.
Sexual Violence Services
F1100

Thinking about all your experiences with sexual violence, did you know of a
place to go and seek professional help?
F1101
Did you try to seek professional help for any of these incidents?
F1103
Did you receive any professional help for any of these incidents?
F1104a
Did you receive help from: A doctor, nurse or other professional healthcare
worker?
F1104b
Did you receive help from: Police or other professional security personnel?
F1104c
Did you receive help from: A lawyer, judge or other legal professional, other
than police?
F1104d
Did you receive help from: A social worker or counselor?
F1104e
Did you receive help from: A helpline?
While a number of respondents reported that they had sought professional help, when
they were asked who they had sought help from the majority of respondents said that they had
talked with their families. Other respondents who said they had received professional help
mentioned speaking with their teachers or a pastor.
Substance Abuse
F1300

In the past 30 days, have you used drugs such as marijuana, pills, ecstasy,
yama or sniffed any chemical such as petrol or glue?
All of our respondents reported that they had not used any drugs in the last 30 days, and
many said that they had never used any drugs; however, a number of respondents reported that
they did know people who used marijuana. One respondent explained that marijuana was fairly
common among kids in her village, particularly among boys. Another respondent stated, “That
[marijuana] is very common, especially with the adults.” Other respondents were less familiar

32

with marijuana, for example one respondent said that they had heard of it but did not really know
much about it. Another respondent explained that marijuana was “a hallucinogen you can
drink”.
F1301

In the past 30 days, on how many days did you drink alcohol to the point that
you became drunk?
Only one respondent reported that they had been drunk in the last thirty days. The vast
majority of respondents indicated that they did not drink any alcohol at all, and the majority
indicated that they had never even tried alcohol. These behaviors were supported by statements
that respondents made. For example, a female respondent said that women do not drink beer and
said that “those who do, they then do not have genuine Malawian morals”. Another respondent
simply said, “It’s bad to drink.” Even the respondent who reported that he had been drunk three
times in the last thirty days stated that he had stopped drinking alcohol because his parents
disapproved. Some respondents did report that they had friends who drink, but they stated that
they themselves did not drink.
F1302

During the past 30 days, did you smoke cigarettes daily, occasionally, or not
at all?
All respondents reported that they had not smoked cigarettes at all in the last thirty days
and the majority said that they had never even tried smoking a cigarette. Similar to other
substance abuse questions in this section, some respondents did report that they had friends or
know people who smoke, but said that they choose not to smoke. One respondent commented,
“There are health complications down the road. It’s just a fear in me—I can’t do it.”
Mental Health
F1303

During the past 30 days, how often did you feel the following ways: all the
time, most of the time, some of the time, a little of the time, or none of the
time?
These questions proved challenging to evaluate due to issues with the Chichewa
translation and the fact that a number of English respondents did not understand the terms being
used. Given the difficulties caused in the confusion caused by the translation issues, Chichewa
interviewers only spent a limited amount of time probing these questions. The following
sections of this question (A-F) focus primarily on English respondents. It should be noted that
some of the confusion with these questions was as a result of language difficulties, particularly
for respondents who completed the interview in English.
Additionally, a number of respondents struggled to differentiate between the response
options, or even to remember them. A number of interviewers noted that they had to repeat the
response options numerous times. Revising the response options for this question may reduce
the cognitive burden for the respondent.
A)
Nervous?
Respondents generally had no issues responding to this question; however, a few English
respondents did not know the term. While a small number did not know what nervous meant,
the majority of respondents were able to explain that nervous meant feeling anxious. One
respondent explained this by explaining, “It's when you don't know what to do, and you're under
pressure from things like school or friends." A number of respondents cited school as one place

33

that they felt nervous, for example when they had to take an exam. Other respondents explained
that you might feel nervous when you are with your friends.
B)
Hopeless?
Respondents had more difficulty with this question, compared to the previous question.
The majority of English respondents did not fully grasp what hopeless meant. For example, one
respondent stated, “It means to not be happy.” Other respondents provided explanations that
made it unclear whether they understood what was being asked. One such respondent explained
that he felt hopeless because he had failed an exam recently, while another explained hopeless as
“waiting for nothing”. While these explanations show that the respondents may have some level
of understanding of hopelessness, it is unclear if they fully understood the concept.
C)
Restless?
The majority of respondents did not understand what restless actually meant. A number
of respondents thought that restless meant that someone does not feel well rested. One
respondent who said she felt restless most of the time recently because, “I don’t really have time
[to rest] because of school. I need to finish school and do well so I work very hard.”
Explanations similar to this came from a number of respondents.
D)
So depressed that nothing could cheer you up?
A number of respondents indicated that they had experienced some level of depression
recently, but based on the explanations it is unclear if respondents understood the type of
emotions that the question attempts to capture. For example, one respondent explained that
recently he had “felt a little depressed” because he had been in a quarrel with his girlfriend.
Another respondent explained that he had been depressed because he was nervous about how
things were going at school.
E)
That everything was an effort?
Respondents generally viewed this question as applying to their education. Several
respondents, particularly in Chichewa, indicated that they had felt this was recently due to issues
with their education. In English, respondents explained that they understood the words that were
being used, but did not understand what was being asked of them.
F)
Worthless?
A majority of respondents understood what this question was asking. One particularly
articulate respondent explained that worthless means, “You completely see yourself as
nothing…there is nothing you can do to benefit yourself or others.” Another respondent
explained, “You completely see yourself as nothing.”
F1304

Have you ever intentionally hurt yourself in any way?
Two respondents reported that they had intentionally hurt themselves. In one instance a
respondent explained that she did not want to go to school, so she attempted to hit herself on the
foot with an axe; however, this went wrong and she ended up having a severe injury that kept her
for 3 weeks. The other respondent explained that he had been depressed and felt very hopeless
and had cut himself on his wrist.
F1305
F1306

Have you ever thought about killing yourself?
Have you ever tried to kill yourself?
In total, three respondents reported that they had thought about killing themselves. All
respondents reported that at the time they felt sad due to circumstances in their life. Only one

34

respondent reported that they had attempted suicide. This respondent stated that they had cut
their wrists.
HIV/AIDS
F1307
Do you know what HIV/AIDS is?
All respondents reported that they knew what HIV/AIDS is, but respondents had varying
levels of understanding regarding the disease. Some respondents simply explained that
HIV/AIDS is a disease or a “bad disease”, while others gave a slightly more detailed explanation
by saying that HIV/AIDS is “a disease that kills people”. Other respondents were able to
provide additional details, for example several respondents stated that it was a sexually
transmitted disease and several mentioned that there is no cure for it. A number of respondents
also explained that there were ways to contract the disease in a non-sexual ways, such as through
sharing needles or razor blades. One respondent was also able to explain that HIV is a virus that
leads to AIDS.
F1308
F1309

Do you know any place where people could go for HIV testing?
Have you ever been tested for HIV?
Respondents generally had no problems identifying somewhere in their community
where they could go for HIV testing. A number of respondents mentioned that hospitals and
community health clinics provide free HIV testing. Additionally, some respondents answered
that HIV testing was available at their school; however, during follow-up probing it was
determined that this was a one-time event, rather than a location that provides HIV testing on a
regular basis. Additionally, respondents had no difficulty recalling whether they had ever been
tested for HIV.
F1310

What is the main reason you have never been tested?
Respondents provided a wide variety of reasons why they had never been tested for HIV,
but the most common response was that they did not believe that they needed to be tested.
Respondents frequently cited their age and their lack of sexual activity to explain why they did
not need to be tested. Other reasons cited was that transportation was unavailable to a testing
center and another respondent explained that they were afraid to get the results.
F1311

When was the most recent time you were tested for HIV: less than 12 months
ago, 1-2 years ago, or more than 2 years ago?
Respondents did not seem to have any difficulty when they were tested and generally
explained that being tested for HIV was a memorable experience, which was particularly true for
respondents who had to go to a location for testing compared with respondents who had been
tested as the result of a special event. For example, one respondent recalled that she was tested
when she was living with her aunt and explained that she got tested because it was a requirement
of her aunt’s workplace (a hospital) that all dependents get tested.
F1312

This most recent time you were tested for HIV, did you get the results of your
test?
The majority of respondents who had been tested had gotten the results of their testing.
Most respondents explained that they had verbally gotten the test results.

35

Appendix A: VACS Malawi Questionnaire
VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN SURVEY - MALAWI: Females Age 13-24 Years
INTERVIEWER NOTE: For MALE respondents, changes should be made to the question where appropriate.

HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE COMPLETED FOR THIS HOUSEHOLD: YES

NO

F1
RECORD THE TIME THE INTERVIEW BEGAN (00:00):

F2

I would like to start by asking you questions about
yourself:

YEARS OLD:

How old are you?

F3

EDUCATION:

F4

Have you ever attended school?
Are you currently attending school?

F5

What is the highest level of schooling you have
completed?

F6

What is your current level of school?

F7

How much do you feel connected or close to other
students? A lot, A little, Not very much, Not at all?

F8

FRIENDSHIPS:
How much do you talk to friends about important
things?

F9

How much can you count on friends for support?

F10

WORK:
Have you ever worked for money or any other form
of payment?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................
YES.....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES....................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
LESS THAN PRIMARY...................................................
PRIMARY.........................................................................
SECONDARY...................................................................
HIGHER THAN SECONDARY……………….………..
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
LESS THAN PRIMARY...................................................
PRIMARY.........................................................................
SECONDARY...................................................................
HIGHER THAN SECONDARY……………….………..
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
A LOT.................................................................................
A LITTLE...........................................................................
NOT VERY MUCH............................................................
NOT AT ALL.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
A LOT.................................................................................
A LITTLE...........................................................................
NOT VERY MUCH............................................................
NOT AT ALL.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
A LOT.................................................................................
A LITTLE...........................................................................
NOT VERY MUCH............................................................
NOT AT ALL.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES...................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………………….

99
1
2
99
1
2
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

F8
F6
F8

F8

F13

F11
Have you ever …
A) Begged for alms
B) Sold items on the street

F12

Do you currently work?

YES
1
1

NO
2
2

A. BEGGING FOR ALMS
B. INFORMAL TRADE/
VENDING
YES...................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………………….

DK/
DTA
99
99
1
2
99

36

F13

F14

PARENTS:
Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your
biological parents, your natural parents who gave birth to
you.
Is your biological mother living with you?
How old were you when you last lived with her?

YES......................................................................................
NO.......................................................................................
DONT’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
99

F18
F18

YEARS OLD:

F15

What was the main reason you stopped living with her?

F16

Is your biological mother still alive?

F17

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………...
MOTHER DIED.................................................................
I LEFT OR WAS SENT AWAY FOR WORK..................
I LEFT OR WAS SENT AWAY FOR SCHOOL..............
MOTHER REMARRIED..................................................
I GOT MARRIED.............................................................
MOTHER GOTDIVORCED/SEPARATED....................
I WAS ABANDONED……………………………………
OTHER (SPECIFY):_____________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES...................................................................................
NO....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….

