2 CFR Part 200

Vol. 78

Thursday,

No. 248

December 26, 2013

Part III

Office of Management and Budget

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2 CFR Chapter I, Chapter II, Part 200, et al.
Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit
Requirements for Federal Awards; Final Rule

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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 248 / Thursday, December 26, 2013 / Rules and Regulations

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND
BUDGET
2 CFR Chapter I, and Chapter II, Parts
200, 215, 220, 225, and 230
Uniform Administrative Requirements,
Cost Principles, and Audit
Requirements for Federal Awards
Executive Office of the
President, Office of Management and
Budget (OMB).
ACTION: Final guidance.
AGENCY:

To deliver on the promise of
a 21st-Century government that is more
efficient, effective and transparent, the
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) is streamlining the Federal
government’s guidance on
Administrative Requirements, Cost
Principles, and Audit Requirements for
Federal awards. These modifications are
a key component of a larger Federal
effort to more effectively focus Federal
resources on improving performance
and outcomes while ensuring the
financial integrity of taxpayer dollars in
partnership with non-Federal
stakeholders. This guidance provides a
governmentwide framework for grants
management which will be
complemented by additional efforts to
strengthen program outcomes through
innovative and effective use of grantmaking models, performance metrics,
and evaluation. This reform of OMB
guidance will reduce administrative
burden for non-Federal entities
receiving Federal awards while
reducing the risk of waste, fraud and
abuse.
This final guidance supersedes and
streamlines requirements from OMB
Circulars A–21, A–87, A–110, and A–
122 (which have been placed in OMB
guidances); Circulars A–89, A–102, and
A–133; and the guidance in Circular A–
50 on Single Audit Act follow-up.
Future reform efforts may eventually
seek to incorporate the Cost Principles
for Hospitals in Department of Health
and Human Services regulations. Copies
of the OMB Circulars that are
superseded by this guidance are
available on OMB’s Web site at http://
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars_
default/. The final guidance
consolidates the guidance previously
contained in the aforementioned
citations into a streamlined format that
aims to improve both the clarity and
accessibility. This final guidance is
located in Title 2 of the Code of Federal
Regulations.
This final guidance does not broaden
the scope of applicability from existing
government-wide requirements,

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SUMMARY:

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affecting Federal awards to non-Federal
entities including state and local
governments, Indian tribes, institutions
of higher education, and nonprofit
organizations. Parts of it may also apply
to for-profit entities in limited
circumstances and to foreign entities as
described in this guidance and the
Federal Acquisition Regulation. This
guidance does not change or modify any
existing statute or guidance otherwise
based on any existing statute. This
guidance does not supersede any
existing or future authority under law or
by executive order or the Federal
Acquisition Regulation.
DATES: Effective Date: This guidance is
effective December 26, 2013.
Applicability Date: This guidance is
applicable for Federal agencies
December 26, 2013 and applicable for
non-Federal entities as described in this
guidance.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
OMB will host an informational webcast
with the Council on Financial
Assistance Reform and key
stakeholders. Please visit www.cfo.gov/
cofar for further information on the time
and date of the webcast and on the
Council on Financial Assistance
Reform. For general information, please
contact Victoria Collin or Gil Tran at the
OMB Office of Federal Financial
Management at (202) 395–3993.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Objectives and Background
A. Objectives
The goal of this reform is to deliver
on the President’s directives to (1)
streamline our guidance for Federal
awards to ease administrative burden
and (2) strengthen oversight over
Federal funds to reduce risks of waste,
fraud, and abuse. Streamlining existing
OMB guidance will increase the
efficiency and effectiveness of Federal
awards to ensure best use of the more
than $500 billion expended annually.
This reform builds on two years of
work by the Federal government and its
non-Federal partners: state, and local
governments, Indian tribes, institutions
of higher education, nonprofit
organizations, and the audit community
to rethink and reform the rules that
govern our stewardship of Federal
dollars. The revised rules set standard
requirements for financial management
of Federal awards across the entire
Federal government.
These reforms complement targeted
efforts by OMB and a number of Federal
agencies to reform overall approaches to
grant-making by implementing
innovative, outcome-focused grantmaking designs and processes in

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collaboration with their non-Federal
partners, in accordance with OMB
guidance in M–13–17 ‘‘Next Steps in the
Evidence and Innovation Agenda’’. This
new guidance plays an important role in
fostering these and other innovative
models and cost-effective approaches by
including many provisions that
strengthen requirements for internal
controls while providing administrative
flexibility for non-Federal entities.
These provisions include mechanisms
such as ‘‘fixed amount awards’’ which
rely more on performance than
compliance requirements to ensure
accountability, and allow Federal
agencies some additional flexibility to
waive some requirements (in addition to
the longstanding option to apply to
OMB to waive requirements) that
impede their capacity to achieve better
outcomes through Federal awards. This
guidance will provide a backbone for
sound financial management as Federal
agencies and their partners continue to
develop and advance innovative and
effective practices.
This reform of OMB guidance will
improve the integrity of the financial
management and operation of Federal
programs and strengthen accountability
for Federal dollars by improving
policies that protect against waste,
fraud, and abuse. At the same time, this
reform will increase the impact and
accessibility of programs by minimizing
time spent complying with
unnecessarily burdensome
administrative requirements, and so reorients recipients toward achieving
program objectives. Through close and
sustained collaboration with Federal
and non-Federal partners, OMB has
developed ideas that will ensure that
discretionary grants and cooperative
agreements are awarded based on merit;
that management increases focus on
performance outcomes; that rules
governing the allocation of Federal
funds are streamlined, and that the
Single Audit oversight tool is better
focused to reduce waste, fraud, and
abuse.
As set forth in Executive Order 13563
of January 18, 2011, on Improving
Regulation and Regulatory Review (76
FR 3821; January 21, 2011; http://
www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-01-21/
pdf/2011-1385.pdf), each Federal
agency must ‘‘tailor its regulations to
impose the least burden on society,
consistent with regulatory objectives,
taking into account, among other things,
and to the extent practicable, the costs
of cumulative regulations.’’ To that end,
it is important that Federal agencies
identify those ‘‘rules that may be
outmoded, ineffective, insufficient, or
excessively burdensome,’’ and ‘‘modify,

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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 248 / Thursday, December 26, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
streamline, expand, or repeal them in
accordance with what has been
learned.’’ This was reinforced in
Executive Order 13579 of July 11, 2011
on Regulation and Independent
Regulatory Agencies (76 FR 41587; July
14, 2011; http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/
FR-2011-07-14/pdf/2011-17953.pdf).
As in other areas involving Federal
requirements, this guidance follows
OMB’s commitment to making
government more accountable to the
American people while eliminating
requirements that are unnecessary and
reforming those requirements that are
overly burdensome. Eliminating
unnecessary requirements will allow
recipients of Federal awards to re-orient
efforts spent on compliance with
complex requirements towards
achievement of programmatic
objectives. In order to ensure that the
public receives the most value, it is
essential that these programs function as
effectively and efficiently as possible,
and that there is a high level of
accountability to prevent waste, fraud,
and abuse.
This reform streamlines the language
from eight existing OMB circulars into
one consolidated set of guidance in the
code of Federal regulations. This
consolidation is aimed at eliminating
duplicative or almost duplicative
language in order to clarify where policy
is substantively different across types of
entities, and where it is not. As a result,
the guidance includes sections and parts
of sections which are clearly delineated
by the type of non-Federal entity to
which they apply. For Federal agencies,
auditors, and pass-through entities that
engage with multiple types of nonFederal entities in the course of
managing grants, this consolidation is
intended to clarify where policies are
uniform or differ across non-Federal
entities, protecting variances in policy
where required by the unique nature of
each type of non-Federal entity. This
clarification will make compliance less
burdensome for recipients and reduce
the number of audit findings that result
more from unclear guidance than actual
noncompliance. Section 200.101
Applicability outlines how each subpart
of the proposed guidance will apply
across types of Federal awards.
Following the implementation of these
reforms, OMB will continue to monitor
their effects to evaluate whether (and
the extent to which) the reforms are
achieving their desired results, and will
consider making further modifications
as appropriate.
B. The Development of the Reform
This proposal reflects input from
more than two years of work by the

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Federal and non-Federal financial
assistance community led by the
COFAR in response to the following two
Presidential Directives:
1. February 28, 2011, Presidential
Memorandum on Administrative
Flexibility, Lower Costs, and Better
Results for State, Local, and Tribal
Governments, (Daily Comp. Pres. Docs.;
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/DCPD201100123/pdf/DCPD-201100123.pdf).
This memorandum directs OMB to, with
input from our partners and consistent
with law, reduce unnecessary regulatory
and administrative burdens and redirect
resources to services that are essential to
achieving better outcomes at lower cost.
Specifically, the memorandum directs
OMB to ‘‘review and where appropriate
revise guidance concerning cost
principles, burden minimizations, and
audits for state, local, and tribal
governments in order to eliminate, to
the extent permitted by law,
unnecessary, unduly burdensome,
duplicative, or low-priority
recordkeeping requirements and
effectively tie such requirements to
achievement of outcomes.’’
2. Executive Order 13520 on Reducing
Improper Payments (74 FR 62201;
November 25, 2009; http://
www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2009-11-25/
pdf/E9-28493.pdf). Equally as essential
to a 21st-Century government as
reducing burdensome requirements that
promote inefficiency is strengthening
accountability by ‘‘intensifying efforts to
eliminate payment error, waste, fraud,
and abuse’’ in Federal programs, as
required by EO 13520. Accordingly,
Federal agencies must ‘‘more effectively
tailor their methodologies for
identifying and measuring improper
payments to those programs, or
components of programs, where
improper payments are most likely to
occur.’’
In response to the President’s
directives above, OMB worked with the
Council on Financial Assistance Reform
(COFAR, more information available at
cfo.gov/COFAR) to publish the February
28, 2012 Advance Notice of Proposed
Guidance (ANPG available at
www.regulations.gov under docket
number OMB–2012–0002) and the
February 1, 2013 Notice of Proposed
Guidance (NPG available at
www.regulations.gov under docket
number OMB–2013–0001) in the
Federal Register. Through the COFAR’s
review of the comments received in
response to the ANPG and the NPG, it
has worked to formulate and further
develop reform ideas to create the 21stCentury version of financial
management policy for Federal awards.
The COFAR continues to be committed

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to engaging in outreach efforts with both
Federal and non-Federal stakeholders,
with respect to this reform and beyond.
OMB has adopted changes from the
NPG to the final guidance as
recommended by the COFAR as
described in the summary of major
policy reforms (Part II) and the text of
the final guidance (Part III). OMB will
publish additional supporting materials
on the OMB Web site at http://
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_docs.
II. Major Policy Reforms
In the ANPG and NPG, OMB invited
comments from the public on all issues
addressed in those notices, and further
invited the public to make additional
reform suggestions. The goal of both
previous notices was to provide the
broadest possible collection of
stakeholders in the grants community
with visibility on these ideas and the
opportunity to participate in the
discussion.
In response to each notice, OMB
received more than 300 comments
which were carefully considered in the
development of this guidance. This
section will discuss the policy reforms
proposed in the NPG, the broad themes
identified in the comments that were
received across stakeholders, and the
resulting reforms that OMB is
implementing in this guidance. The vast
majority of comments supported the
idea of the consolidation itself and the
structure of the guidance. As a result,
this final guidance incorporates the
proposed consolidation of eight
previous sets of guidance into one.
Conforming changes made throughout
the document support streamlining and
improve clarity of language; many of
these were suggested by stakeholders
during the comment period and have
been incorporated, but are not
specifically discussed in this preamble.
The objective of this reform is to
reduce both administrative burden and
risk of waste, fraud and abuse.
Reducing Administrative Burden and
Waste, Fraud, and Abuse:
1. Eliminating Duplicative and
Conflicting Guidance: By combining
eight previously separate sets of OMB
guidance into one, OMB has eliminated
numerous overlapping duplicative and
conflicting provisions of guidance that
were written separately over many
years. Beyond dealing with the
administrative burden associated with
understanding such guidance, nonFederal entities have faced risks of more
restrictive oversight and audit findings
that stem from inappropriate
applications of the guidance caused by
overlapping requirements. Streamlining

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the guidance into one document
improves consistency and eliminates of
many duplicative provisions
throughout. Further, as described in
§ 200.110 Effective Date, Federal
agencies will implement this guidance
in unison, which will provide nonFederal entities with a predictable,
transparent, and governmentwide
consistent implementation schedule.
Finally, this completes a long-standing
goal of co-locating all related OMB
guidance into Title 2 of the Code of
Federal Regulations.
2. Focusing on Performance over
Compliance for Accountability: The
final guidance includes provisions that
focus on performance over compliance
to provide accountability for Federal
funds.
• Section 200.102 Exceptions notes
that on a case-by-case basis, in
accordance with OMB guidance in M–
13–17, OMB will waive certain
compliance requirements and approve
new strategies for innovative program
designs that improve cost-effectiveness
and encourage effective collaboration
across programs to achieve outcomes.
The models described in OMB
Memorandum 13–17 include tiered
evidence grants, Pay for Success and
other pay-for-performance approaches,
and Performance Partnerships allowing
braided and blended funding. The goals
for these models include encouraging a
greater share of funding to support
approaches with strong evidence of
effectiveness and building more
evaluation into grant-making so we keep
learning more about what works. In
addition to these specific models, M–
13–17 also encourages Federal agencies
to pursue other strategies to increase
cost-effectiveness in high-priority
programs.
• Section 200.201 Use of Grant
Agreements (Including Fixed Amount
Awards), Cooperative Agreements, And
Contracts includes provisions for fixed
amount awards that minimize
compliance requirements in favor of
requirements to meet performance
milestones.
• Section 200.301 Performance
Measurement provides more robust
guidance to Federal agencies to measure
performance in a way that will help the
Federal awarding agency and other nonFederal entities to improve program
outcomes, share lessons learned, and
spread the adoption of promising
practices. The Federal awarding agency
is required to provide recipients with
clear performance goals, indicators, and
milestones.
• Section 200.419 Cost Accounting
Standards and Disclosure Statement, the
threshold for IHEs to comply with Cost

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Accounting Standards is raised to align
with the threshold in the Federal
Acquisition Regulations and the process
for Federal agency review of changes in
accounting practices is streamlined to
reduce risk of noncompliance.
• Section 200.430 Compensation—
Personal Services strengthens the
requirements for non-Federal entities to
maintain high standards for internal
controls over salaries and wages while
allowing for additional flexibility in
how non-Federal entities implement
processes to meet those standards. In
addition, it provides for Federal
agencies to approve alternative methods
of accounting for salaries and wages
based on achievement of performance
outcomes, including in approved
instances where funding from multiple
programs is blended to more efficiently
achieve a combined outcome.
3. Encouraging Efficient Use of
Information Technology and Shared
Services: The final guidance updates
provisions throughout to account for the
efficient use of electronic information,
as well as the acquisition and use of the
information technology systems and
services that permeate an effective and
modern operating environment.
• Section 200.94 Supplies clarifies
the threshold for defining personal
property as a supply, and also that
computing devices are subject to the
less burdensome administrative
requirements of supplies (as opposed to
equipment) if the acquisition cost is less
than the lesser of the capitalization level
established by the non-Federal entity for
financial statement purposes or $5,000.
• Section 200.303 Internal Controls
requires non-Federal entities to take
reasonable measures to safeguard
protected personally identifiable
information as well as any information
that the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity designates as
sensitive.
• Section 200.318 General
Procurement Standards paragraphs (d),
(e), and (f) require non-Federal entity’s
procurement procedures to avoid
duplicative purchases and encourage
non-Federal entities to enter into interentity agreements for shared goods and
services.
• In accordance with the May 2013
Executive Order on Making Open and
Machine Readable the New Default for
Government Information, Section
200.335 Methods for Collection,
Transmission and Storage of
Information encourages non-Federal
entities to, whenever practicable,
collect, transmit and store Federal
award-related information in open and
machine-readable formats.

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• Section 200.446 Idle Facilities and
Idle Capacity allows for the costs of idle
facilities when they are necessary to
meet fluctuations in workload, as they
often are when developing shared
service arrangements.
• Section 200.449 Interest allows
non-Federal entities to be reimbursed
for financing costs associated with
patents and computer software
capitalized in accordance with GAAP
on or after January 1, 2016.
4. Providing For Consistent and
Transparent Treatment of Costs: The
final guidance updates policies on
direct and indirect cost to reduce
administrative burden by providing
more consistent and transparent
treatment governmentwide.
• Section 200.306 Cost Sharing Or
Matching clarifies policies on voluntary
committed cost sharing to ensure that
such cost sharing is only solicited for
research proposals when required by
regulation and transparent in the notice
of funding opportunity. It may never be
considered during the merit review.
• Section 200.331 Requirements For
Pass-Through Entities requires passthrough entities to provide an indirect
cost rate to subrecipients, which may be
the de minimis rate described above,
thereby further reducing potential
barriers to receiving and effectively
implementing Federal financial
assistance.
• Section 200.413 Direct Costs makes
consistent the guidance that
administrative costs may be treated as
direct costs when they meet certain
conditions to demonstrate that they are
directly allocable to a Federal award.
• Section 200.414 Indirect (F&A)
Costs includes provisions that:
• Provide a de minimis indirect cost
rate of 10% of MTDC to those nonFederal entities who have never had a
negotiated indirect cost rate, thereby
eliminating a potential administrative
barrier to receiving and effectively
implementing Federal financial
assistance (sections 200.210 Information
Contained in a Federal award, 200.331
Requirements for Pass-through entities,
and 200.510 Financial Statements all
require documentation of usage of this
rate to allow for future evaluation of its
effectiveness);
• Require Federal agencies to accept
negotiated indirect cost rates unless an
exception is required by statute or
regulation, or approved by a Federal
awarding agency head or delegate based
on publicly documented justification;
• Allow for a one-time extension
without further negotiation of a
federally approved negotiated indirect
cost rate for a period of up to 4 years.

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• Section 200.433 Contingency
Provisions clarifies the circumstances
under which contingency costs may be
included in Federal awards.
• Appendix III Indirect (F&A) Costs
Identification and Assignment, and Rate
Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs) includes provisions
that extend to all IHEs the provisions
previously extended only to a few that
allow for recovery of increased utility
costs associated with research.
5. Limiting Allowable Costs to Make
Best Use of Federal Resources: The final
guidance strengthens language in
certain items of cost to appropriately
limit costs under Federal awards.
• Section 200.432 Conferences
clarifies allowable conference spending
and requires conference hosts/sponsors
to exercise discretion and judgment in
ensuring that conference costs are
appropriate, necessary and managed in
a manner that minimizes costs to the
Federal award.
• Section 200.437 Employee Health
And Welfare Costs eliminates the
existing allowance for ‘‘morale’’ cost.
• Section 200.464 Relocation Costs Of
Employees limits the previously
unlimited amount of time for which a
Federal award may be charged for the
costs of an employee’s vacant home for
up to six-months.
• Section 200.469 Student Activity
Costs expands to all entities the
limitation on student activity costs that
previously applied only to IHEs.
6. Setting Standard Business
Processes Using Data Definitions: The
final guidance includes provisions that
set the stage for Federal agencies to
manage Federal awards via standardized
business process and use of consistently
defined data elements. This will reduce
administrative burden on non-Federal
entities that must navigate the processes
of multiple Federal agencies as they
manage information required to
implement Federal awards.
• Subpart A—Acronyms and
Definitions provides standard
definitions of terms present not only
throughout the document, but also
throughout many approved Federal
information collections used to manage
Federal awards.
• Section 200.203 Notices Of Funding
Opportunities provides a standard set of
data elements to be provided in all
Federal notices of funding
opportunities. This will make such
notices easier for non-Federal entities to
compare and understand.
• Sections 200.206 Standard
Application Requirements, 200.301
Performance Measurement, 200.327
Financial Reporting, and 200.328
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Performance all require Federal
awarding agencies to consistently use
OMB-approved standard information
collections in their management of
Federal awards.
• Section 200.210 Information
Contained In A Federal Award provides
a standard set of data elements to be
provided in all Federal awards. As a
result, non-Federal entities will receive
a consistent set of information for each
Federal award they receive, which will
reduce the administrative burden and
costs associated with managing this
information throughout the life of the
Federal award.
• Section 200.305 Payment extends to
non-Federal entities previously covered
by OMB Circular A–102 the existing
flexibility in OMB Circular A–110 to
pay interest earned on Federal funds
annually to the Department of Health
and Human Services, rather than
‘‘promptly’’ to each Federal awarding
agency.
• Section 200.407 Prior Written
Approval (Prior Approval) provides
both Federal agencies and non-Federal
entities with a one-stop comprehensive
list of the circumstances under which
non-Federal entities should seek prior
approval from the Federal awarding
agency.
7. Encouraging Non-Federal Entities
to Have Family-Friendly Policies:
Provisions in the final guidance provide
flexibilities that better allow nonFederal entities to have policies that
allow their employees to balance their
personal responsibilities while
maintaining successful careers
contributing to Federal awards.
Specifically, these provisions allow for
policies that ease dependent care costs
when attending conferences- an issue
that has been as one that prevents more
women from maintaining careers in
science.
• Section 200.432 Conferences
provides that, for hosts of conferences,
the costs of identifying (but not
providing) locally available child-care
resources are allowable.
• Section 200.474 Travel Costs
provides that temporary dependent care
costs that result directly from travel to
conferences and meet specified
standards are allowable.
8. Strengthening Oversight: The final
guidance strengthens oversight over
Federal awards by requiring Federal
agencies and pass-through entities to
review the risk associated with a
potential recipient prior to making an
award (including by making better use
of available audit information where
appropriate), requiring disclosures
conflict of interest and relevant criminal
violations, expressly prohibiting profit,

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requiring certifications of senior nonFederal entity officials, and providing
Federal agencies with strong remedies
to address non-compliance.
• Sections 200.112 Conflict of Interest
and 200.113 Mandatory Disclosures
require non-Federal entities to disclose
to Federal agencies any instances of
conflict of interest or relevant violations
of Federal criminal law.
• Sections 200.204 Federal Awarding
Agency Review of Merit of Proposals
and 200.205 Federal Awarding Agency
Review of Risk Posed by Applicants
combined with section 200.207 Specific
Conditions require Federal awarding
agencies to evaluate the merit and risks
associated with a potential Federal
award and to impose specific conditions
where necessary to mitigate potential
risks of waste, fraud, and abuse, before
the money is spent.
• Section 200.303 Internal Controls
moves guidance that previously was
only discussed in audit requirements
(which are often only considered after
the funds have been spent) into the
administrative requirements to
encourage non-Federal entities to better
structure their internal controls earlier
in the process.
• Section 200.331 Requirements for
Pass-Through Entities provides a similar
requirement for pass-through entities to
consider risks associated with
subawards combined with flexibility to
adjust their oversight framework based
on that consideration of risk.
• Subtitle VII Remedies for
Noncompliance and Subtitle VIII
Closeout of Subpart D—Post Federal
Award Requirements respectively
provide Federal agencies with clear
tools to manage non-compliance and
efficiently closeout Federal awards.
• Section 200.400 Policy Guide
expressly prohibits the non-Federal
entity from earning or keeping profit
resulting from Federal financial
assistance unless expressly authorized
by the terms and conditions of the
Federal award.
• Section 200.415 Required
Certifications strengthens non-Federal
entity accountability by providing
explicit and consistent language for
required certifications that includes
awareness of potential penalties under
the False Claims Act.
9. Targeting Audit Requirements on
Risk of Waste, Fraud, and Abuse: The
final guidance right-sizes the footprint
of oversight and Single Audit
requirements to strengthen oversight
and focus audits where there is greatest
risk of waste, fraud, and abuse of
taxpayer dollars. It improves
transparency and accountability by
making single audit reports available to

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the public online, and encourages
Federal agencies to take a more
cooperative approach to audit resolution
in order to more conclusively resolve
underlying weaknesses in internal
controls.
• Section 200.501 Audit
Requirements raises the Single Audit
threshold from $500,000 in Federal
awards per year to $750,000 in Federal
awards per year. This reduces the audit
burden for approximately 5,000 nonFederal entities while maintaining
Single Audit coverage over 99% of the
Federal dollars currently covered.
• Section 200.512 Report Submission
requires publication of Single Audit
Reports online with safeguards for
protected personally identifiable
information and an exception for Indian
tribes in order to reduce the
administrative burden on non-Federal
entities associated with transmitting
these reports to all interested parties.
• Section 200.513 Responsibilities
requires Federal awarding agencies to
designate a Senior Accountable Official
who will be responsible for overseeing
effective use of the Single Audit tool
and implementing metrics to evaluate
audit follow-up. This section also
encourages Federal awarding agencies
to make effective use of cooperative
audit resolution practices in order to
reduce repeated audit findings.
• Section 200.518 Major Program
Determination focuses audits on the
areas with internal control deficiencies
that have been identified as material
weaknesses. Future updates to the
Compliance Supplement will reflect this
focus as well.
The specific reform ideas and the
responses to public comments received
are outlined below in three main
categories:

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Section A: Subparts A–E: Reforms to
Administrative Requirements (the
governmentwide Common Rule
implementing Circular A–102;
Circular A–110; and Circular A–89)
Section B: Subpart F: Reforms to Cost
Principles (Circulars A–21, A–87, and
A–122)
Section C: Subpart G: Reforms to Audit
Requirements (Circulars A–133 and
A–50
In addition, conforming changes and
those for linguistic clarity are shown in
supporting materials provided on the
OMB Web site with this proposal
(available at http://
www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_
docs#final).

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Section A: Subparts A–E Reforms to
Administrative Requirements (The
Common Rule Implementing Circular
A–102); Circular A–110; and Circular
A–89

Audit Clearinghouse within 30 days of
the change. As such, the COFAR did not
recommend a change to this definition.

This section discusses changes to the
governmentwide common rule
implementing Circular A–102 on Grants
and Cooperative Agreements with State
and Local Governments; Circular A–110
on Uniform Administrative
Requirements for Grants and Other
Agreements with Institutions of Higher
Education, Hospitals and Other NonProfit Organizations (2 CFR part 215);
and Circular A–89 on Catalog of Federal
Domestic Assistance. The following are
major policy changes included in the
final guidance.

Some commenters suggested that the
term ‘‘vendor’’ is more appropriate and,
in line with the Federal Acquisition
Regulation, should be used throughout
the final guidance in place of the
proposed ‘‘contractor’’. The COFAR
considered this but determined that
contractor is more accurate in the
context of guidance on how to
distinguish between a contract and a
grant. The COFAR believes that framing
the distinction this way will better
encourage Federal agencies to
appropriately apply the guidance to
awards for financial assistance
regardless of the term they currently use
to describe those awards. The COFAR
recommended continued use of the term
‘‘contractor’’ throughout. As used in this
guidance, the term ‘‘contractor’’
includes entities that, in other contexts,
may be referred to as ‘‘vendors’’.

Subpart A—Acronyms and Definitions
Subpart A lists definitions and
acronyms for key terms found
throughout the document. Because these
terms, like the rest of the guidance,
originated in eight different sets of
guidance, there are many conforming
changes made to harmonize the
definitions with the terms that are used
throughout the guidance. Some
definitions reflect policy decisions as
follows:
200.18 Cognizant Agency for Audit
and 200.73 Oversight Agency for Audit
Commenters suggested that instead of
defining the cognizant or oversight
agency for audit as the Federal awarding
agency that provides the most direct
funding, it should be defined as the one
that provides the most total funding.
The suggestion that this would
eliminate a potentially burdensome
process of changing cognizance to allow
for situations where a non-Federal
entity receives most of its funding
indirectly from one Federal agency, and
only a small portion from another
agency directly.
The COFAR considered this, but
noted that even where significant
portions of Federal funds are passedthrough to subrecipients, the Federal
agency retains a direct relationship only
with a direct recipient, and relies on the
pass-through entity to oversee the
subaward. Further, the COFAR
understands these instances to be
relatively few, and in those cases where
they have preferred to have a cognizant
or oversight relationship, they have not
found the process of negotiating a
change to be burdensome. Contrary to
comments reflecting a belief that the
current OMB policy requires any change
to be made within 30 days, changes
have always been permissible at any
time with notification to the Federal

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200.23 Contractor

200.54 Indian Tribe (or ‘‘Federally
Recognized Indian Tribe’’)
Existing guidance, including NPG,
included Indian Tribes in the definition
of a state. With the streamlined merging
of the circulars and the inclusion of
some guidance that is clearly intended
only for either states or Indian Tribes,
and in response to comments received,
the COFAR found that this inclusion is
no longer appropriate. As a result, the
COFAR recommended that Indian
Tribes, including Alaskan Natives, be
separately defined as they are under
existing statute.
200.94

Supplies

The definition of supplies in existing
guidance includes all tangible personal
property that fall below the prescribed
threshold for equipment. Since, as
technology improves, computing
devices (inclusive of accessories)
increasingly fall below this threshold,
the proposed guidance made explicit
that when they do, they shall be treated
consistently with all other items below
this level. Many commenters were
highly supportive of this clarification in
the proposal and indicated that it would
greatly help in minimizing
administrative burden. Other
commenters recommended that because
of the high value of the information on
computing devices and because of their
attractiveness to potential thieves, they
should be subject to the more
prescriptive oversight requirements of
equipment that falls above the
threshold.

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The COFAR considered both views
and determined that the sensitive
information on computing devices
could more efficiently be protected
through guidance specifically on
internal controls for sensitive
information, rather than through
prescriptive requirements for the
devices themselves. Further, the COFAR
considered that the prescriptive
requirements that are appropriately in
place for equipment over the threshold
of $5,000 would create an
administrative burden the cost of which
would outweigh any benefits achieved
by reducing the potential attractiveness
of these devices to thieves. To guard
against the costly burden that treating
these devices as equipment would
create, the COFAR recommended
retaining the definition of supplies as
proposed. To protect the sensitive
information on these devices, the
COFAR recommended new specific
language on internal controls governing
sensitive information (see section
200.303 Internal Controls).
200.33

Equipment

Commenters advocated for a higher
threshold for equipment than $5,000.
Comments suggested that particularly
for large state governments with high
amounts of Federal awards, and with
state policies of higher capitalization
thresholds in place, a higher threshold,
possibly in line with the non-Federal
entity’s own capitalization threshold,
would be more appropriate. The COFAR
considered and determined that even
though entities may view higher
thresholds as appropriate for their own
purposes, maintaining the threshold at
$5,000 is important to protect the assets
purchased with taxpayer dollars under
Federal awards. The COFAR did not
recommend raising the threshold.
2. Subchapter B: General Provisions

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200.101

Applicability

Some commenters suggested at a
minimum that this section in the
proposal needed to be revised for
clarity, and some proposed significant
changes to applicability of the guidance
beyond what had been proposed.
The COFAR reviewed these and
recommended changes for clarity. The
guidance maintains existing language
stating that this guidance does not
supersede any existing or future
authority under law or by executive
order or the Federal Acquisition
Regulation. In various sections
throughout the guidance, commenters
noted that it would be helpful to note
a policy was ‘‘except as provided in
statute’’. The COFAR recommended that

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this language be included once in the
beginning as applicable throughout.
200.102 Exceptions
Commenters suggested that this
section should reflect a more active role
for OMB as an arbiter of situations
where non-Federal entities encounter
policies that deviate from this guidance
and do not appear to conform to the list
of exceptions articulated. The COFAR
considered this feedback, but
determined that Federal agencies are
responsible for implementing their
programs under authorities provided
specifically by statute, and are further
responsible for responding to any
potential concerns from their particular
recipients. OMB, as the entity
responsible for promulgating the
governmentwide guidance, is
responsible for ensuring that the
policies best meet the desired goals and
for providing assistance where it is
needed in interpreting the guidance. As
reflected in section 200.108 Inquiries,
non-Federal entities should address
their specific concerns to the Federal
awarding agency, cognizant agency for
indirect costs, or cognizant or oversight
agency for audit. OMB will periodically
review the guidance for effectiveness
and will provide assistance interpreting
the guidance upon request. In addition,
new language in paragraph (d) notes
that on a case-by-case basis, in
accordance with OMB guidance in M–
13–17, OMB will waive certain
compliance requirements and approve
new strategies for innovative program
designs that improve cost-effectiveness
and encourage effective collaboration
across programs to achieve outcomes.
200.111 Effective Date
Commenters requested that OMB and
the COFAR orchestrate the
implementation of the final guidance in
a manner that results in a smooth
transition for entities that are required
to comply. The COFAR considered
these requests as well as past
implementations of OMB guidance and
recommended that Federal agencies
coordinate under OMB’s guidance to
issue regulations or OMB-reviewed
guidance in unison, which will be
effective one year from the publication
of this final guidance. As a result, upon
implementation, this guidance will be
in effect for all Federal awards or
funding increments provided after the
effective date. Non-Federal entities
wishing to implement entity-wide
system changes to comply with the
guidance after the effective date will not
be penalized for doing so.
The COFAR further recommended
that provisions of Subpart F—Audit

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78595

Requirements be effective for nonFederal entity fiscal years beginning on
or after the effective date of this
guidance. An auditee that conducts a
biennial audit and has a biennial period
beginning before the effective date of
this guidance should apply the
provisions of OMB Circular A–133. The
requirements of Subpart F—Audit
Requirements apply to any biennial
periods beginning on or after the
effective date of this guidance. Federal
agencies must submit draft
implementing regulations to OMB no
later than six months from the date of
publication of this guidance unless
different provisions are required by
statute or approved by OMB.
200.112

Conflict of Interest

Commenters suggested that the
guidance is missing a broad general
statement requiring standards of
conduct that mitigate potential conflicts
of interest in the administration of
Federal awards. The COFAR concurred,
but noted that many Federal agencies
have specific policies on this that are
appropriately tailored to the specific
nature of their programs. As a result, the
COFAR recommended adding language
that requires Federal agencies to have
policies on conflict of interest in Federal
awards (in case there are any that do
not) and requires non-Federal entities to
disclose in writing any potential
conflicts of interest (in accordance with
applicable policies) to the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity.
200.113

Mandatory Disclosures

Commenters suggested that
requirements in procurement
regulations for non-Federal entities to
disclose in writing any violations of
Federal criminal law involving fraud,
bribery, or gratuity violations in Title 18
of the United States Code have been
effective measures to help prevent or
prosecute instances of waste, fraud, and
abuse. These commenters recommended
that a similar provision be added to this
guidance. The COFAR concurred with
the recommendation.
Commenters also suggested that
requiring two signatures on all
certifications would be a similarly
effective measure to guard against
waste, fraud, and abuse. The COFAR
considered this, but determined that
due to the extensive responsibility for
having expert knowledge of the nonFederal entities’ cost accounting that is
required in order to make the
certifications as they are required now,
adding this requirement for an
additional person would be a significant
source of administrative burden. The

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COFAR did not recommend the
addition.
3. Subpart C—Pre-Award Requirements
Content in the NPG from Subchapters
previously designated as C—Notice of
Federal Awards and D—Terms and
Conditions of Federal Awards was
reorganized to provide more
streamlined guidance on information
that is required to be provided to a nonFederal entity upon receipt of a Federal
award.
200.201 Use of Grant Agreements
(Including Fixed Amount Awards),
Cooperative Agreements, and Contracts
In order to broaden a best practice
within many Federal agencies’ existing
policy and to facilitate implementation
of M–13–17, a recently published policy
encouraging evidence-based programs,
and drawing on existing policies and
practices from several Federal agencies,
new language has been added to the
final guidance to allow for ‘‘Fixed
amount’’ awards that rely more on
performance than compliance for
accountability. (See also Section
200.102 Exceptions and 200.430
Compensation—Personal Services.)

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200.202 Requirement To Provide
Public Notice of Federal Financial
Assistance Programs
Comments suggested that, in order to
facilitate auditor’s ability to ensure that
programs are correctly evaluated during
audits, this section include the existing
requirement for Federal agencies to
include in the Catalog of Federal
Domestic Assistance whether or not the
particular program is subject to Single
Audit Requirements in Subpart F. The
COFAR recommended this change. The
COFAR further recommended that due
to uncertain timing regarding the
integration of the Catalog of Federal
Domestic Assistance into the System for
Award Management, the name be left
unchanged instead of changed to
Catalog of Federal Financial Assistance
as proposed.
200.203 Notices of Funding
Opportunities
As discussed in the ANPG and NPG,
the bulk of this section is not a policy
change, but rather incorporates the
existing requirement for certain
categories of information to be
published in announcements of public
funding opportunities. See OMB
Memorandum M–04–01 of October 15,
2003 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/
memoranda_fy04_m04-01), announcing
the Federal Register notice that OMB
published at 68 FR 58146 (October 8,
2003).

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Commenters did note that the policy
change providing a minimum timeframe
of 30-days for applications to be
available was a helpful idea, but that the
proposed timeframe was too short to be
of use. Federal agencies had previously
indicated that the 90-day timeframe
proposed in the ANPG was too long to
be practicable given the constraints they
often operate under.
The COFAR considered these
perspectives and recommended the final
guidance require all funding
opportunities to be available for
application for at least 60 days, with an
exception for Federal awarding agencies
to make a determination to have a less
than 60 day availability period but no
funding opportunity should be available
for less than 30 days. The recommended
policy would assure a minimum
timeframe that is useful to applicants,
and while many Federal agencies would
likely continue best practices of a longer
application period, they would have the
exceptions that they require under
exigent circumstances.
200.204 Federal Awarding Agency
Review of Merit of Proposals
The proposed guidance required that
unless prohibited by Federal statute for
competitive grants and cooperative
agreements, Federal awarding agencies
must design and execute a merit review
process for applications. This section
left the design of the process to the
Federal awarding agencies in order to
leave as much flexibility as possible to
incorporate the requirements of specific
programs.
This reform was received positively in
the proposal, with the comment that it
should be separated out from the
financial risk review discussed in the
following section. The COFAR
considered the feedback and
recommended the suggested change in
organization.
200.205 Federal Awarding Agency
Review of Risk Posed by Applicants
As proposed, the guidance provides
latitude for Federal awarding agencies
to design this review as appropriate for
the program. As noted in Section
200.101 Applicability, since nothing in
this guidance can supersede the
requirements of Federal statute,
flexibilities such as those enshrined in
the Indian Self-Determination and
Education Assistance Act (ISDEAA)
would not be contravened by this
policy. Comments suggested that this
section be structured to require a
‘‘framework’’ for reviewing risk, rather
than an award-by-award review, where
some programs have long histories and
a strong understanding of the risks

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associated with frequent applicants.
Evidence from comments suggests that
Federal agencies would likely design
their risk-based framework to make best
use as possible of existing resources
such as Single Audit reports—which
aligns with comments indicating a
preference for use of existing resources
from the non-Federal entity community.
The COFAR considered the comments
and recommended the suggested
changes. In addition, the COFAR
recommended that the final guidance
clarify that, as a baseline for their
review, Federal awarding agencies are
required by 31 U.S.C. 3321 and 41
U.S.C. 2313 to review information
available through any OMB-designated
repositories of governmentwide
eligibility qualification or financial
integrity information, such as Federal
Awardee Performance and Integrity
Information System (FAPIIS), Dun and
Bradstreet, or ‘‘Do Not Pay’’, and also to
comply with suspension and debarment
requirements at 2 CFR part 180.
200.206 Standard Application
Requirements
As proposed in the NPG, the guidance
includes the requirement that Federal
awarding agencies may only use those
application information collections
approved by OMB under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 and OMB’s
implementing regulation in 5 CFR part
1320. Comments were generally in favor
of maintaining this longstanding
requirement and strengthening
enforcement. In addition, OMB and the
COFAR have been working closely with
the Government Accountability and
Transparency Board to identify
opportunities for greater standardization
of information collections
governmentwide.
Though this is not a policy change,
the COFAR endorsed it as an indicator
of work by the COFAR and broader
financial assistance community to
further standardize governmentwide
information collections. It is a further
indicator of OMB’s intent to authorize
exceptions only on a limited basis.
200.207

Specific Conditions

This section of the final guidance was
revised in response to comments
received to include the list of examples
of specific conditions from existing
guidance that may be applied to a
Federal award.