99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
88
99
1
2
99

F17

F18
F18

How old were you when she died?
YEARS OLD:

F18

How close do you/did you feel to your biological mother?
Would you say very close, close, not close, or never had
a relationship with her?

F19

Is your biological father living with you?

F20

How old were you when you last lived with your father?

F21

What was the main reason you stopped living with him?

F22

Is your biological father still alive?

F23

How old were you when he died?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
VERY CLOSE……………………………………………
CLOSE…………………………………………………....
NOT CLOSE……………………………………………...
NO RELATIONSHIP……...................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES....................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….

99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

F24
F24

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................................
FATHER DIED..................................................................
I LEFT OR WAS SENT AWAY FOR WORK.................
I LEFT OR WAS SENT AWAY FOR SCHOOL.............
FATHER REMARRIED...................................................
I GOT MARRIED.............................................................
FATHER GOT DIVORCED/SEPERATED.....................
I WAS ABANDONED……………………………………
OTHER (SPECIFY):_____________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
88
99
1
2
99

F23

F24
F24

YEARS OLD:

F24

How close do you/did you feel to your biological father?
Would you say very close, close, not close, or never had
a relationship with her?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
VERY CLOSE……………………………………………
CLOSE…………………………………………………....
NOT CLOSE……………………………………………...
NO RELATIONSHIP……...................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….

99
1
2
3
4
99

37

F25

MARRIAGE AND PARTNERSHIP:

F26

Have you ever been married?
How old were you when you first got married?

YES....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
99

F29

YEARS OLD:

F27

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
MARRIED ………………………………………………..
WIDOWED ……………………………………………….
DIVORCED ………………………………………………
SEPARATED ………………………………………….....
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
YES....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

What is your marital status now? Are you married,
widowed, divorced, or separated?

F28

Are you currently living with your spouse?

F29

[Other than your spouse,] Have you ever lived together
with someone as if you were married?

F30

How old were you when you first started living together?

99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99
1
2
99

F29
F33

F32

YEARS OLD:

F31

Are you currently living with that person now?

F32

Have you ever had a boyfriend or romantic partner?

F33

GENDER ATTITUDES:
Do you believe, it is right for a man to hit or beat
his wife: (Read categories below)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

F34

If she goes out without telling him
If she ignores the children
If she argues with him
If she refuses to have sex with him
If she makes bad food

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………….
YES....................................................................................
NO......................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
YES..................................................................
NO....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................

A. IF SHE GOES OUT
WITHOUT TELLING HIM
B. IF SHE IGNORES THE
CHILDREN
C. IF SHE ARGUES WITH HIM
D. IF SHE REFUSES TO HAVE
SEX WITH HIM
E. IF SHE MAKES BAD FOOD

1
2
99
1
2
99

F33

DK/
DTA
99

YES
1

NO
2

1

2

99

1
1

2
2

99
99

1

2

99

YES
1

NO
2

DK/
DTA
99

1
1
1

2
2
2

99
99
99

1

2

99

Do you believe: (Read categories below)
A) Men, not women, should decide when to
have sex
B) Men need more sex than women
C) Men need to have sex with other women,
even if they have good relationships with
their wives
D) Women who carry condoms have sex
with a lot of men
E) A woman should tolerate violence to
keep her family together

A. MEN DECIDE WHEN TO
HAVE SEX
B. MEN NEED MORE SEX
C. MEN NEED OTHER WOMEN
D. WOMEN WHO CARRY
CONDOMS HAVE SEX WITH A
LOT OF MEN
E. WOMEN SHOULD
TOLERATE VIOLENCE

F35

Do you find it justifiable for parents to use physical
punishment such as ,smacking, slapping, hitting,
beating when a child behaves inappropriately?

YES...................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………………….

1
2
99

F36

Do you think it is appropriate for a child to use
violence in order to resolve conflicts?

YES...................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………………….

1
2
99

38

F37

SAFETY:

How much do you trust people living in the area where you live: a lot,
some, not too much, not at all?

F38

F39

A LOT…….…………………………………..
SOME…………………………………………
NOT TOO MUCH…………………………....
NOT AT ALL...................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………
VERY SAFE....................................................
SOMEWHAT SAFE…….................................
NOT SAFE AT ALL.........................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED….......................

How safe do you feel in in the area where you live? Very safe,
somewhat safe, not safe at all.

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
3
99

WITNESSING PHYSICAL VIOLENCE:
The following questions are about witnessing physical violence by strangers or people you know well in your home or [insert culturally
appropriate term for COMMUNITY].
At any time in your life:
A. did you see your parent get pushed, slapped, hit, punched, or beaten
up by your other parent, or their boyfriend or girlfriend?
B. did you see a parent hit, beat, kick, or physically hurt your brothers or
sisters, not including a spanking on the bottom?
C., outside of your home and family environment, did you see anyone
get attacked or hit on purpose with a stick, rock, gun, knife or other thing
that would hurt?
D, did you see anyone get attacked on purpose without using an object or
weapon?

F40

NO

DK/DTA

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

IF F39A=1
F40
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B =1
F41
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1
F42
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1 AND F39D=1
F43
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1AND F39D=2/99
F100
CK F39
A) How many times did you see your parent get pushed,
NEVER.............................................................
1
slapped, hit, punched, or beaten up by your other parent, or ONCE...............................................................
2
their boyfriend or girlfriend? Once, a few times or many
FEW..................................................................
3
times?
MANY..............................................................
4
CK F39
DK/DTA................................................................ 99
B) Did this happen in the
C) How old were you the last
D) For respondents 18 years:
E) For respondents who answered
last 12 months?
time you saw this happen?
Were you 18 or 17 years old?
“Few or Many” in 40A or DK/DTA in
B): How old were you the first time you
saw this happen?
YES……..
NO……....
DK/DTA…

1
2
99

F40D

0 TO 5 YEARS……...
6 TO 11 YEARS.........
12 TO 17 YEARS…...
F40E
18 OR OLDER............
DK/DTA.....................
REFER TO F39 FOR ROUTING

1
2
3
4
99

18.........................
17.........................
DK/DTA..............

IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B =1
F41
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1
F42
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1 AND F39D=1
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1 AND F39D=2/99
F41

YES

A) How many times did you see a parent hit, beat, kick, or
physically hurt your brothers or sisters, not including a
spanking on the bottom?? Once, a few times, or many
times?

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.....................
6 TO 11 YEARS...................
12 TO 17 YEARS.................
18 OR OLDER......................
DK/DTA...............................

1
2
3
4
99

F43
F100

NEVER...............................................................
ONCE................................................................
FEW....................................................................
MANY................................................................
DK/DTA.............................................................

1
2
3
4
99

CK F39

CK F39

39

B) Did this happen in the last 12
months?

YES………
NO……......
DK/DTA…

1
2
99

F41D

F41E

C) How old were you the
last time you saw this
happen?

0 TO 5 YEARS……...
6 TO 11 YEARS.........
12 TO 17 YEARS…...
18 OR OLDER............
DK/DTA......................

D) For respondents 18 years:
Were you 18 or 17 years old?

1
2
3
4
99

18..............................
17..............................
DK/DTA...................

E) For respondents who answered
“Few or Many” in 41A or DK/DTA
in B): How old were you the first
time you saw this happen?
1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS..............
6 TO 11 YEARS............
12 TO 17 YEARS..........
18 OR OLDER..............
DK/DTA........................

1
2
3
4
99

REFER TO F39 FOR ROUTING

F42

IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=1
F42
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=2/99 AND F39D=1
F43
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=2/99 AND F39D=2/99
F100
A) Outside of your home and family environment, how
NEVER...............................................................
1
CK F39
many times did you see anyone get attacked or hit on
ONCE.................................................................
2
purpose with a stick, rock, gun, knife or other thing that
FEW....................................................................
3
would hurt? Once, a few times, or many times?
MANY................................................................
4
DK/DTA.............................................................
99
CK F39
B) Did this happen in the last 12
C) How old were you the last
D) For respondents 18
E) For respondents who answered
months?
time you saw this happen?
years: Were you 18 or 17
“Few or Many” in 42A or DK/DTA
years old?
in B): How old were you the first
time you saw this happen?
YES………
NO……......
DK/DTA…

1
2
99

F42D

F42E

0 TO 5 YEARS……...
6 TO 11 YEARS.........
12 TO 17 YEARS…...
18 OR OLDER............
DK/DTA......................

1
2
3
4
99

18..............................
17..............................
DK/DTA...................

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS...............
6 TO 11 YEARS.............
12 TO 17 YEARS...........
18 OR OLDER................
DK/DTA..........................

1
2
3
4
99

REFER TO F39 FOR ROUTING

F43

IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=2/99 AND F39D=1
F43
IF F39A=2/99 AND F39B=2/99 AND F39C=2/99 AND F39D=2/99
F100
A) Outside of your home and family environment, how
NEVER..............................................................
1
CK F39
many times did you see anyone get attacked or hit on
ONCE.................................................................
2
purpose without using an object or weapon?Once, a few
FEW....................................................................
3
times, or many times?
MANY................................................................
4
DK/DTA.............................................................
99
CK F39
B) Did this happen in the last 12
C) How old were you the last
D) For respondents 18
E) For respondents who answered
months?
time you saw this happen?
years: Were you 18 or 17
“Few or Many” in 43A or DK/DTA
years old?
in B): How old were you the first
time you saw this happen?
YES………
NO…….....
DK/DTA….

F43D

0 TO 5 YEARS……
1
18............................
1
6 TO 11 YEARS......
2
17............................
2
12 TO 17 YEARS…
3
DK/DTA.................
99
F43E
18 OR OLDER........
4
DK/DTA..................... 99
IF F25=2/99 (NOT MARRIED/DK/DTA) AND F32=2 (NEVER PARTNER) SKIP TO F147

F100

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS...............
6 TO 11 YEARS.............
12 TO 17 YEARS...........
18 OR OLDER................
DK/DTA..........................

1
2
3
4
99

PV: PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
PV1: INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE
The next questions are about things that can happen to girls and women who date, have a romantic partner, boyfriend, or who are married.
Remember, you can ask to skip any question that you do not want to answer.
Has a romantic partner, boyfriend or husband ever:

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. punched, kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object?

1

2

99

B. choked, smothered, tried to drown you, or burned you intentionally?

1

2

99

C. used or threatened you with a knife or other weapon?

1

2

99

40

IF F100A =1 AND F100B=2/99 AND F100C=2/99
IF F100A =2/99 AND F100B=1 AND F100C=2/99
IF F100A =2/99 AND F100B=2/99 AND F100C=1
IF F100A =2/99 AND F100B=2/99 AND F100C=2/99

F101
F116
F131
F146

F101

PV1A:

F102

How many times have you been punched, kicked, whipped, or beat
with an object by a romantic partner /husband: once, a few times, many
times?
PV1A: MOST RECENT TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

FOR COMBINATIONS OF (A-C)=1
ROUTE THROUGH APPROPRIATE
SECTIONS IN SEQUENCE

ONCE...........................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY...........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.......................

1
2
3
99

F109

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

SEE NOTE
BELOW

0 TO 5 YEARS............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS………………..................
12 TO 17 YEARS........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED….................
BOYFRIEND/ROMATIC PARTNER…….
HUSBAND………………………………...
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER........................................................
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…..........
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER….............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F109

IF F102 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F104
IF F102=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F103
F103

How old were you the last time this happened?

F104

Was this partner who did this to you the last time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F105

Was this partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F106

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F107

This last time that your partner slapped/pushed you, did you receive
any injuries

F108

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F107

F110

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

SKIP TO F110

F109

PV1A: FIRST TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…
HUSBAND………………………………...
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER........................................................
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................

1
2
3

SEE NOTE
BELOW

IF F109 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F111
IF F109=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F110
F110

How old were you the first time this happened?

F111

Was this partner who did this to you this first time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F112

Was the partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F114

41

F113

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F114

The first time that your partner slapped/pushed you, did you receive
any injuries?

F115

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................

99

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER.............
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………...……...
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

REFER
TO
F100

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

REFER TO F100 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F116

IF F100B=1 MOVE TO F116
IF F100B=2/99 AND F100C=1 MOVE TO F131
IF F100B=2/99 AND F100C=2/99 MOVE TO F146
PV1B:

F117

How many times has a romantic partner/husband choked, smothered,
tried to drown you, or burned or scalded you intentionally: once, a few
times, many times?
PV1B: MOST RECENT TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

ONCE.............................................................
FEW...............................................................
MANY...........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
99

F124

YES….....................….......….......................
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

0 TO 5 YEARS...............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS….........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS. .........................................
18 OR OLDER................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…......................
BOYFRIEND/ROMATIC PARTNER……...
HUSBAND……………………………….....
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER..........................................................
YOUNGER....................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE....................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…..........
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…..............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F124

IF F117 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F119
IF F117=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F118
F118

How old were you the last time this happened?

F119

Was this partner who did this to you the last time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F120

Was this partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F121

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F122

This last time that your partner punched, kicked, whipped or beat you
did you receive any injuries?

F123

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

F122

F125

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

42

SKIP TO F125

F124

Did this happen in the last 12 months?

YES...............................................................
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
BOYFRIEND/ROMATIC PARTNER…….
HUSBAND………………………………...
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER........................................................
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER.............
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………...……..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

IF F124 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F126
IF F124=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F125
F125

PV1B: FIRST TIME
How old were you the first time this happened?

F126

Was this partner who did this to you this first time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F127

Was the partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F128

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F129

The first time thatyour partner punched, kicked, whipped or beat you
did you receive any injuries?

F130

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F129

REFER
TO
F100

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

REFER TO F100 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F131

IF F100C=1 MOVE TO F131
IF F100C=2/99 MOVE TO F146
PV1C:

F132

How many times has a romantic partner/husband used or threatened to
use a knife or other weapon against you: once, a few times, many
times?
PV1C: MOST RECENT TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

ONCE...........................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY..........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
99

F139

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED….................
BOYFRIEND/ROMATIC PARTNER……..
HUSBAND………………………………....
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER........................................................
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................

1
2
3
99

F139

IF F132 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F134
IF F132=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F133
F133

How old were you the last time this happened?

F134

Was this partner who did this to you this last time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F135

Was this partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F137

43

F136

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F137

This last time that your partner used or threatened to use a knife or
other weapon against you, did you receive any injuries?

F138

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…...........
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…..............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F140

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

SKIP TO F140

F139

PV1C: FIRST TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

YES...............................................................
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS……………………………...
6 TO 11 YEARS............................................
12 TO 17 YEARS…......................................
18 OR OLDER..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…....................
BOYFRIEND/ROMATIC PARTNER……..
HUSBAND………………………………....
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………………

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

OLDER........................................................
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER.............
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………...…...
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

IF F139 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F141
IF F139=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F140
F140
How old were you the first time this happened?

F141

Was this partner who did this to you the first time your boyfriend,
romantic partner, husband?

F142

Was the partner older than you, younger than you, or about the same
age?

F143

Was this partner was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F144

The first time that your partner used or threatened to use a knife or
other weapon against you, did you receive any injuries?

F144

F146

44

F145

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F146

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

PV PERPETRATION

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. punched, kicked, whipped, or beat them?

1

2

99

B. choked, smothered, tried to drown, or intentionally burn them?

1

2

99

C. used or threatened to use a knife or other weapon against them?

1

2

99

PV2: PARENTS AND OTHER ADULT RELATIVES
The next questions are about parents or other adult relatives. Remember, you can ask to skip any question that you do not want to answer.
Has a parent or other adult relative ever:

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. punched, kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object?

1

2

99

B. choked, smothered, tried to drown you, or burned you intentionally?

1

2

99

C. used or threatened you with a knife or other weapon?

1

2

99

IF F147A=1 AND F147B=2/99 AND F147C =2/99
IF F147A=2/99 AND F147B=1 AND F147C =2/99
IF F147A=2/99 AND F147B=2/99 AND F147C =1
IF F147A & F147B & F147C =2/99
F187

F148
F161
F174

F148

PV2A:
How many times has a parent or other adult relative punched, kicked,
whipped, or beat you with an object: once, a few times, many times?

F149

PV2A: MOST RECENT TIME

FOR COMBINATIONS OF (A-C)=1
ROUTE
THROUGH APPROPRIATE SECTIONS IN SEQUENCE

ONCE............................................................
FEW...............................................................
MANY...........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you this last time?

1
2
3
4
99

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F149 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F151
IF F149=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F150
F150

NO

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

Have you ever done any of the following to a partner:

F147

YES

How old were you the last time this happened?

F151

MALE
FATHER....................................................................
STEP FATHER..........................................................
BROTHER.................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

1
2
3
4
5
77

FEMALE
MOTHER.........................................................................
STEP MOTHER..............................................................
SISTER............................................................................
STEP SISTER..................................................................
AUNT..............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
F152

Did this parent or adult relative live within the same household as you
when this last event occurred?

YES.................................................................
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………

F155

F155
SEE
NOTE
BELOW

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

1
2
99

45

F153

F154

The last time that your parent or adult relative punched, kicked,
whipped or beat you with an object, did you receive any injuries?
Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F155

SKIP TO F156
PV2A: FIRST TIME

F156

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F155 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F157
IF F155=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F156
How old were you the first time this happened?

F157

F159

F160

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

1

2

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS..............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS............................................
12 TO 17 YEARS…......................................
18 OR OLDER..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…....................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you the first time?

1
2
3
4
99

1
2
3
4
5
77

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Did this parent or adult relative live within the same household as you
YES.................................................................
when this first event occurred?
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………
The first time that parent or adult relative punched, kicked, whipped, or YES….....................….......….......…............
beat you with an object, did you receive any injuries?
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

FEMALE
MOTHER........................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

Did you experience?

F156
DK./
DTA
99

YES...............................................................
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

MALE
FATHER.....................................................................
STEP FATHER...........................................................
BROTHER..................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

F158

YES….....................….......….......…............
1
NO.................................................................
2
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
99
YES
NO

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

1
2
99
1
2
99

REFER
TO
F147

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

REFER TO F147 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F161

IF F147B=1 MOVE TO F161
IF F147B=2/99 AND F147C=1 MOVE TO F174
IF F147B=2/99 AND F147C=2/99 MOVE TO F187
PV2B:

F162

How many times has as a parent or any adult relative choked,
smothered, tried to drown you, burned or scalded you intentionally:
once, a few times, many times?
PV2B: MOST RECENT TIME

F163

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F162 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F164
IF F162=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F163
How old were you the last time this happened?

ONCE............................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY..........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................

1

F168

F168

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

46

F164

6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED….................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you this last time?
MALE
FATHER.....................................................................
STEP FATHER...........................................................
BROTHER..................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

F165

F166

F167

1
2
3
4
5
77

Did you experience?

F168

SKIP TO F169
PV2B: FIRST TIME

F169

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F168 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F170
IF F168=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F169
How old were you the first time this happened?

F172

F169

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you the first time?

1
2
3
4
99

77

88
99

1
2
99

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

1
2
99
1
2
99

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

MALE
FATHER.....................................................................
STEP FATHER...........................................................
BROTHER..................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

F171

FEMALE
MOTHER........................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Did this parent or adult relative live within the same household as you
YES.................................................................
when this most recent event occurred?
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………
The last time that your parent or adult relative choked, smothered, tried YES….....................….......….......…............
to drown, burned or scalded you intentionally, did you receive any
NO.................................................................
injuries?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F170

2
3
4
99

FEMALE
MOTHER........................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Did this parent or adult relative live within the same household as you
YES.................................................................
when this first event occurred?
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………
The first time that a parent or adult relative choked, smothered, tried to
YES….....................….......….......…............
drown, or burned or scalded you intentionally, did you receive any
NO.................................................................
injuries?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

1
2
99
1
2
99

REFER
TO
F147

47

F173

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

REFER TO F147 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F174

IF F147C=1 MOVE TO F174
IF F147C=2/99 MOVE TO F187
PV2C:

ONCE...........................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY.........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
99

F181

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
How old were you the last time this happened?
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you this last time?

1
2
3
4
99

How many times has a parent or other adult relative used or threatened
to use a knife or other weapon against you: once, a few times, many
times?
F175

Did this happen in the last 12 months?

F176

IF F175 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F177
IF F175=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F176
PV2C: MOST RECENT TIME

F177

MALE
FATHER.....................................................................
STEP FATHER..........................................................
BROTHER.................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

F178

F179

F180

1
2
3
4
5
77

FEMALE
MOTHER.......................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Did this parent or adult relative live within the same household as you
YES.................................................................
when this most recent event occurred?
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………
The last time that a parent or adult relative used or threatened to use a
YES….....................….......….......…............
weapon against you, did you receive any injuries?
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
YES
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F181

SKIP TO F182
PV2C: FIRST TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F180 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F182
IF F180=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F181

F181

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

1
2
99
1
2
99

F182
NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

48

F182

F183

How old were you the first time this happened?

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
What was the relationship to the parent or adult relative who did this to you the first time?
MALE
FATHER.....................................................................
STEP FATHER..........................................................
BROTHER.................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_________________________________

F184

F185

F186

1
2
3
4
5
77

FEMALE
MOTHER........................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)___________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Did this relative live within the same household as you when this first
YES.................................................................
event occurred?
NO...................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED………………
The first time that your parent slapped/pushed you, did you receive
YES….....................….......….......…............
any injuries?
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
YES
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F187

1
2
3
4
99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

1
2
99
1
2
99

F187
NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

PV3: PEOPLE LIVING IN THE COMMUNITY
The next questions are about other people who are in in the area where you live. This includes such people as teachers, police, religious or
community leaders, friends, classmates or even strangers.
Has one of these people ever:

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. punched, kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object?