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4. Subpart D—Post-Award
Requirements
Subtitle I Standards for Financial and
Program Management
200.301

Performance Measurement

In this section, commenters expressed
concern about the longstanding
requirement to relate performance to
financial information whenever
practicable. This language was not a
change from existing policy, but in
response to concerns, the COFAR
recommended clarifications that this
requirement will be met through use of
governmentwide standard information
collections, and notes that further
requirements are as appropriate in
accordance with those collections. This
means that, for the research community
where there are standard information
collections for performance that, in
accordance with the ‘‘where
practicable’’ aspect of the guidance, do
not relate financial information to
performance data, there will be no such
requirement.
200.302

Financial Management

Some commenters suggested that to
strengthen financial management, nonFederal entities should be required to
maintain separate bank accounts for
each Federal award. The COFAR
considered this but determined that
doing so would be excessively
administratively burdensome for nonFederal entities, and is not necessary to
assure accountability as long as nonFederal entities have appropriate
records that meet the standards as
described in the guidance. The COFAR
recommended further edits to better
streamline this section of the guidance
on financial management that was
previously more scattered throughout
the guidance, such as incorporating
documentation standards previously in
the audit requirements into this section.

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200.303

Internal Controls

In response to comments that
suggested that efforts to mitigate risks of
waste, fraud, and abuse would be
strengthened by a more explicit
reference to existing internal control
requirements issued by the Government
Accountability Office (GAO) and the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission (COSO),
the COFAR recommended including
this new section of the guidance which
makes explicit non-Federal entity’s
responsibilities with regard to effective
internal controls. In response to
comments expressed regarding controls
over sensitive information, the COFAR
recommended adding language to make

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explicit a non-Federal entity’s
responsibility for safeguarding protected
personally identifiable information (PII)
and information designated as sensitive.
This new language will result in
stronger policies for protecting this
information across Federal awards.
200.305 Payment
Comments noted with concern that
the proposal included language from
OMB Circular A–102 which required
entities to remit interest payments due
to Federal agencies promptly across
multiple agencies. The final guidance
reinstates and expands applicability of
existing language from OMB Circular A–
110 that instructs non-Federal entities to
remit interest earned on Federal awards
annually to the Department of Health
and Human Services Payment
Management System. This will result in
a much less burdensome annual
payment process.
In addition, this section has been
revised to more accurately reflect the
requirements in 31 U.S.C. chapter 65
and implementing Treasury Department
regulations in 31 CFR Part 205 Rules
And Procedures For Efficient FederalState Funds Transfers. All requirements
for payments to states are set forth in 31
CFR Part 205. Accordingly, the payment
section now covers payments to states
in paragraph (a) and refers to the
Treasury requirements. Payment
requirements for other non-Federal
entities are set forth in the rest of the
section.
200.306 Cost Sharing or Matching
Many comments were supportive of
the proposed language stating that
voluntary committed cost sharing is not
expected under Federal research
proposals and is not to be used as a
factor in the review of applications or
proposals. Federal agencies
recommended adding that such cost
sharing may be considered when in
accordance with regulation and
included in the notice of funding
opportunity. In addition, commenters
suggested that the final guidance
incorporate existing guidance that only
mandatory cost sharing or cost sharing
specifically submitted in the project
budget shall be included in the
organized research base for computing
indirect (F&A) costs for research
projects. The COFAR considered the
feedback and recommended the
addition.
Subtitle III Procurement Standards
Subtitle III Procurement Standards
takes the majority of the language from
OMB Circular A–102. In the NPG, OMB
requested comments on whether the

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inclusion of this language would be
administratively burdensome for nonFederal entities currently subject to A–
110. Responses indicated that it could
be, and pointed to a few specific areas
recommending refinement. The COFAR
recommended keeping the A–102
language over the A–110 language
because it considered this language to
be better able to mitigate the risk of
waste, fraud, and abuse. In response to
the comments received, the COFAR
recommended the specific changes
described as follows.
200.318 General Procurement
Standards
Commenters were concerned about
possible administrative burden resulting
from the requirement in paragraph (b) to
maintain a contract administration
system that ensures contractors perform
in accordance with the terms,
conditions and specifications of their
contracts and delivery orders. The
COFAR considers this to be a
requirement that already exists in OMB
Circular A–110, just perhaps not
recognized due to different language.
The COFAR recommended clarifying
the language to require non-Federal
entities to maintain ‘‘oversight’’ rather
than a ‘‘system’’ to eliminate potential
confusion over the standards of the
system and to conform more explicitly
to existing guidance.
Commenters recommended that the
conflict of interest language found in
paragraph (c) of this section be
expanded to provide guidance on
conflicts of interest for Federal awards
more broadly. The COFAR considered
this, but found that many Federal
agencies already have conflict of interest
policies, and these are fairly specific
and vary by Federal agency. The COFAR
recommended treating conflict of
interest more broadly separately as
described in section 200.112 Conflict of
Interest, and also recommended
expanding the conflict of interest
guidance in this section to include
organizational conflict of interest. This
expansion will require non-Federal
entities to have strong policies
preventing organizational conflicts of
interest which will be used to protect
the integrity of procurements under
Federal awards and subawards.
Commenters were concerned that
language in the NPG requiring a review
of proposed procurement methods by
Federal awarding agencies would add
an unnecessary layer of administrative
burden to the process. The COFAR
concurred and recommended that the
language be removed from the final
guidance.

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Language in paragraphs (d), (e), and
(f) is longstanding language which has
always encouraged state and local
governments subject to A–102 to avoid
duplicative purchases and to enter into
common procurements to promote
efficient use of Federal awards.
Comments recommended strengthening
the language in light of OMB’s 2012
Shared Services Strategy for Federal
agencies encouraging the use of ‘‘shared
services’’ for increased efficiency. The
COFAR recommended strengthening the
language in line with comments
received. Additional changes as noted
below in the cost principles are further
intended to facilitate these types of
arrangements.
Commenters were concerned that the
requirement in paragraph (i) requiring
the maintenance of records sufficient to
detail the history of performance would
similarly create administrative burden.
The COFAR considered this
requirement to be an important one for
documenting the integrity of the
transaction and recommended it be
retained.
Commenters were concerned that
language in the NPG, which required
information concerning any protests of
a procurement to be provided to the
Federal awarding agency, would create
an unnecessary layer of administrative
burden to that process. The COFAR
concurred, and that language has been
removed from the section.

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200.319 Competition
Commenters were concerned that
language this section, which prohibits
the use of geographic preference in
solicitations, would put some nonFederal entities in conflict with the
requirements of state law in some cases
where state laws require such
preferences. The COFAR considered
this, but ultimately determined that
such preferences could result in the
non-Federal entity not making the most
efficient possible use of the funds
received under a Federal award, and so
recommended the language remain
unchanged. Where there is a conflict
between state or tribal law and this
guidance as implemented in regulation
with respect to the administration of a
Federal award, this Federal guidance
prevails.
200.320 Methods of Procurement To
Be Followed
Commenters were concerned that the
methods of procurement this section
might be overly proscriptive and might
prevent entities from making purchases
from specific contractors where such
purchases were necessary, especially for
example, for the integrity of a research

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project. The COFAR considered the
language and recommended that with
minor clarifications these methods,
which include sole source procurements
with justification, be retained as they
should be inclusive enough to account
for such situations.
200.322 Procurement of Recovered
Materials
The COFAR also recommended
including language in paragraph (f) on
the procurement of recovered material
to reiterate non-Federal entities’
obligations under section 6002 of the
Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended
by the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act.
Subtitle IV Performance and Financial
Monitoring and Reporting
200.328 Monitoring and Reporting
Program Performance
Some language in this section that
had been included in the NPG aligning
requirements with those in OMB
Circular A–11 were found by Federal
agencies to be overly broad, and have
instead been replaced by more narrow
language in section 200.102 Exceptions.
The more specific language is designed
to encourage evidence based program
design.
The final guidance also includes
language from existing guidance that
had been dropped from the NPG noting
that reporting should not be required
more frequently than quarterly. In
addition, similar language to that in
section 200.501 on Standards for
Performance and Financial Management
notes that performance reports are
subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act
requirements and should use OMBapproved governmentwide information
collections.
200.329 Reporting on Real Property
The language in this section is based
on the supplementary information
provided in the purpose section of the
Final Notice of the Real Property Status
Report (RPSR) form SF–429 available at
75 FR 56540 published September 16,
2010.
Subtitle V Subrecipient Monitoring
and Management
This section was proposed in the NPG
as section 200.501, but the COFAR
recommended it be reordered in the
final guidance for a more logical flow of
post-award requirements.
200.331 Requirements for PassThrough Entities
Many commenters were concerned
that this section could expand the
monitoring requirements for

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subrecipients significantly and result in
increased administrative burden. In
addition to re-ordering certain elements
of the NPG language for clarity as some
commenters suggested, the COFAR
recommended the following further
modifications:
In paragraph (a), data elements that
are required to be included in
subawards are aligned with those
required to be included by Federal
awarding agencies in Federal awards in
section 200.210 Information Contained
In A Federal Award.
Comments on the proposed language
requiring pass-through entities to
include an indirect cost rate in the
subaward were highly positive, but
suggested that the de minimis rate as
outlined in section 200.414 Indirect
(F&A) Costs should be higher.
Commenters were concerned that passthrough entities might decline to
negotiate, and this would make the de
minimis rate more likely a de facto rate
for subrecipients. The COFAR
considered this feedback but
determined that as an automatic rate
without any review of actual costs, the
rate should remain at the conservative
levels discussed in that section to
protect the Federal government against
excessive over reimbursement.
Comments noted concern that as
stated the language broadened passthrough entity responsibility for
monitoring subrecipients particularly
with respect to audit follow-up. The
COFAR recommended modifications to
clarify that the required monitoring of
subrecipients is limited to reviewing
any performance and financial reports
that the pass-through entity has decided
to require in order to meet their own
requirements under the terms and
conditions of the Federal award,
following up, ensuring corrective action,
and issuing management decisions on
weaknesses found through audits only
when those findings pertain to Federal
award funds provided to the
subrecipient from the pass-through
entity. This is consistent with existing
requirements. Language is further
modified to clarify that pass-through
entities must only verify, rather than
ensure, that a subrecipient has an audit
as required by Subpart F Audit
Requirements. As a result of these
clarifications, the requirements for
subrecipient monitoring are
substantively unchanged from existing
guidance.

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Subtitle VI
Access

require modifications to programs. The
COFAR recommended these additions.

Record Retention and

200.333 Retention Requirements for
Records
The final guidance maintains and
clarifies the existing requirement that
records be retained for three years from
the date of submission of the final
expenditure report. The COFAR
considered alternative scenarios
proposed by commenters, and
recommended that the proposed
language be retained. The COFAR noted
that this length can be extended if
required by statute or with an exception
from OMB, but that in most cases it is
sufficient.
200.335 Methods for Collection,
Transmission and Storage of
Information
In addition, in response to the May
2013 Executive Order on Making Open
and Machine Readable the New Default
for Government Information, as well as
to comments requesting that the
guidance in general be updated to
reflect 21st century methods of
communicating, the COFAR
recommended a new paragraph be
added. The new paragraph (c) adds
language on methods for the collection,
transmission, and storage of
information, which combines language
that had been previously scattered
throughout the guidance to make clear
that electronic, open, machine readable
information is preferable to paper, as
long as there are appropriate and
reasonable internal controls in place to
safeguard against any inappropriate
alteration of records.
Subtitle VII Remedies for
Noncompliance

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200.338 Remedies for Noncompliance
Commenters suggested that this
section, which was titled ‘‘Termination
and Enforcement’’ in the NPG, should
be expanded to more accurately
describe the actions that could be taken
under enforcement. The COFAR
recommended this change.
200.339 Termination
Commenters suggested that language
should be added to allow for Federal
agency termination for cause, because
situations often arise beyond the Federal
agency’s or non-Federal entity’s control
which may require awards to be
terminated. This language would prove
useful in situations like those
encountered during implementation of
the Recovery Act or Sequestration,
where congressional mandates
encouraged expedited performance, or
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200.343 Closeout
The proposal included expanded
guidance on closeout, to help strengthen
Federal agencies policies for this
process in line with OMB’s July 2012
Controller Alert. Commenters
recommended this language be modified
to extend the closeout period for an
award from 180 days to the more
realistic timeframe of one year, in
addition to the clarifying language that
non-Federal entities have 90 days from
the end date of the period of
performance to submit all final reports,
and also to clarify that the one-year
period begins once final reports have
been received from the non-Federal
entity. The COFAR recommended the
addition.
200.344 Post-Closeout Adjustments
and Continuing Responsibilities
Commenters suggested that language
be added to limit the period when
Federal agencies may disallow costs to
within the three-year record retention
period required under section 506
Record Retention and Access. The
COFAR recommended the addition.
200.345 Collection Of Amounts Due
As with section 200.343 Post-Closeout
Adjustments and Continuing
Responsibilities, commenters
recommended language to limit the
collection period to within the threeyear record retention period required
under section 200.333 Retention
Requirements for Records. The COFAR
noted that the Federal government has
the right to collect amounts due at any
point, and while recognizing that a
determination of disallowance should
be made within the record retention
period, did not recommend the addition
in this section.
Section B: Subpart E and Appendices
III–VIII: Cost Principles. Reforms to
Cost Principles (Circulars A–21, A–87,
and A–122)
This section discusses proposed
changes to the OMB cost-principle
circulars that have been placed at 2 CFR
Parts 220, 225, and 215 (Circulars A–21,
Cost Principles for Educational
Institutions; Circular A–87, Cost
Principles for State, Local and Indian
Tribal Governments; and Circular A–
122, Cost Principles for Non-Profit
Organizations). The COFAR considered
adding the hospital cost principles to
the guidance, but decided that doing so
would require in depth further review
that would be best done as part of a
separate process at a later date.

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200.400 Policy Guide
Commenters requested that the final
guidance include language which was
previously included in OMB Circular
A–21 to address the dual role of
students in research at IHEs. The
COFAR recommended that a slightly
updated version of the language be
included.
Other commenters suggested that to
better mitigate the risks of waste, fraud,
and abuse, the final guidance include
language to make explicit that nonFederal entities are not permitted to
earn or keep any profit resulting from
Federal awards, unless expressly
authorized by the applicable award
conditions. The COFAR recommended
the language be included.
200.401 Application
At the suggestion of commenters, the
COFAR recommended this section
include additional language to clarify
that when a non-Federal entity has a
Cost Accounting Standards (CAS)
covered contract subject to the
requirements of 48 CFR 995, those
requirements do not automatically
extend beyond the covered contract to
other awards, though the non-Federal
entity is required to maintain consistent
application of cost accounting
standards.
200.407 Prior Written Approval (Prior
Approval)
In response to comments, the COFAR
recommended the title of this section be
changed from ‘‘Advance
Understanding’’ to more closely mirror
the language used in the guidance. In
addition, a list of instances of sections
that discuss conditions under which
prior approval is required is included to
ensure that these requirements are
transparent and to reduce burden by
providing both Federal agencies and
non-Federal entities a complete listing
of where all these types of requirements
may be found.
200.413 Direct Costs
Paragraph (d) includes the language in
this section that was proposed as a
change to clarify the circumstances
under which it is allowable to directly
charge administrative support Costs.
This language was proposed in order to
address an ongoing inconsistency in the
definition of direct costs; which
required administrative costs to be
charged indirectly but otherwise
provided that costs are direct when they
may be specifically allocated to one
award; regardless of what activities they
support.
Many commenters were supportive of
the change with some concerns about

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the way it was proposed. Some
commenters were concerned that the
conditions as originally articulated were
not sufficiently clear for auditors to
determine whether a directly charged
administrative cost was allowable or
not. Other commenters were concerned
that the requirement to have these costs
approved in the budget was more
restrictive than otherwise standard
rebudgeting practices and would unduly
constrain implementation. The COFAR
considered the issue and recommended
adding explicit language to clarify that
when these costs are allowable, they
must have the prior approval of the
Federal awarding agency. Additional
language was added to allow for this
approval after the initial budget
approval in order to allow for flexibility
in implementation. The clarified
language addresses both sets of
concerns; clarifying conditions for
allowability while providing additional
flexibility in project management.
200.414 Indirect (F&A) Costs
In response to a wide range of
feedback from diverse stakeholders,
Section 615 Indirect Costs contained a
number of proposals for making indirect
costs more transparent and consistent
for non-Federal entities. These were
well received by most stakeholders who
submitted comments, and have mostly
been retained as proposed, with some
modifications.
Language in paragraph (c) provides
for the consistent application of
negotiated indirect cost rates, and
articulates the conditions under which
a Federal awarding agency may use a
different rate. These conditions include
approval of the Federal awarding agency
head (as delegated per standard
delegations of authority) based on
documented justification, the public
availability of established policies for
determinations to use other than
negotiated rates, the inclusion of notice
of such a decision in the announcement
of funding opportunity, as well as in
any pre-announcement outreach, and
notification to OMB of the decision.
Comments received regarding these
proposals were mostly positive, and
indicated that these provisions would
likely lead to greater consistency, and
transparency in the application of
indirect cost rates governmentwide.
Some commenters recommended that
for even greater consistency decisions
about the use of rates be subject to OMB
approval rather than Federal agency
approval. The COFAR considered this,
but ultimately recommends that
responsibility for administering Federal
financial assistance programs continue
to rest with the Federal awarding

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agencies, and that the conditions set by
OMB for these determinations are
stringent enough to ensure that they do
not occur without strong justification.
The COFAR did not recommend the
change.
Language in paragraph (f) provides
that any non-Federal entity that has
never had a negotiated indirect cost rate
may use a de minimis rate of 10% of
modified total direct costs. Commenters
recommended that this rate should be
higher—either at 15% or 20%
respectively. They were concerned that
because for smaller organizations the
capacity to conduct full negotiations is
often out of reach, this rate will most
likely be the de facto rate rather than the
de minimis rate. The COFAR considered
the possibility of raising this rate, but
ultimately recommended that as an
automatic de minimis rate without
analysis of actual costs it should stay at
a conservative level in order to
minimize the possibility that the
Federal government over reimburse for
these costs. Additional comments also
suggested that to further reduce burden
for both recipients and the Federal
government, this de minimis rate be
allowable for use indefinitely, and the
COFAR concurred.
Language in paragraph (g) provides an
option for entities with an approved
federally negotiated indirect cost rate to
apply for a one-time extension without
further negotiation subject to the
approval of the negotiating Federal
agency. Commenters responded
positively to this option, though some
suggested that the extension period be
longer, or that additional extensions be
allowable. The COFAR considered
these, but found it important to
renegotiate after an initial 4-year
extension period to ensure that such
rates continue to be based on actual
costs. The COFAR recommended this
provision remain as proposed.
200.415 Required Certifications
Comments recommended that in
order to better mitigate risks of waste,
fraud, and abuse, required certification
language be strengthened to include
specific language acknowledging the
statutory consequences of false
certifications. The COFAR concurred
with the recommendation.
200.419 Cost Accounting Standards
and Disclosure Statement
The NPG proposed deleting the
requirements that apply only to IHEs to
comply with the Federal Acquisition
Regulation (FAR) Cost Accounting
Standards (CAS) and to file a Disclosure
Statement when their Federal awards
total $25 million or more. Some

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commenters responded favorably that
this would reduce a source of
administrative burden, but others were
concerned, stating that this disclosure
statement was a critical tool to
mitigating waste, fraud, and abuse and
opposed its elimination. Since the most
likely source of burden occurs when an
entity crosses the threshold for the first
time, the COFAR recommended
reinstating the requirement at the new
threshold of $50 million to be consistent
with current FAR requirements.
The COFAR further noted that for
most IHEs that have already passed the
threshold, the biggest source of burden
associated with these requirements
arises from uncertainty when awaiting
Federal agency approval for a submitted
change in a Disclosure Statement. In
response, instead of requiring Federal
agency approval for changes, the
COFAR recommended the final
guidance require only that non-Federal
entities submit their changes six months
in advance of implementing a change. If
they receive no indication of an
extension of the review period or of
concern from a Federal agency, they
may proceed with the implementation
without further delay. The COFAR’s
recommended solution would thus
continue to require use a valuable tool
for mitigating risks of waste, fraud, and
abuse while eliminating key sources of
administrative burden and uncertainty
for non-Federal entities that can lead to
unnecessary audit findings.
Subtitle VI General Provisions for
Selected Items of Cost
Some commenters noted concern that
the current item of cost for
‘‘Communication costs’’ had been
deleted from the proposed guidance.
The COFAR considered this, but
considered communications costs to be
straightforward enough to be easily
covered by the guidance in Subtitle II:
Basic Considerations. The COFAR notes
that all items not specifically covered in
the items of cost are subject to the
guidance in Subtitle II Basic
Considerations, and that this section
should be read as a guiding framework
for all specific discussions of cost in the
section that follow.
200.421 Advertising and Public
Relations
Commenters noted that it was
important that costs relating to
advertising and public relations allow
for costs of advertising program
outreach and other specific costs
necessary to meet the requirements of
the federal award. The COFAR
recommended the addition.

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200.422

Advisory Councils

Commenters were concerned that the
proposed guidance disallowed
previously allowable costs for
documented advisory council costs that
benefited a federal award.
The COFAR reviewed the language
and noted that the revised language is
clarifying in nature and does not
substantively change the existing
requirements, noting that these costs are
still allowable with prior approval from
the Federal awarding agency. The
COFAR did not recommend a change.
200.425

Audit Services

Commenters recommended that this
section be clarified to include reference
to a non-Federal entity’s fiscal year in
noting that when Federal awards total
less than $750,000 the non-Federal
entity is exempted from having a single
audit. The commenters wanted the
addition of the fiscal year clause in
order to be consistent with Subpart F.
The COFAR recommended the addition.
Commenters noted concern for
language which stated that other audit
costs were allowable if included in an
approved cost allocation plan or an
indirect cost proposal, or if it was
approved by the Federal awarding
agency as a direct cost to the Federal
award.
Upon further review, the COFAR
notes that though this language allowing
costs of other audits has been in place
for years, it is not consistent with the
Single Audit Act, and so recommended
deleting it. Instead, the COFAR
recommends language that allows the
costs of a financial statement audit for
a non-Federal entity that does not
currently have a Federal award when
included in the indirect cost pool as
part of a cost allocation plan or indirect
cost proposal. These audits may be
useful to the Federal agency negotiating
an indirect cost rate, and the COFAR
does not believe them to be in conflict
with the Single Audit Act.
The COFAR further recommends
clarification that agreed-uponprocedures are defined in section 2(A)
of the GAGAS attestation standards, and
this section will be aligned with the
types of compliance requirements in the
compliance supplement once updated.

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200.428 Collections of Improper
Payments
The COFAR recommends that the last
sentence of this section, which
describes the collection of improper
payments when time elapses between
the collection of funds from entities and
their expenditure, be deleted because it
is redundant and duplicates what is said

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in section 200.305 Payment, which is
also cross-referenced. The result is more
streamlined language that articulates the
requirement more clearly.
200.430 Compensation—Personal
Services
The COFAR began review of these
requirements under this reform effort
based on feedback that the existing
requirements had become extremely
administratively burdensome, and as
written, the guidance did not allow for
advances in technology, record keeping,
and internal controls, which allow nonFederal entities to document these costs
in increasingly efficient and
sophisticated ways. In addition, the
COFAR considered the long-term goal of
tying justification for salaries to the
achievement of programmatic objectives
rather than measurement of effort
(hours) expended. Though such
performance-oriented reporting is not
currently possible across the diverse
suite of Federal assistance programs, the
advances noted above allow for
alternatives to the current requirements
that can provide an even higher
standard of accountability without
burdensome process requirements. The
COFAR received many comments on
this proposed language indicating that
the changes had potential for positive
impact but recommended modifications
to the proposed language.
Comments suggested that language be
added to include more detail as to the
general explanation of what
compensation for personal services is
allowable.
The COFAR considered the current
level of detail to be sufficient, especially
since any personal services not listed in
this section would be addressed in
section 200.431 Compensation—Fringe
Benefits.
Commenters suggested that
compensation surveys providing data
representative of the labor market
involved were inferior to the other
methods described in the NPG for
evaluating the reasonableness of
compensation for personal services.
Others commented that with regard to
the basis for salary rates, unless there is
prior approval by the Federal awarding
agency, charges of a faculty member’s
salary to a Federal award should not
exceed the proportionate share of the
institutional base salary for the period
during which the faculty member
worked on the award.
The COFAR recommended additions
to support both proposals.
Commenters recommended deleting
the specific reference to conflict of
interest policies, noting that there is no
reason to highlight any one institutional

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policy in this section over others. They
also recommended deleting the rest of
the section allowing Federal agencies to
negotiate alternative arrangements when
non-Federal entity policy is deemed
inadequate. Commenters also
recommended the deletion language
which provided special consideration in
determining allowability for any change
in the non-Federal entity’s
compensation policy because they
found it redundant to other language
describing the compensation for
personal services and the
reasonableness with which these
services need to be proven in order for
compensation to be expected.
The COFAR concurred with the
recommended deletion of conflict of
interest policy but did not
recommended further changes on
special considerations which they found
to provide important provisions that
mitigate the risks of waste, fraud, and
abuse.
Another comment recommended
deletion of language on allowable
incentive compensation because the
commenter believed this provision has
resulted in cost disallowances and is
burdensome. The COFAR disagreed and
recommended that the section stay the
way it was originally proposed.
Comments noted with concern that
that nonprofit organizations are not
subject to the same rules as other types
of non-Federal entities. The COFAR
considered that due to the unique facets
of nonprofit organizations, these
flexibilities are important, and
recommended that paragraph (g) stay
the way it was originally proposed.
Commenters proposed major changes
to paragraph (h), which provides
provisions specific to IHEs describing
conditions that require special
consideration and possible limitations
in determining allowable compensation
costs. They recommended reorganization of the section for clarity
and an explicit recognition of
Institutional Base Salary rate (a type of
policy most IHEs have well defined)
instead of references to a more loosely
defined ‘‘base rate’’. The COFAR
concurred and recommended most of
the suggested changes.
Many diverse stakeholders submitted
comments on paragraph (i) Standards
for Documentation of Personnel
Expenses (also known informally as
‘‘time and effort reporting’’). Many
agreed on the need for clearer standards
of the internal controls around these
charges. Many commenters also
requested additional flexibility in how
these standards could be implemented,
while others recommended stricter
uniformity in the provision of specific

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certification language that would better
prevent and facilitate prosecution of
fraud. Some commenters that allowance
for costs based on estimates could result
in a lack of sufficient documentation
that the costs were in accordance with
the work performed.
The COFAR agreed with the
recommendations on the risks in this
area and the need for a strong system of
internal controls to document
compliance. This final guidance
requires non-Federal entities to comply
with a stringent framework of internal
control objectives and requirements.
The guidance also requires that when
interim charges are based on budget
estimates, the non-Federal entity’s
system of internal controls must include
processes to ensure necessary
adjustments are made such that the final
amount charged to Federal awards is
proper.
The COFAR considered
recommendations from commenters to
include specific certification language,
but was concerned that requiring
specific language at this level would
result in audit findings more likely to be
based on incorrect documentation rather
than uncovering weaknesses in internal
control or instances of fraud. Further,
the COFAR notes that other
certifications included by recipients in
their applications and indirect cost rate
agreements provide a layer of assurance
that can be used in preventing and
prosecuting instances of fraud.
The COFAR believes this focus on
overall internal controls provides
greater accountability as the nonFederal entity must ensure that the total
internal control system for documenting
personal expenses provides proper
accountability and the auditor must test
these internal controls as part of the
Single Audit requirements in Subpart F.
While many non-Federal entities may
still find that existing procedures in
place such as personal activity reports
and similar documentation are the best
method for them to meet the internal
control requirements, this final
guidance does not specifically require
them. The focus in this final guidance
on overall internal controls mitigates the
risk that a non-Federal entity or their
auditor will focus solely on prescribed
procedures such as reports,
certifications, or certification time
periods which alone may be ineffective
in assuring full accountability.
While this approach may increase
burden on non-Federal entities with
weak internal controls, the COFAR
believes overall it will reduce burden by
providing non-Federal entities the
ability to implement the internal control
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fit a non-Federal entity’s needs. Also,
placing requirements at the internal
control objective level is consistent with
the requirements in section 200.303
Internal Controls. Specifically, the
COFAR recommended stating explicitly
that charges to Federal awards for
salaries and wages must be based on
records that accurately reflect the work
performed. Further clarifications
describe the required controls in more
detail.
The COFAR received positive
feedback on proposed language that
provided for Federal agencies to
approve alternative methods where
proposals are submitted that are more
performance oriented or in instances of
approved blended funding and
recommended it be retained.
The combined result of these changes
is that non-Federal entities have clear
high standards for maintaining a strong
system of internal controls over their
records to justify costs of salaries and
wages, and also additional flexibility in
the processes they use to meet these
standards. This should allow them to be
more accountable for these costs at less
expense.
200.431 Compensation—Fringe
Benefits
Commenters recommended
eliminating a requirement for awarding
agency pre-approval for insurance
payments based on consistent entity
policy for actual payments to or on
behalf of employees or former
employees for unemployment
compensation or workers’
compensation. The COFAR agreed and
recommends removing the language.
Based on recommendations from
diverse comments, the COFAR
recommended clarification of the
applicability of GAAP to entities using
accrual based accounting. The COFAR
also recommends that prior approval by
the Federal awarding agency or
cognizant agency be given before an
indirect cost is charged to the Federal
award for abnormal or mass severance
pay.
Federal agencies recommended that
all severance in excess of normal
severance policy in accordance with
institutional policy or other conditions
for allowability discussed in the
guidance should be unallowable, not
just golden parachute packages. The
COFAR recommended the proposed
changes to prevent excessive severance
payments.
Finally, many commenters
commended the inclusion of familyrelated leave among the examples of
types of leave that may be allowed
according to the non-Federal entity’s

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written policies. The COFAR
recommended keeping this language as
proposed.
200.432 Conferences
The language from the proposed item
of costs for External Meetings and
Conferences has been clarified to better
articulate the limits on the types of
gatherings for which these costs are
allowable. In addition, the language
clarifies that the costs of identifying, but
not providing, locally available
dependent care options for attendees are
allowable. The result is that non-Federal
entities have clear limits around
conference spending which should limit
these costs appropriately.
Further, without adding significant
cost, the policy encourages familyfriendly practices that will better enable
employees of non-Federal entities with
dependent care responsibilities to
progress in their careers. This is an
outcome which was noted in comments
as one that is essential for advancing the
careers of women in science,
technology, engineering and math.
Similar outcomes are supported by
reforms to 200.474 Travel Costs and
200.431 Compensation—Fringe
Benefits.
200.433 Contingency Provisions
Many commenters noted that this
proposed section made positive and
helpful clarifications which enable a
better understanding of how
contingency costs may be budgeted and
charged. Some commenters
recommended additional provisions for
further clarity on the types of costs that
are allowable for contingencies, and
recommended additional controls on
how Federal agencies provide oversight
over these funds as part of their Federal
awards. In particular, commenters
suggested adding a requirement to track
funds that are spent as contingency
funds throughout the non-Federal
entity’s records.
The COFAR reviewed the language,
and concluded that it does provide
sufficient controls to Federal agencies to
manage Federal awards. The COFAR
noted that: (i) though a diversity of
techniques are available to establish
contingency estimates, the estimates
must be based on broadly-accepted cost
estimating methodologies, (ii) budgeted
amounts would be explicitly subject to
Federal agency approval at time of
award, (iii) funds would not be drawn
down unless in accordance with all the
other applicable provisions of this
guidance (such as Subtitle II Basic
Considerations), and (iv) actual costs
incurred must be verifiable from the
non-Federal entity’s records. The

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COFAR considered this last requirement
to be sufficient for tracking the use of
funds, as contingency funds should
most properly be charged not as
‘‘contingency funds’’ specifically, but
according to the cost category into
which they would naturally fall. The
COFAR did not recommend any
changes to the proposed language.

recipients from recovering depreciation
on assets that might be purchased under
non-Federal awards, but nevertheless
used at least in part to support a Federal
award. This exclusion would discourage
efficiencies to Federal awards that could
otherwise be gained through shared use
of these assets. The COFAR agreed and
recommended the proposed change.

200.434 Contributions and Donations
Comments suggested that the value of
a donated item, whether it is a good or
a building, should not be charged to a
Federal award as either a direct or
indirect cost.
The COFAR concurred and
recommended changes accordingly. The
COFAR also recommended clarifying
that depreciation on donated assets is
permitted in accordance with 200.436
Depreciation, as long as the donated
property is not counted towards cost
sharing or matching requirements. The
COFAR also recommended
consolidation of much this section with
section 200.306 Cost Sharing Or
Matching.

200.437 Employee Health and Welfare
Costs
Commenters suggested that allowing
costs to improve ‘‘morale’’ in this item
as proposed would be difficult to
distinguish from the language in the
following item that disallows
entertainment costs, potentially
resulting in opportunities for waste,
fraud, and abuse.
The COFAR concurred and, to better
mitigate these risks recommended
eliminating references to morale,
limiting this item to those for Health
and Welfare as established in the nonFederal entity’s documented policies.

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200.435 Defense and Prosecution of
Criminal and Civil Proceedings, Claims,
Appeals and Patent Infringements
Commenters recommended that that
all costs related to defense of criminal,
civil, or administrative proceedings
should be completely unallowable,
regardless of disposition.
The COFAR considered this but
recommended keeping the language as it
was originally proposed in order to
preserve a wrongly accused defendant’s
ability to charge the Federal award for
legal costs related to charges or claims
for which the defendant ultimately
receives a favorable disposition.
200.436 Depreciation
Commenters suggested that allowable
compensation for the use of their
buildings, capital improvements,
equipment, and software projects
should be based on capitalization in
accordance with GAAP instead of the
Government Accounting Standards
Board Statement Number 51.
The COFAR agreed and recommended
changing the language to reflect this
change. The COFAR also recommend
adding clarification that an asset
donated to the non-Federal entity by a
third party will have its fair market
value documented at the time of the
donation and shall be considered as the
acquisition cost. Such assets may be
depreciated or claimed as matching but
not both.
Commenters noted that proposed
language on depreciating assets donated
by a third party would prevent

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200.438 Entertainment Costs
Many diverse commenters noted the
potential for conflicting guidance
between this section as proposed and
the guidance under 200.437 Employee
Health And Welfare Costs, as well as
confusion about exceptions for
entertainment under the terms and
conditions of the award.
In addition to the clarifications to
200.437 Employee Health And Welfare
Costs, the COFAR recommended
clarifying that any exceptions require a
programmatic purpose as well as
written prior approval from the Federal
awarding agency.
200.439 Equipment and Other Capital
Expenditures
Many diverse commenters noted
opportunity for clarification in this
section. The COFAR recommended
addressing most of these either in
consolidated definitions in the
definitions section or through
appropriate consolidations with the
language in Subpart D—Post Federal
Award Requirements, section Subtitle II
Property Standards.
200.441 Fines, Penalties, Damages and
Other Settlements
Commenters suggested that the list of
laws under which failure to comply
could result in costs of fines and other
penalties should include Tribal law.
The COFAR recommended the addition.
Commenters suggested that costs
resulting from ‘‘alleged violations’’ and
not just ‘‘violations’’ should be
unallowable, except when they result
directly from complying with the terms

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of a Federal award or are approved in
advance by the Federal awarding
agency. The COFAR recommended the
addition.
200.444 General Costs of Government
Commenters suggested that to be
consistent with current policy this item
should include language that allows up
to 50% of the portion of salaries and
wages for the chief executive and his or
her staff supporting Federal awards for
Indian Tribes and Councils of
Government to be allowable as indirect
costs without further justification. The
COFAR recommended the addition.
200.445 Goods or Services for Personal
Use
Diverse stakeholders suggested
additional types of costs that could be
explicitly discussed under this item.
The COFAR considered these but found
them to be items either addressed
elsewhere in the guidance or covered
under Subpart II Basic Considerations.
The COFAR did not recommend
changes to this section.
200.446 Idle Facilities and Idle
Capacity
Commenters requested further
clarification on the circumstances under
which costs of idle facilities are
unallowable versus allowable. The
COFAR recommended changes for
clarification and to ensure sure that
these fluctuations are allocated properly
to all benefiting programs.
Other commenters suggested that the
one year time limit that the guidance
provides on funding idle facilities may
be arbitrary, and noted that often the
projects which require this flexibility
are multi-year projects, where a two
year horizon might be considered an
extremely aggressive timeline.
The COFAR considered that the exact
requirement is for a ‘‘reasonable period
of time, ordinarily not to exceed one
year’’, which provides some flexibility
on the timeline when needed, while still
setting expectations of limits. The
COFAR did not recommend changes to
this language.
200.447 Insurance and
Indemnification
Commenters suggested that policy
allowing Federal agencies to choose
whether to participate in losses not
covered by the recipient’s self-insurance
reserves is inappropriate and
burdensome to entities, and also
contradicts other provisions in the
language.
The COFAR agreed and recommended
that the sentence be deleted. The
COFAR also recommended deleting

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policy that the Federal government will
participate in actual losses of a selfinsurance fund that are in excess of the
reserves, to protect the Federal
government from inappropriate
exposure to these types of costs.
Commenters recommended that
language discussing fees paid to or on
behalf of employees or former
employees for worker’s compensation,
unemployment compensation, be
moved to the section on fringe benefits.
The COFAR recommended the language
be moved.