1

2

99

B. choked, smothered, tried to drown you, or burned you intentionally?

1

2

99

C. used or threatened you with a knife or other weapon?

1

2

99

IF F187A=1 AND F187B=2/99 AND F187C =2/99
IF F187A=2/99 AND F187B=1 AND F187C =2/99
IF F187A=2/99 AND F187B=2/99 AND F187C =1
IF F187A AND F187B AND F186C =2/99
F300
F188

F188
F203
F218

FOR COMBINATIONS OF (A-C)=1
ROUTE
THROUGH APPROPRIATE SECTIONS IN SEQUENCE
IF F187A=1 OR F187B=1 OR F187C=1 ROUTE TO PV
SERVICES F233 FOLLOWING SECTIONS

PV3A:
How many times have you been punched you, kicked, whipped, or
beat with an object by someone in in the area where you live: once, a
few times, or many times?

ONCE...........................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY.........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................

1
2
3
99

F196

F189

PV3A: MOST RECENT TIME

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

F190

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F189 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F191
IF F189=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F190
How old were you the last time this happened?

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

F196

49

F191

F192

F193

F194

F195

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you this last time?
MALE
FEMALE
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
1
FEMALE TEACHER........................................................
2
MALE POLICE...........................................................
FEMALE POLICE.............................................................
3
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMLAE EMPLOYER.....................................................
4
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER.................................
5
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.....................................
6
MALE FRIEND...........................................................
FEMALE FRIEND............................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE…………….. 7
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE………………
8
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….……………………..
77
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)____________________
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
MORE THAN 10 YEARS
older or less than 5 years older?
OLDER…............
5-10 YEARS OLDER…………………...…..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................
This last time when someone in in the area where you live punched,
YES….....................….......….......…............
kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object, did you receive any
NO.................................................................
injuries?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F196

SKIP TO F197
PV3A: FIRST TIME

F197

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F196 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F198
IF F196=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F197
How old were you the first time this happened?

F198

F199

99
1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99

F197

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED….................
What was the relationship to the person who did this to you the first time?

1
2
3
4
99

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
77

F194

1
2
99

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

MALE
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
MALE FRIEND...........................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE……………..
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)____________________

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88

FEMALE
FEMALE TEACHER.........................................................
FEMALE POLICE..............................................................
FEMLAE EMPLOYER......................................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER..................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER......................................
FEMALE FRIEND.............................................................
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE………………
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….……………………..
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE...................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88
99

1
2
3
99

F201

50

F200

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F201

The first time when someone in in the area where you live punched,
kicked, whipped, or beat you with an object, did you receive any
injuries?

F202

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

MORE THAN 10 YEARS LDER…...........
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…..............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

REFER
TO
F187

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

REFER TO F187 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F203

IF F187B=1 MOVE TO F203
IF F187B=2/99 AND F187C=1 MOVE TO F218
IF F187B=2/99 AND F187C=2/99 MOVE TO F233
PV3B:

F204

How many times has someone in in the area where you live choked,
smothered, tried to drown, burned or scalded you intentionally: once, a
few times, or many times?
PV3B: MOST RECENT TIME

F205

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F204 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F206
IF F204=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F205
How old were you this last time this happened?

F206

F207

F208

F209

ONCE............................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY..........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
99

F211

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you this last time?
MALE
FEMALE
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
1
FEMALE TEACHER........................................................
2
MALE POLICE...........................................................
FEMALE POLICE............................................................
3
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMLAE EMPLOYER.....................................................
4
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER.................................
5
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.....................................
6
MALE FRIEND...........................................................
FEMALE FRIEND............................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE…………….. 7
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE……………...
8
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….……………………..
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)_____________________ 77
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…….......
older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER……...........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
The last time that someone in in the area where you live choked,
YES……................……....……....…….........
smothered, tried to drown, burned or scalded you intentionally, did you NO…..............................................................
receive any injuries?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

F211

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88
99

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F209

F212

51

F210

Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F211

SKIP TO F212
PV3B: FIRST TIME

F212
How old were you the first time this happened?

F215

F216

F217

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you the first time?
MALE
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
MALE FRIEND...........................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE……………..
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)____________________

F214

NO

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F211 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F213
IF F211=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F212

F213

YES

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
77

FEMALE
FEMALE TEACHER.........................................................
FEMALE POLICE.............................................................
FEMLAE EMPLOYER.....................................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER..................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER......................................
FEMALE FRIEND.............................................................
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE………………
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….……………………..
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…..........
older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER….............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
The first time that someone in in the area where you live ] choked,
YES….....................….......….......…............
smothered, tried to drown, burned or scalded you intentionally, did you NO.................................................................
receive any injuries?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88
99

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F216

REFER
TO
F187

YES

NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

REFER TO F187 FOR CORRECT ROUTING

F218

IF F187C=1 MOVE TO F218
IF F187C=2/99 MOVE TO F233
PV3C:
How many times has someone in in the area where you live used or
threatened to use a knife or other weapon against you: once, a few
times, or many times?

ONCE...........................................................
FEW..............................................................
MANY.........................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................

1
2
3
99

F226

F226

52

F219

PV3C: MOST RECENT TIME

F220

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F219 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F221
IF F219=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F220
How old were you the last time this happened?

F221

F222

F223

F224

F225

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you this last time?
MALE
FEMALE
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
1
FEMALE TEACHER..........................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................ 2
FEMALE POLICE..............................................................
3
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMLAE EMPLOYER.......................................................
4
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER...................................
5
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.......................................
6
MALE FRIEND...........................................................
FEMALE FRIEND...............................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE…………….. 7
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE………………
8
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….……………………..
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)_____________________ 77
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…..........
older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…..............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
The last time that someone in in the area where you live ] used or
YES….....................….......….......…............
threatened to use a weapon against you, did you receive any injuries?
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
YES
A) Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
B) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
C) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
D) Permanent injury or disfigurement

F226

SKIP TO F227
PV3C: FIRST TIME

F227

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F226 = 1 AND F2 NE 18 GOTO F228
IF F226=1 AND F2=18 GO TO F227
How old were you the first time this happened?

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
DISFIGUREMENT

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88
99

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

F224

F227
NO

1

2

DK./
DTA
99

1

2

99

1

2

99

1

2

99

YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

53

F228

F229

F230

F231

F232

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you the first time?
MALE
FEMALE
MALE TEACHER........................................................ 1
FEMALE TEACHER...........................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................. 2
FEMALE POLICE...............................................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................... 3
FEMLAE EMPLOYER........................................................
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER................................. 4
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER....................................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................... 5
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER........................................
MALE FRIEND............................................................ 6
FEMALE FRIEND...............................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE…………….. 7
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE………………
MALE NEIGHBOR………………………………….. 8
MALE NEIGHBOR……………….………………………
77
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)____________________
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)______________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the same
OLDER........................................................
age?
YOUNGER..................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE...................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…..........
older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…..............
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................
The first time that someone in in the area where you live ] used or
YES….....................….......….......…............
threatened to use a weapon against you, did you receive any injuries?
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..
Did you experience?
YES
E)

99
1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

PV SERVICES
Thinking about all your experiences with physical violence,
did you know of a place to go and seek professional help?

F234
Did you try to seek professional help for any of these
incidents?
F235

F236

What was the main reason you did not try to seek
professional help?

Did you receive any professional help for any of these
incidents?

F231

F233

A. CUTS, SCRATCHES, BRUISES
1
B. SPRAINS, DISLOCATIONS,
1
BLISTERING
C. DEEP WOUNDS, BROKEN
1
BONES, CHARRED SKIN
D. PERMANENT INJURY OR
1
DISFIGUREMENT
YES........................................................................................
NO..........................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

2

DK./
DTA
99

2

99

2

99

2

99

YES........................................................................................
NO..........................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................
DID NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO……………………..…
AFRAID OF GETTING IN TROUBLE………....................
EMBARRASSED FOR SELF/FAMILY...............................
COULD NOT AFFORD SERVICES ……………………
DEPENDENT ON PERPETRATOR……………………….
PERPETRATOR THREATENED ME……………………..
DID NOT THINK IT WAS A PROBLEM............................
FELT IT WAS MY FAULT………………………………...
AFRAID OF BEING ABANDONED....................................
DID NOT NEED/WANT SERVICES...................................
OTHER (SPECIFY):_______________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

1
2
99
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
99

YES........................................................................................
NO..........................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

1
2
99

Cuts, scratches, bruises, aches, redness or swelling or other
minor marks
F) Sprains, dislocations, or blistering
G) Deep wounds, broken bones, broken teeth, or blackened or
charred skin
H) Permanent injury or disfigurement
F233

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
88

NO

1
2
99

F238
F236

F238

F238

54

F237
A) Did you receive help from:
B) (If “Yes” to part A category, ask …) How much did they help
you: not at all, a little, some or a lot?
Not at all
A little
Some
A lot
A) A doctor, nurse or other professional
healthcare worker?

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

B) Police or other professional security personnel

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

C) A lawyer, judge or other legal professional,
other than police?

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

D) A social worker or counselor

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

E) A helpline (incl. phone/internet/website –
replace with relevant country specific names)

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

GO TO F300
F238

F239

Did you tell anyone about any of these experiences?

YES............................................................................
NO..............................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.....................................

FEMALE
NEIGHBOR.......................................................................
TRADITIONAL HEALER................................................
NGO WORKER.................................................................
TEACHER..........................................................................
EMPLOYER.......................................................................
COMMUNITY LEADER...................................................
RELIGIOUS LEADER.......................................................
OTHER (SPECIFY)___________________________

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
GO TO F300

F300

F240

Who did you tell? (Circle all mentioned)
MALE
MOTHER……………………………………………..
FATHER.......................................................................
SISTER.........................................................................
BROTHER....................................................................
OTHER RELATIVE.....................................................
HUSBAND....................................................................
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER......................
FRIEND……………..................................................

F240

1
2
99

What was the main reason you did not tell anyone?

I
J
K
L
M
N
O
X

Z

DID NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO……………………..…
AFRAID OF GETTING IN TROUBLE………....................
EMBARRASSED FOR SELF/FAMILY...............................
DEPENDENT ON PERPETRATOR……………………….
PERPETRATOR THREATENED ME……………………..
DID NOT THINK IT WAS A PROBLEM............................
FELT IT WAS MY FAULT………………………………...
AFRAID OF BEING ABANDONED....................................
DID NOT NEED/WANT SERVICES...................................
OTHER (SPECIFY):_______________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
99

EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE
The next questions ask about what a parent or caregiver may have said to you.
Has a parent or someone like a parent ever:

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. told you that you were not loved, or did not deserve to be loved?

1

2

99

B. said they wished you had never been born or were dead?

1

2

99

1

2

99

C. ever ridiculed you or put you down (for example say that you were
stupid or useless)?
IF F300A =1 OR F300B=1 OR F300C =1
F301
IF F300A=2/99 AND F300B=2/99 AND F300C =2/99
F400

55

F301

F302

EV1
How many times did a parent or someone like a parent ever said or
done these things: once, a few times, or many times?

EV1: MOST RECENT TIME
Did this happen in the last 12 months?

ONCE..............................................................
FEW.................................................................
MANY.............................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…......................
YES….....................….......….......…............
NO.................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

1
2
3
99
1
2
99

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................

1
2
3
4
99

F303

IF F302=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F304
IF F302=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F303
How old were you the most recent time this happened?

F304

What was the relationship to the person who did this to you this most recent time?

MALE
FATHER....................................................................
STEP FATHER..........................................................
BROTHER.................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_______________________________

1
2
3
4
5
77

FEMALE
MOTHER.......................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)__________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
SKIP TO F306
F305

YES….....................….......….......…................
NO.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……..………..

EV1: FIRST TIME

F305

F305
SEE
NOTE
BELOW

6
7
8
9
10
88
99
SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

1
2
99

Did this happen in the last 12 months?
IF F305=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F307
IF F305=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F306
F306

F307

How old were you the first time this happened?

0 TO 5 YEARS.............................................
6 TO 11 YEARS...........................................
12 TO 17 YEARS.........................................
18 OR OLDER.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…...................
What was the relationship to the person who did this to you the first time?
MALE
FATHER....................................................................
STEP FATHER..........................................................
BROTHER.................................................................
STEP BROTHER.......................................................
UNCLE.......................................................................
OTHER MALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)_______________________________

F400

1
2
3
4
5
77

1
2
3
4
99

FEMALE
MOTHER.......................................................................
STEP MOTHER.............................................................
SISTER...........................................................................
STEP SISTER.................................................................
AUNT.............................................................................
OTHER FEMALE RELATIVE/CAREGIVER
(SPECIFY)__________________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR:
The next questions are about sexual activity. By sex we mean
vaginal, oral, or anal sex.

6
7
8
9
10
88
99

56

Have you ever had vaginal, oral, or anal sex?

YES..........................................................................
NO............................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………
F401

1
2
99

F500

How old were you when you had sex for the very first time?
YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………
WANTED TO.........................................................
MADE TO...............................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………...

F402

The first time you had sex, was it because you wanted to or
because you were made to?

F403

The person with whom you had sex the first time, what was their relationship to you?

MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER………………….........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER……………………………….………….
STEP BROTHER……………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON....................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND……………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

99
1
2
99

FEMALE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………………..
WIFE…………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER…………………………………………
SISTER………………......................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………...
AUNT……………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)___________________
FEMALE TEACHER.......................................................
FEMALE POLICE............................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER……………………………........
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) ____________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................

F404

Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the
same age?

1
2
3
99

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…....................
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………….…..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…........................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................

1
2
3
99

YES..................................................................................................
NO....................................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………………….

1
2
99

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

F406

PREGNANCY:
The next questions are about pregnancy.
Have you ever been pregnant?

F407

99

OLDER....................................................................
YOUNGER..............................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................

F405

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F406

F409

How old were you the first time that you got
pregnant?
YEARS OLD:

F408

Have you ever had a pregnancy that did not end in
a live birth?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………………….
YES.................................................................................................
NO..................................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………………….

99
1
2
99

57

F409

SEX HISTORY AND RISK TAKING:
For these next questions, a sexual partner is any
person with whom you have had sex.

NUMBER OF PARTNERS:

In your life, how many sexual partners have you
ever had?
(INTERVIEWERS: 0 IS NOT AN ACCEPTABLE ANSWER
FOR THIS QUESTION, IF RESPONDENT SAYS 0 THEN
REFER BACK TO F400 AND CORRECT IF NECESSARY)

F410

F411

F412

Have you had sex in the past 12 months?

How many partners have you had sex with in the
past 12 months?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………………….
YES.................................................................................................
NO...................................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………………………….

MALE

99

FEMALE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………………..
WIFE…………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER…………………………………………
SISTER………………......................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………...
AUNT……………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)___________________
FEMALE TEACHER.......................................................
FEMALE POLICE............................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER……………………………........
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) ____________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................

F413

F500

NUMBER OF PARTNERS

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………………………
Think about the most recent person who you had sex with in the past 12 months.
What was their relationship to you?

BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER………………….........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER……………………………….………….
STEP BROTHER……………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON....................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND……………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

99
1
2
99

Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about the
same age?

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
99

OLDER....................................................................
YOUNGER..............................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................

1
2
3
99

F414

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10 years
older or less than 5 years older?

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…....................
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………….…..
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER…........................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................

1
2
3
99

F415

In the past 12 months, how often did you use a condom during
sex? Would you say always, sometimes, or never?

ALWAYS ……………………………………….
SOMETIMES …………………………………...
NEVER …………………………………………
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………....

1
2
3
99

F415

IF F411=1 SKIP TO F500
IF F411>1 CONTINUE TO F416
F416

Now think back to another partner with whom you had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months.
What was this person’s relationship to you?

58

MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER………………….........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER……………………………….………….
STEP BROTHER……………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON....................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND……………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

FEMALE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………………..
WIFE…………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER…………………………………………
SISTER………………......................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………...
AUNT……………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)___________________
FEMALE TEACHER.......................................................
FEMALE POLICE............................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER……………………………........
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) ____________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................

F417

In the past 12 months, how often did you use a condom during
sex? Would you say always, sometimes, or never?

ALWAYS ……………………………………….
SOMETIMES …………………………………...
NEVER …………………………………………
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………....

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
99

1
2
3
99

IF F411=2 SKIP TO F500
IF F411>2 CONTINUE TO F418

59

F418

Now think back to a third partner with whom you had sexual intercourse in the past 12 months.
What was this person’s relationship to you?
MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER………………….........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER……………………………….………….
STEP BROTHER……………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON....................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND……………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

FEMALE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………………..
WIFE…………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER…………………………………………
SISTER………………......................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………...
AUNT……………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)___________________
FEMALE TEACHER.......................................................
FEMALE POLICE............................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER....................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER……………………………........
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) ____________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................

F419

F500

In the past 12 months, how often did you use a condom during
sex? Would you say always, sometimes, or never?

ALWAYS ……………………………………….
SOMETIMES …………………………………...
NEVER …………………………………………
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………....

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
99

1
2
3
99

SEXUAL VIOLENCE : MONEY, GOODS OR FAVORS
EXCHANGED FOR SEX/EXPLOITATION

Have you ever received food, favors, or any gifts in exchange
for sex?

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
F501

F502

What did you receive?

When you received money, who did you give it to?

MONEY .........................................................................
FOOD............................................................................
GOOD GRADES ...........................................................
SCHOOL FEES .............................................................
EMPLOYMENT ...........................................................
GIFTS/FAVORS ...........................................................
TRANSPORT ...............................................................
SHELTER/RENT ..........................................................
PROTECTION ..............................................................
OTHER (SPECIFY) __________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED ........................................
KEPT IT FOR
SELF.......................................................
FAMILY.........................................................................
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER.......................
PIMP...............................................................................
OTHER (SPECIFY)___________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
99
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
X
Z

F600

F503

A
B
C
D
X
Z

60

F503

How old were when you first received food, favors, or any
gifts in exchange for sex?

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................

99

F504

Was this person older than you, younger than you, or about
the same age?

OLDER……………………………………………..
YOUNGER…………………………………………
ABOUT SAME AGE………………………………
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………….

1
2
3
99

F505

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
years older or less than 5 years older?

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER…………………
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER……………………
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………….

1
2
3
99

F506

In the last 12 months, how many people gave you food
favors, or any gifts in exchange for sex?

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
F507

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
X

FEMALE
FEMALE FRIEND OR ACQUIANTANCE.............................
FEMALE TEACHER..................................................................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER..........................................
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..............................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER..............................................................
FEMALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE...............................
FEMALE NEIGHBOR...............................................................
FEMALE POLICE......................................................................
FEMALE SOLDIER...................................................................
FEMALE TRUCK DRIVER......................................................
FEMALE TOURIST OR NON-NATIONAL............................
FEMALE I DON’T KNOW/STRANGER.................................
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)_________________________

M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
AA
Y

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………………………Z
SEXUAL VIOLENCE : NON-CONTACT SEXUAL VIOLENCE/EXPLOITATION
Has anyone ever:

YES

NO

DK/DTA

A. Forced you to watch sexual activities or sexual abuse, even without
making you participate? for example, images, photos, videos, online?

1

2

99

B. Forced you to be in a sex photo, video, or web video?

1

2

99

IF F600A=1 AND F600B=2/99
IF F600A=2/99 AND F600B=1
IF F600A=2/99 & F600B=2/99
F601

99

Now think back to all experiences when you received, food, favors, or any gifs in exchange for sex from someone. What were their
relationships to you? (Circle all mentioned)
MALE
MALE FRIEND OR ACQUIANTANCE..................
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER..............................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE EMPLOYER...................................................
MALE CLASSMATE/SCHOOLMATE....................
MALE
NEIGHBOR....................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SOLDIER.......................................................
MALE TRUCK DRIVER...........................................
MALE TOURIST OR NON-NATIONAL.................
MALE I DON’T KNOW/STRANGER......................
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY)___________________

F600

F506

F601
F602
F700

A) How many times has someone forced you to watch sexual
activities or sexual abuse: once, a few times or many times?

FOR COMBINATIONS OF (A&B)=1
ROUTE THROUGH
APPROPRIATE SECTIONS IN
SEQUENCE
NEVER..................................................................
ONCE.....................................................................
FEW.......................................................................
MANY....................................................................
DK/DTA.................................................................

1
2
3
4
99

CK
F600

CK
F600

61

F601

B) Did this happen in the last
12 months?

YES…………
NO……..........
DK/DTA…….

F602

F602

1
2
99

C) How old were you the last
time you saw this happen?

F601
D

0 TO 5 YEARS……... 1
6 TO 11 YEARS......... 2
12 TO 17 YEARS…... 3
F601
18 OR OLDER............ 4
E
DK/DTA...................... 99
How many times has someone forced you to be in a sex photo,
video or web video: once, a few times or many times?

B) Did this happen in the last
12 months?

YES…………
NO……..........
DK/DTA…….

1
2
99

C) How old were you the last
time you saw this happen?

F602
D

0 TO 5 YEARS……...
6 TO 11 YEARS.........
12 TO 17 YEARS…...
F602
18 OR OLDER............
E
DK/DTA......................
SEXUAL VIOLENCE: SEXUAL ABUSE

1
2
3
4
99

D) For respondents 18
years: Were you 18 or 17
years old?
18..............................
17..............................
DK/DTA...................