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200.448 Intellectual Property
One comment requested use of a more
commonly understood phrase than
‘‘searching the art’’, which is currently
used in the guidance.
The COFAR determined that this is a
term of art and is the appropriate phrase
for this guidance. The COFAR did not
recommend a change.
200.449 Interest
Commenters noted that they preferred
the organization of the language used in
the A–21 circular, suggesting that this
section begin with the general principle
that costs incurred for interest on
borrowed capital, temporary use of
endowment funds, or the use of the nonFederal entity’s own funds are
unallowable, followed by exceptions.
The COFAR recommended the change
in organization.
Commenters responded positively to
the more explicit inclusion of
information technology in the definition
of capital assets. They also
recommended that the date for the
provision to take effect be based on a
non-Federal entity’s fiscal year rather
than a specific date. The COFAR
recommended moving this and all other
definitions to the streamlined
definitions section and concurred with
the adjustment to the effective date.
Some commenters suggested
recipient’s limits for claims for federal
reimbursement of interest costs to the
least expensive alternative and that
criterion for the non-Federal entity to
make an equity contribution of at least
25% of the purchase debt arrangements
over a million dollars be removed. Other
commenters suggested that these should
remain in order to protect Federal
government interests. The COFAR did
not recommend removing these
provisions.
Commenters suggested that extra
criteria for nonprofit organizations is
not appropriate and ask that all the
conditions specifically for nonprofit
organizations be removed. The COFAR
recommended deleting all but one of
specific conditions for nonprofit

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organizations. The COFAR
recommended keeping the provision
that requires that the non-profit
organization had to have incurred the
cost after September 29, 1995, in
connection with acquisitions of capital
assets that occurred after the data. The
COFAR also recommended deleting any
additional conditions for non-profit
organizations that are duplicative of
CAS.
Commenters suggested adding a
provision to ensure that interest
attributable to a fully depreciated asset
is unallowable. The COFAR
recommended the addition.
200.453 Materials and Supplies Costs,
Including Costs Of Computing Devices
The COFAR recommended moving
the definition of supplies to the
definition section, and feedback on that
definition is discussed there.
200.454 Memberships, Subscriptions,
and Professional Activity Costs
Commenters noted that it was unclear
what was meant by ‘‘substantially
engaged in lobbying’’. The COFAR
recommended substituting ‘‘whose
principal purpose is lobbying’’ and
adding a citation to section 200.450
Lobbying to clarify.
200.455 Organization Costs
Commenters recommended parity in
application of this item across types of
non-Federal entities. The COFAR
recommended making this section
applicable to all stakeholders.
200.456 Participant Support Costs
The proposed guidance included
language on participant support costs
that expands to all entities a provision
which previously applied only to
nonprofit entities, though moves the
definition of these costs to the definition
section. The proposal received mostly
positive feedback from commenters. The
COFAR recommended keeping this
language and that treatment of
participant support costs in the
definition of modified total direct costs
and appendices on indirect cost rates be
modified in accordance with this
guidance.
200.460 Proposal Costs
Many comments were supportive of
the proposed language, though some
were concerned that the language
allowing for other than indirect
treatment with prior Federal agency
approval could lead to inconsistencies.
The COFAR recommended deleting this
language to improve consistency and
allow proposal costs to be charged only
as an indirect cost.

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200.461

Publication and Printing Costs

Commenters suggested that language
should be added to resolve a longstanding issue with charges necessary to
publish research results, which
typically occur after expiration, but are
otherwise allowable costs of an award.
The COFAR concurred with the
comments and recommended additional
language to clarify that non-Federal
entities may charge the Federal award
before closeout for the costs of
publication or sharing of research
results if the costs are not incurred
during the period of performance of the
Federal award.
200.463

Recruiting Costs

Commenters suggested that since
‘‘special emoluments, fringe benefits,
and salary allowances’’ that do not meet
the test of reasonableness or do not
conform with established practices of
the entity would be unallowable
regardless of where the personnel are
currently employed; language should be
clarified accordingly with the deletion
of ‘‘from other non-federal entities’’ after
the list of benefits that attract
professional personnel. Commenters
also noted that modifications were
needed to clarify that when relocation
costs incurred with the recruitment of a
new employee have been funded in
whole or in part as a direct cost to the
federal award, and the newly hired
employee resigns for reasons within the
employee’s control within 12 months
after hire, the non-Federal entity will be
required to refund or credit only the
Federal share of such relocation costs to
the Federal government. The COFAR
concurred with the suggested change.
Commenters suggested that this
section in its proposed form (and in
existing guidance) fails to account for
costs associated with obtaining critical
foreign research skills and proposed
additional language and standards to
remediate the problem. Commenters
recommended that costs associated with
visas when critical skills are needed for
a specific award should be allowed. The
COFAR concurred with the
recommended change.
200.464

Relocation Costs of Employees

Commenters suggested that the costs
of the ownership of the vacant former
home after the settlement or lease date
of the employees new permanent home
should only be paid for up to 6 months
to eliminate excessive charges to the
Federal government. The COFAR
concurred with the recommended
change.

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200.465 Rental Costs of Real Property
and Equipment
Commenters requested that an
exception for Indian tribes to the
provisions that allow ‘‘less-than-arm’slength’’ transactions only up to the
actual costs of ownership. They suggest
that this is a matter of tribal autonomy
and a way to better support tribal
enterprises. The COFAR considered the
suggestion but determined that despite
the unique government-to-government
relationship with Indian tribes and the
importance of tribal autonomy, allowing
these transactions at higher than the
costs of actual ownership would result
in undue increases in costs to the
Federal government. The COFAR did
not recommend the change.
Commenters recommended that rental
costs under ‘‘sale and lease back’’
arrangements should only be allowable
up to the actual costs of ownership, and
not up to the amount that would be
allowed had the entity continued to
own the property. They also commented
that language explaining that for clarity
rental costs under ‘‘less-than-arm’s
length’’ leases are allowable only up to
the amount as explained in paragraph
(2) need not include that the costs are
allowable up to the amount had the title
to the property vested in the institution.
Commenters suggested that the
provisions of the General Accepted
Accounting Principles should determine
whether a lease is a capital lease or not.
Commenters also suggested that
language should be added prohibiting
the charge of home office space and
utilities charged to a Federal award.
The COFAR recommended these
proposed changes.

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200.466 Scholarships and Student Aid
Costs
Commenters suggested that this
section should reflect the dual role of
students and that the language should
make clear that voluntary committed
cost sharing should not be used as a
factor in the review of applications.
The COFAR concurred with the
recommended clarifications, but
recommended they be more
appropriately added in section 200.400
Policy Guide, and section 200.306 Cost
Sharing Or Matching, respectively.
200.467 Selling and Marketing Costs
Commenters suggested that a crossreference to section 200.460 Proposal
Costs should be added to the existing
cross reference to section 200.421
Advertising and Public Relations as
allowable exceptions to the otherwise
unallowable costs covered by this
section. The COFAR concurred with the
recommendation.

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200.468 Specialized Service Facilities
Commenters suggested introducing
the concept of an ‘‘equipment
replacement fund’’. Their concern is
that when federally-funded equipment
is being used, the depreciation charges
on this equipment are not allowed to be
included in the rates charged to users of
the equipment. Consequently, this
restricts the ability of the non-Federal
entity to recover funds that could be
used to replace the equipment in the
future. Allowing non-Federal entities to
establish an ‘‘equipment replacement
fund’’ would help to ensure that
institutions are in a position to fund
future equipment without having to rely
on equipment grants from research
funding agencies. The COFAR
considered this suggestion, but was
concerned that allowing such costs
would inappropriately increase costs
under Federal awards and reduce the
benefits intended to be achieved by the
Federal award. The COFAR did not
recommend the change.
Commenters suggested that examples
of costs of services provided by highly
complex or specialized facilities
operated by the entity are not needed.
The COFAR considered the
suggestion and although generally
throughout the guidance has declined to
include specific examples
recommended that in this case the
examples be kept as an important way
to illustrate the intent of the language.
200.469 Student Activity Costs
Upon review of this section, the
COFAR recommended that though it
primarily applies to IHEs, expanding
this language to all entities would
further mitigate risks of waste, fraud,
and abuse.
200.471 Termination Costs
Commenters suggested that the cross
reference to an exception for
reimbursement for a predetermined
amount under proposed Subpart D—
Post Federal Award Requirements,
Subtitle II Property Standards did not
exist in the document and
recommended the cross-reference be
deleted.
Commenters suggested that while
there is no substantive change in the
proposed guidance from the existing
circulars, they are unsure why indirect
costs are being specifically cited with
regard to settlement expenses, and were
concerned the citation could be
misinterpreted as somehow limiting the
allowable indirect costs to only a
portion of termination costs. They
propose deleting the reference.
The COFAR recommended making
both proposed deletions.

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200.472 Training and Education Costs
Commenters indicated concern that
the language allowing the costs of
training and education for employee
development is too open-ended and
recommended more restrictive language.
The COFAR considered the
suggestion, but believes that the basic
considerations for allowability in
Subtitle II Basic Considerations provide
adequate restrictions that will
appropriately limit the risk of waste,
fraud, and abuse. The COFAR did not
recommend a change.
200.474 Travel Costs
Commenters suggested that the
proposed language allowing temporary
dependent care costs was too openended and could increase risks of waste,
fraud, and abuse.
The COFAR concurred with the
concerns raised and modified the
language to provide more specific
parameters for the conditions under
which these costs are allowable. The
result is language that provides, under
specific and limited circumstances, a
family-friendly policy that should allow
for individuals with dependent care
responsibilities to better balance their
responsibilities to both their families
and the Federal award.
200.475 Trustees
Commenters noted that this section
reverses existing language from OMB
Circulars A–21 and A–122 where travel
and subsistence costs of trustees, or
directors, are allowable under certain
conditions. They proposed that past
policy from A–21 and A–122 be
reinstated.
The COFAR concurred and
recommended that the costs for the
nonprofit community and institutions
be allowable, given those costs are also
in line with section 200.474 Travel
Costs.
Appendix III Indirect (F&A) Costs
Identification and Assignment, and Rate
Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs), paragraph B.4.c.
Commenters noted that while many of
those who do not currently benefit from
the 1.3% utility cost adjustment
currently allowed under A–21
appreciated the proposed new language,
they would further appreciate the
opportunity to suggest alternative
indices to measure ‘‘effective square
footage’’.
The COFAR considered this, but
determined that such open ended
adjustments to costs would result in
increased risk of waste, fraud, and
abuse. Further, some commenters
expressed concern about the total costs

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to Federal agencies that could result
from these charges, particularly given
the lack of conclusive data available to
accurately project these costs. The
COFAR concurred with the concern,
and so recommended that while these
charges should be based on actual costs,
the amount recoverable should be
limited to an amount equal to 1.3% of
the IHE’s indirect cost rate until such
time as OMB and Federal agencies can
better understand the cost implications
of full reimbursement of actual costs
and the potential implication for
Federal programs.

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Appendix V State/Local Government
and Indian Tribe-Wide Central Service
Cost Allocation Plans
Under existing requirements, any
‘‘major local government’’ is required to
submit a Cost Allocation Plan to its
cognizant agency for indirect cost on an
annual basis in order to claim its central
services costs against Federal awards.
The ‘‘major local governments’’ subject
to this requirement, along with each
cognizant agency assignment, are listed
in the Federal Register notice dated
January 6, 1986 (available at: http://
www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/
omb/assets/financial_pdf/fr-notice_cost
_negotiation_010686.pdf).
The proposed guidance set the
definition of ‘‘major local government’’
at $100 million in order to more
accurately reflect the updated universe
of such governments which has changed
since 1986, and also to provide a
threshold that will remain in place as
the sizes of individual local
governments fluctuates over time.
Commenters inquired whether the new
definition supersedes the 1986 listing.
The COFAR noted the new definition
of major local government does
supersede the 1986 listing. The COFAR
recommended adding this notice to the
list of supersessions in section 200.104
Rescission and Supersession.
In addition, the COFAR
recommended a change to the guidance
on cognizant agencies. The policy
would remain as it is for indirect cost
rates, with cognizance being based on
direct Federal awards. However, for
local governments’ central service cost
allocation plans, the COFAR
recommended that cognizance is best
governed by total Federal awards, in
order to avoid a situation where direct
funding for one program (for example in
housing) may result in a different
outcome of cognizance than would
otherwise be appropriate.

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Section C: Subpart F Audit
Requirements (Circulars A–133 and A–
50)
This section discusses ideas for
changes that would be made to the audit
guidance that is contained in Circular
A–133 on Audits of States, Local
Governments, and Non-Profit
Organizations and in Circular A–50 on
Audit Follow-up. The following ideas
for reform were discussed in the ANPG.
200.501

Audit Requirements

OMB received many comments on the
appropriateness of the proposed
threshold for the single audit
requirement at $750,000, some of which
recommended the threshold be raised to
a higher level, others ambivalent, and
some recommended it be kept at its
current level of $500,000.
The COFAR considered the comments
and the implications that raising the
threshold to $750,000 would maintain
Single Audit oversight over 99.7% of
the dollars that are currently subject to
the requirement and 87.1% of the
entities that are currently subject to the
requirement; eliminating the
requirement for approximately 5,000 out
of the 37,500 entities that currently
receive a Single Audit. The COFAR also
noted that an increase of $250,000 is in
line with the previous adjustment to the
threshold.
The COFAR considered that raising
the threshold would allow Federal
agencies to focus their audit resolution
resources on the findings that put higher
amounts of taxpayer dollars at risk, thus
better mitigating overall risks of waste,
fraud, and abuse across the government.
Further, the COFAR notes that
provisions throughout the guidance,
including pre-award review of risks,
standards for financial and program
management, subrecipient monitoring
and management, and remedies for
noncompliance provide a strengthened
level of oversight for non-Federal
entities that would fall below the new
threshold.
The COFAR recommended that the
threshold be kept at the proposed level
of $750,000.
200.503 Relation to Other Audit
Requirements
Commenters recommended that
language be added to this section to
explicitly require Federal agencies or
pass-through entities to review the
Federal Audit Clearinghouse for existing
audits submitted by the entities, and to
rely on those to the extent possible prior
to commencing an additional audit.
The COFAR concurred with the
suggestion and recommended the

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addition in order to reduce duplication
by better leveraging existing audit
resources prior to initiating new
engagements.
200.507 Program-Specific Audits
Commenters suggested that rather
than requiring auditors to contact
inspectors general for program specific
audit guides, such guides should be
listed in the annual compliance
supplement. The COFAR recommended
the addition to reduce administrative
burden.
200.509 Auditor Selection
Comments recommended that peer
reviews be added to the factors
considered in selecting an auditor. The
COFAR recommended the addition to
strengthen audit quality and ensure that
audit resources are used most
effectively.
200.510 Financial Statements
Commenters suggested that the
schedule of expenditures of Federal
awards must include the total Federal
awards expended as determined in
accordance with section 200.502 Basis
for Determining Federal Awards
Expended, and also that for clusters of
programs, the schedule of expenditures
of Federal awards should include the
cluster name and also include the
Federal awarding agency name with the
list of programs within the cluster. The
COFAR recommended the addition to
facilitate a more efficient and effective
audit follow-up process.
200.511 Audit Findings Follow-Up
Commenters recommended restoring
existing language from OMB Circular A–
133 that lists the valid reasons for
considering an audit finding as not
warranting further action. The COFAR
recommended the addition.
200.512 Report Submission
Commenters noted concern with the
proposed language in this section that
would make audit reports publicly
available on the internet. Despite the
fact that the non-Federal entity is
already required to make the Single
Audit report available for public
inspection under the Single Audit Act,
Indian Tribes were concerned that
publishing them would expose sensitive
confidential business information that
would be harmful to the tribes. The
COFAR considered this feedback
including feedback from the Department
of the Interior, which noted that even if
a single audit report for an Indian Tribe
were to be requested by a member of the
public under the Freedom of
Information Act, the confidential

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business information would be redacted
under exemption 4 under the Act.
To fully address this problem, the
COFAR would need to explore with the
audit community whether auditing
standards could allow for financial
statements that do not include this
sensitive information in the first place.
Since this solution is beyond the reach
of the COFAR at this time, the COFAR
recommended adding an option to allow
Indian Tribes to opt out of having the
Federal Audit Clearinghouse publish
their reports. If an Indian tribe were to
exercise this option, it would be
responsible for providing its audit
report to any pass-through entities as
appropriate.
Commenters recommended additional
language to make explicit that the
Federal Audit Clearinghouse is the
repository of record and authoritative
source for single audit reports. Federal
agencies, pass-through entities, and
others interested should therefore obtain
it by accessing the clearinghouse rather
than requesting it directly from the nonFederal entity. The COFAR agreed that
the proposed addition would likely
reduce administrative burden and
recommended the addition.
Commenters also recommended that
the section include language to allow for
exceptions to reporting deadlines
particularly in cases of emergency. The
COFAR considered this, but noted that
such language would likely lead to an
administratively burdensome process of
frequent requests and denials of the
extension period. In cases of true
emergency, OMB and Federal agencies
together often issue pre-emptive
extensions of the deadline. The COFAR
did not recommend further changes to
the language.
Further comments noted possible
confusion over the deadline for report
submission if it falls on a holiday. The
COFAR also recommended changes to
clarify that if the due date falls on a
Saturday, Sunday, or Federal legal
holiday, the reporting package is due
the next business day.

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200.513

Responsibilities

Commenters recommended that the
proposed language on quality control
reviews be revised back to current OMB
Circular A–133 for reviews that are risk
based, which is more in line with
agency capacity for reviews. The
COFAR concurred with the
recommendation. The COFAR further
recommended further language to
require a governmentwide audit quality
project every six years similar to those
done in the past to take a meaningful
look at audit quality governmentwide

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and make substantive changes where
needed.
Commenters noted that the
responsibility to coordinate a
management decision for cross-cutting
findings is one that Federal agencies
struggle to accomplish currently. The
COFAR considered this and agreed, but
recommended the language remain as
an articulation of the best policy. The
Single Audit resolution pilot project
currently under supervision of the
COFAR is aimed at addressing some of
the difficulties currently found in
implementation.
Commenters noted that the proposed
requirement to submit management
decisions to the Federal Audit
Clearinghouse is one they concur with,
but find that significant work would
need to be done to coordinate the
management decision process at a
governmentwide level before this could
feasibly be implemented. The COFAR
concurred and struck the proposed
language, as well as language that would
allow other Federal agencies and passthrough entities to rely on cross-cutting
management decisions from Cognizant
or Oversight Agencies for Audit. The
COFAR further notes that the Single
Audit resolution pilot project currently
under supervision of the COFAR will
hopefully result in lessons learned and
best practices that can facilitate the
implementation of this policy in the
future.
Commenters responded positively to
new provisions that would strengthen
the audit-follow-up process including
the appointment of Senior Accountable
Officials, implementation of metrics,
and encouragement of cooperative audit
resolution techniques. These revisions
would effectively strengthen the followup process and reduce risk of repeated
findings of waste, fraud, and abuse.
Some commenters posed questions
about the role of the Senior Accountable
Official for Audit and how it would
align with responsibilities of the Office
of Inspectors General. Similar questions
were posed about the role of the
designated key single audit coordinator.
The COFAR considered these and
recommended clarifications that the
Senior Accountable Official is intended
to be a policy official of the awarding
agency who can be responsible for
overseeing agency management’s role in
audit resolution. The COFAR also
recommended the key single audit
coordinator be renamed the key
management single audit liaison, and
notes that neither of these roles should
in any way impact existing
responsibilities of Inspectors General,
but rather as the COFAR moves toward
greater governmentwide coordination of

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the audit resolution process, these
officials will be accountable for
implementing that coordination and
ensuring best results.
200.514

Scope of Audit

Several commenters indicated
sections where they recommended
further references to Generally Accepted
Government Auditing Standards
(GAGAS). The COFAR considered these
but noted that language in this section
states upfront that Single Audits shall
be conducted in accordance with
GAGAS, and recommends that further
repetition of this language throughout
the document be avoided as
unnecessary. The COFAR further
recommended conforming changes to
eliminate duplicative references
throughout the guidance.
200.515

Audit Reporting

Commenters recommended several
minor technical edits throughout this
section to align with auditing standards
which the COFAR recommended.
Commenters also recommended new
language to note that nothing in this
section should preclude combining of
audit reporting required by this section
with reporting required by section
200.512 Report Submission. The
COFAR considered that such an
addition would be useful if future
advances in technology allow more
consolidated reporting in the future, and
recommended the addition.
200.516

Audit Findings

Some commenters requested that the
proposed threshold for questioned costs
of $25,000 be lowered, even below the
existing threshold to a level of zero.
Other commenters asked that it be
raised higher than $25,000, and
recommended that the level be set on a
sliding scale as a percentage of total
dollars awarded per program.
The COFAR considered these
recommendations, and noted that for
purposes of accountability, types of
compliance requirements are reviewed
with levels of materiality in mind. The
questioned cost threshold serves in most
cases to dramatically lower the level at
which a finding would otherwise be
considered material and be reported.
The threshold is a valuable tool that
provides assurance that questioned
costs above it will under no
circumstances go unreported regardless
of materiality. Based on these
considerations, the COFAR
recommended that the proposed
threshold of $25,000 be accepted.

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200.718 Major Program Determination
The Government Accountability
Office (GAO) commented that step 1 of
the major program determination would
be more easily understood if presented
in a table. The COFAR concurred and
recommended the new format for ease
of comprehension among readers.
Commenters noted the inconsistency
of the single audit threshold at
$750,000, the Type A/B program
threshold at $500,000, and the threshold
for an entity to have a Type A program
at $1,000,000. Commenters suggested
that that the level of the threshold for
major programs needed to be raised
consistent with the threshold for the
Single Audit as a whole at $750,000 to
ensure consistent coverage. The COFAR
recommended the modification that all
three thresholds be the same at $750.000
consistent with the single audit
threshold.
Commenters also recommended
additional language to clarify the
criteria under the step 2 determination
of Type A programs which are low-risk.
The COFAR recommended the addition.

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200.520 Criteria for a Low-Risk
Auditee
Members of the audit community and
states commented on the criteria for a
low-risk auditee that includes whether
the financial statements were prepared
in accordance with GAAP. Members of
the audit community note that GAAP is
the preferred method, and states note
that state law sometimes provides for
other methods of preparation. The
COFAR considered this and
recommended revised language to allow
for exceptions where state law requires
otherwise.
200.521 Management Decision
Upon review of the structure of the
proposed guidance, the COFAR
recommended that this section be
moved to the end of the document.
Commenters suggested that auditees
should be required to initiate corrective
action as rapidly as possible, and not
wait until audit reports are submitted.
The COFAR recommended the addition.
Commenters also noted that while they
supported the ultimate publication of
management decisions through the
Federal audit clearinghouse, this is not
a change that they are prepared to
implement immediately. As a result, the
COFAR recommended that this be
added to the current Single Audit
Resolution Pilot currently underway
within the COFAR, and that based on
the results of the pilot, the COFAR work
with Federal agencies to begin
implementation of publication of
management decisions in 2016.

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Appendix XI

Compliance Supplement

While most commenters were in favor
of the proposed reduction of the number
of types of compliance requirements in
the compliance supplement, many
voiced concern about the process that
would implement such changes.
Comments questioned whether Federal
agencies adding back provisions under
special tests and provisions would
result in increased administrative
burden and requested that such
fundamental changes be subject to a
public notice and comment period.
Since the Compliance Supplement is
published as part of a separate process,
no final changes are made at this time,
but the COFAR recommended that any
future changes to the compliance
supplement be made based on available
evidence on past findings and the
potential impact of non-compliance for
each type of compliance requirement.
The COFAR further recommends that
further public outreach be conducted
prior to making any structural changes
to the format of the compliance
supplement to mitigate potential risks of
an inadvertent increase in
administrative burden.
List of Subjects in 2 CFR Parts 200, 215,
220, 225, and 230
Accounting, Auditing, Colleges and
universities, State and local
governments, Grant programs, Grants
administration, Hospitals, Indians,
Nonprofit organizations, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
Norman Dong,
Deputy Controller.

For the reasons stated in the
preamble, under the Authority of the
Chief Financial Officer Act of 1990 (31
U.S.C. 503), the Office of Management
and Budget amends 2 CFR Chapters I
and II as set forth below:
Chapter I—Office Of Management and
Budget Governmentwide Guidance for
Grants and Agreements

1. Remove the subchapter headings
for Subchapters A through G from
Chapter I.

■

Chapter II—Office of Management and
Budget Guidance

2. The heading of chapter II is revised
to read as set forth above.
■ 3. Add part 200 to read as follows:
■

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PART 200—UNIFORM
ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS,
COST PRINCIPLES, AND AUDIT
REQUIREMENTS FOR FEDERAL
AWARDS
Subpart A—Acronyms and Definitions
Acronyms
Sec.
200.0 Acronyms.
200.1 Definitions.
200.2 Acquisition cost.
200.3 Advance payment.
200.4 Allocation.
200.5 Audit finding.
200.6 Auditee.
200.7 Auditor.
200.8 Budget.
200.9 Central service cost allocation plan.
200.10 Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance number.
200.11 CFDA program title.
200.12 Capital assets.
200.13 Capital expenditures.
200.14 Claim.
200.15 Class of Federal awards.
200.16 Closeout.
200.17 Cluster of programs.
200.18 Cognizant agency for audit.
200.19 Cognizant agency for indirect costs.
200.20 Computing devices.
200.21 Compliance supplement.
200.22 Contract.
200.23 Contractor.
200.24 Cooperative agreement.
200.25 Cooperative audit resolution.
200.26 Corrective action.
200.27 Cost allocation plan.
200.28 Cost objective.
200.29 Cost sharing or matching.
200.30 Cross-cutting audit finding.
200.31 Disallowed costs.
200.32 Data Universal Numbering System
(DUNS) number.
200.33 Equipment.
200.34 Expenditures.
200.35 Federal agency.
200.36 Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC).
200.37 Federal awarding agency.
200.38 Federal award.
200.39 Federal award date.
200.40 Federal financial assistance.
200.41 Federal interest.
200.42 Federal program.
200.43 Federal share.
200.44 Final cost objective.
200.45 Fixed amount awards.
200.46 Foreign public entity.
200.47 Foreign organization.
200.48 General purpose equipment.
200.49 Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP).
200.50 Generally Accepted Government
Auditing Standards (GAGAS).
200.51 Grant agreement.
200.52 Hospital.
200.53 Improper payment.
200.54 Indian tribe (or ‘‘federally
recognized Indian tribe’’).
200.55 Institutions Of Higher Education
(IHEs).
200.56 Indirect (facilities & administrative)
costs.
200.57 Indirect cost rate proposal.
200.58 Information technology systems.

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200.59 Intangible property.
200.60 Intermediate cost objective.
200.61 Internal controls.
200.62 Internal control over compliance
requirements for Federal awards.
200.63 Loan.
200.64 Local government.
200.65 Major program.
200.66 Management decision.
200.67 Micro-purchase.
200.68 Modified Total Direct Cost (MTDC).
200.69 Non-Federal entity.
200.70 Nonprofit organization.
200.71 Obligations.
200.72 Office of Management and Budget
(OMB).
200.73 Oversight agency for audit.
200.74 Pass-through entity.
200.75 Participant support costs.
200.76 Performance goal.
200.77 Period of performance.
200.78 Personal property.
200.79 Personally Identifiable Information
(PII).
200.80 Program income.
200.81 Property.
200.82 Protected Personally Identifiable
Information (Protected PII).
200.83 Project cost.
200.84 Questioned cost.
200.85 Real property.
200.86 Recipient.
200.87 Research and Development (R&D).
200.88 Simplified acquisition threshold.
200.89 Special purpose equipment.
200.90 State.
200.91 Student Financial Aid (SFA).
200.92 Subaward.
200.93 Subrecipient.
200.94 Supplies.
200.95 Termination.
200.96 Third-party in-kind contributions.
200.97 Unliquidated obligations.
200.98 Unobligated balance.
200.99 Voluntary committed cost sharing.

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Subpart B—General Provisions
200.100 Purpose.
200.101 Applicability.
200.102 Exceptions.
200.103 Authorities.
200.104 Supersession.
200.105 Effect on other issuances.
200.106 Agency implementation.
200.107 OMB responsibilities.
200.108 Inquiries.
200.109 Review date.
200.110 Effective date.
200.111 English language.
200.112 Conflict of interest.
200.113 Mandatory disclosures.
Subpart C—Pre-Federal Award
Requirements and Contents of Federal
Awards
200.200 Purpose.
200.201 Use of grant agreements (including
fixed amount awards), cooperative
agreements, and contracts.
200.202 Requirement to provide public
notice of Federal financial assistance
arograms.
200.203 Notices of funding opportunities.
200.204 Federal awarding agency review of
merit of proposals.
200.205 Federal awarding agency review of
risk posed by applicants.

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200.206 Standard application requirements.
200.207 Specific conditions.
200.208 Certifications and representations.
200.209 Pre-award costs.
200.210 Information contained in a Federal
award.
200.211 Public access to Federal award
information.

200.339 Termination.
200.340 Notification of termination
requirement.
200.341 Opportunities to object, hearings
and appeals.
200.342 Effects of suspension and
termination.

Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements
Standards for Financial and Program
Management
200.300 Statutory and national policy
requirements.
200.301 Performance measurement.
200.302 Financial management.
200.303 Internal controls.
200.304 Bonds.
200.305 Payment.
200.306 Cost sharing or matching.
200.307 Program income.
200.308 Revision of budget and program
plans.
200.309 Period of performance.
Property Standards
200.310 Insurance coverage.
200.311 Real property.
200.312 Federally-owned and exempt
property.
200.313 Equipment.
200.314 Supplies.
200.315 Intangible property.
200.316 Property trust relationship.
Procurement Standards
200.317 Procurements by states.
200.318 General procurement standards.
200.319 Competition.
200.320 Methods of procurement to be
followed.
200.321 Contracting with small and
minority businesses, women’s business
enterprises, and labor surplus area firms.
200.322 Procurement of recovered
materials.
200.323 Contract cost and price.
200.324 Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity review.
200.325 Bonding requirements.
200.326 Contract provisions.
Performance and Financial Monitoring and
Reporting
200.327 Financial reporting.
200.328 Monitoring and reporting program
performance.
200.329 Reporting on real property.
Subrecipient Monitoring and Management
200.330 Subrecipient and contractor
determinations.
200.331 Requirements for pass-through
entities.
200.332 Fixed amount subawards.
Record Retention and Access
200.333 Retention Requirements for
Records.
200.334 Requests for transfer of records.
200.335 Methods for collection,
transmission and storage of information.
200.336 Access to records.
200.337 Restrictions on public access to
records.
Remedies for Noncompliance
200.338 Remedies for noncompliance.

200.343

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Closeout
Closeout.

Post-Closeout Adjustments and Continuing
Responsibilities
200.344 Post-closeout adjustments and
continuing responsibilities.
Collection of Amounts Due
200.345

Collection of amounts due.

Subpart E—Cost Principles
General Provisions
200.400
200.401

Policy guide.
Application.

Basic Considerations
200.402 Composition of costs.
200.403 Factors affecting allowability of
costs.
200.404 Reasonable costs.
200.405 Allocable costs.
200.406 Applicable credits.
200.407 Prior written approval (prior
approval).
200.408 Limitation on allowance of costs.
200.409 Special considerations.
200.410 Collection of unallowable costs.
200.411 Adjustment of previously
negotiated indirect (F&A) cost rates
containing unallowable costs.
Direct and Indirect (F&A) Costs
200.412
200.413
200.414
200.415

Classification of costs.
Direct costs.
Indirect (F&A) costs.
Required certifications.

Special Considerations for States, Local
Governments and Indian Tribes
200.416 Cost allocation plans and indirect
cost proposals.
200.417 Interagency service.
Special Considerations for Institutions of
Higher Education
200.418 Costs incurred by states and local
governments.
200.419 Cost accounting standards and
disclosure statement.
General Provisions for Selected Items of Cost
200.420 Considerations for selected items of
cost.
200.421 Advertising and public relations.
200.422 Advisory councils.
200.423 Alcoholic beverages.
200.424 Alumni/ae activities.
200.425 Audit services.
200.426 Bad debts.
200.427 Bonding costs.
200.428 Collections of improper payments.
200.429 Commencement and convocation
costs.
200.430 Compensation—personal services.
200.431 Compensation—fringe benefits.
200.432 Conferences.
200.433 Contingency provisions.
200.434 Contributions and donations.

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200.435 Defense and prosecution of
criminal and civil proceedings, claims,
appeals and patent infringements.
200.436 Depreciation.
200.437 Employee health and welfare costs.
200.438 Entertainment costs.
200.439 Equipment and other capital
expenditures.
200.440 Exchange rates.
200.441 Fines, penalties, damages and other
settlements.
200.442 Fund raising and investment
management costs.
200.443 Gains and losses on disposition of
depreciable assets.
200.444 General costs of government.
200.445 Goods or services for personal use.
200.446 Idle facilities and idle capacity.
200.447 Insurance and indemnification.
200.448 Intellectual property.
200.449 Interest.
200.450 Lobbying.
200.451 Losses on other awards or
contracts.
200.452 Maintenance and repair costs.
200.453 Materials and supplies costs,
including costs of computing devices.
200.454 Memberships, subscriptions, and
professional activity costs.
200.455 Organization costs.
200.456 Participant support costs.
200.457 Plant and security costs.
200.458 Pre-award costs.
200.459 Professional service costs.
200.460 Proposal costs.
200.461 Publication and printing costs.
200.462 Rearrangement and reconversion
costs.
200.463 Recruiting costs.
200.464 Relocation costs of employees.
200.465 Rental costs of real property and
equipment.
200.466 Scholarships and student aid costs.
200.467 Selling and marketing costs.
200.468 Specialized service facilities.
200.469 Student activity costs.
200.470 Taxes (including Value Added
Tax).
200.471 Termination costs.
200.472 Training and education costs.
200.473 Transportation costs.
200.474 Travel costs.
200.475 Trustees.
Subpart F—Audit Requirements
General
200.500 Purpose.
Audits
200.501 Audit requirements.
200.502 Basis for determining Federal
awards expended.
200.503 Relation to other audit
requirements.
200.504 Frequency of audits.
200.505 Sanctions.
200.506 Audit costs.
200.507 Program-specific audits.
Auditees
200.508 Auditee responsibilities.
200.509 Auditor selection.
200.510 Financial statements.
200.511 Audit findings follow-up.
200.512 Report submission.
Federal Agencies
200.513 Responsibilities.

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Auditors
200.514
200.515
200.516
200.517
200.518
200.519
200.520

Scope of audit.
Audit reporting.
Audit findings.
Audit documentation.
Major program determination.
Criteria for Federal program risk.
Criteria for a low-risk auditee.

Management Decisions
200.521

Management decision.

Appendix I to Part 200—Full Text of Notice
of Funding Opportunity
Appendix II to Part 200—Contract Provisions
for Non-Federal Entity Contracts Under
Federal Awards
Appendix III to Part 200—Indirect (F&A)
Costs Identification and Assignment, and
Rate Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs)
Appendix IV to Part 200—Indirect (F&A)
Costs Identification and Assignment, and
Rate Determination for Nonprofit
Organizations
Appendix V to Part 200—State/Local
Government and Indian Tribe-Wide Central
Service Cost Allocation Plans
Appendix VI to Part 200—Public Assistance
Cost Allocation Plans
Appendix VII to Part 220—States and Local
Government and Indian Tribe Indirect Cost
Proposals
Appendix VIII to Part 200—Nonprofit
Organizations Exempted From Subpart E—
Cost Principles of Part 200
Appendix IX to Part 200—Hospital Cost
Principles
Appendix X to Part 200—Data Collection
Form (Form SF–SAC)
Appendix XI to Part 200—Compliance
Supplement
Authority: 31 U.S.C. 503

Subpart A—Acronyms and Definitions
Acronyms
§ 200.0

Acronyms.

ACRONYM

TERM

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§ 200.1

Definitions.

These are the definitions for terms
used in this Part. Different definitions
may be found in Federal statutes or
regulations that apply more specifically
to particular programs or activities.
These definitions could be
supplemented by additional
instructional information provided in
governmentwide standard information
collections.
§ 200.2

CAS Cost Accounting Standards
CFDA Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CMIA Cash Management Improvement Act
COG Councils Of Governments
COSO Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway
Commission
D&B Dun and Bradstreet
DUNS Data Universal Numbering System
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERISA Employee Retirement Income
Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1301–
1461)
EUI Energy Usage Index
F&A Facilities and Administration
FAC Federal Audit Clearinghouse
FAIN Federal Award Identification Number

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FAPIIS Federal Awardee Performance and
Integrity Information System
FAR Federal Acquisition Regulation
FFATA Federal Funding Accountability
and Transparency Act of 2006 or
Transparency Act—Public Law 109–282,
as amended by section 6202(a) of Public
Law 110–252 (31 U.S.C. 6101)
FICA Federal Insurance Contributions Act
FOIA Freedom of Information Act
FR Federal Register
FTE Full-time equivalent
GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles
GAGAS Generally Accepted Government
Accounting Standards
GAO General Accounting Office
GOCO Government owned, contractor
operated
GSA General Services Administration
IBS Institutional Base Salary
IHE Institutions of Higher Education
IRC Internal Revenue Code
ISDEAA Indian Self-Determination and
Education and Assistance Act
MTC Modified Total Cost
MTDC Modified Total Direct Cost
OMB Office of Management and Budget
PII Personally Identifiable Information
PRHP Post-retirement Health Plans
PTE Pass-through Entity
REUI Relative Energy Usage Index
SAM System for Award Management
SFA Student Financial Aid
SNAP Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program
SPOC Single Point of Contact
TANF Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families
TFM Treasury Financial Manual
U.S.C. United States Code
VAT Value Added Tax

Acquisition cost.

Acquisition cost means the cost of the
asset including the cost to ready the
asset for its intended use. Acquisition
cost for equipment, for example, means
the net invoice price of the equipment,
including the cost of any modifications,
attachments, accessories, or auxiliary
apparatus necessary to make it usable
for the purpose for which it is acquired.
Acquisition costs for software includes
those development costs capitalized in
accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP).
Ancillary charges, such as taxes, duty,
protective in transit insurance, freight,
and installation may be included in or
excluded from the acquisition cost in

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§ 200.10 Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance (CFDA) number.

accordance with the non-Federal
entity’s regular accounting practices.
§200.3

Advance payment.

Advance payment means a payment
that a Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity makes by any appropriate
payment mechanism, including a
predetermined payment schedule,
before the non-Federal entity disburses
the funds for program purposes.

CFDA number means the number
assigned to a Federal program in the
CFDA.
§ 200.11

CFDA program title means the title of
the program under which the Federal
award was funded in the CFDA.
§ 200.12

§ 200.4

Allocation.

Allocation means the process of
assigning a cost, or a group of costs, to
one or more cost objective(s), in
reasonable proportion to the benefit
provided or other equitable relationship.
The process may entail assigning a
cost(s) directly to a final cost objective
or through one or more intermediate
cost objectives.
§ 200.5

Audit finding.

Audit finding means deficiencies
which the auditor is required by
§ 200.516 Audit findings, paragraph (a)
to report in the schedule of findings and
questioned costs.
§ 200.6

Auditee.

Auditee means any non-Federal entity
that expends Federal awards which
must be audited under Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part.
§ 200.7

Auditor.

Auditor means an auditor who is a
public accountant or a Federal, state or
local government audit organization,
which meets the general standards
specified in generally accepted
government auditing standards
(GAGAS). The term auditor does not
include internal auditors of nonprofit
organizations.
§ 200.8

Budget.

Budget means the financial plan for
the project or program that the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
approves during the Federal award
process or in subsequent amendments to
the Federal award. It may include the
Federal and non-Federal share or only
the Federal share, as determined by the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.

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§ 200.9
plan.

Central service cost allocation

Central service cost allocation plan
means the documentation identifying,
accumulating, and allocating or
developing billing rates based on the
allowable costs of services provided by
a state, local government, or Indian tribe
on a centralized basis to its departments
and agencies. The costs of these services
may be allocated or billed to users.

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CFDA program title.

Capital assets.

Capital assets means tangible or
intangible assets used in operations
having a useful life of more than one
year which are capitalized in
accordance with GAAP. Capital assets
include:
(a) Land, buildings (facilities),
equipment, and intellectual property
(including software) whether acquired
by purchase, construction, manufacture,
lease-purchase, exchange, or through
capital leases; and
(b) Additions, improvements,
modifications, replacements,
rearrangements, reinstallations,
renovations or alterations to capital
assets that materially increase their
value or useful life (not ordinary repairs
and maintenance).
§ 200.13

Capital expenditures.

Capital expenditures means
expenditures to acquire capital assets or
expenditures to make additions,
improvements, modifications,
replacements, rearrangements,
reinstallations, renovations, or
alterations to capital assets that
materially increase their value or useful
life.
§ 200.14

Claim.

Claim means, depending on the
context, either:
(a) A written demand or written
assertion by one of the parties to a
Federal award seeking as a matter of
right:
(1) The payment of money in a sum
certain;
(2) The adjustment or interpretation of
the terms and conditions of the Federal
award; or
(3) Other relief arising under or
relating to a Federal award.
(b) A request for payment that is not
in dispute when submitted.
§ 200.15

Class of Federal awards.

Class of Federal awards means a
group of Federal awards either awarded
under a specific program or group of
programs or to a specific type of nonFederal entity or group of non-Federal
entities to which specific provisions or
exceptions may apply.

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§ 200.16

78611

Closeout.

Closeout means the process by which
the Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity determines that all
applicable administrative actions and
all required work of the Federal award
have been completed and takes actions
as described in § 200.343 Closeout.
§ 200.17

Cluster of programs.

Cluster of programs means a grouping
of closely related programs that share
common compliance requirements. The
types of clusters of programs are
research and development (R&D),
student financial aid (SFA), and other
clusters. ‘‘Other clusters’’ are as defined
by OMB in the compliance supplement
or as designated by a state for Federal
awards the state provides to its
subrecipients that meet the definition of
a cluster of programs. When designating
an ‘‘other cluster,’’ a state must identify
the Federal awards included in the
cluster and advise the subrecipients of
compliance requirements applicable to
the cluster, consistent with § 200.331
Requirements for pass-through entities,
paragraph (a). A cluster of programs
must be considered as one program for
determining major programs, as
described in § 200.518 Major program
determination, and, with the exception
of R&D as described in § 200.501 Audit
requirements, paragraph (c), whether a
program-specific audit may be elected.
§ 200.18

Cognizant agency for audit.

Cognizant agency for audit means the
Federal agency designated to carry out
the responsibilities described in
§ 200.513 Responsibilities, paragraph
(a). The cognizant agency for audit is
not necessarily the same as the
cognizant agency for indirect costs. A
list of cognizant agencies for audit may
be found at the FAC Web site.
§ 200.19
costs.

Cognizant agency for indirect

Cognizant agency for indirect costs
means the Federal agency responsible
for reviewing, negotiating, and
approving cost allocation plans or
indirect cost proposals developed under
this Part on behalf of all Federal
agencies. The cognizant agency for
indirect cost is not necessarily the same
as the cognizant agency for audit. For
assignments of cognizant agencies see
the following:
(a) For IHEs: Appendix III to Part
200—Indirect (F&A) Costs Identification
and Assignment, and Rate
Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs), paragraph C.10.
(b) For nonprofit organizations:
Appendix IV to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and

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Assignment, and Rate Determination for
Nonprofit Organizations, paragraph C.1.
(c) For state and local governments:
Appendix V to Part 200—State/Local
Government and Indian Tribe-Wide
Central Service Cost Allocation Plans,
paragraph F.1.
§ 200.20

Computing devices.

Computing devices means machines
used to acquire, store, analyze, process,
and publish data and other information
electronically, including accessories (or
‘‘peripherals’’) for printing, transmitting
and receiving, or storing electronic
information. See also §§ 200.94 Supplies
and 200.58 Information technology
systems.
§ 200.21

Compliance supplement.

Compliance supplement means
Appendix XI to Part 200—Compliance
Supplement (previously known as the
Circular A–133 Compliance
Supplement).
§ 200.22

Contract.

Contract means a legal instrument by
which a non-Federal entity purchases
property or services needed to carry out
the project or program under a Federal
award. The term as used in this Part
does not include a legal instrument,
even if the non-Federal entity considers
it a contract, when the substance of the
transaction meets the definition of a
Federal award or subaward (see § 200.92
Subaward).
§ 200.23

Contractor.

Contractor means an entity that
receives a contract as defined in
§ 200.22 Contract.

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§ 200.24

Cooperative agreement.

Cooperative agreement means a legal
instrument of financial assistance
between a Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity and a non-Federal
entity that, consistent with 31 U.S.C.
6302–6305:
(a) Is used to enter into a relationship
the principal purpose of which is to
transfer anything of value from the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity to the non-Federal entity
to carry out a public purpose authorized
by a law of the United States (see 31
U.S.C. 6101(3)); and not to acquire
property or services for the Federal
government or pass-through entity’s
direct benefit or use;
(b) Is distinguished from a grant in
that it provides for substantial
involvement between the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
and the non-Federal entity in carrying
out the activity contemplated by the
Federal award.
(c) The term does not include:

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(1) A cooperative research and
development agreement as defined in 15
U.S.C. 3710a; or
(2) An agreement that provides only:
(i) Direct United States Government
cash assistance to an individual;
(ii) A subsidy;
(iii) A loan;
(iv) A loan guarantee; or
(v) Insurance.
§ 200.25

Cooperative audit resolution.

Cooperative audit resolution means
the use of audit follow-up techniques
which promote prompt corrective action
by improving communication, fostering
collaboration, promoting trust, and
developing an understanding between
the Federal agency and the non-Federal
entity. This approach is based upon:
(a) A strong commitment by Federal
agency and non-Federal entity
leadership to program integrity;
(b) Federal agencies strengthening
partnerships and working cooperatively
with non-Federal entities and their
auditors; and non-Federal entities and
their auditors working cooperatively
with Federal agencies;
(c) A focus on current conditions and
corrective action going forward;
(d) Federal agencies offering
appropriate relief for past
noncompliance when audits show
prompt corrective action has occurred;
and
(e) Federal agency leadership sending
a clear message that continued failure to
correct conditions identified by audits
which are likely to cause improper
payments, fraud, waste, or abuse is
unacceptable and will result in
sanctions.
§ 200.26

Corrective action.

Cost allocation plan.

Cost allocation plan means central
service cost allocation plan or public
assistance cost allocation plan.
§ 200.28

Cost objective.

Cost objective means a program,
function, activity, award, organizational
subdivision, contract, or work unit for
which cost data are desired and for
which provision is made to accumulate
and measure the cost of processes,
products, jobs, capital projects, etc. A
cost objective may be a major function
of the non-Federal entity, a particular

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§ 200.29

Cost sharing or matching.

Cost sharing or matching means the
portion of project costs not paid by
Federal funds (unless otherwise
authorized by Federal statute). See also
§ 200.306 Cost sharing or matching.
§ 200.30

Cross-cutting audit finding.

Cross-cutting audit finding means an
audit finding where the same
underlying condition or issue affects
Federal awards of more than one
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.
§ 200.31

Disallowed costs.

Disallowed costs means those charges
to a Federal award that the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
determines to be unallowable, in
accordance with the applicable Federal
statutes, regulations, or the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
§ 200.32 Data Universal Numbering
System (DUNS) number.

DUNS number means the nine-digit
number established and assigned by
Dun and Bradstreet, Inc. (D&B) to
uniquely identify entities. A nonFederal entity is required to have a
DUNS number in order to apply for,
receive, and report on a Federal award.
A DUNS number may be obtained from
D&B by telephone (currently 866–705–
5711) or the Internet (currently at http://
fedgov.dnb.com/webform).
§ 200.33

Corrective action means action taken
by the auditee that:
(a) Corrects identified deficiencies;
(b) Produces recommended
improvements; or
(c) Demonstrates that audit findings
are either invalid or do not warrant
auditee action.
§ 200.27

service or project, a Federal award, or an
indirect (Facilities & Administrative
(F&A)) cost activity, as described in
Subpart E—Cost Principles of this Part.
See also §§ 200.44 Final cost objective
and 200.60 Intermediate cost objective.

Equipment.

Equipment means tangible personal
property (including information
technology systems) having a useful life
of more than one year and a per-unit
acquisition cost which equals or
exceeds the lesser of the capitalization
level established by the non-Federal
entity for financial statement purposes,
or $5,000. See also §§ 200.12 Capital
assets, 200.20 Computing devices,
200.48 General purpose equipment,
200.58 Information technology systems,
200.89 Special purpose equipment, and
200.94 Supplies.
§ 200.34

Expenditures.

Expenditures means charges made by
a non-Federal entity to a project or
program for which a Federal award was
received.
(a) The charges may be reported on a
cash or accrual basis, as long as the
methodology is disclosed and is
consistently applied.

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(b) For reports prepared on a cash
basis, expenditures are the sum of:
(1) Cash disbursements for direct
charges for property and services;
(2) The amount of indirect expense
charged;
(3) The value of third-party in-kind
contributions applied; and
(4) The amount of cash advance
payments and payments made to
subrecipients.
(c) For reports prepared on an accrual
basis, expenditures are the sum of:
(1) Cash disbursements for direct
charges for property and services;
(2) The amount of indirect expense
incurred;
(3) The value of third-party in-kind
contributions applied; and
(4) The net increase or decrease in the
amounts owed by the non-Federal entity
for:
(i) Goods and other property received;
(ii) Services performed by employees,
contractors, subrecipients, and other
payees; and
(iii) Programs for which no current
services or performance are required
such as annuities, insurance claims, or
other benefit payments.
§ 200.35

Federal agency.

Federal agency means an ‘‘agency’’ as
defined at 5 U.S.C. 551(1) and further
clarified by 5 U.S.C. 552(f).
§ 200.36
(FAC).

Federal Audit Clearinghouse

FAC means the clearinghouse
designated by OMB as the repository of
record where non-Federal entities are
required to transmit the reporting
packages required by Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part. The mailing
address of the FAC is Federal Audit
Clearinghouse, Bureau of the Census,
1201 E. 10th Street, Jeffersonville, IN
47132 and the web address is: http://
harvester.census.gov/sac/. Any future
updates to the location of the FAC may
be found at the OMB Web site.
§ 200.37

Federal awarding agency.

Federal awarding agency means the
Federal agency that provides a Federal
award directly to a non-Federal entity.

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§ 200.38

Federal award.

Federal award has the meaning,
depending on the context, in either
paragraph (a) or (b) of this section: (a)(1)
The Federal financial assistance that a
non-Federal entity receives directly
from a Federal awarding agency or
indirectly from a pass-through entity, as
described in § 200.101 Applicability; or
(2) The cost-reimbursement contract
under the Federal Acquisition
Regulations that a non-Federal entity
receives directly from a Federal

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awarding agency or indirectly from a
pass-through entity, as described in
§ 200.101 Applicability.
(b) The instrument setting forth the
terms and conditions. The instrument is
the grant agreement, cooperative
agreement, other agreement for
assistance covered in paragraph (b) of
§ 200.40 Federal financial assistance, or
the cost-reimbursement contract
awarded under the Federal Acquisition
Regulations.
(c) Federal award does not include
other contracts that a Federal agency
uses to buy goods or services from a
contractor or a contract to operate
Federal government owned, contractor
operated facilities (GOCOs).
(d) See also definitions of Federal
financial assistance, grant agreement,
and cooperative agreement.
§ 200.39

Federal award date.

Federal award date means the date
when the Federal award is signed by the
authorized official of the Federal
awarding agency.
§ 200.40

Federal financial assistance.

(a) For grants and cooperative
agreements, Federal financial assistance
means assistance that non-Federal
entities receive or administer in the
form of:
(1) Grants;
(2) Cooperative agreements;
(3) Non-cash contributions or
donations of property (including
donated surplus property);
(4) Direct appropriations;
(5) Food commodities; and
(6) Other financial assistance (except
assistance listed in paragraph (b) of this
section).
(b) For Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this part, Federal
financial assistance also includes
assistance that non-Federal entities
receive or administer in the form of:
(1) Loans;
(2) Loan Guarantees;
(3) Interest subsidies; and
(4) Insurance.
(c) Federal financial assistance does
not include amounts received as
reimbursement for services rendered to
individuals as described in § 200.502
Basis for determining Federal awards
expended, paragraph (h) and (i) of this
Part.
§ 200.41

Federal interest.

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(a) Federal share of total project costs;
and
(b) Current fair market value of the
property, improvements, or both, to the
extent the costs of acquiring or
improving the property were included
as project costs.
§ 200.42

Federal program.

Federal program means:
(a) All Federal awards which are
assigned a single number in the CFDA.
(b) When no CFDA number is
assigned, all Federal awards to nonFederal entities from the same agency
made for the same purpose should be
combined and considered one program.
(c) Notwithstanding paragraphs (a)
and (b) of this definition, a cluster of
programs. The types of clusters of
programs are:
(1) Research and development (R&D);
(2) Student financial aid (SFA); and
(3) ‘‘Other clusters,’’ as described in
the definition of Cluster of Programs.
§ 200.43

Federal share.

Federal share means the portion of
the total project costs that are paid by
Federal funds.
§ 200.44

Final cost objective.

Final cost objective means a cost
objective which has allocated to it both
direct and indirect costs and, in the
non-Federal entity’s accumulation
system, is one of the final accumulation
points, such as a particular award,
internal project, or other direct activity
of a non-Federal entity. See also
§§ 200.28 Cost objective and 200.60
Intermediate cost objective.
§ 200.45

Fixed amount awards.

Fixed amount awards means a type of
grant agreement under which the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity provides a specific level
of support without regard to actual costs
incurred under the Federal award. This
type of Federal award reduces some of
the administrative burden and recordkeeping requirements for both the nonFederal entity and Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity.
Accountability is based primarily on
performance and results. See §§ 200.201
Use of grant agreements (including fixed
amount awards), cooperative
agreements, and contracts, paragraph (b)
and 200.332 Fixed amount subawards.
§ 200.46

Federal interest means, for purposes
of § 200.329 Reporting on real property
or when used in connection with the
acquisition or improvement of real
property, equipment, or supplies under
a Federal award, the dollar amount that
is the product of the:

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Foreign public entity.

Foreign public entity means:
(a) A foreign government or foreign
governmental entity;
(b) A public international
organization, which is an organization
entitled to enjoy privileges, exemptions,
and immunities as an international

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organization under the International
Organizations Immunities Act (22
U.S.C. 288–288f);
(c) An entity owned (in whole or in
part) or controlled by a foreign
government; or
(d) Any other entity consisting wholly
or partially of one or more foreign
governments or foreign governmental
entities.
§ 200.47

Foreign organization.

Foreign organization means an entity
that is:
(a) A public or private organization
located in a country other than the
United States and its territories that are
subject to the laws of the country in
which it is located, irrespective of the
citizenship of project staff or place of
performance;
(b) A private nongovernmental
organization located in a country other
than the United States that solicits and
receives cash contributions from the
general public;
(c) A charitable organization located
in a country other than the United
States that is nonprofit and tax exempt
under the laws of its country of
domicile and operation, and is not a
university, college, accredited degreegranting institution of education, private
foundation, hospital, organization
engaged exclusively in research or
scientific activities, church, synagogue,
mosque or other similar entities
organized primarily for religious
purposes; or
(d) An organization located in a
country other than the United States not
recognized as a Foreign Public Entity.
§ 200.48

General purpose equipment means
equipment which is not limited to
research, medical, scientific or other
technical activities. Examples include
office equipment and furnishings,
modular offices, telephone networks,
information technology equipment and
systems, air conditioning equipment,
reproduction and printing equipment,
and motor vehicles. See also Equipment
and Special Purpose Equipment.

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§ 200.49 Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP).

GAAP has the meaning specified in
accounting standards issued by the
Government Accounting Standards
Board (GASB) and the Financial
Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
§ 200.50 Generally Accepted Government
Auditing Standards (GAGAS).

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§ 200.51

Grant agreement.

Grant agreement means a legal
instrument of financial assistance
between a Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity and a non-Federal
entity that, consistent with 31 U.S.C.
6302, 6304:
(a) Is used to enter into a relationship
the principal purpose of which is to
transfer anything of value from the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity to the non-Federal entity
to carry out a public purpose authorized
by a law of the United States (see 31
U.S.C. 6101(3)); and not to acquire
property or services for the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through
entity’s direct benefit or use;
(b) Is distinguished from a cooperative
agreement in that it does not provide for
substantial involvement between the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity and the non-Federal
entity in carrying out the activity
contemplated by the Federal award.
(c) Does not include an agreement that
provides only:
(1) Direct United States Government
cash assistance to an individual;
(2) A subsidy;
(3) A loan;
(4) A loan guarantee; or
(5) Insurance.
§ 200.52

Improper payment.

(a) Improper payment means any
payment that should not have been
made or that was made in an incorrect
amount (including overpayments and
underpayments) under statutory,
contractual, administrative, or other
legally applicable requirements; and
(b) Improper payment includes any
payment to an ineligible party, any
payment for an ineligible good or
service, any duplicate payment, any
payment for a good or service not
received (except for such payments
where authorized by law), any payment
that does not account for credit for
applicable discounts, and any payment
where insufficient or lack of
documentation prevents a reviewer from
discerning whether a payment was
proper.
§ 200.54 Indian tribe (or ‘‘federally
recognized Indian tribe’’).

Indian tribe means any Indian tribe,
band, nation, or other organized group

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or community, including any Alaska
Native village or regional or village
corporation as defined in or established
pursuant to the Alaska Native Claims
Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. Chapter 33),
which is recognized as eligible for the
special programs and services provided
by the United States to Indians because
of their status as Indians (25 U.S.C.
450b(e)). See annually published Bureau
of Indian Affairs list of Indian Entities
Recognized and Eligible to Receive
Services.
§ 200.55
(IHEs).

Sfmt 4700

Institutions of Higher Education

IHE is defined at 20 U.S.C. 1001.
§ 200.56 Indirect (facilities &
administrative (F&A)) costs.

Indirect (F&A) costs means those costs
incurred for a common or joint purpose
benefitting more than one cost objective,
and not readily assignable to the cost
objectives specifically benefitted,
without effort disproportionate to the
results achieved. To facilitate equitable
distribution of indirect expenses to the
cost objectives served, it may be
necessary to establish a number of pools
of indirect (F&A) costs. Indirect (F&A)
cost pools should be distributed to
benefitted cost objectives on bases that
will produce an equitable result in
consideration of relative benefits
derived.
§ 200.57

Hospital.

Hospital means a facility licensed as
a hospital under the law of any state or
a facility operated as a hospital by the
United States, a state, or a subdivision
of a state.
§ 200.53

General purpose equipment.

GAGAS means generally accepted
government auditing standards issued
by the Comptroller General of the

United States, which are applicable to
financial audits.

Indirect cost rate proposal.

Indirect cost rate proposal means the
documentation prepared by a nonFederal entity to substantiate its request
for the establishment of an indirect cost
rate as described in Appendix III to Part
200—Indirect (F&A) Costs Identification
and Assignment, and Rate
Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs) through Appendix VII
to Part 200—States and Local
Government and Indian Tribe Indirect
Cost Proposals of this Part.
§ 200.58

Information technology systems.

Information technology systems
means computing devices, ancillary
equipment, software, firmware, and
similar procedures, services (including
support services), and related resources.
See also §§ 200.20 Computing devices
and 200.33 Equipment.
§ 200.59

Intangible property.

Intangible property means property
having no physical existence, such as
trademarks, copyrights, patents and
patent applications and property, such
as loans, notes and other debt
instruments, lease agreements, stock
and other instruments of property
ownership (whether the property is
tangible or intangible).

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§ 200.60

Intermediate cost objective.

Intermediate cost objective means a
cost objective that is used to accumulate
indirect costs or service center costs that
are subsequently allocated to one or
more indirect cost pools or final cost
objectives. See also § 200.28 Cost
objective and § 200.44 Final cost
objective.
§ 200.61

Internal controls.

Internal controls means a process,
implemented by a non-Federal entity,
designed to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the achievement of
objectives in the following categories:
(a) Effectiveness and efficiency of
operations;
(b) Reliability of reporting for internal
and external use; and
(c) Compliance with applicable laws
and regulations.
§ 200.62 Internal control over compliance
requirements for Federal awards.

Internal control over compliance
requirements for Federal awards means
a process implemented by a non-Federal
entity designed to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the achievement of
the following objectives for Federal
awards:
(a) Transactions are properly recorded
and accounted for, in order to:
(1) Permit the preparation of reliable
financial statements and Federal
reports;
(2) Maintain accountability over
assets; and
(3) Demonstrate compliance with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award;
(b) Transactions are executed in
compliance with:
(1) Federal statutes, regulations, and
the terms and conditions of the Federal
award that could have a direct and
material effect on a Federal program;
and
(2) Any other Federal statutes and
regulations that are identified in the
Compliance Supplement; and
(c) Funds, property, and other assets
are safeguarded against loss from
unauthorized use or disposition.

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§ 200.63

Loan.

Loan means a Federal loan or loan
guarantee received or administered by a
non-Federal entity, except as used in the
definition of § 200.80 Program income.
(a) The term ‘‘direct loan’’ means a
disbursement of funds by the Federal
government to a non-Federal borrower
under a contract that requires the
repayment of such funds with or
without interest. The term includes the
purchase of, or participation in, a loan

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made by another lender and financing
arrangements that defer payment for
more than 90 days, including the sale of
a Federal government asset on credit
terms. The term does not include the
acquisition of a federally guaranteed
loan in satisfaction of default claims or
the price support loans of the
Commodity Credit Corporation.
(b) The term ‘‘direct loan obligation’’
means a binding agreement by a Federal
awarding agency to make a direct loan
when specified conditions are fulfilled
by the borrower.
(c) The term ‘‘loan guarantee’’ means
any Federal government guarantee,
insurance, or other pledge with respect
to the payment of all or a part of the
principal or interest on any debt
obligation of a non-Federal borrower to
a non-Federal lender, but does not
include the insurance of deposits,
shares, or other withdrawable accounts
in financial institutions.
(d) The term ‘‘loan guarantee
commitment’’ means a binding
agreement by a Federal awarding agency
to make a loan guarantee when specified
conditions are fulfilled by the borrower,
the lender, or any other party to the
guarantee agreement.
§ 200.64

Local government.

Local government means any unit of
government within a state, including a:
(a) County;
(b) Borough;
(c) Municipality;
(d) City;
(e) Town;
(f) Township;
(g) Parish;
(h) Local public authority, including
any public housing agency under the
United States Housing Act of 1937;
(i) Special district;
(j) School district;
(k) Intrastate district;
(l) Council of governments, whether
or not incorporated as a nonprofit
corporation under state law; and
(m) Any other agency or
instrumentality of a multi-, regional, or
intra-state or local government.
§ 200.65

Major program.

Major program means a Federal
program determined by the auditor to be
a major program in accordance with
§ 200.518 Major program determination
or a program identified as a major
program by a Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity in accordance
with § 200.503 Relation to other audit
requirements, paragraph (e).
§ 200.66

Management decision.

Management decision means the
evaluation by the Federal awarding

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agency or pass-through entity of the
audit findings and corrective action
plan and the issuance of a written
decision to the auditee as to what
corrective action is necessary.
§ 200.67

Micro-purchase.

Micro-purchase means a purchase of
supplies or services using simplified
acquisition procedures, the aggregate
amount of which does not exceed the
micro-purchase threshold. Micropurchase procedures comprise a subset
of a non-Federal entity’s small purchase
procedures. The non-Federal entity uses
such procedures in order to expedite the
completion of its lowest-dollar small
purchase transactions and minimize the
associated administrative burden and
cost. The micro-purchase threshold is
set by the Federal Acquisition
Regulation at 48 CFR Subpart 2.1
(Definitions). It is $3,000 except as
otherwise discussed in Subpart 2.1 of
that regulation, but this threshold is
periodically adjusted for inflation.
§ 200.68 Modified Total Direct Cost
(MTDC).

MTDC means all direct salaries and
wages, applicable fringe benefits,
materials and supplies, services, travel,
and subawards and subcontracts up to
the first $25,000 of each subaward or
subcontract (regardless of the period of
performance of the subawards and
subcontracts under the award). MTDC
excludes equipment, capital
expenditures, charges for patient care,
rental costs, tuition remission,
scholarships and fellowships,
participant support costs and the
portion of each subaward and
subcontract in excess of $25,000. Other
items may only be excluded when
necessary to avoid a serious inequity in
the distribution of indirect costs, and
with the approval of the cognizant
agency for indirect costs.
§ 200.69

Non-Federal entity.

Non-Federal entity means a state,
local government, Indian tribe,
institution of higher education (IHE), or
nonprofit organization that carries out a
Federal award as a recipient or
subrecipient.
§ 200.70

Nonprofit organization.

Nonprofit organization means any
corporation, trust, association,
cooperative, or other organization, not
including IHEs, that:
(a) Is operated primarily for scientific,
educational, service, charitable, or
similar purposes in the public interest;
(b) Is not organized primarily for
profit; and

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(c) Uses net proceeds to maintain,
improve, or expand the operations of
the organization.
§ 200.71

Obligations.

When used in connection with a nonFederal entity’s utilization of funds
under a Federal award, obligations
means orders placed for property and
services, contracts and subawards made,
and similar transactions during a given
period that require payment by the nonFederal entity during the same or a
future period.

§ 200.78

§ 200.72
(OMB).

§ 200.79 Personally Identifiable
Information (PII).

Office of Management and Budget

OMB means the Executive Office of
the President, Office of Management
and Budget.
§ 200.73

Oversight agency for audit.

Oversight agency for audit means the
Federal awarding agency that provides
the predominant amount of funding
directly to a non-Federal entity not
assigned a cognizant agency for audit.
When there is no direct funding, the
Federal awarding agency which is the
predominant source of pass-through
funding must assume the oversight
responsibilities. The duties of the
oversight agency for audit and the
process for any reassignments are
described in § 200.513 Responsibilities,
paragraph (b).
§ 200.74

Pass-through entity.

Pass-through entity means a nonFederal entity that provides a subaward
to a subrecipient to carry out part of a
Federal program.
§ 200.75

Participant support costs.

Participant support costs means direct
costs for items such as stipends or
subsistence allowances, travel
allowances, and registration fees paid to
or on behalf of participants or trainees
(but not employees) in connection with
conferences, or training projects.
§ 200.76

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award. The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity must include start
and end dates of the period of
performance in the Federal award (see
§§ 200.210 Information contained in a
Federal award paragraph (a)(5) and
200.331 Requirements for pass-through
entities, paragraph (a)(1)(iv)).

Performance goal.

Performance goal means a target level
of performance expressed as a tangible,
measurable objective, against which
actual achievement can be compared,
including a goal expressed as a
quantitative standard, value, or rate. In
some instances (e.g., discretionary
research awards), this may be limited to
the requirement to submit technical
performance reports (to be evaluated in
accordance with agency policy).
§ 200.77

Period of performance.

Period of performance means the time
during which the non-Federal entity
may incur new obligations to carry out
the work authorized under the Federal

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discounts, and interest earned on any of
them.
See also § 200.407 Prior written
approval (prior approval). See also 35
U.S.C. 200–212 ‘‘Disposition of Rights
in Educational Awards’’ applies to
inventions made under Federal awards.
§ 200.81

Personal property.

Personal property means property
other than real property. It may be
tangible, having physical existence, or
intangible.

PII means information that can be
used to distinguish or trace an
individual’s identity, either alone or
when combined with other personal or
identifying information that is linked or
linkable to a specific individual. Some
information that is considered to be PII
is available in public sources such as
telephone books, public Web sites, and
university listings. This type of
information is considered to be Public
PII and includes, for example, first and
last name, address, work telephone
number, email address, home telephone
number, and general educational
credentials. The definition of PII is not
anchored to any single category of
information or technology. Rather, it
requires a case-by-case assessment of
the specific risk that an individual can
be identified. Non-PII can become PII
whenever additional information is
made publicly available, in any medium
and from any source, that, when
combined with other available
information, could be used to identify
an individual.
§ 200.80

Program income.

Program income means gross income
earned by the non-Federal entity that is
directly generated by a supported
activity or earned as a result of the
Federal award during the period of
performance. (See § 200.77 Period of
performance.) Program income includes
but is not limited to income from fees
for services performed, the use or rental
or real or personal property acquired
under Federal awards, the sale of
commodities or items fabricated under a
Federal award, license fees and royalties
on patents and copyrights, and principal
and interest on loans made with Federal
award funds. Interest earned on
advances of Federal funds is not
program income. Except as otherwise
provided in Federal statutes,
regulations, or the terms and conditions
of the Federal award, program income
does not include rebates, credits,

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Property.

Property means real property or
personal property.
§ 200.82 Protected Personally Identifiable
Information (Protected PII).

Protected PII means an individual’s
first name or first initial and last name
in combination with any one or more of
types of information, including, but not
limited to, social security number,
passport number, credit card numbers,
clearances, bank numbers, biometrics,
date and place of birth, mother’s maiden
name, criminal, medical and financial
records, educational transcripts. This
does not include PII that is required by
law to be disclosed. (See also § 200.79
Personally Identifiable Information
(PII)).
§ 200.83

Project cost.

Project cost means total allowable
costs incurred under a Federal award
and all required cost sharing and
voluntary committed cost sharing,
including third-party contributions.
§ 200.84

Questioned cost.

Questioned cost means a cost that is
questioned by the auditor because of an
audit finding:
(a) Which resulted from a violation or
possible violation of a statute,
regulation, or the terms and conditions
of a Federal award, including for funds
used to match Federal funds;
(b) Where the costs, at the time of the
audit, are not supported by adequate
documentation; or
(c) Where the costs incurred appear
unreasonable and do not reflect the
actions a prudent person would take in
the circumstances.
§ 200.85

Real property.

Real property means land, including
land improvements, structures and
appurtenances thereto, but excludes
moveable machinery and equipment.
§ 200.86

Recipient.

Recipient means a non-Federal entity
that receives a Federal award directly
from a Federal awarding agency to carry
out an activity under a Federal program.
The term recipient does not include
subrecipients. See also § 200.69 NonFederal entity.

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§ 200.87
(R&D).

Research and Development

R&D means all research activities,
both basic and applied, and all
development activities that are
performed by non-Federal entities. The
term research also includes activities
involving the training of individuals in
research techniques where such
activities utilize the same facilities as
other research and development
activities and where such activities are
not included in the instruction function.
‘‘Research’’ is defined as a systematic
study directed toward fuller scientific
knowledge or understanding of the
subject studied. ‘‘Development’’ is the
systematic use of knowledge and
understanding gained from research
directed toward the production of useful
materials, devices, systems, or methods,
including design and development of
prototypes and processes.
§ 200.88

Simplified acquisition threshold.

Simplified acquisition threshold
means the dollar amount below which
a non-Federal entity may purchase
property or services using small
purchase methods. Non-Federal entities
adopt small purchase procedures in
order to expedite the purchase of items
costing less than the simplified
acquisition threshold. The simplified
acquisition threshold is set by the
Federal Acquisition Regulation at 48
CFR Subpart 2.1 (Definitions) and in
accordance with 41 U.S.C. 1908. As of
the publication of this Part, the
simplified acquisition threshold is
$150,000, but this threshold is
periodically adjusted for inflation. (Also
see definition of § 200.67 Micropurchase.)
§ 200.89

Special purpose equipment.

Special purpose equipment means
equipment which is used only for
research, medical, scientific, or other
technical activities. Examples of special
purpose equipment include
microscopes, x-ray machines, surgical
instruments, and spectrometers. See
also §§ 200.33 Equipment and 200.48
General purpose equipment.

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§ 200.90

State.

State means any state of the United
States, the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the
Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa,
the Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana Islands, and any agency or
instrumentality thereof exclusive of
local governments.
§ 200.91

Student Financial Aid (SFA).

SFA means Federal awards under
those programs of general student

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assistance, such as those authorized by
Title IV of the Higher Education Act of
1965, as amended, (20 U.S.C. 1070–
1099d), which are administered by the
U.S. Department of Education, and
similar programs provided by other
Federal agencies. It does not include
Federal awards under programs that
provide fellowships or similar Federal
awards to students on a competitive
basis, or for specified studies or
research.
§ 200.92

Subaward.

Subaward means an award provided
by a pass-through entity to a
subrecipient for the subrecipient to
carry out part of a Federal award
received by the pass-through entity. It
does not include payments to a
contractor or payments to an individual
that is a beneficiary of a Federal
program. A subaward may be provided
through any form of legal agreement,
including an agreement that the passthrough entity considers a contract.
§ 200.93

Subrecipient.

Subrecipient means a non-Federal
entity that receives a subaward from a
pass-through entity to carry out part of
a Federal program; but does not include
an individual that is a beneficiary of
such program. A subrecipient may also
be a recipient of other Federal awards
directly from a Federal awarding
agency.
§ 200.94

Supplies.

Supplies means all tangible personal
property other than those described in
§ 200.33 Equipment. A computing
device is a supply if the acquisition cost
is less than the lesser of the
capitalization level established by the
non-Federal entity for financial
statement purposes or $5,000, regardless
of the length of its useful life. See also
§§ 200.20 Computing devices and
200.33 Equipment.
§ 200.95

Termination.

Termination means the ending of a
Federal award, in whole or in part at
any time prior to the planned end of
period of performance.
§ 200.96

Third-party in-kind contributions.

Third-party in-kind contributions
means the value of non-cash
contributions (i.e., property or services)
that—
(a) Benefit a federally assisted project
or program; and
(b) Are contributed by non-Federal
third parties, without charge, to a nonFederal entity under a Federal award.

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§ 200.97

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Unliquidated obligations.

Unliquidated obligations means, for
financial reports prepared on a cash
basis, obligations incurred by the nonFederal entity that have not been paid
(liquidated). For reports prepared on an
accrual expenditure basis, these are
obligations incurred by the non-Federal
entity for which an expenditure has not
been recorded.
§ 200.98

Unobligated balance.

Unobligated balance means the
amount of funds under a Federal award
that the non-Federal entity has not
obligated. The amount is computed by
subtracting the cumulative amount of
the non-Federal entity’s unliquidated
obligations and expenditures of funds
under the Federal award from the
cumulative amount of the funds that the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity authorized the nonFederal entity to obligate.
§ 200.99 Voluntary committed cost
sharing.

Voluntary committed cost sharing
means cost sharing specifically pledged
on a voluntary basis in the proposal’s
budget or the Federal award on the part
of the non-Federal entity and that
becomes a binding requirement of
Federal award.
Subpart B—General Provisions
§ 200.100

Purpose.

(a)(1) This Part establishes uniform
administrative requirements, cost
principles, and audit requirements for
Federal awards to non-Federal entities,
as described in § 200.101 Applicability.
Federal awarding agencies must not
impose additional or inconsistent
requirements, except as provided in
§§ 200.102 Exceptions and 200.210
Information contained in a Federal
award, or unless specifically required by
Federal statute, regulation, or Executive
Order.
(2) This Part provides the basis for a
systematic and periodic collection and
uniform submission by Federal agencies
of information on all Federal financial
assistance programs to the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB). It also
establishes Federal policies related to
the delivery of this information to the
public, including through the use of
electronic media. It prescribes the
manner in which General Services
Administration (GSA), OMB, and
Federal agencies that administer Federal
financial assistance programs are to
carry out their statutory responsibilities
under the Federal Program Information
Act (31 U.S.C. 6101–6106).
(b) Administrative requirements.
Subparts B through D of this Part set

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forth the uniform administrative
requirements for grant and cooperative
agreements, including the requirements
for Federal awarding agency
management of Federal grant programs
before the Federal award has been
made, and the requirements Federal
awarding agencies may impose on nonFederal entities in the Federal award.
(c) Cost Principles. Subpart E—Cost
Principles of this Part establishes
principles for determining the allowable
costs incurred by non-Federal entities
under Federal awards. The principles
are for the purpose of cost
determination and are not intended to
identify the circumstances or dictate the
extent of Federal government
participation in the financing of a
particular program or project. The
principles are designed to provide that
Federal awards bear their fair share of
cost recognized under these principles
except where restricted or prohibited by
statute.
(d) Single Audit Requirements and
Audit Follow-up. Subpart F—Audit

The following portions of the Part:

Requirements of this Part is issued
pursuant to the Single Audit Act
Amendments of 1996, (31 U.S.C. 7501–
7507). It sets forth standards for
obtaining consistency and uniformity
among Federal agencies for the audit of
non-Federal entities expending Federal
awards. These provisions also provide
the policies and procedures for Federal
awarding agencies and pass-through
entities when using the results of these
audits.
(e) For OMB guidance to Federal
awarding agencies on Challenges and
Prizes, please see M–10–11 Guidance on
the Use of Challenges and Prizes to
Promote Open Government, issued
March 8, 2010, or its successor.
(a) General applicability to Federal
agencies. The requirements established
in this Part apply to Federal agencies
that make Federal awards to nonFederal entities. These requirements are
applicable to all costs related to Federal
awards.

(b)(1) Applicability to different types
of Federal awards. The following table
describes what portions of this Part
apply to which types of Federal awards.
The terms and conditions of Federal
awards (including this Part) flow down
to subawards to subrecipients unless a
particular section of this Part or the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award specifically indicate otherwise.
This means that non-Federal entities
must comply with requirements in this
Part regardless of whether the nonFederal entity is a recipient or
subrecipient of a Federal award. Passthrough entities must comply with the
requirements described in Subpart D—
Post Federal Award Requirements of
this Part, §§ 200.330 Subrecipient and
contractor determinations through
200.332 Fixed amount Subawards, but
not any requirements in this Part
directed towards Federal awarding
agencies unless the requirements of this
Part or the terms and conditions of the
Federal award indicate otherwise.

Are applicable to the following types of Federal Awards (except as noted in paragraphs
(d) and (e) of this section):

Are NOT applicable to the following types of
Federal Awards:

§ 200.101

Applicability.

This table must be read along with the other provisions of this section

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Authority: 31 U.S.C. 503
Subpart A—Acronyms and Definitions ........
Subpart B—General Provisions, except for
§§ § 200.111 English language, § 200.112
Conflict of interest, § 200.113.
Mandatory disclosures
§ 200.111 English language, § 200.112 Conflict
of interest, and § 200.113.
Mandatory disclosures

—All.
—All.

—Grant agreements and cooperative agreements.

Subparts C–D, except for Subrecipient Monitoring and Management.

—Grant agreements and cooperative agreements.

Subpart D—Post Federal Award Requirements,
Subrecipient Monitoring and Management.
Subpart E—Cost Principles .................................

—All.

Subpart F—Audit Requirements .........................

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—Grant agreements and cooperative agreements, except those providing food commodities.
—Cost-reimbursement contracts awarded
under the Federal Acquisition Regulations
and
cost-reimbursement
subcontracts
under these contracts in accordance with
the FAR.
—All.

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—Agreements for: loans, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, and insurance.
—Cost-reimbursement contracts awarded
under the Federal Acquisition Regulations
and
cost-reimbursement
subcontracts
under these contracts.
—Agreements for: loans, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, and insurance.
—Cost-reimbursement contracts awarded
under the Federal Acquisition Regulations
and
cost-reimbursement
subcontracts
under these contracts.