1
2
99

18..............................
17..............................
DK/DTA...................

1
2
99

E) For respondents who answered
601A=2,3 or 99 in 601B : How old were
you the first time you saw this happen?

0 TO 5 YEARS.....................
1
6 TO 11 YEARS...................
2
12 TO 17 YEARS.................
3
18 OR OLDER......................
4
DK/DTA...............................
99
NEVER..................................................................
1
F700
ONCE.....................................................................
2
FEW.......................................................................
3
MANY.................................................................... 4
DK/DTA................................................................. 99
F700
D) For respondents 18
E) For respondents who answered
years: Were you 18 or 17
602A=2,3 or 99 in 602B : How old were
years old?
you the first time you saw this happen?
0 TO 5 YEARS.....................
6 TO 11 YEARS...................
12 TO 17 YEARS.................
18 OR OLDER......................
DK/DTA...............................

1
2
3
4
99

Girls and women may experience unwanted sexual contact by people they know well, such as a romantic partner, family member or friend,
or by strangers. Your answers are confidential and you can ask to skip any questions that you don’t feel comfortable answering.
F700

Has anyone ever touched you in a sexual way without your permission, but
did not try and force you to have sex?

YES…………………………………
NO………………………………….
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……….

1
2
99

F800

Has anyone ever tried to make you have vaginal sex, oral sex or anal sex or
tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus, but did not succeed?

F900

Has anyone ever physically forced you to have vaginal sex, oral sex or anal
sex or tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus and did succeed?

YES…………………………………
NO………………………………….
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……….
YES…………………………………
NO………………………………….
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……….

1
2
99
1
2
99

F1000

Has anyone ever pressured you in a nonphysical way, to have vaginal sex,
oral sex or anal sex or tried to insert an object into your vagina or anus?

YES…………………………………
NO………………………………….
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……….

1
2
99

[If necessary: When someone pressures you into sex, it could involve things
like threats, harassment, luring you, or tricking you into having sex.]
IF F700=1 MOVE TO F701
IF F800=1 MOVE TO F801
IF F900=1 MOVE TO F901
IF F1000=1 MOVE TO F1001
IF F700-F1000=1 MOVE TO SV SERVICES F1100 FOLLOWED BY SV PERPETRATION

F701

IF F700=2/99 AND F800=2/99 AND F900=2/99 AND F1000=2/99 THEN DO:
IF F25=2/99 (NEVER MARRIED/DK/DTA) AND F32=2 (NEVER PARTNER) SKIP SV PERPETRATION MOVE TO F1300
MENTAL HEALTH
ELSE IF F25=1 (EVER MARRIED) OR F32=1 (EVER PARTNER) MOVE TO SV PERPETRATION F1100 FOLLOWED BY
MENTAL HEALTH
SV1: TOUCHING WITHOUT PERMISSION- LIFETIME
These questions ask you about a time when anyone touched you in a sexual
way without your permission, but the person did not try and force you to
have sex.
How many times in your life has this happened?

1..................................................................

1

WRITE NUMBER IF
2 TIMES OR MORE:

F712

F702

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.....................
99

F712

62

F702

SV1A: TOUCHING – MOST RECENT
Now think about the last time this happened.
Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?
IF F702=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F704
IF F702=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F703

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

F703
How old were you the last time this happened?
YEARS OLD:

F704

This last time, did more than one person touch you in a
sexual way without your permission?

F705

This last time, how many people touched you in a sexual
way without your permission?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...................................................
YES...........................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY......................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...................................................
NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

99
1
2
99

F707

F706

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED................................................... 99
Of these people who touched you in a sexual way without your permission this last time, think of the person you know the best for
the following questions:

F707

What was this person’s relationship to you?

F708

F709

F710

MALE
FEMALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………... 1
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
WIFE…………………………………………………………….
HUSBAND…………………………………………. 2
MOTHER………………………………………………………..
FATHER…………………......................................... 3
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
STEP
4
SISTER……………….................................................................
FATHER……………………………………...
5
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
BROTHER………………………………………….. 6
AUNT…………………………………………………………
STEP BROTHER…………………………………
7
…
UNCLE……………………………………………... 8
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________ 9
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
MALE
10
FEMALE POLICE........................................................................
TEACHER......................................................
11
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON…............................................
MALE POLICE.......................................................... 12
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON...................................
13
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….................
MALE
14
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………………
EMPLOYER...................................................
15
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………... 16
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER………………….. 17
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.................................. 18
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) __________________________
MALE
FRIEND……………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________
WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE…..……88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………………………99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the
OLDER............................................................................. 1
same age?
YOUNGER...................................................................... 2
ABOUT SAME AGE....................................................... 3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...............................
99
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER................................
1
years older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………….
2
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..................................... 3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
99
Where were you when
MY HOME………..............................
1
INSIDE A CAR/BUS.........................................
7
this happened to you?
PERPETRATOR’S HOME………….
2
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER... 8
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME…………
3
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………
9
ON A ROAD/STREET…….…………
4
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB………… 10
MARKET/SHOP……………………..
5
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):__________
88
SCHOOL……………………………..
6
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................
99

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F710

63

F711

About what time of day did this happen?

MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).............................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)..........................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT).......................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)..........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
3
4
99

SKIP TO F713
F712

SV1B: TOUCHING – FIRST TIME
Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?
YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

IF F712=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F714
IF F712=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F713
F713
How old were you the first time anyone touched you in a
sexual way without your permission but did not try to force
you to have sex?

F714

This first time, did more than one person touch you in a sexual
way without your permission?

F715

This first time, how many people touched you in a sexual way
without your permission?

F716
F717

F718

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

99

YES...................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
99

Section
based on
F800F1000

F717

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................................... 99
Of these people who touched you in a sexual way without your permission this first time, think of the person you know the best for
the following questions:
What was this person’s relationship to you?
MALE
FEMALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………... 1
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
WIFE…………………………………………………………….
HUSBAND…………………………………………. 2
MOTHER………………………………………………………..
FATHER…………………........................................ 3
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
.
4
SISTER……………….................................................................
STEP FATHER…………………………………...
5
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
BROTHER…………………………………………. 6
AUNT…………………………………………………………
STEP BROTHER…………………………………
7
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
UNCLE……………………………………………... 8
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________ 9
FEMALE
MALE TEACHER..................................................... 10
POLICE........................................................................
MALE POLICE.......................................................... 11
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON…............................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON...................................
12
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
MALE EMPLOYER.................................................. 13
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………... 14
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………………
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER………………….. 15
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER................................................
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.................................. 16
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
MALE FRIEND…………………………………..
17
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………................
MALE STRANGER………………………………... 18
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) _________________________
WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE……….88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED …………………………………99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the
OLDER........................................................................... 1
same age?
YOUNGER.................................................................... 2
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................................... 3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED......................................... 99

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F720

64

F719

Would you say this person was more than 10 years older than
you, 5-10 years older or less than 5 years older?

F720

Where were you when
this happened to you?

F721

About what time of day did this happen?

MY HOME……….............................
PERPETRATOR’S HOME…………
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME………..
ON A ROAD/STREET….…………..
MARKET/SHOP……………………
SCHOOL……………………………

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER...............................
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER...................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
1
INSIDE A CAR/BUS.........................................
2
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER...
3
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………
4
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB…………
5
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):__________
6
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................

MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).............................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)..........................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT).......................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)..........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
REFER TO F800 F900 F1000 FOR ROUTING TO NEXT SECTION

1
2
3
99
7
8
9
10
88
99
1
2
3
4
99

IF F800=1 MOVE TO F801
IF F900=1 MOVE TO F901
IF F1000=1 MOVE TO F1001
IF F700-F1000=1 MOVE TO SV SERVICES F1100 FOLLOWED BY SV PERPETRATION
F801

SV2: ATTEMPTED SEX- LIFETIME

How many times in your life has anyone tried to make you
have vaginal sex, oral sex, or anal sex or tried to insert an
object into your vagina or anus, but did not succeed?

1............................................................................................

1

WRITE NUMBER IF
2 TIMES OR MORE:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...............................................
F802

F802

99

SV2A: ATTEMPTED SEX – MOST RECENT
Now think about the last time this happened.
Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?
IF F802=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F804
IF F802=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F803

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

F812

1
2
99

F812
SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

F803
YEARS OLD:
How old were you the last time this happened?

F804

F805

This last time, did more than one person try to make you
have sex?
This last time, how many people tried to make you have
sex?

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...............................................
YES......................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY.................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................................

F807

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................................

F806

99
1
2
99

99

Of these people who attempted to have sex with you without your permission this last time, think of the person you know the best
for the following questions:

65

F807

What was this person’s relationship to you?
MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC
PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER…………………........................................
.
STEP FATHER…………………………………...
BROTHER………………………………………….
STEP BROTHER…………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________
MALE TEACHER.....................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON....................................
MALE EMPLOYER..................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND…………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

F808

F809

F810

F811

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

FEMALE
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
WIFE…………………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
SISTER……………….................................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
AUNT…………………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
FEMALE POLICE........................................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON..................................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER................................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………................
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) _________________________

WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE………88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.....................................................99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the OLDER............................................................................
same age?
YOUNGER......................................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE................................................... ..
DON’T
KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER................................
years older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER....................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
Where were you when
MY HOME………................................. 1
INSIDE A CAR/BUS......................................
this happened to you?
PERPETRATOR’S HOME…………… 2
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME…………
3
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA……
ON ABROAD/STREET……………… 4
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB………
MARKET/SHOP……………………… 5
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):_________
SCHOOL……………………………… 6
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................
About what time of day did this happen?

MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).............................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)..........................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT).......................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)..........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
3
99

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F810

1
2
3
99
7
8
9
10
88
99
1
2
3
4
99

SKIP TO F813
F812

SV2B: ATTEMPTED SEX - FIRST TIME
Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
99

SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

IF F812=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F814
IF F812=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F813
F813
How old were you the first time anyone tried to make you
have vaginal, oral, or anal sex or inserted an object into your
vagina or anus bud did not succeed?

F814

This first time, did more than one person try to make you have
sex?

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
YES...................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

99
1
2
99

Section
based on
F900&
F1000

F817

66

F815

This first time, how many people tried to make you have sex?
NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

F816

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................................... 99
Of these people who attempted to have sex with you without your permission this first time, think of the person you know the best
for the following questions:

F817

What was this person’s relationship to you?