—Grant agreements and cooperative agreements providing food commodities.
—Fixed amount awards.
—Agreements for: loans, loan guarantees, interest subsidies, insurance.
—Federal awards to hospitals (see Appendix
IX to Part 200—Hospital Cost Principles).

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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 248 / Thursday, December 26, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
(2) Federal award of costreimbursement contract under the FAR
to a non-Federal entity. When a nonFederal entity is awarded a costreimbursement contract, only Subpart
D—Post Federal Award Requirements of
this Part, §§ 200.330 Subrecipient and
contractor determinations through
200.332 Fixed amount Subawards (in
addition to any FAR related
requirements for subaward monitoring),
Subpart E—Cost Principles of this Part
and Subpart F—Audit Requirements of
this Part are incorporated by reference
into the contract. However, when the
Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) are
applicable to the contract, they take
precedence over the requirements of
this Part except for Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part when they are
in conflict. In addition, costs that are
made unallowable under 10 U.S.C.
2324(e) and 41 U.S.C. 4304(a) as
described in the FAR subpart 31.2 and
subpart 31.603 are always unallowable.
For requirements other than those
covered in Subpart D—Post Federal
Award Requirements of this Part,
§§ 200.330 Subrecipient and contractor
determinations through 200.332 Fixed
amount Subawards, Subpart E—Cost
Principles of this Part and Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part, the
terms of the contract and the FAR apply.
(3) With the exception of Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part, which
is required by the Single Audit Act, in
any circumstances where the provisions
of Federal statutes or regulations differ
from the provisions of this Part, the
provision of the Federal statutes or
regulations govern. This includes, for
agreements with Indian tribes, the
provisions of the Indian SelfDetermination and Education and
Assistance Act (ISDEAA), as amended,
25 U.S.C 450–458ddd–2.
(c) Federal agencies may apply
subparts A through E of this Part to forprofit entities, foreign public entities, or
foreign organizations, except where the
Federal awarding agency determines
that the application these subparts
would be inconsistent with the
international obligations of the United
States or the statute or regulations of a
foreign government.
(d) Except for § 200.202 Requirement
to provide public notice of Federal
financial assistance programs and
§§ 200.330 Subrecipient and contractor

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determinations through 200.332 Fixed
amount Subawards of Subpart D—Post
Federal Award Requirements of this
Part, the requirements in Subpart C—
Pre-Federal Award Requirements and
Contents of Federal Awards, Subpart
D—Post Federal Award Requirements of
this Part, and Subpart E—Cost
Principles of this Part do not apply to
the following programs:
(1) The block grant awards authorized
by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation
Act of 1981 (including Community
Services; Preventive Health and Health
Services; Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and
Mental Health Services; Maternal and
Child Health Services; Social Services;
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance;
States’ Program of Community
Development Block Grant Awards for
Small Cities; and Elementary and
Secondary Education other than
programs administered by the Secretary
of Education under title V, subtitle D,
chapter 2, section 583—the Secretary’s
discretionary award program) and both
the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Treatment
and Rehabilitation Block Grant Award
(42 U.S.C. 300x–21 to 300x–35 and 42
U.S.C. 300x–51 to 300x64) and the
Mental Health Service for the Homeless
Block Grant Award (42 U.S.C. 300x to
300x–9) under the Public Health
Services Act.
(2) Federal awards to local education
agencies under 20 U.S.C. 7702–7703b,
(portions of the Impact Aid program);
(3) Payments under the Department of
Veterans Affairs’ State Home Per Diem
Program (38 U.S.C. 1741); and
(4) Federal awards authorized under
the Child Care and Development Block
Grant Act of 1990, as amended:
(i) Child Care and Development Block
Grant (42 U.S.C. 9858)
(ii) Child Care Mandatory and
Matching Funds of the Child Care and
Development Fund (42 U.S.C. 9858)
(e) Except for § 200.202 Requirement
to provide public notice of Federal
financial assistance programs the
guidance in Subpart C—Pre-Federal
Award Requirements and Contents of
Federal Awards of this Part does not
apply to the following programs:
(1) Entitlement Federal awards to
carry out the following programs of the
Social Security Act:
(i) Temporary Assistance to Needy
Families (title IV–A of the Social
Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 601–619);

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78619

(ii) Child Support Enforcement and
Establishment of Paternity (title IV–D of
the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 651–
669b);
(iii) Foster Care and Adoption
Assistance (title IV–E of the Act, 42
U.S.C. 670–679c);
(iv) Aid to the Aged, Blind, and
Disabled (titles I, X, XIV, and XVI–
AABD of the Act, as amended); and
(v) Medical Assistance (Medicaid)
(title XIX of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1396–
1396w–5) not including the State
Medicaid Fraud Control program
authorized by section 1903(a)(6)(B) of
the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C.
1396b(a)(6)(B)).
(2) A Federal award for an
experimental, pilot, or demonstration
project that is also supported by a
Federal award listed in paragraph (e)(1)
of this section;
(3) Federal awards under subsection
412(e) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act and subsection 501(a) of
the Refugee Education Assistance Act of
1980 (Pub. L. 96–422, 94 Stat. 1809), for
cash assistance, medical assistance, and
supplemental security income benefits
to refugees and entrants and the
administrative costs of providing the
assistance and benefits (8 U.S.C.
1522(e));
(4) Entitlement awards under the
following programs of The National
School Lunch Act:
(i) National School Lunch Program
(section 4 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1753),
(ii) Commodity Assistance (section 6
of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1755),
(iii) Special Meal Assistance (section
11 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1759a),
(iv) Summer Food Service Program for
Children (section 13 of the Act, 42
U.S.C. 1761), and
(v) Child and Adult Care Food
Program (section 17 of the Act, 42
U.S.C. 1766).
(5) Entitlement awards under the
following programs of The Child
Nutrition Act of 1966:
(i) Special Milk Program (section 3 of
the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1772),
(ii) School Breakfast Program (section
4 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. 1773), and
(iii) State Administrative Expenses
(section 7 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. section
1776).

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(6) Entitlement awards for State
Administrative Expenses under The
Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 (section
16 of the Act, 7 U.S.C. 2025).
(7) Non-discretionary Federal awards
under the following non-entitlement
programs:
(i) Special Supplemental Nutrition
Program for Women, Infants and
Children (section 17 of the Child
Nutrition Act of 1966) 42 U.S.C. section
1786;
(ii) The Emergency Food Assistance
Programs (Emergency Food Assistance
Act of 1983) 7 U.S.C. section 7501 note;
and
(iii) Commodity Supplemental Food
Program (section 5 of the Agriculture
and Consumer Protection Act of 1973) 7
U.S.C. section 612c note.

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§ 200.102

Exceptions.

(a) With the exception of Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part, OMB
may allow exceptions for classes of
Federal awards or non-Federal entities
subject to the requirements of this Part
when exceptions are not prohibited by
statute. However, in the interest of
maximum uniformity, exceptions from
the requirements of this Part will be
permitted only in unusual
circumstances. Exceptions for classes of
Federal awards or non-Federal entities
will be published on the OMB Web site
at www.whitehouse.gov/omb.
(b) Exceptions on a case-by-case basis
for individual non-Federal entities may
be authorized by the Federal awarding
agency or cognizant agency for indirect
costs except where otherwise required
by law or where OMB or other approval
is expressly required by this Part. No
case-by-case exceptions may be granted
to the provisions of Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part.
(c) The Federal awarding agency may
apply more restrictive requirements to a
class of Federal awards or non-Federal
entities when approved by OMB,
required by Federal statutes or
regulations except for the requirements
in Subpart F—Audit Requirements of
this Part. A Federal awarding agency
may apply less restrictive requirements
when making fixed amount awards as
defined in Subpart A—Acronyms and
Definitions of this Part, except for those
requirements imposed by statute or in
Subpart F—Audit Requirements of this
Part.
(d) On a case-by-case basis, OMB will
approve new strategies for Federal
awards when proposed by the Federal
awarding agency in accordance with
OMB guidance (such as M–13–17) to
develop additional evidence relevant to
addressing important policy challenges
or to promote cost-effectiveness in and

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across Federal programs. Proposals may
draw on the innovative program designs
discussed in M–13–17 to expand or
improve the use of effective practices in
delivering Federal financial assistance
while also encouraging innovation in
service delivery. Proposals submitted to
OMB in accordance with M–13–17 may
include requests to waive requirements
other than those in Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part.
§ 200.103

Authorities.

This Part is issued under the
following authorities.
(a) Subpart B—General Provisions of
this Part through Subpart D—Post
Federal Award Requirements of this
Part are authorized under 31 U.S.C. 503
(the Chief Financial Officers Act,
Functions of the Deputy Director for
Management), 31 U.S.C. 1111
(Improving Economy and Efficiency of
the United States Government), 41
U.S.C. 1101–1131 (the Office of Federal
Procurement Policy Act),
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970, and
Executive Order 11541 (‘‘Prescribing the
Duties of the Office of Management and
Budget and the Domestic Policy Council
in the Executive Office of the
President’’), the Single Audit Act
Amendments of 1996, (31 U.S.C. 7501–
7507), as well as The Federal Program
Information Act (Public Law 95–220
and Public Law 98–169, as amended,
codified at 31 U.S.C. 6101–6106).
(b) Subpart E—Cost Principles of this
Part is authorized under the Budget and
Accounting Act of 1921, as amended;
the Budget and Accounting Procedures
Act of 1950, as amended (31 U.S.C.
1101–1125); the Chief Financial Officers
Act of 1990 (31 U.S.C. 503–504);
Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970; and
Executive Order No. 11541, ‘‘Prescribing
the Duties of the Office of Management
and Budget and the Domestic Policy
Council in the Executive Office of the
President.’’
(c) Subpart F—Audit Requirements of
this Part is authorized under the Single
Audit Act Amendments of 1996, (31
U.S.C. 7501–7507).
§ 200.104

Supersession.

As described in § 200.110 Effective/
applicability date, this Part supersedes
the following OMB guidance documents
and regulations under Title 2 of the
Code of Federal Regulations:
(a) A–21, ‘‘Cost Principles for
Educational Institutions’’ (2 CFR Part
220);
(b) A–87, ‘‘Cost Principles for State,
Local and Indian Tribal Governments’’
(2 CFR Part 225) and also Federal
Register notice 51 FR 552 (January 6,
1986);

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(c) A–89, ‘‘Federal Domestic
Assistance Program Information’’;
(d) A–102, ‘‘Grant Awards and
Cooperative Agreements with State and
Local Governments’’;
(e) A–110, ‘‘Uniform Administrative
Requirements for Awards and Other
Agreements with Institutions of Higher
Education, Hospitals, and Other
Nonprofit Organizations’’ (codified at 2
CFR 215);
(f) A–122, ‘‘Cost Principles for NonProfit Organizations’’ (2 CFR Part 230);
(g) A–133, ‘‘Audits of States, Local
Governments and Non-Profit
Organizations,’’; and
(h) Those sections of A–50 related to
audits performed under Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part.
§ 200.105

Effect on other issuances.

For Federal awards subject to this
Part, all administrative requirements,
program manuals, handbooks and other
non-regulatory materials that are
inconsistent with the requirements of
this Part must be superseded upon
implementation of this Part by the
Federal agency, except to the extent
they are required by statute or
authorized in accordance with the
provisions in § 200.102 Exceptions.
§ 200.106

Agency implementation.

The specific requirements and
responsibilities of Federal agencies and
non-Federal entities are set forth in this
Part. Federal agencies making Federal
awards to non-Federal entities must
implement the language in the Subpart
C—Pre-Federal Award Requirements
and Contents of Federal Awards of this
Part through Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part in codified
regulations unless different provisions
are required by Federal statute or are
approved by OMB.
§ 200.107

OMB responsibilities.

OMB will review Federal agency
regulations and implementation of this
Part, and will provide interpretations of
policy requirements and assistance to
ensure effective and efficient
implementation. Any exceptions will be
subject to approval by OMB. Exceptions
will only be made in particular cases
where adequate justification is
presented.
§ 200.108

Inquiries.

Inquiries concerning this Part may be
directed to the Office of Federal
Financial Management Office of
Management and Budget, in
Washington, DC. Non-Federal entities’
inquiries should be addressed to the
Federal awarding agency, cognizant
agency for indirect costs, cognizant or

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§ 200.113

oversight agency for audit, or passthrough entity as appropriate.
§ 200.109

Review date.

OMB will review this Part at least
every five years after December 26,
2013.
§ 200.110

Effective/applicability date.

(a) The standards set forth in this Part
which affect administration of Federal
awards issued by Federal agencies
become effective once implemented by
Federal agencies or when any future
amendment to this Part becomes final.
Federal agencies must implement the
policies and procedures applicable to
Federal awards by promulgating a
regulation to be effective by December
26, 2014 unless different provisions are
required by statute or approved by
OMB.
(b) The standards set forth in Subpart
F—Audit Requirements of this Part and
any other standards which apply
directly to Federal agencies will be
effective December 26, 2013 and will
apply to audits of fiscal years beginning
on or after December 26, 2014.
§ 200.111

English language.

(a) All Federal financial assistance
announcements and Federal award
information must be in the English
language. Applications must be
submitted in the English language and
must be in the terms of U.S. dollars. If
the Federal awarding agency receives
applications in another currency, the
Federal awarding agency will evaluate
the application by converting the
foreign currency to United States
currency using the date specified for
receipt of the application.
(b) Non-Federal entities may translate
the Federal award and other documents
into another language. In the event of
inconsistency between any terms and
conditions of the Federal award and any
translation into another language, the
English language meaning will control.
Where a significant portion of the nonFederal entity’s employees who are
working on the Federal award are not
fluent in English, the non-Federal entity
must provide the Federal award in
English and the language(s) with which
employees are more familiar.

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§ 200.112

Conflict of interest.

The Federal awarding agency must
establish conflict of interest policies for
Federal awards. The non-Federal entity
must disclose in writing any potential
conflict of interest to the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
in accordance with applicable Federal
awarding agency policy.

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Mandatory disclosures.

The non-Federal entity or applicant
for a Federal award must disclose, in a
timely manner, in writing to the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
all violations of Federal criminal law
involving fraud, bribery, or gratuity
violations potentially affecting the
Federal award. Failure to make required
disclosures can result in any of the
remedies described in § 200.338
Remedies for noncompliance, including
suspension or debarment. (See also 2
CFR Part 180 and 31 U.S.C. 3321).
Subpart C—Pre-Federal Award
Requirements and Contents of Federal
Awards
§ 200.200

Purpose.

(a) Sections 200.201 Use of grant
agreements (including fixed amount
awards), cooperative agreements, and
contracts through 200.208 Certifications
and representations. Prescribe
instructions and other pre-award
matters to be used in the announcement
and application process.
(b) Use of §§ 200.203 Notices of
funding opportunities, 200.204 Federal
awarding agency review of merit of
proposals, 200.205 Federal awarding
agency review of risk posed by
applicants, and 200.207 Specific
conditions, is required only for
competitive Federal awards, but may
also be used by the Federal awarding
agency for non-competitive awards
where appropriate or where required by
Federal statute.
§ 200.201 Use of grant agreements
(including fixed amount awards),
cooperative agreements, and contracts.

(a) The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity must decide on the
appropriate instrument for the Federal
award (i.e., grant agreement, cooperative
agreement, or contract) in accordance
with the Federal Grant and Cooperative
Agreement Act (31 U.S.C. 6301–08).
(b) Fixed Amount Awards. In addition
to the options described in paragraph (a)
of this section, Federal awarding
agencies, or pass-through entities as
permitted in § 200.332 Fixed amount
subawards, may use fixed amount
awards (see § 200.45 Fixed amount
awards) to which the following
conditions apply:
(1) Payments are based on meeting
specific requirements of the Federal
award. Accountability is based on
performance and results. The Federal
award amount is negotiated using the
cost principles (or other pricing
information) as a guide. Except in the
case of termination before completion of
the Federal award, there is no

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governmental review of the actual costs
incurred by the non-Federal entity in
performance of the award. The Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
may use fixed amount awards if the
project scope is specific and if adequate
cost, historical, or unit pricing data is
available to establish a fixed amount
award with assurance that the nonFederal entity will realize no increment
above actual cost. Some of the ways in
which the Federal award may be paid
include, but are not limited to:
(i) In several partial payments, the
amount of each agreed upon in advance,
and the ‘‘milestone’’ or event triggering
the payment also agreed upon in
advance, and set forth in the Federal
award;
(ii) On a unit price basis, for a defined
unit or units, at a defined price or
prices, agreed to in advance of
performance of the Federal award and
set forth in the Federal award; or,
(iii) In one payment at Federal award
completion.
(2) A fixed amount award cannot be
used in programs which require
mandatory cost sharing or match.
(3) The non-Federal entity must
certify in writing to the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
at the end of the Federal award that the
project or activity was completed or the
level of effort was expended. If the
required level of activity or effort was
not carried out, the amount of the
Federal award must be adjusted.
(4) Periodic reports may be
established for each Federal award.
(5) Changes in principal investigator,
project leader, project partner, or scope
of effort must receive the prior written
approval of the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity.
§ 200.202 Requirement to provide public
notice of Federal financial assistance
programs.

(a) The Federal awarding agency must
notify the public of Federal programs in
the Catalog of Federal Domestic
Assistance (CFDA), maintained by the
General Services Administration (GSA).
(1) The CFDA, or any OMBdesignated replacement, is the single,
authoritative, governmentwide
comprehensive source of Federal
financial assistance program
information produced by the executive
branch of the Federal government.
(2) The information that the Federal
awarding agency must submit to GSA
for approval by OMB is listed in
paragraph (b) of this section. GSA must
prescribe the format for the submission.
(3) The Federal awarding agency may
not award Federal financial assistance
without assigning it to a program that

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has been included in the CFDA as
required in this section unless there are
exigent circumstances requiring
otherwise, such as timing requirements
imposed by statute.
(b) For each program that awards
discretionary Federal awards, nondiscretionary Federal awards, loans,
insurance, or any other type of Federal
financial assistance, the Federal
awarding agency must submit the
following information to GSA:
(1) Program Description, Purpose,
Goals and Measurement. A brief
summary of the statutory or regulatory
requirements of the program and its
intended outcome. Where appropriate,
the Program Description, Purpose,
Goals, and Measurement should align
with the strategic goals and objectives
within the Federal awarding agency’s
performance plan and should support
the Federal awarding agency’s
performance measurement,
management, and reporting as required
by Part 6 of OMB Circular A–11;
(2) Identification of whether the
program makes Federal awards on a
discretionary basis or the Federal
awards are prescribed by Federal
statute, such as in the case of formula
grants.
(3) Projected total amount of funds
available for the program. Estimates
based on previous year funding are
acceptable if current appropriations are
not available at the time of the
submission;
(4) Anticipated Source of Available
Funds: The statutory authority for
funding the program and, to the extent
possible, agency, sub-agency, or, if
known, the specific program unit that
will issue the Federal awards, and
associated funding identifier (e.g.,
Treasury Account Symbol(s));
(5) General Eligibility Requirements:
The statutory, regulatory or other
eligibility factors or considerations that
determine the applicant’s qualification
for Federal awards under the program
(e.g., type of non-Federal entity); and
(6) Applicability of Single Audit
Requirements as required by Subpart
F—Audit Requirements of this Part.

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§ 200.203 Notices of funding
opportunities.

For competitive grants and
cooperative agreements, the Federal
awarding agency must announce
specific funding opportunities by
providing the following information in
a public notice:
(a) Summary Information in Notices
of Funding Opportunities. The Federal
awarding agency must display the
following information posted on the
OMB-designated governmentwide Web

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site for finding and applying for Federal
financial assistance, in a location
preceding the full text of the
announcement:
(1) Federal Awarding Agency Name;
(2) Funding Opportunity Title;
(3) Announcement Type (whether the
funding opportunity is the initial
announcement of this funding
opportunity or a modification of a
previously announced opportunity);
(4) Funding Opportunity Number
(required, if applicable). If the Federal
awarding agency has assigned or will
assign a number to the funding
opportunity announcement, this
number must be provided;
(5) Catalog of Federal Financial
Assistance (CFDA) Number(s);
(6) Key Dates. Key dates include due
dates for applications or Executive
Order 12372 submissions, as well as for
any letters of intent or pre-applications.
For any announcement issued before a
program’s application materials are
available, key dates also include the
date on which those materials will be
released; and any other additional
information, as deemed applicable by
the relevant Federal awarding agency.
(b) The Federal awarding agency must
generally make all funding
opportunities available for application
for at least 60 calendar days. The
Federal awarding agency may make a
determination to have a less than 60
calendar day availability period but no
funding opportunity should be available
for less than 30 calendar days unless
exigent circumstances require as
determined by the Federal awarding
agency head or delegate.
(c) Full Text of Funding
Opportunities. The Federal awarding
agency must include the following
information in the full text of each
funding opportunity. For specific
instructions on the content required in
this section, refer to Appendix I to Part
200—Full Text of Notice of Funding
Opportunity to this Part.
(1) Full programmatic description of
the funding opportunity.
(2) Federal award information,
including sufficient information to help
an applicant make an informed decision
about whether to submit an application.
(See also § 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs,
paragraph (b)).
(3) Specific eligibility information,
including any factors or priorities that
affect an applicant’s or its application’s
eligibility for selection.
(4) Application Preparation and
Submission Information, including the
applicable submission dates and time.
(5) Application Review Information
including the criteria and process to be
used to evaluate applications. See also

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§ 200.205 Federal awarding agency
review of risk posed by applicants. See
also 2 CFR Part 27.
(6) Federal Award Administration
Information. See also § 200.210
Information contained in a Federal
award.
§ 200.204 Federal awarding agency review
of merit of proposals.

For competitive grants or cooperative
agreements, unless prohibited by
Federal statute, the Federal awarding
agency must design and execute a merit
review process for applications. This
process must be described or
incorporated by reference in the
applicable funding opportunity (see
Appendix I to this Part, Full text of the
Funding Opportunity.) See also
§ 200.203 Notices of funding
opportunities.
§ 200.205 Federal awarding agency review
of risk posed by applicants.

(a) Prior to making a Federal award,
the Federal awarding agency is required
by 31 U.S.C. 3321 and 41 U.S.C. 2313
note to review information available
through any OMB-designated
repositories of governmentwide
eligibility qualification or financial
integrity information, such as Federal
Awardee Performance and Integrity
Information System (FAPIIS), Dun and
Bradstreet, and ‘‘Do Not Pay’’. See also
suspension and debarment requirements
at 2 CFR Part 180 as well as individual
Federal agency suspension and
debarment regulations in title 2 of the
Code of Federal Regulations.
(b) In addition, for competitive grants
or cooperative agreements, the Federal
awarding agency must have in place a
framework for evaluating the risks
posed by applicants before they receive
Federal awards. This evaluation may
incorporate results of the evaluation of
the applicant’s eligibility or the quality
of its application. If the Federal
awarding agency determines that a
Federal award will be made, special
conditions that correspond to the degree
of risk assessed may be applied to the
Federal award. Criteria to be evaluated
must be described in the announcement
of funding opportunity described in
§ 200.203 Notices of funding
opportunities.
(c) In evaluating risks posed by
applicants, the Federal awarding agency
may use a risk-based approach and may
consider any items such as the
following:
(1) Financial stability;
(2) Quality of management systems
and ability to meet the management
standards prescribed in this Part;
(3) History of performance. The
applicant’s record in managing Federal

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awards, if it is a prior recipient of
Federal awards, including timeliness of
compliance with applicable reporting
requirements, conformance to the terms
and conditions of previous Federal
awards, and if applicable, the extent to
which any previously awarded amounts
will be expended prior to future awards;
(4) Reports and findings from audits
performed under Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part or the reports
and findings of any other available
audits; and
(5) The applicant’s ability to
effectively implement statutory,
regulatory, or other requirements
imposed on non-Federal entities.
(d) In addition to this review, the
Federal awarding agency must comply
with the guidelines on governmentwide
suspension and debarment in 2 CFR
Part 180, and must require non-Federal
entities to comply with these
provisions. These provisions restrict
Federal awards, subawards and
contracts with certain parties that are
debarred, suspended or otherwise
excluded from or ineligible for
participation in Federal programs or
activities.
§ 200.206 Standard application
requirements.

(a) Paperwork clearances. The Federal
awarding agency may only use
application information collections
approved by OMB under the Paperwork
Reduction Act of 1995 and OMB’s
implementing regulations in 5 CFR Part
1320, Controlling Paperwork Burdens
on the Public. Consistent with these
requirements, OMB will authorize
additional information collections only
on a limited basis.
(b) If applicable, the Federal awarding
agency may inform applicants and
recipients that they do not need to
provide certain information otherwise
required by the relevant information
collection.

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§ 200.207

Specific conditions.

18:36 Dec 24, 2013

§ 200.208 Certifications and
representations.

Unless prohibited by Federal statutes
or regulations, each Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity is
authorized to require the non-Federal
entity to submit certifications and
representations required by Federal
statutes, or regulations on an annual
basis. Submission may be required more
frequently if the non-Federal entity fails
to meet a requirement of a Federal
award.
§ 200.209

(a) Based on the criteria set forth in
§ 200.205 Federal awarding agency
review of risk posed by applicants or
when an applicant or recipient has a
history of failure to comply with the
general or specific terms and conditions
of a Federal award, or failure to meet
expected performance goals as
described in § 200.210 Information
contained in a Federal award, or is not
otherwise responsible, the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
may impose additional specific award
conditions as needed under the
procedure specified in paragraph (b) of
this section. These additional Federal

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award conditions may include items
such as the following:
(1) Requiring payments as
reimbursements rather than advance
payments;
(2) Withholding authority to proceed
to the next phase until receipt of
evidence of acceptable performance
within a given period of performance;
(3) Requiring additional, more
detailed financial reports;
(4) Requiring additional project
monitoring;
(5) Requiring the non-Federal entity to
obtain technical or management
assistance; or
(6) Establishing additional prior
approvals.
(b) The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity must notify the
applicant or non-Federal entity as to:
(1) The nature of the additional
requirements;
(2) The reason why the additional
requirements are being imposed;
(3) The nature of the action needed to
remove the additional requirement, if
applicable;
(4) The time allowed for completing
the actions if applicable, and
(5) The method for requesting
reconsideration of the additional
requirements imposed.
(c) Any special conditions must be
promptly removed once the conditions
that prompted them have been
corrected.

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Pre-award costs.

For requirements on costs incurred by
the applicant prior to the start date of
the period of performance of the Federal
award, see § 200.458 Pre-award costs.
§ 200.210 Information contained in a
Federal award.

A Federal award must include the
following information:
(a) General Federal Award
Information. The Federal awarding
agency must include the following
general Federal award information in
each Federal award:
(1) Recipient name (which must
match registered name in DUNS);

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(2) Recipient’s DUNS number (see
§ 200.32 Data Universal Numbering
System (DUNS) number);
(3) Unique Federal Award
Identification Number (FAIN);
(4) Federal Award Date (see § 200.39
Federal award date);
(5) Period of Performance Start and
End Date;
(6) Amount of Federal Funds
Obligated by this action;
(7) Total Amount of Federal Funds
Obligated;
(8) Total Amount of the Federal
Award;
(9) Budget Approved by the Federal
Awarding Agency;
(10) Total Approved Cost Sharing or
Matching, where applicable;
(11) Federal award project
description, (to comply with statutory
requirements (e.g., FFATA));
(12) Name of Federal awarding agency
and contact information for awarding
official,
(13) CFDA Number and Name;
(14) Identification of whether the
award is R&D; and
(15) Indirect cost rate for the Federal
award (including if the de minimis rate
is charged per § 200.414 Indirect (F&A)
costs).
(b) General Terms and Conditions
(1) Federal awarding agencies must
incorporate the following general terms
and conditions either in the Federal
award or by reference, as applicable:
(i) Administrative requirements
implemented by the Federal awarding
agency as specified in this Part.
(ii) National policy requirements.
These include statutory, executive
order, other Presidential directive, or
regulatory requirements that apply by
specific reference and are not programspecific. See § 200.300 Statutory and
national policy requirements.
(2) The Federal award must include
wording to incorporate, by reference,
the applicable set of general terms and
conditions. The reference must be to the
Web site at which the Federal awarding
agency maintains the general terms and
conditions.
(3) If a non-Federal entity requests a
copy of the full text of the general terms
and conditions, the Federal awarding
agency must provide it.
(4) Wherever the general terms and
conditions are publicly available, the
Federal awarding agency must maintain
an archive of previous versions of the
general terms and conditions, with
effective dates, for use by the nonFederal entity, auditors, or others.
(c) Federal Awarding Agency,
Program, or Federal Award Specific
Terms and Conditions. The Federal
awarding agency may include with each

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Federal award any terms and conditions
necessary to communicate requirements
that are in addition to the requirements
outlined in the Federal awarding
agency’s general terms and conditions.
Whenever practicable, these specific
terms and conditions also should be
shared on a public Web site and in
notices of funding opportunities (as
outlined in § 200.203 Notices of funding
opportunities) in addition to being
included in a Federal award. See also
§ 200.206 Standard application
requirements.
(d) Federal Award Performance Goals.
The Federal awarding agency must
include in the Federal award an
indication of the timing and scope of
expected performance by the nonFederal entity as related to the outcomes
intended to be achieved by the program.
In some instances (e.g., discretionary
research awards), this may be limited to
the requirement to submit technical
performance reports (to be evaluated in
accordance with Federal awarding
agency policy). Where appropriate, the
Federal award may include specific
performance goals, indicators,
milestones, or expected outcomes (such
as outputs, or services performed or
public impacts of any of these) with an
expected timeline for accomplishment.
Reporting requirements must be clearly
articulated such that, where
appropriate, performance during the
execution of the Federal award has a
standard against which non-Federal
entity performance can be measured.
The Federal awarding agency may
include program-specific requirements,
as applicable. These requirements
should be aligned with agency strategic
goals, strategic objectives or
performance goals that are relevant to
the program. See also OMB Circular A–
11, Preparation, Submission and
Execution of the Budget Part 6 for
definitions of strategic objectives and
performance goals.
(e) Any other information required by
the Federal awarding agency.

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§ 200.211 Public access to Federal award
information.

(a) In accordance with statutory
requirements for Federal spending
transparency (e.g., FFATA), except as
noted in this section, for applicable
Federal awards the Federal awarding
agency must announce all Federal
awards publicly and publish the
required information on a publicly
available OMB-designated
governmentwide Web site (at time of
publication, www.USAspending.gov).
(b) Nothing in this section may be
construed as requiring the publication
of information otherwise exempt under

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the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C
552), or controlled unclassified
information pursuant to Executive
Order 13556.
Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements Standards for Financial
and Program Management
§ 200.300 Statutory and national policy
requirements.

(a) The Federal awarding agency must
manage and administer the Federal
award in a manner so as to ensure that
Federal funding is expended and
associated programs are implemented in
full accordance with U.S. statutory and
public policy requirements: including,
but not limited to, those protecting
public welfare, the environment, and
prohibiting discrimination. The Federal
awarding agency must communicate to
the non-Federal entity all relevant
public policy requirements, including
those in general appropriations
provisions, and incorporate them either
directly or by reference in the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
(b) The non-Federal entity is
responsible for complying with all
requirements of the Federal award. For
all Federal awards, this includes the
provisions of FFATA, which includes
requirements on executive
compensation, and also requirements
implementing the Act for the nonFederal entity at 2 CFR Part 25 Financial
Assistance Use of Universal Identifier
and Central Contractor Registration and
2 CFR Part 170 Reporting Subaward and
Executive Compensation Information.
See also statutory requirements for
whistleblower protections at 10 U.S.C.
2409, 41 U.S.C. 4712, and 10 U.S.C.
2324, 41 U.S.C. 4304 and 4310.
§ 200.301

Performance measurement.

The Federal awarding agency must
require the recipient to use OMBapproved governmentwide standard
information collections when providing
financial and performance information.
As appropriate and in accordance with
above mentioned information
collections, the Federal awarding
agency must require the recipient to
relate financial data to performance
accomplishments of the Federal award.
Also, in accordance with above
mentioned governmentwide standard
information collections, and when
applicable, recipients must also provide
cost information to demonstrate cost
effective practices (e.g., through unit
cost data). The recipient’s performance
should be measured in a way that will
help the Federal awarding agency and
other non-Federal entities to improve
program outcomes, share lessons

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learned, and spread the adoption of
promising practices. The Federal
awarding agency should provide
recipients with clear performance goals,
indicators, and milestones as described
in § 200.210 Information contained in a
Federal award. Performance reporting
frequency and content should be
established to not only allow the
Federal awarding agency to understand
the recipient progress but also to
facilitate identification of promising
practices among recipients and build
the evidence upon which the Federal
awarding agency’s program and
performance decisions are made.
§ 200.302

Financial management.

(a) Each state must expend and
account for the Federal award in
accordance with state laws and
procedures for expending and
accounting for the state’s own funds. In
addition, the state’s and the other nonFederal entity’s financial management
systems, including records documenting
compliance with Federal statutes,
regulations, and the terms and
conditions of the Federal award, must
be sufficient to permit the preparation of
reports required by general and
program-specific terms and conditions;
and the tracing of funds to a level of
expenditures adequate to establish that
such funds have been used according to
the Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award. See also § 200.450 Lobbying.
(b) The financial management system
of each non-Federal entity must provide
for the following (see also §§ 200.333
Retention requirements for records,
200.334 Requests for transfer of records,
200.335 Methods for collection,
transmission and storage of information,
200.336 Access to records, and 200.337
Restrictions on public access to
records):
(1) Identification, in its accounts, of
all Federal awards received and
expended and the Federal programs
under which they were received.
Federal program and Federal award
identification must include, as
applicable, the CFDA title and number,
Federal award identification number
and year, name of the Federal agency,
and name of the pass-through entity, if
any.
(2) Accurate, current, and complete
disclosure of the financial results of
each Federal award or program in
accordance with the reporting
requirements set forth in §§ 200.327
Financial reporting and 200.328
Monitoring and reporting program
performance. If a Federal awarding
agency requires reporting on an accrual
basis from a recipient that maintains its

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records on other than an accrual basis,
the recipient must not be required to
establish an accrual accounting system.
This recipient may develop accrual data
for its reports on the basis of an analysis
of the documentation on hand.
Similarly, a pass-through entity must
not require a subrecipient to establish
an accrual accounting system and must
allow the subrecipient to develop
accrual data for its reports on the basis
of an analysis of the documentation on
hand.
(3) Records that identify adequately
the source and application of funds for
federally-funded activities. These
records must contain information
pertaining to Federal awards,
authorizations, obligations, unobligated
balances, assets, expenditures, income
and interest and be supported by source
documentation.
(4) Effective control over, and
accountability for, all funds, property,
and other assets. The non-Federal entity
must adequately safeguard all assets and
assure that they are used solely for
authorized purposes. See § 200.303
Internal controls.
(5) Comparison of expenditures with
budget amounts for each Federal award.
(6) Written procedures to implement
the requirements of § 200.305 Payment.
(7) Written procedures for
determining the allowability of costs in
accordance with Subpart E—Cost
Principles of this Part and the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.

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§ 200.303

The non-Federal entity must:
(a) Establish and maintain effective
internal control over the Federal award
that provides reasonable assurance that
the non-Federal entity is managing the
Federal award in compliance with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award. These internal controls should
be in compliance with guidance in
‘‘Standards for Internal Control in the
Federal Government’’ issued by the
Comptroller General of the United
States and the ‘‘Internal Control
Integrated Framework’’, issued by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
(b) Comply with Federal statutes,
regulations, and the terms and
conditions of the Federal awards.
(c) Evaluate and monitor the nonFederal entity’s compliance with
statute, regulations and the terms and
conditions of Federal awards.
(d) Take prompt action when
instances of noncompliance are
identified including noncompliance
identified in audit findings.

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§ 200.304

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Bonds.

The Federal awarding agency may
include a provision on bonding,
insurance, or both in the following
circumstances:
(a) Where the Federal government
guarantees or insures the repayment of
money borrowed by the recipient, the
Federal awarding agency, at its
discretion, may require adequate
bonding and insurance if the bonding
and insurance requirements of the nonFederal entity are not deemed adequate
to protect the interest of the Federal
government.
(b) The Federal awarding agency may
require adequate fidelity bond coverage
where the non-Federal entity lacks
sufficient coverage to protect the
Federal government’s interest.
(c) Where bonds are required in the
situations described above, the bonds
must be obtained from companies
holding certificates of authority as
acceptable sureties, as prescribed in 31
CFR Part 223, ‘‘Surety Companies Doing
Business with the United States.’’
§ 200.305

Internal controls.

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(e) Take reasonable measures to
safeguard protected personally
identifiable information and other
information the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity designates
as sensitive or the non-Federal entity
considers sensitive consistent with
applicable Federal, state and local laws
regarding privacy and obligations of
confidentiality.

Payment.

(a) For states, payments are governed
by Treasury-State CMIA agreements and
default procedures codified at 31 CFR
Part 205 ‘‘Rules and Procedures for
Efficient Federal-State Funds Transfers’’
and TFM 4A–2000 Overall Disbursing
Rules for All Federal Agencies.
(b) For non-Federal entities other than
states, payments methods must
minimize the time elapsing between the
transfer of funds from the United States
Treasury or the pass-through entity and
the disbursement by the non-Federal
entity whether the payment is made by
electronic funds transfer, or issuance or
redemption of checks, warrants, or
payment by other means. See also
§ 200.302 Financial management
paragraph (f). Except as noted elsewhere
in this Part, Federal agencies must
require recipients to use only OMBapproved standard governmentwide
information collection requests to
request payment.
(1) The non-Federal entity must be
paid in advance, provided it maintains
or demonstrates the willingness to
maintain both written procedures that
minimize the time elapsing between the

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transfer of funds and disbursement by
the non-Federal entity, and financial
management systems that meet the
standards for fund control and
accountability as established in this
Part. Advance payments to a nonFederal entity must be limited to the
minimum amounts needed and be timed
to be in accordance with the actual,
immediate cash requirements of the
non-Federal entity in carrying out the
purpose of the approved program or
project. The timing and amount of
advance payments must be as close as
is administratively feasible to the actual
disbursements by the non-Federal entity
for direct program or project costs and
the proportionate share of any allowable
indirect costs. The non-Federal entity
must make timely payment to
contractors in accordance with the
contract provisions.
(2) Whenever possible, advance
payments must be consolidated to cover
anticipated cash needs for all Federal
awards made by the Federal awarding
agency to the recipient.
(i) Advance payment mechanisms
include, but are not limited to, Treasury
check and electronic funds transfer and
should comply with applicable
guidance in 31 CFR Part 208.
(ii) Non-Federal entities must be
authorized to submit requests for
advance payments and reimbursements
at least monthly when electronic fund
transfers are not used, and as often as
they like when electronic transfers are
used, in accordance with the provisions
of the Electronic Fund Transfer Act (15
U.S.C. 1601).
(3) Reimbursement is the preferred
method when the requirements in
paragraph (b) cannot be met, when the
Federal awarding agency sets a specific
condition per § 200.207 Specific
conditions, or when the non-Federal
entity requests payment by
reimbursement. This method may be
used on any Federal award for
construction, or if the major portion of
the construction project is accomplished
through private market financing or
Federal loans, and the Federal award
constitutes a minor portion of the
project. When the reimbursement
method is used, the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity must
make payment within 30 calendar days
after receipt of the billing, unless the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity reasonably believes the
request to be improper.
(4) If the non-Federal entity cannot
meet the criteria for advance payments
and the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity has determined that
reimbursement is not feasible because
the non-Federal entity lacks sufficient

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working capital, the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity may
provide cash on a working capital
advance basis. Under this procedure,
the Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity must advance cash
payments to the non-Federal entity to
cover its estimated disbursement needs
for an initial period generally geared to
the non-Federal entity’s disbursing
cycle. Thereafter, the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity must
reimburse the non-Federal entity for its
actual cash disbursements. Use of the
working capital advance method of
payment requires that the pass-through
entity provide timely advance payments
to any subrecipients in order to meet the
subrecipient’s actual cash
disbursements. The working capital
advance method of payment must not be
used by the pass-through entity if the
reason for using this method is the
unwillingness or inability of the passthrough entity to provide timely
advance payments to the subrecipient to
meet the subrecipient’s actual cash
disbursements.
(5) Use of resources before requesting
cash advance payments. To the extent
available, the non-Federal entity must
disburse funds available from program
income (including repayments to a
revolving fund), rebates, refunds,
contract settlements, audit recoveries,
and interest earned on such funds
before requesting additional cash
payments.
(6) Unless otherwise required by
Federal statutes, payments for allowable
costs by non-Federal entities must not
be withheld at any time during the
period of performance unless the
conditions of §§ 200.207 Specific
conditions, Subpart D—Post Federal
Award Requirements of this Part,
200.338 Remedies for Noncompliance,
or the following apply:
(i) The non-Federal entity has failed
to comply with the project objectives,
Federal statutes, regulations, or the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award.
(ii) The non-Federal entity is
delinquent in a debt to the United States
as defined in OMB Guidance A–129,
‘‘Policies for Federal Credit Programs
and Non-Tax Receivables.’’ Under such
conditions, the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity may, upon
reasonable notice, inform the nonFederal entity that payments must not
be made for obligations incurred after a
specified date until the conditions are
corrected or the indebtedness to the
Federal government is liquidated.
(iii) A payment withheld for failure to
comply with Federal award conditions,
but without suspension of the Federal

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award, must be released to the nonFederal entity upon subsequent
compliance. When a Federal award is
suspended, payment adjustments will
be made in accordance with § 200.342
Effects of suspension and termination.
(iv) A payment must not be made to
a non-Federal entity for amounts that
are withheld by the non-Federal entity
from payment to contractors to assure
satisfactory completion of work. A
payment must be made when the nonFederal entity actually disburses the
withheld funds to the contractors or to
escrow accounts established to assure
satisfactory completion of work.
(7) Standards governing the use of
banks and other institutions as
depositories of advance payments under
Federal awards are as follows.
(i) The Federal awarding agency and
pass-through entity must not require
separate depository accounts for funds
provided to a non-Federal entity or
establish any eligibility requirements for
depositories for funds provided to the
non-Federal entity. However, the nonFederal entity must be able to account
for the receipt, obligation and
expenditure of funds.
(ii) Advance payments of Federal
funds must be deposited and
maintained in insured accounts
whenever possible.
(8) The non-Federal entity must
maintain advance payments of Federal
awards in interest-bearing accounts,
unless the following apply.
(i) The non-Federal entity receives
less than $120,000 in Federal awards
per year.
(ii) The best reasonably available
interest-bearing account would not be
expected to earn interest in excess of
$500 per year on Federal cash balances.
(iii) The depository would require an
average or minimum balance so high
that it would not be feasible within the
expected Federal and non-Federal cash
resources.
(iv) A foreign government or banking
system prohibits or precludes interest
bearing accounts.
(9) Interest earned on Federal advance
payments deposited in interest-bearing
accounts must be remitted annually to
the Department of Health and Human
Services, Payment Management System,
Rockville, MD 20852. Interest amounts
up to $500 per year may be retained by
the non-Federal entity for
administrative expense.
§ 200.306

Cost sharing or matching.

(a) Under Federal research proposals,
voluntary committed cost sharing is not
expected. It cannot be used as a factor
during the merit review of applications
or proposals, but may be considered if

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it is both in accordance with Federal
awarding agency regulations and
specified in a notice of funding
opportunity. Criteria for considering
voluntary committed cost sharing and
any other program policy factors that
may be used to determine who may
receive a Federal award must be
explicitly described in the notice of
funding opportunity. Furthermore, only
mandatory cost sharing or cost sharing
specifically committed in the project
budget must be included in the
organized research base for computing
the indirect (F&A) cost rate or reflected
in any allocation of indirect costs. See
also §§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs,
200.203 Notices of funding
opportunities, and Appendix I to Part
200—Full Text of Notice of Funding
Opportunity.
(b) For all Federal awards, any shared
costs or matching funds and all
contributions, including cash and third
party in-kind contributions, must be
accepted as part of the non-Federal
entity’s cost sharing or matching when
such contributions meet all of the
following criteria:
(1) Are verifiable from the nonFederal entity’s records;
(2) Are not included as contributions
for any other Federal award;
(3) Are necessary and reasonable for
accomplishment of project or program
objectives;
(4) Are allowable under Subpart E—
Cost Principles of this Part;
(5) Are not paid by the Federal
government under another Federal
award, except where the Federal statute
authorizing a program specifically
provides that Federal funds made
available for such program can be
applied to matching or cost sharing
requirements of other Federal programs;
(6) Are provided for in the approved
budget when required by the Federal
awarding agency; and
(7) Conform to other provisions of this
Part, as applicable.
(c) Unrecovered indirect costs,
including indirect costs on cost sharing
or matching may be included as part of
cost sharing or matching only with the
prior approval of the Federal awarding
agency. Unrecovered indirect cost
means the difference between the
amount charged to the Federal award
and the amount which could have been
to the Federal award under the nonFederal entity’s approved negotiated
indirect cost rate.
(d) Values for non-Federal entity
contributions of services and property
must be established in accordance with
§ 200.434 Contributions and donations.
If a Federal awarding agency authorizes
the non-Federal entity to donate

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buildings or land for construction/
facilities acquisition projects or longterm use, the value of the donated
property for cost sharing or matching
must be the lesser of paragraphs (d)(1)
or (2) of this section.
(1) The value of the remaining life of
the property recorded in the nonFederal entity’s accounting records at
the time of donation.
(2) The current fair market value.
However, when there is sufficient
justification, the Federal awarding
agency may approve the use of the
current fair market value of the donated
property, even if it exceeds the value
described in (1) above at the time of
donation.
(e) Volunteer services furnished by
third-party professional and technical
personnel, consultants, and other
skilled and unskilled labor may be
counted as cost sharing or matching if
the service is an integral and necessary
part of an approved project or program.
Rates for third-party volunteer services
must be consistent with those paid for
similar work by the non-Federal entity.
In those instances in which the required
skills are not found in the non-Federal
entity, rates must be consistent with
those paid for similar work in the labor
market in which the non-Federal entity
competes for the kind of services
involved. In either case, paid fringe
benefits that are reasonable, necessary,
allocable, and otherwise allowable may
be included in the valuation.
(f) When a third-party organization
furnishes the services of an employee,
these services must be valued at the
employee’s regular rate of pay plus an
amount of fringe benefits that is
reasonable, necessary, allocable, and
otherwise allowable, and indirect costs
at either the third-party organization’s
approved federally negotiated indirect
cost rate or, a rate in accordance with
§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs,
paragraph (d), provided these services
employ the same skill(s) for which the
employee is normally paid. Where
donated services are treated as indirect
costs, indirect cost rates will separate
the value of the donated services so that
reimbursement for the donated services
will not be made.
(g) Donated property from third
parties may include such items as
equipment, office supplies, laboratory
supplies, or workshop and classroom
supplies. Value assessed to donated
property included in the cost sharing or
matching share must not exceed the fair
market value of the property at the time
of the donation.
(h) The method used for determining
cost sharing or matching for third-partydonated equipment, buildings and land

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for which title passes to the non-Federal
entity may differ according to the
purpose of the Federal award, if
paragraph (h)(1) or (2) of this section
applies.
(1) If the purpose of the Federal award
is to assist the non-Federal entity in the
acquisition of equipment, buildings or
land, the aggregate value of the donated
property may be claimed as cost sharing
or matching.
(2) If the purpose of the Federal award
is to support activities that require the
use of equipment, buildings or land,
normally only depreciation charges for
equipment and buildings may be made.
However, the fair market value of
equipment or other capital assets and
fair rental charges for land may be
allowed, provided that the Federal
awarding agency has approved the
charges. See also § 200.420
Considerations for selected items of
cost.
(i) The value of donated property
must be determined in accordance with
the usual accounting policies of the
non-Federal entity, with the following
qualifications:
(1) The value of donated land and
buildings must not exceed its fair
market value at the time of donation to
the non-Federal entity as established by
an independent appraiser (e.g., certified
real property appraiser or General
Services Administration representative)
and certified by a responsible official of
the non-Federal entity as required by
the Uniform Relocation Assistance and
Real Property Acquisition Policies Act
of 1970, as amended, (42 U.S.C. 4601–
4655) (Uniform Act) except as provided
in the implementing regulations at 49
CFR Part 24.
(2) The value of donated equipment
must not exceed the fair market value of
equipment of the same age and
condition at the time of donation.
(3) The value of donated space must
not exceed the fair rental value of
comparable space as established by an
independent appraisal of comparable
space and facilities in a privately-owned
building in the same locality.
(4) The value of loaned equipment
must not exceed its fair rental value.
(j) For third-party in-kind
contributions, the fair market value of
goods and services must be documented
and to the extent feasible supported by
the same methods used internally by the
non-Federal entity.
§ 200.307

Program income.

(a) General. Non-Federal entities are
encouraged to earn income to defray
program costs where appropriate.
(b) Cost of generating program
income. If authorized by Federal

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regulations or the Federal award, costs
incidental to the generation of program
income may be deducted from gross
income to determine program income,
provided these costs have not been
charged to the Federal award.
(c) Governmental revenues. Taxes,
special assessments, levies, fines, and
other such revenues raised by a nonFederal entity are not program income
unless the revenues are specifically
identified in the Federal award or
Federal awarding agency regulations as
program income.
(d) Property. Proceeds from the sale of
real property or equipment are not
program income; such proceeds will be
handled in accordance with the
requirements of Subpart D—Post
Federal Award Requirements of this
Part, Property Standards §§ 200.311 Real
property and 200.313 Equipment, or as
specifically identified in Federal
statutes, regulations, or the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
(e) Use of program income. If the
Federal awarding agency does not
specify in its regulations or the terms
and conditions of the Federal award, or
give prior approval for how program
income is to be used, paragraph (e)(1) of
this section must apply. For Federal
awards made to IHEs and nonprofit
research institutions, if the Federal
awarding agency does not specify in its
regulations or the terms and conditions
of the Federal award how program
income is to be used, paragraph (e)(2) of
this section must apply. In specifying
alternatives to paragraphs (e)(1) and (2)
of this section, the Federal awarding
agency may distinguish between income
earned by the recipient and income
earned by subrecipients and between
the sources, kinds, or amounts of
income. When the Federal awarding
agency authorizes the approaches in
paragraphs (e)(2) and (3) of this section,
program income in excess of any
amounts specified must also be
deducted from expenditures.
(1) Deduction. Ordinarily program
income must be deducted from total
allowable costs to determine the net
allowable costs. Program income must
be used for current costs unless the
Federal awarding agency authorizes
otherwise. Program income that the
non-Federal entity did not anticipate at
the time of the Federal award must be
used to reduce the Federal award and
non-Federal entity contributions rather
than to increase the funds committed to
the project.
(2) Addition. With prior approval of
the Federal awarding agency, program
income may be added to the Federal
award by the Federal agency and the
non-Federal entity. The program income

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must be used for the purposes and
under the conditions of the Federal
award.
(3) Cost sharing or matching. With
prior approval of the Federal awarding
agency, program income may be used to
meet the cost sharing or matching
requirement of the Federal award. The
amount of the Federal award remains
the same.
(f) Income after the period of
performance. There are no Federal
requirements governing the disposition
of income earned after the end of the
period of performance for the Federal
award, unless the Federal awarding
agency regulations or the terms and
conditions of the Federal award provide
otherwise. The Federal awarding agency
may negotiate agreements with
recipients regarding appropriate uses of
income earned after the period of
performance as part of the grant
closeout process. See also § 200.343
Closeout.

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§ 200.308
plans.

Revision of budget and program

(a) The approved budget for the
Federal award summarizes the financial
aspects of the project or program as
approved during the Federal award
process. It may include either the
Federal and non-Federal share (see
§ 200.43 Federal share) or only the
Federal share, depending upon Federal
awarding agency requirements. It must
be related to performance for program
evaluation purposes whenever
appropriate.
(b) Recipients are required to report
deviations from budget or project scope
or objective, and request prior approvals
from Federal awarding agencies for
budget and program plan revisions, in
accordance with this section.
(c) For non-construction Federal
awards, recipients must request prior
approvals from Federal awarding
agencies for one or more of the
following program or budget-related
reasons:
(1) Change in the scope or the
objective of the project or program (even
if there is no associated budget revision
requiring prior written approval).
(2) Change in a key person specified
in the application or the Federal award.
(3) The disengagement from the
project for more than three months, or
a 25 percent reduction in time devoted
to the project, by the approved project
director or principal investigator.
(4) The inclusion, unless waived by
the Federal awarding agency, of costs
that require prior approval in
accordance with Subpart E—Cost
Principles of this Part or 45 CFR Part 74
Appendix E, ‘‘Principles for

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Determining Costs Applicable to
Research and Development under
Awards and Contracts with Hospitals,’’
or 48 CFR Part 31, ‘‘Contract Cost
Principles and Procedures,’’ as
applicable.
(5) The transfer of funds budgeted for
participant support costs as defined in
§ 200.75 Participant support costs to
other categories of expense.
(6) Unless described in the
application and funded in the approved
Federal awards, the subawarding,
transferring or contracting out of any
work under a Federal award. This
provision does not apply to the
acquisition of supplies, material,
equipment or general support services.
(7) Changes in the amount of
approved cost-sharing or matching
provided by the non-Federal entity. No
other prior approval requirements for
specific items may be imposed unless a
deviation has been approved by OMB.
See also §§ 200.102 Exceptions and
200.407 Prior written approval (prior
approval).
(d) Except for requirements listed in
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the
Federal awarding agency are authorized,
at their option, to waive prior written
approvals required by paragraph (c) this
section. Such waivers may include
authorizing recipients to do any one or
more of the following:
(1) Incur project costs 90 calendar
days before the Federal awarding agency
makes the Federal award. Expenses
more than 90 calendar days pre-award
require prior approval of the Federal
awarding agency. All costs incurred
before the Federal awarding agency
makes the Federal award are at the
recipient’s risk (i.e., the Federal
awarding agency is under no obligation
to reimburse such costs if for any reason
the recipient does not receive a Federal
award or if the Federal award is less
than anticipated and inadequate to
cover such costs). See also § 200.458
Pre-award costs.
(2) Initiate a one-time extension of the
period of performance by up to 12
months unless one or more of the
conditions outlined in paragraphs
(d)(2)(i) through (iii) of this section
apply. For one-time extensions, the
recipient must notify the Federal
awarding agency in writing with the
supporting reasons and revised period
of performance at least 10 calendar days
before the end of the period of
performance specified in the Federal
award. This one-time extension may not
be exercised merely for the purpose of
using unobligated balances. Extensions
require explicit prior Federal awarding
agency approval when:

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(i) The terms and conditions of the
Federal award prohibit the extension.
(ii) The extension requires additional
Federal funds.
(iii) The extension involves any
change in the approved objectives or
scope of the project.
(3) Carry forward unobligated
balances to subsequent periods of
performance.
(4) For Federal awards that support
research, unless the Federal awarding
agency provides otherwise in the
Federal award or in the Federal
awarding agency’s regulations, the prior
approval requirements described in
paragraph (d) are automatically waived
(i.e., recipients need not obtain such
prior approvals) unless one of the
conditions included in paragraph (d)(2)
applies.
(e) The Federal awarding agency may,
at its option, restrict the transfer of
funds among direct cost categories or
programs, functions and activities for
Federal awards in which the Federal
share of the project exceeds the
Simplified Acquisition Threshold and
the cumulative amount of such transfers
exceeds or is expected to exceed 10
percent of the total budget as last
approved by the Federal awarding
agency. The Federal awarding agency
cannot permit a transfer that would
cause any Federal appropriation to be
used for purposes other than those
consistent with the appropriation.
(f) All other changes to nonconstruction budgets, except for the
changes described in paragraph (c) of
this section, do not require prior
approval (see also § 200.407 Prior
written approval (prior approval)).
(g) For construction Federal awards,
the recipient must request prior written
approval promptly from the Federal
awarding agency for budget revisions
whenever paragraph (g)(1), (2), or (3) of
this section applies.
(1) The revision results from changes
in the scope or the objective of the
project or program.
(2) The need arises for additional
Federal funds to complete the project.
(3) A revision is desired which
involves specific costs for which prior
written approval requirements may be
imposed consistent with applicable
OMB cost principles listed in Subpart
E—Cost Principles of this Part.
(4) No other prior approval
requirements for budget revisions may
be imposed unless a deviation has been
approved by OMB.
(5) When a Federal awarding agency
makes a Federal award that provides
support for construction and nonconstruction work, the Federal awarding
agency may require the recipient to

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obtain prior approval from the Federal
awarding agency before making any
fund or budget transfers between the
two types of work supported.
(h) When requesting approval for
budget revisions, the recipient must use
the same format for budget information
that was used in the application, unless
the Federal awarding agency indicates a
letter of request suffices.
(i) Within 30 calendar days from the
date of receipt of the request for budget
revisions, the Federal awarding agency
must review the request and notify the
recipient whether the budget revisions
have been approved. If the revision is
still under consideration at the end of
30 calendar days, the Federal awarding
agency must inform the recipient in
writing of the date when the recipient
may expect the decision.
§ 200.309

Period of performance.

A non-Federal entity may charge to
the Federal award only allowable costs
incurred during the period of
performance and any costs incurred
before the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity made the Federal
award that were authorized by the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.
Property Standards
§ 200.310

Insurance coverage.

The non-Federal entity must, at a
minimum, provide the equivalent
insurance coverage for real property and
equipment acquired or improved with
Federal funds as provided to property
owned by the non-Federal entity.
Federally-owned property need not be
insured unless required by the terms
and conditions of the Federal award.

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§ 200.311

Real property.

(a) Title. Subject to the obligations
and conditions set forth in this section,
title to real property acquired or
improved under a Federal award will
vest upon acquisition in the non-Federal
entity.
(b) Use. Except as otherwise provided
by Federal statutes or by the Federal
awarding agency, real property will be
used for the originally authorized
purpose as long as needed for that
purpose, during which time the nonFederal entity must not dispose of or
encumber its title or other interests.
(c) Disposition. When real property is
no longer needed for the originally
authorized purpose, the non-Federal
entity must obtain disposition
instructions from the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity. The
instructions must provide for one of the
following alternatives:

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(1) Retain title after compensating the
Federal awarding agency. The amount
paid to the Federal awarding agency
will be computed by applying the
Federal awarding agency’s percentage of
participation in the cost of the original
purchase (and costs of any
improvements) to the fair market value
of the property. However, in those
situations where non-Federal entity is
disposing of real property acquired or
improved with a Federal award and
acquiring replacement real property
under the same Federal award, the net
proceeds from the disposition may be
used as an offset to the cost of the
replacement property.
(2) Sell the property and compensate
the Federal awarding agency. The
amount due to the Federal awarding
agency will be calculated by applying
the Federal awarding agency’s
percentage of participation in the cost of
the original purchase (and cost of any
improvements) to the proceeds of the
sale after deduction of any actual and
reasonable selling and fixing-up
expenses. If the Federal award has not
been closed out, the net proceeds from
sale may be offset against the original
cost of the property. When non-Federal
entity is directed to sell property, sales
procedures must be followed that
provide for competition to the extent
practicable and result in the highest
possible return.
(3) Transfer title to the Federal
awarding agency or to a third party
designated/approved by the Federal
awarding agency. The non-Federal
entity is entitled to be paid an amount
calculated by applying the non-Federal
entity’s percentage of participation in
the purchase of the real property (and
cost of any improvements) to the current
fair market value of the property.
§ 200.312
property.

Federally-owned and exempt

(a) Title to federally-owned property
remains vested in the Federal
government. The non-Federal entity
must submit annually an inventory
listing of federally-owned property in its
custody to the Federal awarding agency.
Upon completion of the Federal award
or when the property is no longer
needed, the non-Federal entity must
report the property to the Federal
awarding agency for further Federal
agency utilization.
(b) If the Federal awarding agency has
no further need for the property, it must
declare the property excess and report it
for disposal to the appropriate Federal
disposal authority, unless the Federal
awarding agency has statutory authority
to dispose of the property by alternative
methods (e.g., the authority provided by

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the Federal Technology Transfer Act (15
U.S.C. 3710 (i)) to donate research
equipment to educational and nonprofit organizations in accordance with
Executive Order 12999, ‘‘Educational
Technology: Ensuring Opportunity for
All Children in the Next Century.’’). The
Federal awarding agency must issue
appropriate instructions to the nonFederal entity.
(c) Exempt federally-owned property
means property acquired under a
Federal award the title based upon the
explicit terms and conditions of the
Federal award that indicate the Federal
awarding agency has chosen to vest in
the non-Federal entity without further
obligation to the Federal government or
under conditions the Federal agency
considers appropriate. The Federal
awarding agency may exercise this
option when statutory authority exists.
Absent statutory authority and specific
terms and conditions of the Federal
award, title to exempt federally-owned
property acquired under the Federal
award remains with the Federal
government.
§ 200.313

Equipment.

See also § 200.439 Equipment and
other capital expenditures.
(a) Title. Subject to the obligations
and conditions set forth in this section,
title to equipment acquired under a
Federal award will vest upon
acquisition in the non-Federal entity.
Unless a statute specifically authorizes
the Federal agency to vest title in the
non-Federal entity without further
obligation to the Federal government,
and the Federal agency elects to do so,
the title must be a conditional title. Title
must vest in the non-Federal entity
subject to the following conditions:
(1) Use the equipment for the
authorized purposes of the project until
funding for the project ceases, or until
the property is no longer needed for the
purposes of the project.
(2) Not encumber the property
without approval of the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity.
(3) Use and dispose of the property in
accordance with paragraphs (b), (c) and
(e) of this section.
(b) A state must use, manage and
dispose of equipment acquired under a
Federal award by the state in
accordance with state laws and
procedures. Other non-Federal entities
must follow paragraphs (c) through (e)
of this section.
(c) Use.
(1) Equipment must be used by the
non-Federal entity in the program or
project for which it was acquired as long
as needed, whether or not the project or
program continues to be supported by

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the Federal award, and the non-Federal
entity must not encumber the property
without prior approval of the Federal
awarding agency. When no longer
needed for the original program or
project, the equipment may be used in
other activities supported by the Federal
awarding agency, in the following order
of priority:
(i) Activities under a Federal award
from the Federal awarding agency
which funded the original program or
project, then
(ii) Activities under Federal awards
from other Federal awarding agencies.
This includes consolidated equipment
for information technology systems.
(2) During the time that equipment is
used on the project or program for
which it was acquired, the non-Federal
entity must also make equipment
available for use on other projects or
programs currently or previously
supported by the Federal government,
provided that such use will not interfere
with the work on the projects or
program for which it was originally
acquired. First preference for other use
must be given to other programs or
projects supported by Federal awarding
agency that financed the equipment and
second preference must be given to
programs or projects under Federal
awards from other Federal awarding
agencies. Use for non-federally-funded
programs or projects is also permissible.
User fees should be considered if
appropriate.
(3) Notwithstanding the
encouragement in § 200.307 Program
income to earn program income, the
non-Federal entity must not use
equipment acquired with the Federal
award to provide services for a fee that
is less than private companies charge for
equivalent services unless specifically
authorized by Federal statute for as long
as the Federal government retains an
interest in the equipment.
(4) When acquiring replacement
equipment, the non-Federal entity may
use the equipment to be replaced as a
trade-in or sell the property and use the
proceeds to offset the cost of the
replacement property.
(d) Management requirements.
Procedures for managing equipment
(including replacement equipment),
whether acquired in whole or in part
under a Federal award, until disposition
takes place will, as a minimum, meet
the following requirements:
(1) Property records must be
maintained that include a description of
the property, a serial number or other
identification number, the source of
funding for the property (including the
FAIN), who holds title, the acquisition
date, and cost of the property,

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percentage of Federal participation in
the project costs for the Federal award
under which the property was acquired,
the location, use and condition of the
property, and any ultimate disposition
data including the date of disposal and
sale price of the property.
(2) A physical inventory of the
property must be taken and the results
reconciled with the property records at
least once every two years.
(3) A control system must be
developed to ensure adequate
safeguards to prevent loss, damage, or
theft of the property. Any loss, damage,
or theft must be investigated.
(4) Adequate maintenance procedures
must be developed to keep the property
in good condition.
(5) If the non-Federal entity is
authorized or required to sell the
property, proper sales procedures must
be established to ensure the highest
possible return.
(e) Disposition. When original or
replacement equipment acquired under
a Federal award is no longer needed for
the original project or program or for
other activities currently or previously
supported by a Federal awarding
agency, except as otherwise provided in
Federal statutes, regulations, or Federal
awarding agency disposition
instructions, the non-Federal entity
must request disposition instructions
from the Federal awarding agency if
required by the terms and conditions of
the Federal award. Disposition of the
equipment will be made as follows, in
accordance with Federal awarding
agency disposition instructions:
(1) Items of equipment with a current
per unit fair market value of $5,000 or
less may be retained, sold or otherwise
disposed of with no further obligation to
the Federal awarding agency.
(2) Except as provided in § 200.312
Federally-owned and exempt property,
paragraph (b), or if the Federal awarding
agency fails to provide requested
disposition instructions within 120
days, items of equipment with a current
per-unit fair-market value in excess of
$5,000 may be retained by the nonFederal entity or sold. The Federal
awarding agency is entitled to an
amount calculated by multiplying the
current market value or proceeds from
sale by the Federal awarding agency’s
percentage of participation in the cost of
the original purchase. If the equipment
is sold, the Federal awarding agency
may permit the non-Federal entity to
deduct and retain from the Federal
share $500 or ten percent of the
proceeds, whichever is less, for its
selling and handling expenses.
(3) The non-Federal entity may
transfer title to the property to the

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Federal Government or to an eligible
third party provided that, in such cases,
the non-Federal entity must be entitled
to compensation for its attributable
percentage of the current fair market
value of the property.
(4) In cases where a non-Federal
entity fails to take appropriate
disposition actions, the Federal
awarding agency may direct the nonFederal entity to take disposition
actions.
§ 200.314

Supplies.

See also § 200.453 Materials and
supplies costs, including costs of
computing devices.
(a) Title to supplies will vest in the
non-Federal entity upon acquisition. If
there is a residual inventory of unused
supplies exceeding $5,000 in total
aggregate value upon termination or
completion of the project or program
and the supplies are not needed for any
other Federal award, the non-Federal
entity must retain the supplies for use
on other activities or sell them, but
must, in either case, compensate the
Federal government for its share. The
amount of compensation must be
computed in the same manner as for
equipment. See § 200.313 Equipment,
paragraph (e)(2) for the calculation
methodology.
(b) As long as the Federal government
retains an interest in the supplies, the
non-Federal entity must not use
supplies acquired under a Federal
award to provide services to other
organizations for a fee that is less than
private companies charge for equivalent
services, unless specifically authorized
by Federal statute.
§ 200.315

Intangible property.

(a) Title to intangible property (see
§ 200.59 Intangible property) acquired
under a Federal award vests upon
acquisition in the non-Federal entity.
The non-Federal entity must use that
property for the originally-authorized
purpose, and must not encumber the
property without approval of the
Federal awarding agency. When no
longer needed for the originally
authorized purpose, disposition of the
intangible property must occur in
accordance with the provisions in
§ 200.313 Equipment paragraph (e).
(b) The non-Federal entity may
copyright any work that is subject to
copyright and was developed, or for
which ownership was acquired, under a
Federal award. The Federal awarding
agency reserves a royalty-free,
nonexclusive and irrevocable right to
reproduce, publish, or otherwise use the
work for Federal purposes, and to
authorize others to do so.

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(c) The non-Federal entity is subject
to applicable regulations governing
patents and inventions, including
governmentwide regulations issued by
the Department of Commerce at 37 CFR
Part 401, ‘‘Rights to Inventions Made by
Nonprofit Organizations and Small
Business Firms Under Government
Awards, Contracts and Cooperative
Agreements.’’
(d) The Federal government has the
right to:
(1) Obtain, reproduce, publish, or
otherwise use the data produced under
a Federal award; and
(2) Authorize others to receive,
reproduce, publish, or otherwise use
such data for Federal purposes.
(e) Freedom of Information Act
(FOIA).
(1) In addition, in response to a
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
request for research data relating to
published research findings produced
under a Federal award that were used
by the Federal government in
developing an agency action that has the
force and effect of law, the Federal
awarding agency must request, and the
non-Federal entity must provide, within
a reasonable time, the research data so
that they can be made available to the
public through the procedures
established under the FOIA. If the
Federal awarding agency obtains the
research data solely in response to a
FOIA request, the Federal awarding
agency may charge the requester a
reasonable fee equaling the full
incremental cost of obtaining the
research data. This fee should reflect
costs incurred by the Federal agency
and the non-Federal entity. This fee is
in addition to any fees the Federal
awarding agency may assess under the
FOIA (5 U.S.C. 552(a)(4)(A)).
(2) Published research findings means
when:
(i) Research findings are published in
a peer-reviewed scientific or technical
journal; or
(ii) A Federal agency publicly and
officially cites the research findings in
support of an agency action that has the
force and effect of law. ‘‘Used by the
Federal government in developing an
agency action that has the force and
effect of law’’ is defined as when an
agency publicly and officially cites the
research findings in support of an
agency action that has the force and
effect of law.
(3) Research data means the recorded
factual material commonly accepted in
the scientific community as necessary to
validate research findings, but not any
of the following: preliminary analyses,
drafts of scientific papers, plans for
future research, peer reviews, or

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communications with colleagues. This
‘‘recorded’’ material excludes physical
objects (e.g., laboratory samples).
Research data also do not include:
(i) Trade secrets, commercial
information, materials necessary to be
held confidential by a researcher until
they are published, or similar
information which is protected under
law; and
(ii) Personnel and medical
information and similar information the
disclosure of which would constitute a
clearly unwarranted invasion of
personal privacy, such as information
that could be used to identify a
particular person in a research study.
§ 200.316

Property trust relationship.

Real property, equipment, and
intangible property, that are acquired or
improved with a Federal award must be
held in trust by the non-Federal entity
as trustee for the beneficiaries of the
project or program under which the
property was acquired or improved. The
Federal awarding agency may require
the non-Federal entity to record liens or
other appropriate notices of record to
indicate that personal or real property
has been acquired or improved with a
Federal award and that use and
disposition conditions apply to the
property.
Procurement Standards
§ 200.317

Procurements by states.

When procuring property and services
under a Federal award, a state must
follow the same policies and procedures
it uses for procurements from its nonFederal funds. The state will comply
with § 200.322 Procurement of
recovered materials and ensure that
every purchase order or other contract
includes any clauses required by section
§ 200.326 Contract provisions. All other
non-Federal entities, including
subrecipients of a state, will follow
§§ 200.318 General procurement
standards through 200.326 Contract
provisions.
§ 200.318

General procurement standards.

(a) The non-Federal entity must use
its own documented procurement
procedures which reflect applicable
State and local laws and regulations,
provided that the procurements conform
to applicable Federal law and the
standards identified in this section.
(b) Non-Federal entities must
maintain oversight to ensure that
contractors perform in accordance with
the terms, conditions, and specifications
of their contracts or purchase orders.
(c)(1) The non-Federal entity must
maintain written standards of conduct
covering conflicts of interest and

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governing the performance of its
employees engaged in the selection,
award and administration of contracts.
No employee, officer, or agent must
participate in the selection, award, or
administration of a contract supported
by a Federal award if he or she has a real
or apparent conflict of interest. Such a
conflict of interest would arise when the
employee, officer, or agent, any member
of his or her immediate family, his or
her partner, or an organization which
employs or is about to employ any of
the parties indicated herein, has a
financial or other interest in or a
tangible personal benefit from a firm
considered for a contract. The officers,
employees, and agents of the nonFederal entity must neither solicit nor
accept gratuities, favors, or anything of
monetary value from contractors or
parties to subcontracts. However, nonFederal entities may set standards for
situations in which the financial interest
is not substantial or the gift is an
unsolicited item of nominal value. The
standards of conduct must provide for
disciplinary actions to be applied for
violations of such standards by officers,
employees, or agents of the non-Federal
entity.
(2) If the non-Federal entity has a
parent, affiliate, or subsidiary
organization that is not a state, local
government, or Indian tribe, the nonFederal entity must also maintain
written standards of conduct covering
organizational conflicts of interest.
Organizational conflicts of interest
means that because of relationships
with a parent company, affiliate, or
subsidiary organization, the non-Federal
entity is unable or appears to be unable
to be impartial in conducting a
procurement action involving a related
organization.
(d) The non-Federal entity’s
procedures must avoid acquisition of
unnecessary or duplicative items.
Consideration should be given to
consolidating or breaking out
procurements to obtain a more
economical purchase. Where
appropriate, an analysis will be made of
lease versus purchase alternatives, and
any other appropriate analysis to
determine the most economical
approach.
(e) To foster greater economy and
efficiency, and in accordance with
efforts to promote cost-effective use of
shared services across the Federal
government, the non-Federal entity is
encouraged to enter into state and local
intergovernmental agreements or interentity agreements where appropriate for
procurement or use of common or
shared goods and services.

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(f) The non-Federal entity is
encouraged to use Federal excess and
surplus property in lieu of purchasing
new equipment and property whenever
such use is feasible and reduces project
costs.
(g) The non-Federal entity is
encouraged to use value engineering
clauses in contracts for construction
projects of sufficient size to offer
reasonable opportunities for cost
reductions. Value engineering is a
systematic and creative analysis of each
contract item or task to ensure that its
essential function is provided at the
overall lower cost.
(h) The non-Federal entity must
award contracts only to responsible
contractors possessing the ability to
perform successfully under the terms
and conditions of a proposed
procurement. Consideration will be
given to such matters as contractor
integrity, compliance with public
policy, record of past performance, and
financial and technical resources.
(i) The non-Federal entity must
maintain records sufficient to detail the
history of procurement. These records
will include, but are not necessarily
limited to the following: rationale for
the method of procurement, selection of
contract type, contractor selection or
rejection, and the basis for the contract
price.
(j)(1) The non-Federal entity may use
time and material type contracts only
after a determination that no other
contract is suitable and if the contract
includes a ceiling price that the
contractor exceeds at its own risk. Time
and material type contract means a
contract whose cost to a non-Federal
entity is the sum of:
(i) The actual cost of materials; and
(ii) Direct labor hours charged at fixed
hourly rates that reflect wages, general
and administrative expenses, and profit.
(2) Since this formula generates an
open-ended contract price, a time-andmaterials contract provides no positive
profit incentive to the contractor for cost
control or labor efficiency. Therefore,
each contract must set a ceiling price
that the contractor exceeds at its own
risk. Further, the non-Federal entity
awarding such a contract must assert a
high degree of oversight in order to
obtain reasonable assurance that the
contractor is using efficient methods
and effective cost controls.
(k) The non-Federal entity alone must
be responsible, in accordance with good
administrative practice and sound
business judgment, for the settlement of
all contractual and administrative issues
arising out of procurements. These
issues include, but are not limited to,
source evaluation, protests, disputes,

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and claims. These standards do not
relieve the non-Federal entity of any
contractual responsibilities under its
contracts. The Federal awarding agency
will not substitute its judgment for that
of the non-Federal entity unless the
matter is primarily a Federal concern.
Violations of law will be referred to the
local, state, or Federal authority having
proper jurisdiction.
§ 200.319

Competition.

(a) All procurement transactions must
be conducted in a manner providing full
and open competition consistent with
the standards of this section. In order to
ensure objective contractor performance
and eliminate unfair competitive
advantage, contractors that develop or
draft specifications, requirements,
statements of work, and invitations for
bids or requests for proposals must be
excluded from competing for such
procurements. Some of the situations
considered to be restrictive of
competition include but are not limited
to:
(1) Placing unreasonable requirements
on firms in order for them to qualify to
do business;
(2) Requiring unnecessary experience
and excessive bonding;
(3) Noncompetitive pricing practices
between firms or between affiliated
companies;
(4) Noncompetitive contracts to
consultants that are on retainer
contracts;
(5) Organizational conflicts of interest;
(6) Specifying only a ‘‘brand name’’
product instead of allowing ‘‘an equal’’
product to be offered and describing the
performance or other relevant
requirements of the procurement; and
(7) Any arbitrary action in the
procurement process.
(b) The non-Federal entity must
conduct procurements in a manner that
prohibits the use of statutorily or
administratively imposed state or local
geographical preferences in the
evaluation of bids or proposals, except
in those cases where applicable Federal
statutes expressly mandate or encourage
geographic preference. Nothing in this
section preempts state licensing laws.
When contracting for architectural and
engineering (A/E) services, geographic
location may be a selection criterion
provided its application leaves an
appropriate number of qualified firms,
given the nature and size of the project,
to compete for the contract.
(c) The non-Federal entity must have
written procedures for procurement
transactions. These procedures must
ensure that all solicitations:
(1) Incorporate a clear and accurate
description of the technical

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requirements for the material, product,
or service to be procured. Such
description must not, in competitive
procurements, contain features which
unduly restrict competition. The
description may include a statement of
the qualitative nature of the material,
product or service to be procured and,
when necessary, must set forth those
minimum essential characteristics and
standards to which it must conform if it
is to satisfy its intended use. Detailed
product specifications should be
avoided if at all possible. When it is
impractical or uneconomical to make a
clear and accurate description of the
technical requirements, a ‘‘brand name
or equivalent’’ description may be used
as a means to define the performance or
other salient requirements of
procurement. The specific features of
the named brand which must be met by
offers must be clearly stated; and
(2) Identify all requirements which
the offerors must fulfill and all other
factors to be used in evaluating bids or
proposals.
(d) The non-Federal entity must
ensure that all prequalified lists of
persons, firms, or products which are
used in acquiring goods and services are
current and include enough qualified
sources to ensure maximum open and
free competition. Also, the non-Federal
entity must not preclude potential
bidders from qualifying during the
solicitation period.
§ 200.320
followed.