F818

F819

F820

F821

MALE
FEMALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………... 1
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
HUSBAND…………………………………………. 2
WIFE……………………………………………………………
FATHER…………………........................................ 3
MOTHER……………………………………………………….
STEP FATHER…………………………………...
4
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
BROTHER…………………………………………. 5
SISTER……………….................................................................
STEP BROTHER…………………………………
6
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
UNCLE……………………………………………... 7
AUNT…………………………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________ 8
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
MALE TEACHER..................................................... 9
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
MALE POLICE.......................................................... 10
FEMALE POLICE.......................................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON...................................
11
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON.................................................
MALE EMPLOYER.................................................. 12
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………... 13
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD…………….................
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER………………….. 14
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………………
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER.................................. 15
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER...............................................
MALE FRIEND…………………………………..
16
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
MALE STRANGER………………………………... 17
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………................
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________ 18
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) _________________________
WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE………88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the OLDER...................................................................
1
same age?
YOUNGER............................................................
2
ABOUT SAME AGE............................................
3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………………….
99
Would you say this person was more than 10 years older than
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER......................
1
you, 5-10 years older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER……………………………
2
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..........................
3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED................................
99
Where were you
MY HOME.…............................
1
INSIDE A CAR/BUS............................................
7
when this happened
PERPETRATOR’S HOME.…...
2
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER…..
8
to you?
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME.….
3
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………
9
ON A ROAD/STREET….……..
4
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB……...……
10
MARKET/SHOP………………
5
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):____________
88
SCHOOL………………………
6
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED……………………
99
About what time of day did this happen?
MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).................................. 1
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)….......................... 2
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT)............................ 3
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE).............. 4
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..………………………....... 99
REFER TO F900 F1000 FOR ROUTING TO NEXT SECTION

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F820

IF F900=1 MOVE TO F901
IF F1000=1 MOVE TO F1001
IF F700-F1000=1 MOVE TO SV SERVICES F1100 FOLLOWED BY SV PERPETRATION
F901

SV3: PHYSICALLY FORCED SEX- LIFETIME
How many times in your life have you been physically forced to
have vaginal, oral, or anal sex or physical forced to insert an object
into your vagina or anus?

1.........................................................................

1

WRITE NUMBER IF
2 TIMES OR MORE:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED............................

F915

F902

99

F915

67

F902

SV3A:PHYSICALLY FORCED SEX – MOST RECENT
Now think about the last time this happened.

YES...................................................................
NO.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................

Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?
IF F902=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F904
IF F902=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F903

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

1
2
99

F903
How old were you the last time this happened?

YEARS OLD:

F904

This last time, did more than one person physically force you to have
sex?

F905

This last time, how many people physically forced you to have sex?

DON’T
KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
YES...................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY.............................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................

99
1
2
99

F907

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

DON’T
KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
F906
F907

MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………….....
HUSBAND……………………………………….…..
FATHER…………………...........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………....
BROTHER…………………………………………....
STEP BROTHER…………………………………..…
UNCLE…………………………………………….....
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER........................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………….…...
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
MALE FRIEND……………………………………....
MALE STRANGER……………………………….....
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

F908

F909

F910

99

Of these people who physically forced you to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex without your permission this last time, think of the
person you know best for the following questions:
What was this person’s relationship to you?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

FEMALE
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
WIFE…………………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………………
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
SISTER………………..................................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
AUNT……………………………………………………………
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
FEMALE POLICE........................................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON…..............................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER................................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
FEMALE STRANGER……………………………….................
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) __________________________

WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE…………..88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED………..……………………………99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the
OLDER.............................................................................
same age?
YOUNGER......................................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE.......................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER................................
years older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER....................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
Did the person who did this to you this last time use a weapon
YES...................................................................................
such as a gun, knife or machete?
NO……………………………………………………….
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED............................................

1
2
3
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F910

68

F911

Where were you when
this happened to you?

MY HOME……………….............
PERPETRATOR’S HOME………
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME…….
ON A ROAD/STREET………….
MARKET/SHOP………………..
SCHOOL………………………..

F912

About what time of day did this happen?

F913

F914

This last time, do you think
that you got pregnant as a
result of being physically
forced to have sex?
Did you deliver the baby?

F915

SKIP TO F916
SV3B: PHYSICALLY FORCED SEX – FIRST TIME

1
2
3
4
5
6

INSIDE A CAR/BUS.........................................
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER...
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB…………
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):__________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................

MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).............................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)..........................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT).......................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)..........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

YES.....................................................................................................................................
NO………………………..................................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................................................................................
YES.....................................................................................................................................
NO………………………..................................................................................................
CURRENTLY PREGNANT............................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED............................................................................................

Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

7
8
9
10
88
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99
1
2
3
99

1
2
99

F916

SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

IF F915=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F917
IF F915=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F916
F916
How old were you the first time anyone physically forced you
to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex or inserted an object into
your vagina or anus?

F917

This first time, did more than one person physically force you
to have sex?

F918

This first time, how many people physically forced you to
have sex?

F919

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINE..............................................
YES..................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY.............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINE..............................................

99
1
2
99

Section
based on
F1000

F920

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINE.............................................. 99
Of these people who physically forced you to have sex of any kind without your permission the first time, think of the person you
know best for the following questions:

69

F920

What was this person’s relationship to you?
MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER………….....
HUSBAND…………………………………………..
FATHER…………………............................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER………………………………………......
STEP BROTHER…………………………………....
UNCLE……………………………………………....
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________
MALE TEACHER.........................................................
MALE POLICE..............................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON........................................
MALE EMPLOYER......................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….....
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………….…...
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER......................................
MALE FRIEND………………………………….......
MALE STRANGER……………………………….....
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

F921

F922

WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE………..88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINE ……………………………………99
Did the person who did this to you the first time use a weapon
YES.........................................................................
such as a gun, knife or machete?
NO...........................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the OLDER...........................................................................
same age?
YOUNGER.....................................................................
ABOUT SAME AGE.....................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINE............................................

F923

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
years older or less than 5 years older?

F924

Where were you when
this happened to you?

F925

About what time of day did this happen?

F926

After this first experience, do
you think that you got pregnant
as a result of being physically
forced to have sex?

F927

FEMALE
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………..…
WIFE…………………………………………………………..…
MOTHER…………………………………………………………
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………......
SISTER……………….....................................................................
STEP SISTER……………………………………………….........
AUNT………………………………………………………….…
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_________________________
FEMALE TEACHER.......................................................................
FEMALE POLICE...........................................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON….................................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER...................................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………..................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………………….
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER...................................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………....
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………..................
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) __________________________

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

1
2
99
1
2
3
99

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER................................
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER....................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
INSIDE A CAR/BUS...........................................
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER.....
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………..
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB………….
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):___________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................

1
2
3
99
7
8
9
10
88
99

MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON)......................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)...................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT)................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)...
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..................................
YES....................................................................................................................................
NO………………………..................................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................................................................................

1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99

YES....................................................................................................................................
NO………………………..................................................................................................
CURRENTLY PREGNANT............................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED............................................................................................
REFER TO F1000 FOR ROUTING TO NEXT SECTION

1
2
3
99

MY HOME………………….....
PERPETRATOR’S HOME…....
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME…...
ON A ROAD/STREET………..
MARKET/SHOP………………
SCHOOL………………………

1
2
3
4
5
6

Did you deliver the baby?

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F924

REFER
TO
F1000

IF F1000=1 MOVE TO F1001
IF F700-F1000=1 MOVE TO SV SERVICES F1100 FOLLOWED BY SV PERPETRATION

70

F1001

SV4: PRESSURED SEX- LIFETIME
1.........................................................................
How many times in your life has someone pressured you in a
nonphysical way, to have vaginal sex, oral sex or anal sex or inserted
an object into your vagina or anus?

WRITE NUMBER IF
2 TIMES OR MORE:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................
F1002

YES...................................................................
NO.....................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................

Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?
IF F1002=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F1004
IF F1002=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F1003
SV4A:PRESSURED INTO SEX – MOST RECENT
How old were you the last time this happened?

F1004

F1005

F1006
F1007

99

1
2
99

F1014
SEE
NOTE
BELO
W

YEARS OLD:

DON’T
KNOW/DECLINED............................................
YES......................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY.................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...............................

This last time, did more than one person pressure you, in a
nonphysical way, to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex or inserted an
object into your vagina or anus?
This last time, how many people pressured you in a nonphysical way
to have sex?

99
1
2
99

F1007

NUMBER OF PEOPLE:

DON’T
KNOW/DECLINED............................................ 99
Of the people who pressured in a nonphysical way to have to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex when you did not want to this last time,
think of the person you know the best for the following questions:
What was this person’s relationship to you?
MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………...
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER………………….........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER…………………………………………..
STEP BROTHER……………………………………
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________
MALE TEACHER......................................................
MALE POLICE..........................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
MALE EMPLOYER...................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER..................................
MALE FRIEND…………………………………..
MALE STRANGER………………………………...
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

F1008

F1014

F1002

SV4A:PRESSURED INTO SEX – MOST RECENT
Now think about the last time this happened.

F1003

1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

FEMALE
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER……………………….
WIFE…………………………………………………………….
MOTHER………………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………...
SISTER……………….................................................................
STEP SISTER…………………………………………………...
AUNT…………………………………………………………
…
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)________________________
FEMALE TEACHER...................................................................
FEMALE POLICE........................................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON..................................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER................................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD……………….................
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………………
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER................................................
FEMALE FRIEND……………………………………………...
FEMALE
STRANGER……………………………….................
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY)
__________________________

WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE………...88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED…………...………………………99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the OLDER.............................................................................
same age?
YOUNGER......................................................................
.
ABOUT SAME AGE.......................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
3
99

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

F1010

71

F1009

Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
years older, or less than 5 years older?

F1010

Where were you
when this happened
to you?

F1011

F1012

MY HOME………......................
PERPETRATOR’S HOME…….
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME…..
ON A ROAD/STREET…………
MARKET/SHOP……………..
SCHOOL……………………..
About what time of day did this happen?

After this last experience, do you think that you got pregnant
as a result of being pressured to have sex?

F1013

Did you deliver the baby?

F1014

SKIP TO F1015
SV4B: PRESSURED INTO SEX – FIRST TIME
Did this happen to you within the past 12 months?

1
2
3
4
5
6

MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER................................
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………….
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER....................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
INSIDE A CAR/BUS.........................................
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER...
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA………
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB…………
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):__________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................
MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON).............................
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)..........................
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT).......................
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT TO SUNRISE)..........
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
YES...................................................................................
NO....................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
YES...................................................................................
NO.....................................................................................
CURRENTLY PREGNANT ...........................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
3
99
7
8
9
10
88
99
1
2
3
4
99
1
2
99
1
2
3
99

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
99

F1015

SEE
NOTE
BELOW

IF F1014=1 AND F2 NE 18 SKIP TO F1016
IF F1014=1 AND F2=18 CONTINUE TO F1015
F1015
How old were you the first time anyone pressured you in a
nonphysical way to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex when you
did not want to?