Methods of procurement to be

The non-Federal entity must use one
of the following methods of
procurement.
(a) Procurement by micro-purchases.
Procurement by micro-purchase is the
acquisition of supplies or services, the
aggregate dollar amount of which does
not exceed $3,000 (or $2,000 in the case
of acquisitions for construction subject
to the Davis-Bacon Act). To the extent
practicable, the non-Federal entity must
distribute micro-purchases equitably
among qualified suppliers. Micropurchases may be awarded without
soliciting competitive quotations if the
non-Federal entity considers the price to
be reasonable.
(b) Procurement by small purchase
procedures. Small purchase procedures
are those relatively simple and informal
procurement methods for securing
services, supplies, or other property that
do not cost more than the Simplified
Acquisition Threshold. If small
purchase procedures are used, price or
rate quotations must be obtained from
an adequate number of qualified
sources.

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(c) Procurement by sealed bids
(formal advertising). Bids are publicly
solicited and a firm fixed price contract
(lump sum or unit price) is awarded to
the responsible bidder whose bid,
conforming with all the material terms
and conditions of the invitation for bids,
is the lowest in price. The sealed bid
method is the preferred method for
procuring construction, if the conditions
in paragraph (c)(1) of this section apply.
(1) In order for sealed bidding to be
feasible, the following conditions
should be present:
(i) A complete, adequate, and realistic
specification or purchase description is
available;
(ii) Two or more responsible bidders
are willing and able to compete
effectively for the business; and
(iii) The procurement lends itself to a
firm fixed price contract and the
selection of the successful bidder can be
made principally on the basis of price.
(2) If sealed bids are used, the
following requirements apply:
(i) The invitation for bids will be
publicly advertised and bids must be
solicited from an adequate number of
known suppliers, providing them
sufficient response time prior to the date
set for opening the bids;
(ii) The invitation for bids, which will
include any specifications and pertinent
attachments, must define the items or
services in order for the bidder to
properly respond;
(iii) All bids will be publicly opened
at the time and place prescribed in the
invitation for bids;
(iv) A firm fixed price contract award
will be made in writing to the lowest
responsive and responsible bidder.
Where specified in bidding documents,
factors such as discounts, transportation
cost, and life cycle costs must be
considered in determining which bid is
lowest. Payment discounts will only be
used to determine the low bid when
prior experience indicates that such
discounts are usually taken advantage
of; and
(v) Any or all bids may be rejected if
there is a sound documented reason.
(d) Procurement by competitive
proposals. The technique of competitive
proposals is normally conducted with
more than one source submitting an
offer, and either a fixed price or costreimbursement type contract is
awarded. It is generally used when
conditions are not appropriate for the
use of sealed bids. If this method is
used, the following requirements apply:
(1) Requests for proposals must be
publicized and identify all evaluation
factors and their relative importance.
Any response to publicized requests for

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proposals must be considered to the
maximum extent practical;
(2) Proposals must be solicited from
an adequate number of qualified
sources;
(3) The non-Federal entity must have
a written method for conducting
technical evaluations of the proposals
received and for selecting recipients;
(4) Contracts must be awarded to the
responsible firm whose proposal is most
advantageous to the program, with price
and other factors considered; and
(5) The non-Federal entity may use
competitive proposal procedures for
qualifications-based procurement of
architectural/engineering (A/E)
professional services whereby
competitors’ qualifications are evaluated
and the most qualified competitor is
selected, subject to negotiation of fair
and reasonable compensation. The
method, where price is not used as a
selection factor, can only be used in
procurement of A/E professional
services. It cannot be used to purchase
other types of services though A/E firms
are a potential source to perform the
proposed effort.
(f) Procurement by noncompetitive
proposals. Procurement by
noncompetitive proposals is
procurement through solicitation of a
proposal from only one source and may
be used only when one or more of the
following circumstances apply:
(1) The item is available only from a
single source;
(2) The public exigency or emergency
for the requirement will not permit a
delay resulting from competitive
solicitation;
(3) The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity expressly authorizes
noncompetitive proposals in response to
a written request from the non-Federal
entity; or
(4) After solicitation of a number of
sources, competition is determined
inadequate.
§ 200.321 Contracting with small and
minority businesses, women’s business
enterprises, and labor surplus area firms.

(a) The non-Federal entity must take
all necessary affirmative steps to assure
that minority businesses, women’s
business enterprises, and labor surplus
area firms are used when possible.
(b) Affirmative steps must include:
(1) Placing qualified small and
minority businesses and women’s
business enterprises on solicitation lists;
(2) Assuring that small and minority
businesses, and women’s business
enterprises are solicited whenever they
are potential sources;
(3) Dividing total requirements, when
economically feasible, into smaller tasks

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or quantities to permit maximum
participation by small and minority
businesses, and women’s business
enterprises;
(4) Establishing delivery schedules,
where the requirement permits, which
encourage participation by small and
minority businesses, and women’s
business enterprises;
(5) Using the services and assistance,
as appropriate, of such organizations as
the Small Business Administration and
the Minority Business Development
Agency of the Department of Commerce;
and
(6) Requiring the prime contractor, if
subcontracts are to be let, to take the
affirmative steps listed in paragraphs (1)
through (5) of this section.
§ 200.322 Procurement of recovered
materials.

A non-Federal entity that is a state
agency or agency of a political
subdivision of a state and its contractors
must comply with section 6002 of the
Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended
by the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. The requirements of
Section 6002 include procuring only
items designated in guidelines of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
at 40 CFR Part 247 that contain the
highest percentage of recovered
materials practicable, consistent with
maintaining a satisfactory level of
competition, where the purchase price
of the item exceeds $10,000 or the value
of the quantity acquired by the
preceding fiscal year exceeded $10,000;
procuring solid waste management
services in a manner that maximizes
energy and resource recovery; and
establishing an affirmative procurement
program for procurement of recovered
materials identified in the EPA
guidelines.
§ 200.323

Contract cost and price.

(a) The non-Federal entity must
perform a cost or price analysis in
connection with every procurement
action in excess of the Simplified
Acquisition Threshold including
contract modifications. The method and
degree of analysis is dependent on the
facts surrounding the particular
procurement situation, but as a starting
point, the non-Federal entity must make
independent estimates before receiving
bids or proposals.
(b) The non-Federal entity must
negotiate profit as a separate element of
the price for each contract in which
there is no price competition and in all
cases where cost analysis is performed.
To establish a fair and reasonable profit,
consideration must be given to the
complexity of the work to be performed,

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the risk borne by the contractor, the
contractor’s investment, the amount of
subcontracting, the quality of its record
of past performance, and industry profit
rates in the surrounding geographical
area for similar work.
(c) Costs or prices based on estimated
costs for contracts under the Federal
award are allowable only to the extent
that costs incurred or cost estimates
included in negotiated prices would be
allowable for the non-Federal entity
under Subpart E—Cost Principles of this
Part. The non-Federal entity may
reference its own cost principles that
comply with the Federal cost principles.
(d) The cost plus a percentage of cost
and percentage of construction cost
methods of contracting must not be
used.

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§ 200.324 Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity review.

(a) The non-Federal entity must make
available, upon request of the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity,
technical specifications on proposed
procurements where the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
believes such review is needed to
ensure that the item or service specified
is the one being proposed for
acquisition. This review generally will
take place prior to the time the
specification is incorporated into a
solicitation document. However, if the
non-Federal entity desires to have the
review accomplished after a solicitation
has been developed, the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
may still review the specifications, with
such review usually limited to the
technical aspects of the proposed
purchase.
(b) The non-Federal entity must make
available upon request, for the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
pre-procurement review, procurement
documents, such as requests for
proposals or invitations for bids, or
independent cost estimates, when:
(1) The non-Federal entity’s
procurement procedures or operation
fails to comply with the procurement
standards in this Part;
(2) The procurement is expected to
exceed the Simplified Acquisition
Threshold and is to be awarded without
competition or only one bid or offer is
received in response to a solicitation;
(3) The procurement, which is
expected to exceed the Simplified
Acquisition Threshold, specifies a
‘‘brand name’’ product;
(4) The proposed contract is more
than the Simplified Acquisition
Threshold and is to be awarded to other
than the apparent low bidder under a
sealed bid procurement; or

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(5) A proposed contract modification
changes the scope of a contract or
increases the contract amount by more
than the Simplified Acquisition
Threshold.
(c) The non-Federal entity is exempt
from the pre-procurement review in
paragraph (b) of this section if the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity determines that its
procurement systems comply with the
standards of this Part.
(1) The non-Federal entity may
request that its procurement system be
reviewed by the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity to
determine whether its system meets
these standards in order for its system
to be certified. Generally, these reviews
must occur where there is continuous
high-dollar funding, and third party
contracts are awarded on a regular basis;
(2) The non-Federal entity may selfcertify its procurement system. Such
self-certification must not limit the
Federal awarding agency’s right to
survey the system. Under a selfcertification procedure, the Federal
awarding agency may rely on written
assurances from the non-Federal entity
that it is complying with these
standards. The non-Federal entity must
cite specific policies, procedures,
regulations, or standards as being in
compliance with these requirements
and have its system available for review.
§ 200.325

Bonding requirements.

For construction or facility
improvement contracts or subcontracts
exceeding the Simplified Acquisition
Threshold, the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity may accept the
bonding policy and requirements of the
non-Federal entity provided that the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity has made a
determination that the Federal interest
is adequately protected. If such a
determination has not been made, the
minimum requirements must be as
follows:
(a) A bid guarantee from each bidder
equivalent to five percent of the bid
price. The ‘‘bid guarantee’’ must consist
of a firm commitment such as a bid
bond, certified check, or other
negotiable instrument accompanying a
bid as assurance that the bidder will,
upon acceptance of the bid, execute
such contractual documents as may be
required within the time specified.
(b) A performance bond on the part of
the contractor for 100 percent of the
contract price. A ‘‘performance bond’’ is
one executed in connection with a
contract to secure fulfillment of all the
contractor’s obligations under such
contract.

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(c) A payment bond on the part of the
contractor for 100 percent of the
contract price. A ‘‘payment bond’’ is one
executed in connection with a contract
to assure payment as required by law of
all persons supplying labor and material
in the execution of the work provided
for in the contract.
§ 200.326

Contract provisions.

The non-Federal entity’s contracts
must contain the applicable provisions
described in Appendix II to Part 200—
Contract Provisions for non-Federal
Entity Contracts Under Federal Awards.
Performance and Financial Monitoring
and Reporting
§ 200.327

Financial reporting.

Unless otherwise approved by OMB,
the Federal awarding agency may solicit
only the standard, OMB-approved
governmentwide data elements for
collection of financial information (at
time of publication the Federal
Financial Report or such future
collections as may be approved by OMB
and listed on the OMB Web site). This
information must be collected with the
frequency required by the terms and
conditions of the Federal award, but no
less frequently than annually nor more
frequently than quarterly except in
unusual circumstances, for example
where more frequent reporting is
necessary for the effective monitoring of
the Federal award or could significantly
affect program outcomes, and preferably
in coordination with performance
reporting.
200.328 Monitoring and reporting program
performance.

(a) Monitoring by the non-Federal
entity. The non-Federal entity is
responsible for oversight of the
operations of the Federal award
supported activities. The non-Federal
entity must monitor its activities under
Federal awards to assure compliance
with applicable Federal requirements
and performance expectations are being
achieved. Monitoring by the nonFederal entity must cover each program,
function or activity. See also § 200.331
Requirements for pass-through entities.
(b) Non-construction performance
reports. The Federal awarding agency
must use standard, OMB-approved data
elements for collection of performance
information (including performance
progress reports, Research Performance
Progress Report, or such future
collections as may be approved by OMB
and listed on the OMB Web site).
(1) The non-Federal entity must
submit performance reports at the
interval required by the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity

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to best inform improvements in program
outcomes and productivity. Intervals
must be no less frequent than annually
nor more frequent than quarterly except
in unusual circumstances, for example
where more frequent reporting is
necessary for the effective monitoring of
the Federal award or could significantly
affect program outcomes. Annual
reports must be due 90 calendar days
after the reporting period; quarterly or
semiannual reports must be due 30
calendar days after the reporting period.
Alternatively, the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity may
require annual reports before the
anniversary dates of multiple year
Federal awards. The final performance
report will be due 90 calendar days after
the period of performance end date. If
a justified request is submitted by a nonFederal entity, the Federal agency may
extend the due date for any performance
report.
(2) The non-Federal entity must
submit performance reports using OMBapproved governmentwide standard
information collections when providing
performance information. As
appropriate in accordance with above
mentioned information collections,
these reports will contain, for each
Federal award, brief information on the
following unless other collections are
approved by OMB:
(i) A comparison of actual
accomplishments to the objectives of the
Federal award established for the
period. Where the accomplishments of
the Federal award can be quantified, a
computation of the cost (for example,
related to units of accomplishment) may
be required if that information will be
useful. Where performance trend data
and analysis would be informative to
the Federal awarding agency program,
the Federal awarding agency should
include this as a performance reporting
requirement.
(ii) The reasons why established goals
were not met, if appropriate.
(iii) Additional pertinent information
including, when appropriate, analysis
and explanation of cost overruns or high
unit costs.
(c) Construction performance reports.
For the most part, onsite technical
inspections and certified percentage of
completion data are relied on heavily by
Federal awarding agencies and passthrough entities to monitor progress
under Federal awards and subawards
for construction. The Federal awarding
agency may require additional
performance reports only when
considered necessary.
(d) Significant developments. Events
may occur between the scheduled
performance reporting dates that have

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significant impact upon the supported
activity. In such cases, the non-Federal
entity must inform the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity as soon as
the following types of conditions
become known:
(1) Problems, delays, or adverse
conditions which will materially impair
the ability to meet the objective of the
Federal award. This disclosure must
include a statement of the action taken,
or contemplated, and any assistance
needed to resolve the situation.
(2) Favorable developments which
enable meeting time schedules and
objectives sooner or at less cost than
anticipated or producing more or
different beneficial results than
originally planned.
(e) The Federal awarding agency may
make site visits as warranted by
program needs.
(f) The Federal awarding agency may
waive any performance report required
by this Part if not needed.
§ 200.329

Reporting on real property.

The Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity must require a nonFederal entity to submit reports at least
annually on the status of real property
in which the Federal government retains
an interest, unless the Federal interest
in the real property extends 15 years or
longer. In those instances where the
Federal interest attached is for a period
of 15 years or more, the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity,
at its option, may require the nonFederal entity to report at various multiyear frequencies (e.g., every two years or
every three years, not to exceed a fiveyear reporting period; or a Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
may require annual reporting for the
first three years of a Federal award and
thereafter require reporting every five
years).
Subrecipient Monitoring and
Management
§ 200.330 Subrecipient and contractor
determinations.

The non-Federal entity may
concurrently receive Federal awards as
a recipient, a subrecipient, and a
contractor, depending on the substance
of its agreements with Federal awarding
agencies and pass-through entities.
Therefore, a pass-through entity must
make case-by-case determinations
whether each agreement it makes for the
disbursement of Federal program funds
casts the party receiving the funds in the
role of a subrecipient or a contractor.
The Federal awarding agency may
supply and require recipients to comply
with additional guidance to support
these determinations provided such

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guidance does not conflict with this
section.
(a) Subrecipients. A subaward is for
the purpose of carrying out a portion of
a Federal award and creates a Federal
assistance relationship with the
subrecipient. See § 200.92 Subaward.
Characteristics which support the
classification of the non-Federal entity
as a subrecipient include when the nonFederal entity:
(1) Determines who is eligible to
receive what Federal assistance;
(2) Has its performance measured in
relation to whether objectives of a
Federal program were met;
(3) Has responsibility for
programmatic decision making;
(4) Is responsible for adherence to
applicable Federal program
requirements specified in the Federal
award; and
(5) In accordance with its agreement,
uses the Federal funds to carry out a
program for a public purpose specified
in authorizing statute, as opposed to
providing goods or services for the
benefit of the pass-through entity.
(b) Contractors. A contract is for the
purpose of obtaining goods and services
for the non-Federal entity’s own use and
creates a procurement relationship with
the contractor. See § 200.22 Contract.
Characteristics indicative of a
procurement relationship between the
non-Federal entity and a contractor are
when the non-Federal entity receiving
the Federal funds:
(1) Provides the goods and services
within normal business operations;
(2) Provides similar goods or services
to many different purchasers;
(3) Normally operates in a competitive
environment;
(4) Provides goods or services that are
ancillary to the operation of the Federal
program; and
(5) Is not subject to compliance
requirements of the Federal program as
a result of the agreement, though similar
requirements may apply for other
reasons.
(c) Use of judgment in making
determination. In determining whether
an agreement between a pass-through
entity and another non-Federal entity
casts the latter as a subrecipient or a
contractor, the substance of the
relationship is more important than the
form of the agreement. All of the
characteristics listed above may not be
present in all cases, and the passthrough entity must use judgment in
classifying each agreement as a
subaward or a procurement contract.
§ 200.331
entities.

Requirements for pass-through

All pass-through entities must:

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(a) Ensure that every subaward is
clearly identified to the subrecipient as
a subaward and includes the following
information at the time of the subaward
and if any of these data elements
change, include the changes in
subsequent subaward modification.
When some of this information is not
available, the pass-through entity must
provide the best information available to
describe the Federal award and
subaward. Required information
includes:
(1) Federal Award Identification.
(i) Subrecipient name (which must
match registered name in DUNS);
(ii) Subrecipient’s DUNS number (see
§ 200.32 Data Universal Numbering
System (DUNS) number);
(iii) Federal Award Identification
Number (FAIN);
(iv) Federal Award Date (see § 200.39
Federal award date);
(v) Subaward Period of Performance
Start and End Date;
(vi) Amount of Federal Funds
Obligated by this action;
(vii) Total Amount of Federal Funds
Obligated to the subrecipient;
(viii) Total Amount of the Federal
Award;
(ix) Federal award project description,
as required to be responsive to the
Federal Funding Accountability and
Transparency Act (FFATA);
(x) Name of Federal awarding agency,
pass-through entity, and contact
information for awarding official,
(xi) CFDA Number and Name; the
pass-through entity must identify the
dollar amount made available under
each Federal award and the CFDA
number at time of disbursement;
(xii) Identification of whether the
award is R&D; and
(xiii) Indirect cost rate for the Federal
award (including if the de minimis rate
is charged per § 200.414 Indirect (F&A)
costs).
(2) All requirements imposed by the
pass-through entity on the subrecipient
so that the Federal award is used in
accordance with Federal statutes,
regulations and the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
(3) Any additional requirements that
the pass-through entity imposes on the
subrecipient in order for the passthrough entity to meet its own
responsibility to the Federal awarding
agency including identification of any
required financial and performance
reports;
(4) An approved federally recognized
indirect cost rate negotiated between the
subrecipient and the Federal
government or, if no such rate exists,
either a rate negotiated between the
pass-through entity and the subrecipient

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(in compliance with this Part), or a de
minimis indirect cost rate as defined in
§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs,
paragraph (b) of this Part.
(5) A requirement that the
subrecipient permit the pass-through
entity and auditors to have access to the
subrecipient’s records and financial
statements as necessary for the passthrough entity to meet the requirements
of this section, §§ 200.300 Statutory and
national policy requirements through
200.309 Period of performance, and
Subpart F—Audit Requirements of this
Part; and
(6) Appropriate terms and conditions
concerning closeout of the subaward.
(b) Evaluate each subrecipient’s risk
of noncompliance with Federal statutes,
regulations, and the terms and
conditions of the subaward for purposes
of determining the appropriate
subrecipient monitoring described in
paragraph (e) of this section, which may
include consideration of such factors as:
(1) The subrecipient’s prior
experience with the same or similar
subawards;
(2) The results of previous audits
including whether or not the
subrecipient receives a Single Audit in
accordance with Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part, and the
extent to which the same or similar
subaward has been audited as a major
program;
(3) Whether the subrecipient has new
personnel or new or substantially
changed systems; and
(4) The extent and results of Federal
awarding agency monitoring (e.g., if the
subrecipient also receives Federal
awards directly from a Federal awarding
agency).
(c) Consider imposing specific
subaward conditions upon a
subrecipient if appropriate as described
in § 200.207 Specific conditions.
(d) Monitor the activities of the
subrecipient as necessary to ensure that
the subaward is used for authorized
purposes, in compliance with Federal
statutes, regulations, and the terms and
conditions of the subaward; and that
subaward performance goals are
achieved. Pass-through entity
monitoring of the subrecipient must
include:
(1) Reviewing financial and
programmatic reports required by the
pass-through entity.
(2) Following-up and ensuring that
the subrecipient takes timely and
appropriate action on all deficiencies
pertaining to the Federal award
provided to the subrecipient from the
pass-through entity detected through
audits, on-site reviews, and other
means.

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(3) Issuing a management decision for
audit findings pertaining to the Federal
award provided to the subrecipient from
the pass-through entity as required by
§ 200.521 Management decision.
(e) Depending upon the pass-through
entity’s assessment of risk posed by the
subrecipient (as described in paragraph
(b) of this section), the following
monitoring tools may be useful for the
pass-through entity to ensure proper
accountability and compliance with
program requirements and achievement
of performance goals:
(1) Providing subrecipients with
training and technical assistance on
program-related matters; and
(2) Performing on-site reviews of the
subrecipient’s program operations;
(3) Arranging for agreed-uponprocedures engagements as described in
§ 200.425 Audit services.
(f) Verify that every subrecipient is
audited as required by Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part when it
is expected that the subrecipient’s
Federal awards expended during the
respective fiscal year equaled or
exceeded the threshold set forth in
§ 200.501 Audit requirements.
(g) Consider whether the results of the
subrecipient’s audits, on-site reviews, or
other monitoring indicate conditions
that necessitate adjustments to the passthrough entity’s own records.
(h) Consider taking enforcement
action against noncompliant
subrecipients as described in § 200.338
Remedies for noncompliance of this Part
and in program regulations.
§ 200.332

Fixed amount subawards.

With prior written approval from the
Federal awarding agency, a passthrough entity may provide subawards
based on fixed amounts up to the
Simplified Acquisition Threshold,
provided that the subawards meet the
requirements for fixed amount awards
in § 200.201 Use of grant agreements
(including fixed amount awards),
cooperative agreements, and contracts.
Record Retention and Access
§ 200.333
records.

Retention requirements for

Financial records, supporting
documents, statistical records, and all
other non-Federal entity records
pertinent to a Federal award must be
retained for a period of three years from
the date of submission of the final
expenditure report or, for Federal
awards that are renewed quarterly or
annually, from the date of the
submission of the quarterly or annual
financial report, respectively, as
reported to the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity in the case of a

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subrecipient. Federal awarding agencies
and pass-through entities must not
impose any other record retention
requirements upon non-Federal entities.
The only exceptions are the following:
(a) If any litigation, claim, or audit is
started before the expiration of the 3year period, the records must be
retained until all litigation, claims, or
audit findings involving the records
have been resolved and final action
taken.
(b) When the non-Federal entity is
notified in writing by the Federal
awarding agency, cognizant agency for
audit, oversight agency for audit,
cognizant agency for indirect costs, or
pass-through entity to extend the
retention period.
(c) Records for real property and
equipment acquired with Federal funds
must be retained for 3 years after final
disposition.
(d) When records are transferred to or
maintained by the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity, the 3-year
retention requirement is not applicable
to the non-Federal entity.
(e) Records for program income
transactions after the period of
performance. In some cases recipients
must report program income after the
period of performance. Where there is
such a requirement, the retention period
for the records pertaining to the earning
of the program income starts from the
end of the non-Federal entity’s fiscal
year in which the program income is
earned.
(f) Indirect cost rate proposals and
cost allocations plans. This paragraph
applies to the following types of
documents and their supporting
records: indirect cost rate computations
or proposals, cost allocation plans, and
any similar accounting computations of
the rate at which a particular group of
costs is chargeable (such as computer
usage chargeback rates or composite
fringe benefit rates).
(1) If submitted for negotiation. If the
proposal, plan, or other computation is
required to be submitted to the Federal
government (or to the pass-through
entity) to form the basis for negotiation
of the rate, then the 3-year retention
period for its supporting records starts
from the date of such submission.
(2) If not submitted for negotiation. If
the proposal, plan, or other computation
is not required to be submitted to the
Federal government (or to the passthrough entity) for negotiation purposes,
then the 3-year retention period for the
proposal, plan, or computation and its
supporting records starts from the end
of the fiscal year (or other accounting
period) covered by the proposal, plan,
or other computation.

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§ 200.334

Requests for transfer of records.

The Federal awarding agency must
request transfer of certain records to its
custody from the non-Federal entity
when it determines that the records
possess long-term retention value.
However, in order to avoid duplicate
recordkeeping, the Federal awarding
agency may make arrangements for the
non-Federal entity to retain any records
that are continuously needed for joint
use.
§ 200.335 Methods for collection,
transmission and storage of information.

In accordance with the May 2013
Executive Order on Making Open and
Machine Readable the New Default for
Government Information, the Federal
awarding agency and the non-Federal
entity should, whenever practicable,
collect, transmit, and store Federal
award-related information in open and
machine readable formats rather than in
closed formats or on paper. The Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
must always provide or accept paper
versions of Federal award-related
information to and from the non-Federal
entity upon request. If paper copies are
submitted, the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity must not require
more than an original and two copies.
When original records are electronic
and cannot be altered, there is no need
to create and retain paper copies. When
original records are paper, electronic
versions may be substituted through the
use of duplication or other forms of
electronic media provided that they are
subject to periodic quality control
reviews, provide reasonable safeguards
against alteration, and remain readable.
§ 200.336

Access to records.

(a) Records of non-Federal entities.
The Federal awarding agency,
Inspectors General, the Comptroller
General of the United States, and the
pass-through entity, or any of their
authorized representatives, must have
the right of access to any documents,
papers, or other records of the nonFederal entity which are pertinent to the
Federal award, in order to make audits,
examinations, excerpts, and transcripts.
The right also includes timely and
reasonable access to the non-Federal
entity’s personnel for the purpose of
interview and discussion related to such
documents.
(b) Only under extraordinary and rare
circumstances would such access
include review of the true name of
victims of a crime. Routine monitoring
cannot be considered extraordinary and
rare circumstances that would
necessitate access to this information.
When access to the true name of victims

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of a crime is necessary, appropriate
steps to protect this sensitive
information must be taken by both the
non-Federal entity and the Federal
awarding agency. Any such access,
other than under a court order or
subpoena pursuant to a bona fide
confidential investigation, must be
approved by the head of the Federal
awarding agency or delegate.
(c) Expiration of right of access. The
rights of access in this section are not
limited to the required retention period
but last as long as the records are
retained. Federal awarding agencies and
pass-through entities must not impose
any other access requirements upon
non-Federal entities.
§ 200.337
records

Restrictions on public access to

No Federal awarding agency may
place restrictions on the non-Federal
entity that limit public access to the
records of the non-Federal entity
pertinent to a Federal award, except for
protected personally identifiable
information (PII) or when the Federal
awarding agency can demonstrate that
such records will be kept confidential
and would have been exempted from
disclosure pursuant to the Freedom of
Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) or
controlled unclassified information
pursuant to Executive Order 13556 if
the records had belonged to the Federal
awarding agency. The Freedom of
Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552) (FOIA)
does not apply to those records that
remain under a non-Federal entity’s
control except as required under
§ 200.315 Intangible property. Unless
required by Federal, state, or local
statute, non-Federal entities are not
required to permit public access to their
records. The non-Federal entity’s
records provided to a Federal agency
generally will be subject to FOIA and
applicable exemptions.
Remedies for Noncompliance
§ 200.338

Remedies for noncompliance.

If a non-Federal entity fails to comply
with Federal statutes, regulations or the
terms and conditions of a Federal
award, the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity may impose
additional conditions, as described in
§ 200.207 Specific conditions. If the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity determines that
noncompliance cannot be remedied by
imposing additional conditions, the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity may take one or more of
the following actions, as appropriate in
the circumstances:
(a) Temporarily withhold cash
payments pending correction of the

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deficiency by the non-Federal entity or
more severe enforcement action by the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.
(b) Disallow (that is, deny both use of
funds and any applicable matching
credit for) all or part of the cost of the
activity or action not in compliance.
(c) Wholly or partly suspend or
terminate the Federal award.
(d) Initiate suspension or debarment
proceedings as authorized under 2 CFR
Part 180 and Federal awarding agency
regulations (or in the case of a passthrough entity, recommend such a
proceeding be initiated by a Federal
awarding agency).
(e) Withhold further Federal awards
for the project or program.
(f) Take other remedies that may be
legally available.

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§ 200.339

Termination

(a) The Federal award may be
terminated in whole or in part as
follows:
(1) By the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity, if a non-Federal
entity fails to comply with the terms
and conditions of a Federal award;
(2) By the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity for cause;
(3) By the Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity with the consent of
the non-Federal entity, in which case
the two parties must agree upon the
termination conditions, including the
effective date and, in the case of partial
termination, the portion to be
terminated; or
(4) By the non-Federal entity upon
sending to the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity written
notification setting forth the reasons for
such termination, the effective date,
and, in the case of partial termination,
the portion to be terminated. However,
if the Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity determines in the case of
partial termination that the reduced or
modified portion of the Federal award
or subaward will not accomplish the
purposes for which the Federal award
was made, the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity may terminate
the Federal award in its entirety.
(b) When a Federal award is
terminated or partially terminated, both
the Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity and the non-Federal
entity remain responsible for
compliance with the requirements in
§§ 200.343 Closeout and 200.344 Postcloseout adjustments and continuing
responsibilities.

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§ 200.340 Notification of termination
requirement.

(a) The Federal agency or passthrough entity must provide to the nonFederal entity a notice of termination.
(b) If the Federal award is terminated
for the non-Federal entity’s failure to
comply with the Federal statutes,
regulations, or terms and conditions of
the Federal award, the notification must
state that the termination decision may
be considered in evaluating future
applications received from the nonFederal entity.
(c) Upon termination of a Federal
award, the Federal awarding agency
must provide the information required
under FFATA to the Federal Web site
established to fulfill the requirements of
FFATA, and update or notify any other
relevant governmentwide systems or
entities of any indications of poor
performance as required by 41 U.S.C.
417b and 31 U.S.C. 3321 and
implementing guidance at 2 CFR Part
77. See also the requirements for
Suspension and Debarment at 2 CFR
Part 180.
§ 200.341 Opportunities to object,
hearings and appeals.

Upon taking any remedy for noncompliance, the Federal awarding
agency must provide the non-Federal
entity an opportunity to object and
provide information and documentation
challenging the suspension or
termination action, in accordance with
written processes and procedures
published by the Federal awarding
agency. The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity must comply with
any requirements for hearings, appeals
or other administrative proceedings
which the non-Federal entity is entitled
under any statute or regulation
applicable to the action involved.
§ 200.342 Effects of suspension and
termination.

Costs to the non-Federal entity
resulting from obligations incurred by
the non-Federal entity during a
suspension or after termination of a
Federal award or subaward are not
allowable unless the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity expressly
authorizes them in the notice of
suspension or termination or
subsequently. However, costs during
suspension or after termination are
allowable if:
(a) The costs result from obligations
which were properly incurred by the
non-Federal entity before the effective
date of suspension or termination, are
not in anticipation of it; and
(b) The costs would be allowable if
the Federal award was not suspended or

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expired normally at the end of the
period of performance in which the
termination takes effect.
Closeout
§ 200.343

Closeout.

The Federal agency or pass-through
entity will close-out the Federal award
when it determines that all applicable
administrative actions and all required
work of the Federal award have been
completed by the non-Federal entity.
This section specifies the actions the
non-Federal entity and Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
must take to complete this process at the
end of the period of performance.
(a) The non-Federal entity must
submit, no later than 90 calendar days
after the end date of the period of
performance, all financial, performance,
and other reports as required by or the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award. The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity may approve
extensions when requested by the nonFederal entity.
(b) Unless the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity authorizes
an extension, a non-Federal entity must
liquidate all obligations incurred under
the Federal award not later than 90
calendar days after the end date of the
period of performance as specified in
the terms and conditions of the Federal
award.
(c) The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity must make prompt
payments to the non-Federal entity for
allowable reimbursable costs under the
Federal award being closed out.
(d) The non-Federal entity must
promptly refund any balances of
unobligated cash that the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
paid in advance or paid and that is not
authorized to be retained by the nonFederal entity for use in other projects.
See OMB Circular A–129 and see
§ 200.345 Collection of amounts due for
requirements regarding unreturned
amounts that become delinquent debts.
(e) Consistent with the terms and
conditions of the Federal award, the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity must make a settlement
for any upward or downward
adjustments to the Federal share of costs
after closeout reports are received.
(f) The non-Federal entity must
account for any real and personal
property acquired with Federal funds or
received from the Federal government
in accordance with §§ 200.310
Insurance coverage through 200.316
Property trust relationship and 200.329
Reporting on real property.
(g) The Federal awarding agency or
pass-through entity should complete all

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closeout actions for Federal awards no
later than one year after receipt and
acceptance of all required final reports.
Post-Closeout Adjustments and
Continuing Responsibilities
§ 200.344 Post-closeout adjustments and
continuing responsibilities.

(a) The closeout of a Federal award
does not affect any of the following.
(1) The right of the Federal awarding
agency or pass-through entity to
disallow costs and recover funds on the
basis of a later audit or other review.
The Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity must make any cost
disallowance determination and notify
the non-Federal entity within the record
retention period.
(2) The obligation of the non-Federal
entity to return any funds due as a result
of later refunds, corrections, or other
transactions including final indirect cost
rate adjustments.
(3) Audit requirements in Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part.
(4) Property management and
disposition requirements in Subpart D—
Post Federal Award Requirements of
this Part, §§ 200.310 Insurance Coverage
through 200.316 Property trust
relationship.
(5) Records retention as required in
Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements of this Part, §§ 200.333
Retention requirements for records
through 200.337 Restrictions on public
access to records.
(b) After closeout of the Federal
award, a relationship created under the
Federal award may be modified or
ended in whole or in part with the
consent of the Federal awarding agency
or pass-through entity and the nonFederal entity, provided the
responsibilities of the non-Federal
entity referred to in paragraph (a) of this
section including those for property
management as applicable, are
considered and provisions made for
continuing responsibilities of the nonFederal entity, as appropriate.
Collection of Amounts Due

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§ 200.345

Collection of amounts due.

(a) Any funds paid to the non-Federal
entity in excess of the amount to which
the non-Federal entity is finally
determined to be entitled under the
terms of the Federal award constitute a
debt to the Federal government. If not
paid within 90 calendar days after
demand, the Federal awarding agency
may reduce the debt by:
(1) Making an administrative offset
against other requests for
reimbursements;

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Subpart E—Cost Principles

See § 200.56 Indirect (facilities &
administrative (F&A)) costs.
(f) For non-Federal entities that
educate and engage students in
research, the dual role of students as
both trainees and employees
contributing to the completion of
Federal awards for research must be
recognized in the application of these
principles.
(g) The non-Federal entity may not
earn or keep any profit resulting from
Federal financial assistance, unless
expressly authorized by the terms and
conditions of the Federal award. See
also § 200.307 Program income.

General Provisions

§ 200.401

(2) Withholding advance payments
otherwise due to the non-Federal entity;
or
(3) Other action permitted by Federal
statute.
(b) Except where otherwise provided
by statutes or regulations, the Federal
awarding agency will charge interest on
an overdue debt in accordance with the
Federal Claims Collection Standards (31
CFR Parts 900 through 999). The date
from which interest is computed is not
extended by litigation or the filing of
any form of appeal.

§ 200.400

Policy guide.

The application of these cost
principles is based on the fundamental
premises that:
(a) The non-Federal entity is
responsible for the efficient and
effective administration of the Federal
award through the application of sound
management practices.
(b) The non-Federal entity assumes
responsibility for administering Federal
funds in a manner consistent with
underlying agreements, program
objectives, and the terms and conditions
of the Federal award.
(c) The non-Federal entity, in
recognition of its own unique
combination of staff, facilities, and
experience, has the primary
responsibility for employing whatever
form of sound organization and
management techniques may be
necessary in order to assure proper and
efficient administration of the Federal
award.
(d) The application of these cost
principles should require no significant
changes in the internal accounting
policies and practices of the nonFederal entity. However, the accounting
practices of the non-Federal entity must
be consistent with these cost principles
and support the accumulation of costs
as required by the principles, and must
provide for adequate documentation to
support costs charged to the Federal
award.
(e) In reviewing, negotiating and
approving cost allocation plans or
indirect cost proposals, the cognizant
agency for indirect costs should
generally assure that the non-Federal
entity is applying these cost accounting
principles on a consistent basis during
their review and negotiation of indirect
cost proposals. Where wide variations
exist in the treatment of a given cost
item by the non-Federal entity, the
reasonableness and equity of such
treatments should be fully considered.

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Application.

(a) General. These principles must be
used in determining the allowable costs
of work performed by the non-Federal
entity under Federal awards. These
principles also must be used by the nonFederal entity as a guide in the pricing
of fixed-price contracts and subcontracts
where costs are used in determining the
appropriate price. The principles do not
apply to:
(1) Arrangements under which
Federal financing is in the form of loans,
scholarships, fellowships, traineeships,
or other fixed amounts based on such
items as education allowance or
published tuition rates and fees.
(2) For IHEs, capitation awards, which
are awards based on case counts or
number of beneficiaries according to the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award.
(3) Fixed amount awards. See also
Subpart A—Acronyms and Definitions,
§§ 200.45 Fixed amount awards and
200.201 Use of grant agreements
(including fixed amount awards),
cooperative agreements, and contracts.
(4) Federal awards to hospitals (see
Appendix IX to Part 200—Hospital Cost
Principles).
(5) Other awards under which the
non-Federal entity is not required to
account to the Federal government for
actual costs incurred.
(b) Federal Contract. Where a Federal
contract awarded to a non-Federal entity
is subject to the Cost Accounting
Standards (CAS), it incorporates the
applicable CAS clauses, Standards, and
CAS administration requirements per
the 48 CFR Chapter 99 and 48 CFR Part
30 (FAR Part 30). CAS applies directly
to the CAS-covered contract and the
Cost Accounting Standards at 48 CFR
Parts 9904 or 9905 takes precedence
over the cost principles in this Subpart
E—Cost Principles of this Part with
respect to the allocation of costs. When
a contract with a non-Federal entity is
subject to full CAS coverage, the
allowability of certain costs under the

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cost principles will be affected by the
allocation provisions of the Cost
Accounting Standards (e.g., CAS 414—
48 CFR 9904.414, Cost of Money as an
Element of the Cost of Facilities Capital,
and CAS 417—48 CFR 9904.417, Cost of
Money as an Element of the Cost of
Capital Assets Under Construction),
apply rather the allowability provisions
of § 200.449 Interest. In complying with
those requirements, the non-Federal
entity’s application of cost accounting
practices for estimating, accumulating,
and reporting costs for other Federal
awards and other cost objectives under
the CAS-covered contract still must be
consistent with its cost accounting
practices for the CAS-covered contracts.
In all cases, only one set of accounting
records needs to be maintained for the
allocation of costs by the non-Federal
entity.
(c) Exemptions. Some nonprofit
organizations, because of their size and
nature of operations, can be considered
to be similar to for-profit entities for
purpose of applicability of cost
principles. Such nonprofit organizations
must operate under Federal cost
principles applicable to for-profit
entities located at 48 CFR 31.2. A listing
of these organizations is contained in
Appendix VIII to Part 200—Nonprofit
Organizations Exempted From Subpart
E—Cost Principles of this Part. Other
organizations, as approved by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs, may
be added from time to time.
Basic Considerations
§ 200.402

Composition of costs.