F1016

F1017

YEARS OLD:

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

99

F1100

This first time, did more than one person pressure you, in a
nonphysical way, to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex when you
did not want to?

YES..................................................................................
NO, ONE PERSON ONLY..............................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................

1
2
99

F1019

This first time, how many people pressured you in a
nonphysical way when you did not want to?

NUMBER OF PEOPLE :

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................
F1018

99

Of these people who pressured you in a nonphysical way to have vaginal, oral, or anal sex without your permission this first time,
think of the person you know the best for the following questions:

72

F1019

What was this person’s relationship to you
MALE
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………....
HUSBAND………………………………………….
FATHER…………………..........................................
STEP FATHER……………………………………...
BROTHER………………………………………….
STEP BROTHER…………………………………...
UNCLE……………………………………………...
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________
MALE TEACHER.......................................................
MALE POLICE............................................................
MALE SECURITY PERSON......................................
MALE EMPLOYER....................................................
MALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………...
MALE COMMUNITY LEADER…………………..
MALE RELIGIOUS LEADER....................................
MALE FRIEND…………………………………….
MALE STRANGER……………………………......
OTHER MALE (SPECIFY) ___________________

F1020

F1021

F1022

F1023

F1024

F1025

F1100

F1101

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

FEMALE
GIRLFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER…………………….
WIFE………………………………………………………….
MOTHER……………………………………………………..
STEP MOTHER………………………………………………
SISTER………………................................................................
STEP SISTER………………………………………………....
AUNT………………………………………………………….
OTHER RELATIVE (SPECIFY)_______________________
FEMALE TEACHER..................................................................
FEMALE POLICE.......................................................................
FEMALE SECURITY PERSON.................................................
FEMALE EMPLOYER...............................................................
FEMALE IN MY NEIGHBORHOOD………………..............
FEMALE COMMUNITY LEADER……………………….....
FEMALE RELIGIOUS LEADER...............................................
FEMALE FRIEND…………………………………………....
FEMALE STRANGER………………………………..............
OTHER FEMALE (SPECIFY) _________________________

19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

WEARING MASK/IT WAS DARK/COULDN’T SEE………88
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.....................................................99
Was the person older than you, younger than you, or about the OLDER........................................................................... 1
same age?
YOUNGER..................................................................... 2
ABOUT SAME AGE..................................................... 3
F1022
DON’T
99
KNOW/DECLINED..........................................
Was this person was more than 10 years older than you, 5-10
MORE THAN 10 YEARS OLDER.............................
1
years older or less than 5 years older?
5-10 YEARS OLDER………………………………...
2
LESS THAN 5 YEARS OLDER..................................
3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED........................................
99
Where were you
MY HOME……....................... 1
INSIDE A CAR/BUS........................................
7
when this happened
PERPETRATOR’S HOME…
2
LAKE, RIVER, OTHER BODY OF WATER
8
to you?
SOMEONE ELSE’S HOME… 3
FIELD OR OTHER NATURAL AREA……
9
ON A ROAD/STREET……...
4
BAR/RESTAURANT/DISCO/CLUB………..
10
MARKET/SHOP……………
5
OTHER LOCATION (SPECIFY):__________
88
SCHOOL……………………
6
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.............................
99
About what time of day did this happen?
MORNING (SUNRISE TO NOON)...................
1
AFTERNOON (NOON TO SUNSET)................
2
EVENING (SUNSET TO MIDNIGHT)..............
3
LATE AT NIGHT (MIDNIGHT-SUNRISE)…..
4
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................
99
After this first experience, do you think that you got pregnant as a
YES......................................................................
1
result of being pressured to have sex?
NO........................................................................
2
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED..............................
99
F1100
Did you deliver the baby?
YES....................................................................... 1
NO......................................................................... 2
CURRENTLY PREGNANT...............................
3
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...............................
99
SV SERVICES
YES........................................................................................
NO.......................................................................................... 1
2
Thinking about all your experiences with sexual violence,
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................
F1105
99
did you know of a place to go and seek professional help?
YES........................................................................................ 1
F1103
Did you try to seek professional help for any of these
NO.......................................................................................... 2
incidents?
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED................................................. 99

73

F1102

F1103

What was the main reason you did not try to seek
professional help?

Did you receive any professional help for any of these
incidents?

DID NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO……………………..…
AFRAID OF GETTING IN TROUBLE………....................
EMBARRASSED FOR SELF/FAMILY...............................
COULD NOT AFFORD SERVICES ……………………
DEPENDENT ON PERPETRATOR……………………….
PERPETRATOR THREATENED ME……………………..
DID NOT THINK IT WAS A PROBLEM............................
FELT IT WAS MY FAULT………………………………...
AFRAID OF BEING ABANDONED....................................
DID NOT NEED/WANT SERVICES...................................
OTHER (SPECIFY):_______________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
99

YES........................................................................................
NO..........................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................

1
2
99

F1105

F1105

F1104
A.

Did you receive help from:
B.

(If “Yes” to part A category, ask …) How much did they
help you: not at all, a little, some or a lot?
Not at all
A little
Some
A lot

A) A doctor, nurse or other professional
healthcare worker?

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

B) Police or other professional security
personnel?

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

C) A lawyer, judge or other legal professional,
other than police?Police or other professional
security personnel

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

D) A social worker or counselor

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

E) A helpline (incl. phone/internet/website –
replace with relevant country specific names)

Yes
No

1

2

3

4

GO TO F1200
F1105

F1106

Did you tell anyone about any of these experiences?

YES............................................................................
NO..............................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.....................................

1
2
99

F1107

Who did you tell? (Circle all mentioned)
MALE
MOTHER……………………………………………..
FATHER.......................................................................
SISTER.........................................................................
BROTHER....................................................................
OTHER RELATIVE.....................................................
HUSBAND....................................................................
BOYFRIEND/ROMANTIC PARTNER......................
FRIEND……………..................................................

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

FEMALE
NEIGHBOR.......................................................................
TRADITIONAL HEALER................................................
NGO WORKER.................................................................
TEACHER..........................................................................
EMPLOYER.......................................................................
COMMUNITY LEADER...................................................
RELIGIOUS LEADER.......................................................
OTHER (SPECIFY)___________________________

DON’T KNOW/DECLINED...........................................................................................................................
GO TO F1200

I
J
K
L
M
N
O
X

Z

74

F1107

What was the main reason you did not tell anyone?

F1200

OMITTED DUE TO REPETITION

F1300

SUBSTANCE ABUSE:
In the past 30 days, have you used drugs such as
marijuana, pills, ecstasy, yama or sniffed any chemical
such as petrol or glue?
In the past 30 days, on how many days did you drink
alcohol to the point that you became drunk?

F1301

DID NOT KNOW WHERE TO GO……………………..…
AFRAID OF GETTING IN TROUBLE………....................
EMBARRASSED FOR SELF/FAMILY...............................
DEPENDENT ON PERPETRATOR……………………….
PERPETRATOR THREATENED ME……………………..
DID NOT THINK IT WAS A PROBLEM............................
FELT IT WAS MY FAULT………………………………...
AFRAID OF BEING ABANDONED....................................
DID NOT NEED/WANT SERVICES...................................
OTHER (SPECIFY):_______________________________
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.................................................
SV PERPETRATION ONLY FOR RESPONDENTS WITH EVER PARTER: (F25=1 OR F32=1)
IF F25=2/99 (NEVER MARRIED/DK/DTA) AND F32=2 (NEVER PARTNER) SKIP TO MENTAL HEALTH

F1302

During the past 30 days, did you smoke cigarettes daily,
occasionally, or not at all?

F1303

MENTAL HEALTH:
During the past 30 days, how often did
you feel the following ways: all the time,
most of the time, some of the time, a little
of the time, or none of the time? (Read
categories below)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)

Nervous?
Hopeless?
Restless?
So depressed that nothing could
cheer you up?
That everything was an effort?
Worthless?

Have you ever intentionally hurt yourself in any way?

F1305

Have you ever thought about killing yourself?

F1306

Have you ever tried to kill yourself?

F1307

HIV/AIDS - STIs:
The next questions are about HIV and AIDS. Remember that
everything you say will be confidential. You can ask to skip
any question that you do not want to answer.
Do you know what HIV/AIDS is?
Do you know any place where people could go for HIV
testing?

1
2
99

NUMBER OF DAYS:

DON’T KNOW / DECLINED....................................
DAILY............................................................................
OCCASIONALLY.........................................................
NOT AT ALL.................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED......................................

A: NERVOUS
B: HOPELESS
C: RESTLESS
D: SO DEPRESSED THAT
NOTHING COULD CHEER
YOU UP
E: THAT EVERYTHING
WAS AN EFFORT
F:WORTHLESS

F1304

F1308

YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED......................................

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
99

99
1
2
3
99

ALL
THE
TIME

MOST
OF
THE
TIME

SOME
OF
THE
TIME

A
LITTLE
OF THE
TIME

NONE
OF
THE
TIME

DK/
DTA

1
1
1
1

2
2
2
2

3
3
3
3

4
4
4
4

5
5
5
5

99
99
99
99

1

2

3

4

5

99

1

2

3

4

5

99

YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................

1
2
99
1
2
99
1
2
99
1
2
99

YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................

1
2
99

F1307

75

F1309

Have you ever been tested for HIV?

YES.................................................................................
NO..................................................................................
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................

1
2
99

F1310

What is the main reason you have never been tested?

NO KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIV TEST.......................
DON’T KNOW WHERE TO GET HIV TEST……...
TEST COSTS TOO MUCH...........................................
TRANSPORT TO TEST SITE IS TOO MUCH............
TEST SITE TOO FAR AWAY......................................
AFRAID HUSBAND/PARTNER WILL KNOW
ABOUT TEST/TEST RESULTS……………………...
AFRAID OTHERS WILL KNOW ABOUT
TEST/TEST RESULTS..................................................
DON’T NEED TEST/LOW RISK.................................
DON’T WANT TO KNOW IF I HAVE HIV................
CAN’T GET TREATMENT IF I HAVE HIV.............
OTHER(SPECIFY)____________________________
DON’T KNOW / DECLINED.......................................
LESS THAN 12 MONTHS AGO..................................
1-2 YEARS AGO...........................................................
MORE THAN 2 YEARS AGO......................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................
YES.................................................................................
NO...................................................................................
DON’T KNOW/DECLINED.........................................

1
2
3
4
5

F1311

When was the most recent time you were tested for HIV: less
than 12 months ago, 1-2 years ago, or more than 2 years ago?

F1312

This most recent time you were tested for HIV, did you get
the results of your test?

F1313

Have you ever had a bad-smelling or unusual discharge from
your vagina?

F1314

Have you ever had a genital sore or ulcer?

6

F1311
F1313

F1313

7
8
9
10
88
99
1
2
3
99
1
2
99
1
2
99
1
2
99

76