Total cost. The total cost of a Federal
award is the sum of the allowable direct
and allocable indirect costs less any
applicable credits.

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§ 200.403
costs.

Factors affecting allowability of

Except where otherwise authorized by
statute, costs must meet the following
general criteria in order to be allowable
under Federal awards:
(a) Be necessary and reasonable for
the performance of the Federal award
and be allocable thereto under these
principles.
(b) Conform to any limitations or
exclusions set forth in these principles
or in the Federal award as to types or
amount of cost items.
(c) Be consistent with policies and
procedures that apply uniformly to both
federally-financed and other activities of
the non-Federal entity.
(d) Be accorded consistent treatment.
A cost may not be assigned to a Federal
award as a direct cost if any other cost
incurred for the same purpose in like

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circumstances has been allocated to the
Federal award as an indirect cost.
(e) Be determined in accordance with
generally accepted accounting
principles (GAAP), except, for state and
local governments and Indian tribes
only, as otherwise provided for in this
Part.
(f) Not be included as a cost or used
to meet cost sharing or matching
requirements of any other federallyfinanced program in either the current
or a prior period. See also § 200.306
Cost sharing or matching paragraph (b).
(g) Be adequately documented. See
also §§ 200.300 Statutory and national
policy requirements through 200.309
Period of performance of this Part.
§ 200.404

Reasonable costs.

A cost is reasonable if, in its nature
and amount, it does not exceed that
which would be incurred by a prudent
person under the circumstances
prevailing at the time the decision was
made to incur the cost. The question of
reasonableness is particularly important
when the non-Federal entity is
predominantly federally-funded. In
determining reasonableness of a given
cost, consideration must be given to:
(a) Whether the cost is of a type
generally recognized as ordinary and
necessary for the operation of the nonFederal entity or the proper and
efficient performance of the Federal
award.
(b) The restraints or requirements
imposed by such factors as: sound
business practices; arm’s-length
bargaining; Federal, state and other laws
and regulations; and terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
(c) Market prices for comparable
goods or services for the geographic
area.
(d) Whether the individuals
concerned acted with prudence in the
circumstances considering their
responsibilities to the non-Federal
entity, its employees, where applicable
its students or membership, the public
at large, and the Federal government.
(e) Whether the non-Federal entity
significantly deviates from its
established practices and policies
regarding the incurrence of costs, which
may unjustifiably increase the Federal
award’s cost.
§ 200.405

Allocable costs.

(a) A cost is allocable to a particular
Federal award or other cost objective if
the goods or services involved are
chargeable or assignable to that Federal
award or cost objective in accordance
with relative benefits received. This
standard is met if the cost:
(1) Is incurred specifically for the
Federal award;

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(2) Benefits both the Federal award
and other work of the non-Federal entity
and can be distributed in proportions
that may be approximated using
reasonable methods; and
(3) Is necessary to the overall
operation of the non-Federal entity and
is assignable in part to the Federal
award in accordance with the principles
in this subpart.
(b) All activities which benefit from
the non-Federal entity’s indirect (F&A)
cost, including unallowable activities
and donated services by the non-Federal
entity or third parties, will receive an
appropriate allocation of indirect costs.
(c) Any cost allocable to a particular
Federal award under the principles
provided for in this Part may not be
charged to other Federal awards to
overcome fund deficiencies, to avoid
restrictions imposed by Federal statutes,
regulations, or terms and conditions of
the Federal awards, or for other reasons.
However, this prohibition would not
preclude the non-Federal entity from
shifting costs that are allowable under
two or more Federal awards in
accordance with existing Federal
statutes, regulations, or the terms and
conditions of the Federal awards.
(d) Direct cost allocation principles. If
a cost benefits two or more projects or
activities in proportions that can be
determined without undue effort or
cost, the cost should be allocated to the
projects based on the proportional
benefit. If a cost benefits two or more
projects or activities in proportions that
cannot be determined because of the
interrelationship of the work involved,
then, notwithstanding paragraph (c) of
this section, the costs may be allocated
or transferred to benefitted projects on
any reasonable documented basis.
Where the purchase of equipment or
other capital asset is specifically
authorized under a Federal award, the
costs are assignable to the Federal award
regardless of the use that may be made
of the equipment or other capital asset
involved when no longer needed for the
purpose for which it was originally
required. See also §§ 200.310 Insurance
coverage through 200.316 Property trust
relationship and 200.439 Equipment
and other capital expenditures.
(e) If the contract is subject to CAS,
costs must be allocated to the contract
pursuant to the Cost Accounting
Standards. To the extent that CAS is
applicable, the allocation of costs in
accordance with CAS takes precedence
over the allocation provisions in this
Part.
§ 200.406

Applicable credits.

(a) Applicable credits refer to those
receipts or reduction-of-expenditure-

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type transactions that offset or reduce
expense items allocable to the Federal
award as direct or indirect (F&A) costs.
Examples of such transactions are:
purchase discounts, rebates or
allowances, recoveries or indemnities
on losses, insurance refunds or rebates,
and adjustments of overpayments or
erroneous charges. To the extent that
such credits accruing to or received by
the non-Federal entity relate to
allowable costs, they must be credited to
the Federal award either as a cost
reduction or cash refund, as
appropriate.
(b) In some instances, the amounts
received from the Federal government to
finance activities or service operations
of the non-Federal entity should be
treated as applicable credits.
Specifically, the concept of netting such
credit items (including any amounts
used to meet cost sharing or matching
requirements) should be recognized in
determining the rates or amounts to be
charged to the Federal award. (See
§§ 200.436 Depreciation and 200.468
Specialized service facilities, for areas of
potential application in the matter of
Federal financing of activities.)

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§ 200.407 Prior written approval (prior
approval).

Under any given Federal award, the
reasonableness and allocability of
certain items of costs may be difficult to
determine. In order to avoid subsequent
disallowance or dispute based on
unreasonableness or nonallocability, the
non-Federal entity may seek the prior
written approval of the cognizant
agency for indirect costs or the Federal
awarding agency in advance of the
incurrence of special or unusual costs.
Prior written approval should include
the timeframe or scope of the agreement.
The absence of prior written approval
on any element of cost will not, in itself,
affect the reasonableness or allocability
of that element, unless prior approval is
specifically required for allowability as
described under certain circumstances
in the following sections of this Part:
(a) § 200.201 Use of grant agreements
(including fixed amount awards),
cooperative agreements, and contracts,
paragraph (b)(5);
(b) § 200.306 Cost sharing or
matching;
(c) § 200.307 Program income;
(d) § 200.308 Revision of budget and
program plans;
(e) § 200.332 Fixed amount
subawards;
(f) § 200.413 Direct costs, paragraph
(c);
(g) § 200.430 Compensation—personal
services, paragraph (h);

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(h) § 200.431 Compensation—fringe
benefits;
(i) § 200.438 Entertainment costs;
(j) § 200.439 Equipment and other
capital expenditures;
(k) § 200.440 Exchange rates;
(l) § 200.441 Fines, penalties, damages
and other settlements;
(m) § 200.442 Fund raising and
investment management costs;
(n) § 200.445 Goods or services for
personal use;
(o) § 200.447 Insurance and
indemnification;
(p) § 200.454 Memberships,
subscriptions, and professional activity
costs, paragraph (c);
(q) § 200.455 Organization costs;
(r) § 200.456 Participant support costs;
(s) § 200.458 Pre-award costs;
(t) § 200.462 Rearrangement and
reconversion costs;
(u) § 200.467 Selling and marketing
costs; and
(v) § 200.474 Travel costs.
§ 200.408
costs.

Limitation on allowance of

The Federal award may be subject to
statutory requirements that limit the
allowability of costs. When the
maximum amount allowable under a
limitation is less than the total amount
determined in accordance with the
principles in this Part, the amount not
recoverable under the Federal award
may not be charged to the Federal
award.
§ 200.409

Special considerations.

In addition to the basic considerations
regarding the allowability of costs
highlighted in this subtitle, other
subtitles in this Part describe special
considerations and requirements
applicable to states, local governments,
Indian tribes, and IHEs. In addition,
certain provisions among the items of
cost in this subpart, are only applicable
to certain types of non-Federal entities,
as specified in the following sections:
(a) Direct and Indirect (F&A) Costs
(§§ 200.412 Classification of costs
through 200.415 Required certifications)
of this subpart;
(b) Special Considerations for States,
Local Governments and Indian Tribes
(§§ 200.416 Cost allocation plans and
indirect cost proposals and 200.417
Interagency service) of this subpart; and
(c) Special Considerations for
Institutions of Higher Education
(§§ 200.418 Costs incurred by states and
local governments and 200.419 Cost
accounting standards and disclosure
statement) of this subpart.
§ 200.410

Collection of unallowable costs.

Payments made for costs determined
to be unallowable by either the Federal

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awarding agency, cognizant agency for
indirect costs, or pass-through entity,
either as direct or indirect costs, must be
refunded (including interest) to the
Federal government in accordance with
instructions from the Federal agency
that determined the costs are
unallowable unless Federal statute or
regulation directs otherwise. See also
Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements of this Part, §§ 200.300
Statutory and national policy
requirements through 200.309 Period of
performance.
§ 200.411 Adjustment of previously
negotiated indirect (F&A) cost rates
containing unallowable costs.

(a) Negotiated indirect (F&A) cost
rates based on a proposal later found to
have included costs that:
(1) Are unallowable as specified by
Federal statutes, regulations or the terms
and conditions of a Federal award; or
(2) Are unallowable because they are
not allocable to the Federal award(s),
must be adjusted, or a refund must be
made, in accordance with the
requirements of this section. These
adjustments or refunds are designed to
correct the proposals used to establish
the rates and do not constitute a
reopening of the rate negotiation. The
adjustments or refunds will be made
regardless of the type of rate negotiated
(predetermined, final, fixed, or
provisional).
(b) For rates covering a future fiscal
year of the non-Federal entity, the
unallowable costs will be removed from
the indirect (F&A) cost pools and the
rates appropriately adjusted.
(c) For rates covering a past period,
the Federal share of the unallowable
costs will be computed for each year
involved and a cash refund (including
interest chargeable in accordance with
applicable regulations) will be made to
the Federal government. If cash refunds
are made for past periods covered by
provisional or fixed rates, appropriate
adjustments will be made when the
rates are finalized to avoid duplicate
recovery of the unallowable costs by the
Federal government.
(d) For rates covering the current
period, either a rate adjustment or a
refund, as described in paragraphs (b)
and (c) of this section, must be required
by the cognizant agency for indirect
costs. The choice of method must be at
the discretion of the cognizant agency
for indirect costs, based on its judgment
as to which method would be most
practical.
(e) The amount or proportion of
unallowable costs included in each
year’s rate will be assumed to be the
same as the amount or proportion of

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unallowable costs included in the base
year proposal used to establish the rate.
Direct and Indirect (F&A) Costs
§ 200.412

Classification of costs.

There is no universal rule for
classifying certain costs as either direct
or indirect (F&A) under every
accounting system. A cost may be direct
with respect to some specific service or
function, but indirect with respect to the
Federal award or other final cost
objective. Therefore, it is essential that
each item of cost incurred for the same
purpose be treated consistently in like
circumstances either as a direct or an
indirect (F&A) cost in order to avoid
possible double-charging of Federal
awards. Guidelines for determining
direct and indirect (F&A) costs charged
to Federal awards are provided in this
subpart.

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§ 200.413

Direct costs.

(a) General. Direct costs are those
costs that can be identified specifically
with a particular final cost objective,
such as a Federal award, or other
internally or externally funded activity,
or that can be directly assigned to such
activities relatively easily with a high
degree of accuracy. Costs incurred for
the same purpose in like circumstances
must be treated consistently as either
direct or indirect (F&A) costs. See also
§ 200.405 Allocable costs.
(b) Application to Federal awards.
Identification with the Federal award
rather than the nature of the goods and
services involved is the determining
factor in distinguishing direct from
indirect (F&A) costs of Federal awards.
Typical costs charged directly to a
Federal award are the compensation of
employees who work on that award,
their related fringe benefit costs, the
costs of materials and other items of
expense incurred for the Federal award.
If directly related to a specific award,
certain costs that otherwise would be
treated as indirect costs may also
include extraordinary utility
consumption, the cost of materials
supplied from stock or services
rendered by specialized facilities or
other institutional service operations.
(c) The salaries of administrative and
clerical staff should normally be treated
as indirect (F&A) costs. Direct charging
of these costs may be appropriate only
if all of the following conditions are
met:
(1) Administrative or clerical services
are integral to a project or activity;
(2) Individuals involved can be
specifically identified with the project
or activity;
(3) Such costs are explicitly included
in the budget or have the prior written

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approval of the Federal awarding
agency; and
(4) The costs are not also recovered as
indirect costs.
(d) Minor items. Any direct cost of
minor amount may be treated as an
indirect (F&A) cost for reasons of
practicality where such accounting
treatment for that item of cost is
consistently applied to all Federal and
non-Federal cost objectives.
(e) The costs of certain activities are
not allowable as charges to Federal
awards. However, even though these
costs are unallowable for purposes of
computing charges to Federal awards,
they nonetheless must be treated as
direct costs for purposes of determining
indirect (F&A) cost rates and be
allocated their equitable share of the
non-Federal entity’s indirect costs if
they represent activities which:
(1) Include the salaries of personnel,
(2) Occupy space, and
(3) Benefit from the non-Federal
entity’s indirect (F&A) costs.
(f) For nonprofit organizations, the
costs of activities performed by the nonFederal entity primarily as a service to
members, clients, or the general public
when significant and necessary to the
non-Federal entity’s mission must be
treated as direct costs whether or not
allowable, and be allocated an equitable
share of indirect (F&A) costs. Some
examples of these types of activities
include:
(1) Maintenance of membership rolls,
subscriptions, publications, and related
functions. See also § 200.454
Memberships, subscriptions, and
professional activity costs.
(2) Providing services and information
to members, legislative or
administrative bodies, or the public. See
also §§ 200.454 Memberships,
subscriptions, and professional activity
costs and 200.450 Lobbying.
(3) Promotion, lobbying, and other
forms of public relations. See also
§§ 200.421 Advertising and public
relations and 200.450 Lobbying.
(4) Conferences except those held to
conduct the general administration of
the non-Federal entity. See also
§ 200.432 Conferences.
(5) Maintenance, protection, and
investment of special funds not used in
operation of the non-Federal entity.
(6) Administration of group benefits
on behalf of members or clients,
including life and hospital insurance,
annuity or retirement plans, and
financial aid. See also § 200.431
Compensation—fringe benefits.
§ 200.414

Indirect (F&A) costs.

(a) Facilities and Administration
Classification. For major IHEs and major

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nonprofit organizations, indirect (F&A)
costs must be classified within two
broad categories: ‘‘Facilities’’ and
‘‘Administration.’’ ‘‘Facilities’’ is
defined as depreciation on buildings,
equipment and capital improvement,
interest on debt associated with certain
buildings, equipment and capital
improvements, and operations and
maintenance expenses.
‘‘Administration’’ is defined as general
administration and general expenses
such as the director’s office, accounting,
personnel and all other types of
expenditures not listed specifically
under one of the subcategories of
‘‘Facilities’’ (including cross allocations
from other pools, where applicable). For
nonprofit organizations, library
expenses are included in the
‘‘Administration’’ category; for
institutions of higher education, they
are included in the ‘‘Facilities’’
category. Major IHEs are defined as
those required to use the Standard
Format for Submission as noted in
Appendix III to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination for
Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs)
paragraph C. 11. Major nonprofit
organizations are those which receive
more than $10 million dollars in direct
Federal funding.
(b) Diversity of nonprofit
organizations. Because of the diverse
characteristics and accounting practices
of nonprofit organizations, it is not
possible to specify the types of cost
which may be classified as indirect
(F&A) cost in all situations.
Identification with a Federal award
rather than the nature of the goods and
services involved is the determining
factor in distinguishing direct from
indirect (F&A) costs of Federal awards.
However, typical examples of indirect
(F&A) cost for many nonprofit
organizations may include depreciation
on buildings and equipment, the costs
of operating and maintaining facilities,
and general administration and general
expenses, such as the salaries and
expenses of executive officers,
personnel administration, and
accounting.
(c) Federal Agency Acceptance of
Negotiated Indirect Cost Rates. (See also
§ 200.306 Cost sharing or matching.)
(1) The negotiated rates must be
accepted by all Federal awarding
agencies. A Federal awarding agency
may use a rate different from the
negotiated rate for a class of Federal
awards or a single Federal award only
when required by Federal statute or
regulation, or when approved by a
Federal awarding agency head or
delegate based on documented

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justification as described in paragraph
(c)(3) of this section.
(2) The Federal awarding agency head
or delegate must notify OMB of any
approved deviations.
(3) The Federal awarding agency must
implement, and make publicly
available, the policies, procedures and
general decision making criteria that
their programs will follow to seek and
justify deviations from negotiated rates.
(4) As required under § 200.203
Notices of funding opportunities, the
Federal awarding agency must include
in the notice of funding opportunity the
policies relating to indirect cost rate
reimbursement, matching, or cost share
as approved under paragraph (e)(1) of
this section. As appropriate, the Federal
agency should incorporate discussion of
these policies into Federal awarding
agency outreach activities with nonFederal entities prior to the posting of
a notice of funding opportunity.
(d) Pass-through entities are subject to
the requirements in § 200.331
Requirements for pass-through entities,
paragraph (a)(4).
(e) Requirements for development and
submission of indirect (F&A) cost rate
proposals and cost allocation plans are
contained in Appendices III–VII as
follows:
(1) Appendix III to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination for
(2) Appendix IV to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination for
Nonprofit Organizations;
(3) Appendix V to Part 200—State/
Local Government and Indian TribeWide Central Service Cost Allocation
Plans;
(4) Appendix VI to Part 200—Public
Assistance Cost Allocation Plans; and
(5) Appendix VII to Part 200—States
and Local Government and Indian Tribe
Indirect Cost Proposals.
(f) In addition to the procedures
outlined in the appendices in paragraph
(e) of this section, any non-Federal
entity that has never received a
negotiated indirect cost rate, except for
those non-Federal entities described in
Appendix VII to Part 200—States and
Local Government and Indian Tribe
Indirect Cost Proposals, paragraph
(d)(1)(B) may elect to charge a de
minimis rate of) 10% of modified total
direct costs (MTDC) which may be used
indefinitely. As described in § 200.403
Factors affecting allowability of costs,
costs must be consistently charged as
either indirect or direct costs, but may
not be double charged or inconsistently
charged as both. If chosen, this
methodology once elected must be used
consistently for all Federal awards until

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such time as a non-Federal entity
chooses to negotiate for a rate, which
the non-Federal entity may apply to do
at any time.
(g) Any non-Federal entity that has a
federally negotiated indirect cost rate
may apply for a one-time extension of
a current negotiated indirect cost rates
for a period of up to four years. This
extension will be subject to the review
and approval of the cognizant agency for
indirect costs. If an extension is granted
the non-Federal entity may not request
a rate review until the extension period
ends. At the end of the 4-year extension,
the non-Federal entity must re-apply to
negotiate a rate.
§ 200.415

Required certifications.

Required certifications include:
(a) To assure that expenditures are
proper and in accordance with the terms
and conditions of the Federal award and
approved project budgets, the annual
and final fiscal reports or vouchers
requesting payment under the
agreements must include a certification,
signed by an official who is authorized
to legally bind the non-Federal entity,
which reads as follows: ‘‘By signing this
report, I certify to the best of my
knowledge and belief that the report is
true, complete, and accurate, and the
expenditures, disbursements and cash
receipts are for the purposes and
objectives set forth in the terms and
conditions of the Federal award. I am
aware that any false, fictitious, or
fraudulent information, or the omission
of any material fact, may subject me to
criminal, civil or administrative
penalties for fraud, false statements,
false claims or otherwise. (U.S. Code
Title 18, Section 1001 and Title 31,
Sections 3729–3730 and 3801–3812).’’
(b) Certification of cost allocation plan
or indirect (F&A) cost rate proposal.
Each cost allocation plan or indirect
(F&A) cost rate proposal must comply
with the following:
(1) A proposal to establish a cost
allocation plan or an indirect (F&A) cost
rate, whether submitted to a Federal
cognizant agency for indirect costs or
maintained on file by the non-Federal
entity, must be certified by the nonFederal entity using the Certificate of
Cost Allocation Plan or Certificate of
Indirect Costs as set forth in Appendices
III through VII. The certificate must be
signed on behalf of the non-Federal
entity by an individual at a level no
lower than vice president or chief
financial officer of the non-Federal
entity that submits the proposal.
(2) Unless the non-Federal entity has
elected the option under § 200.414
Indirect (F&A) costs, paragraph (f), the
Federal government may either disallow

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all indirect (F&A) costs or unilaterally
establish such a plan or rate when the
non-Federal entity fails to submit a
certified proposal for establishing such
a plan or rate in accordance with the
requirements. Such a plan or rate may
be based upon audited historical data or
such other data that have been
furnished to the cognizant agency for
indirect costs and for which it can be
demonstrated that all unallowable costs
have been excluded. When a cost
allocation plan or indirect cost rate is
unilaterally established by the Federal
government because the non-Federal
entity failed to submit a certified
proposal, the plan or rate established
will be set to ensure that potentially
unallowable costs will not be
reimbursed.
(c) Certifications by non-profit
organizations as appropriate that they
did not meet the definition of a major
corporation as defined in § 200.414
Indirect (F&A) costs, paragraph (a).
(d) See also § 200.450 Lobbying for
another required certification.
Special Considerations for States, Local
Governments and Indian Tribes
§ 200.416 Cost allocation plans and
indirect cost proposals.

(a) For states, local governments and
Indian tribes, certain services, such as
motor pools, computer centers,
purchasing, accounting, etc., are
provided to operating agencies on a
centralized basis. Since Federal awards
are performed within the individual
operating agencies, there needs to be a
process whereby these central service
costs can be identified and assigned to
benefitted activities on a reasonable and
consistent basis. The central service cost
allocation plan provides that process.
(b) Individual operating agencies
(governmental department or agency),
normally charge Federal awards for
indirect costs through an indirect cost
rate. A separate indirect cost rate(s)
proposal for each operating agency is
usually necessary to claim indirect costs
under Federal awards. Indirect costs
include:
(1) The indirect costs originating in
each department or agency of the
governmental unit carrying out Federal
awards and (2) The costs of central
governmental services distributed
through the central service cost
allocation plan and not otherwise
treated as direct costs.
(c) The requirements for development
and submission of cost allocation plans
(for central service costs and public
assistance programs) and indirect cost
rate proposals are contained in
Appendices IV, V and VI to this part.

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§ 200.417

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Interagency service.

The cost of services provided by one
agency to another within the
governmental unit may include
allowable direct costs of the service plus
a pro-rated share of indirect costs. A
standard indirect cost allowance equal
to ten percent of the direct salary and
wage cost of providing the service
(excluding overtime, shift premiums,
and fringe benefits) may be used in lieu
of determining the actual indirect costs
of the service. These services do not
include centralized services included in
central service cost allocation plans as
described in Appendix V to Part 200—
State/Local Government and Indian
Tribe- Wide Central Service Cost
Allocation Plans.
Special Considerations For Institutions
Of Higher Education
§ 200.418 Costs incurred by states and
local government

Costs incurred or paid by a state or
local government on behalf of its IHEs
for fringe benefit programs, such as
pension costs and FICA and any other
costs specifically incurred on behalf of,
and in direct benefit to, the IHEs, are
allowable costs of such IHEs whether or
not these costs are recorded in the
accounting records of the institutions,
subject to the following:
(a) The costs meet the requirements of
§§ 200.402 Composition of costs through
200.411 Adjustment of previously
negotiated indirect (F&A) cost rates
containing unallowable costs, of this
subpart;
(b) The costs are properly supported
by approved cost allocation plans in
accordance with applicable Federal cost
accounting principles in this Part; and
(c) The costs are not otherwise borne
directly or indirectly by the Federal
government.

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§ 200.419 Cost accounting standards and
disclosure statement.

(a) An IHE that receives aggregate
Federal awards totaling $50 million or
more in Federal awards subject to this
Part in its most recently completed
fiscal year must comply with the Cost
Accounting Standards Board’s cost
accounting standards located at 48 CFR
9905.501, 9905.502, 9905.505, and
9905.506. CAS-covered contracts
awarded to the IHEs are subject to the
CAS requirements at 48 CFR 9900
through 9999 and 48 CFR Part 30 (FAR
Part 30).
(b) Disclosure statement. An IHE that
receives aggregate Federal awards
totaling $50 million or more subject to
this Part during its most recently
completed fiscal year must disclose
their cost accounting practices by filing

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a Disclosure Statement (DS–2), which is
reproduced in Appendix III to Part
200—Indirect (F&A) Costs Identification
and Assignment, and Rate
Determination for Institutions of Higher
Education (IHEs). With the approval of
the cognizant agency for indirect costs,
an IHE may meet the DS–2 submission
by submitting the DS–2 for each
business unit that received $50 million
or more in Federal awards.
(1) The DS–2 must be submitted to the
cognizant agency for indirect costs with
a copy to the IHE’s cognizant agency for
audit.
(2) An IHE is responsible for
maintaining an accurate DS–2 and
complying with disclosed cost
accounting practices. An IHE must file
amendments to the DS–2 to the
cognizant agency for indirect costs six
months in advance of a disclosed
practices being changed to comply with
a new or modified standard, or when
practices are changed for other reasons.
An IHE may proceed with implementing
the change only if it has not been
notified by the Federal cognizant agency
for indirect costs that either a longer
period will be needed for review or
there are concerns with the potential
change within the six months period.
Amendments of a DS–2 may be
submitted at any time. Resubmission of
a complete, updated DS–2 is
discouraged except when there are
extensive changes to disclosed
practices.
(3) Cost and funding adjustments.
Cost adjustments must be made by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs if an
IHE fails to comply with the cost
policies in this Part or fails to
consistently follow its established or
disclosed cost accounting practices
when estimating, accumulating or
reporting the costs of Federal awards,
and the aggregate cost impact on Federal
awards is material. The cost adjustment
must normally be made on an aggregate
basis for all affected Federal awards
through an adjustment of the IHE’s
future F&A costs rates or other means
considered appropriate by the cognizant
agency for indirect costs. Under the
terms of CAS covered contracts,
adjustments in the amount of funding
provided may also be required when the
estimated proposal costs were not
determined in accordance with
established cost accounting practices.
(4) Overpayments. Excess amounts
paid in the aggregate by the Federal
government under Federal awards due
to a noncompliant cost accounting
practice used to estimate, accumulate,
or report costs must be credited or
refunded, as deemed appropriate by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs.

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Interest applicable to the excess
amounts paid in the aggregate during
the period of noncompliance must also
be determined and collected in
accordance with applicable Federal
agency regulations.
(5) Compliant cost accounting
practice changes. Changes from one
compliant cost accounting practice to
another compliant practice that are
approved by the cognizant agency for
indirect costs may require cost
adjustments if the change has a material
effect on Federal awards and the
changes are deemed appropriate by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs.
(6) Responsibilities. The cognizant
agency for indirect cost must:
(i) Determine cost adjustments for all
Federal awards in the aggregate on
behalf of the Federal Government.
Actions of the cognizant agency for
indirect cost in making cost adjustment
determinations must be coordinated
with all affected Federal awarding
agencies to the extent necessary.
(ii) Prescribe guidelines and establish
internal procedures to promptly
determine on behalf of the Federal
Government that a DS–2 adequately
discloses the IHE’s cost accounting
practices and that the disclosed
practices are compliant with applicable
CAS and the requirements of this Part.
(iii) Distribute to all affected Federal
awarding agencies any DS–2
determination of adequacy or
noncompliance.
General Provisions for Selected Items of
Cost
§ 200.420 Considerations for selected
items of cost.

This section provides principles to be
applied in establishing the allowability
of certain items involved in determining
cost, in addition to the requirements of
Subtitle II. Basic Considerations of this
subpart. These principles apply whether
or not a particular item of cost is
properly treated as direct cost or
indirect (F&A) cost. Failure to mention
a particular item of cost is not intended
to imply that it is either allowable or
unallowable; rather, determination as to
allowability in each case should be
based on the treatment provided for
similar or related items of cost, and
based on the principles described in
§§ 200.402 Composition of costs through
200.411 Adjustment of previously
negotiated indirect (F&A) cost rates
containing unallowable costs. In case of
a discrepancy between the provisions of
a specific Federal award and the
provisions below, the Federal award
governs. Criteria outlined in § 200.403
Factors affecting allowability of costs

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must be applied in determining
allowability. See also § 200.102
Exceptions.

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§ 200.421

Advertising and public relations.

(a) The term advertising costs means
the costs of advertising media and
corollary administrative costs.
Advertising media include magazines,
newspapers, radio and television, direct
mail, exhibits, electronic or computer
transmittals, and the like.
(b) The only allowable advertising
costs are those which are solely for:
(1) The recruitment of personnel
required by the non-Federal entity for
performance of a Federal award (See
also § 200.463 Recruiting costs);
(2) The procurement of goods and
services for the performance of a Federal
award;
(3) The disposal of scrap or surplus
materials acquired in the performance of
a Federal award except when nonFederal entities are reimbursed for
disposal costs at a predetermined
amount; or
(4) Program outreach and other
specific purposes necessary to meet the
requirements of the Federal award.
(c) The term ‘‘public relations’’
includes community relations and
means those activities dedicated to
maintaining the image of the nonFederal entity or maintaining or
promoting understanding and favorable
relations with the community or public
at large or any segment of the public.
(d) The only allowable public
relations costs are:
(1) Costs specifically required by the
Federal award;
(2) Costs of communicating with the
public and press pertaining to specific
activities or accomplishments which
result from performance of the Federal
award (these costs are considered
necessary as part of the outreach effort
for the Federal award); or
(3) Costs of conducting general liaison
with news media and government
public relations officers, to the extent
that such activities are limited to
communication and liaison necessary to
keep the public informed on matters of
public concern, such as notices of
funding opportunities, financial matters,
etc.
(e) Unallowable advertising and
public relations costs include the
following:
(1) All advertising and public
relations costs other than as specified in
paragraphs (b) and (d) of this section;
(2) Costs of meetings, conventions,
convocations, or other events related to
other activities of the entity (see also
§ 200.432 Conferences), including:
(i) Costs of displays, demonstrations,
and exhibits;

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(ii) Costs of meeting rooms,
hospitality suites, and other special
facilities used in conjunction with
shows and other special events; and
(iii) Salaries and wages of employees
engaged in setting up and displaying
exhibits, making demonstrations, and
providing briefings;
(3) Costs of promotional items and
memorabilia, including models, gifts,
and souvenirs;
(4) Costs of advertising and public
relations designed solely to promote the
non-Federal entity.
§ 200.422

Advisory councils.

Costs incurred by advisory councils or
committees are unallowable unless
authorized by statute, the Federal
awarding agency or as an indirect cost
where allocable to Federal awards. See
§ 200.444 General costs of government,
applicable to states, local governments
and Indian tribes.
§ 200.423

Alcoholic beverages.

Costs of alcoholic beverages are
unallowable.
§ 200.424

Alumni/ae activities.

Costs incurred by IHEs for, or in
support of, alumni/ae activities are
unallowable.
§ 200.425

Audit services.

(a) A reasonably proportionate share
of the costs of audits required by, and
performed in accordance with, the
Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996
(31 U.S.C. 7501–7507), as implemented
by requirements of this Part, are
allowable. However, the following audit
costs are unallowable:
(1) Any costs when audits required by
the Single Audit Act and Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part have
not been conducted or have been
conducted but not in accordance
therewith; and
(2) Any costs of auditing a nonFederal entity that is exempted from
having an audit conducted under the
Single Audit Act and Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part because its
expenditures under Federal awards are
less than $750,000 during the nonFederal entity’s fiscal year.
(b) The costs of a financial statement
audit of a non-Federal entity that does
not currently have a Federal award may
be included in the indirect cost pool for
a cost allocation plan or indirect cost
proposal.
(c) Pass-through entities may charge
Federal awards for the cost of agreedupon-procedures engagements to
monitor subrecipients (in accordance
with Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements of this Part, §§ 200.330

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Subrecipient and contractor
determinations through 200.332 Fixed
Amount Subawards) who are exempted
from the requirements of the Single
Audit Act and Subpart F—Audit
Requirements of this Part. This cost is
allowable only if the agreed-uponprocedures engagements are:
(1) Conducted in accordance with
GAGAS attestation standards;
(2) Paid for and arranged by the passthrough entity; and
(3) Limited in scope to one or more
of the following types of compliance
requirements: activities allowed or
unallowed; allowable costs/cost
principles; eligibility; and reporting.
§ 200.426

Bad debts.

Bad debts (debts which have been
determined to be uncollectable),
including losses (whether actual or
estimated) arising from uncollectable
accounts and other claims, are
unallowable. Related collection costs,
and related legal costs, arising from
such debts after they have been
determined to be uncollectable are also
unallowable. See also § 200.428
Collections of improper payments.
§ 200.427

Bonding costs.

(a) Bonding costs arise when the
Federal awarding agency requires
assurance against financial loss to itself
or others by reason of the act or default
of the non-Federal entity. They arise
also in instances where the non-Federal
entity requires similar assurance,
including: bonds as bid, performance,
payment, advance payment,
infringement, and fidelity bonds for
employees and officials.
(b) Costs of bonding required
pursuant to the terms and conditions of
the Federal award are allowable.
(c) Costs of bonding required by the
non-Federal entity in the general
conduct of its operations are allowable
as an indirect cost to the extent that
such bonding is in accordance with
sound business practice and the rates
and premiums are reasonable under the
circumstances.
§ 200.428 Collections of improper
payments.

The costs incurred by a non-Federal
entity to recover improper payments are
allowable as either direct or indirect
costs, as appropriate. Amounts collected
may be used by the non-Federal entity
in accordance with cash management
standards set forth in § 200.305
Payment.
§ 200.429 Commencement and
convocation costs.

For IHEs, costs incurred for
commencements and convocations are

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unallowable, except as provided for in
Appendix III to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination for
Institutions of Higher Education (IHEs),
paragraph (B)(9) Student Administration
and Services, as student activity costs.

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§ 200.430
services.

Compensation—personal

(a) General. Compensation for
personal services includes all
remuneration, paid currently or
accrued, for services of employees
rendered during the period of
performance under the Federal award,
including but not necessarily limited to
wages and salaries. Compensation for
personal services may also include
fringe benefits which are addressed in
§ 200.431 Compensation—fringe
benefits. Costs of compensation are
allowable to the extent that they satisfy
the specific requirements of this Part,
and that the total compensation for
individual employees:
(1) Is reasonable for the services
rendered and conforms to the
established written policy of the nonFederal entity consistently applied to
both Federal and non-Federal activities;
(2) Follows an appointment made in
accordance with a non-Federal entity’s
laws and/or rules or written policies
and meets the requirements of Federal
statute, where applicable; and
(3) Is determined and supported as
provided in paragraph (i) of this section,
Standards for Documentation of
Personnel Expenses, when applicable.
(b) Reasonableness. Compensation for
employees engaged in work on Federal
awards will be considered reasonable to
the extent that it is consistent with that
paid for similar work in other activities
of the non-Federal entity. In cases where
the kinds of employees required for
Federal awards are not found in the
other activities of the non-Federal
entity, compensation will be considered
reasonable to the extent that it is
comparable to that paid for similar work
in the labor market in which the nonFederal entity competes for the kind of
employees involved.
(c) Professional activities outside the
non-Federal entity. Unless an
arrangement is specifically authorized
by a Federal awarding agency, a nonFederal entity must follow its written
non-Federal entity-wide policies and
practices concerning the permissible
extent of professional services that can
be provided outside the non-Federal
entity for non-organizational
compensation. Where such non-Federal
entity-wide written policies do not exist
or do not adequately define the
permissible extent of consulting or other

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non-organizational activities undertaken
for extra outside pay, the Federal
government may require that the effort
of professional staff working on Federal
awards be allocated between:
(1) Non-Federal entity activities, and
(2) Non-organizational professional
activities. If the Federal awarding
agency considers the extent of nonorganizational professional effort
excessive or inconsistent with the
conflicts-of-interest terms and
conditions of the Federal award,
appropriate arrangements governing
compensation will be negotiated on a
case-by-case basis.
(d) Unallowable costs.
(1) Costs which are unallowable
under other sections of these principles
must not be allowable under this section
solely on the basis that they constitute
personnel compensation.
(2) The allowable compensation for
certain employees is subject to a ceiling
in accordance with statute. For the
amount of the ceiling for costreimbursement contracts, the covered
compensation subject to the ceiling, the
covered employees, and other relevant
provisions, see 10 U.S.C. 2324(e)(1)(P),
and 41 U.S.C. 1127 and 4304(a)(16). For
other types of Federal awards, other
statutory ceilings may apply.
(e) Special considerations. Special
considerations in determining
allowability of compensation will be
given to any change in a non-Federal
entity’s compensation policy resulting
in a substantial increase in its
employees’ level of compensation
(particularly when the change was
concurrent with an increase in the ratio
of Federal awards to other activities) or
any change in the treatment of
allowability of specific types of
compensation due to changes in Federal
policy.
(f) Incentive compensation. Incentive
compensation to employees based on
cost reduction, or efficient performance,
suggestion awards, safety awards, etc., is
allowable to the extent that the overall
compensation is determined to be
reasonable and such costs are paid or
accrued pursuant to an agreement
entered into in good faith between the
non-Federal entity and the employees
before the services were rendered, or
pursuant to an established plan
followed by the non-Federal entity so
consistently as to imply, in effect, an
agreement to make such payment.
(g) Nonprofit organizations. For
compensation to members of nonprofit
organizations, trustees, directors,
associates, officers, or the immediate
families thereof, determination should
be made that such compensation is
reasonable for the actual personal

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services rendered rather than a
distribution of earnings in excess of
costs. This may include director’s and
executive committee member’s fees,
incentive awards, allowances for off-site
pay, incentive pay, location allowances,
hardship pay, and cost-of-living
differentials.
(h) Institutions of higher education
(IHEs).
(1) Certain conditions require special
consideration and possible limitations
in determining allowable personnel
compensation costs under Federal
awards. Among such conditions are the
following:
(i) Allowable activities. Charges to
Federal awards may include reasonable
amounts for activities contributing and
directly related to work under an
agreement, such as delivering special
lectures about specific aspects of the
ongoing activity, writing reports and
articles, developing and maintaining
protocols (human, animals, etc.),
managing substances/chemicals,
managing and securing project-specific
data, coordinating research subjects,
participating in appropriate seminars,
consulting with colleagues and graduate
students, and attending meetings and
conferences.
(ii) Incidental activities. Incidental
activities for which supplemental
compensation is allowable under
written institutional policy (at a rate not
to exceed institutional base salary) need
not be included in the records described
in paragraph (h)(9) of this section to
directly charge payments of incidental
activities, such activities must either be
specifically provided for in the Federal
award budget or receive prior written
approval by the Federal awarding
agency.
(2) Salary basis. Charges for work
performed on Federal awards by faculty
members during the academic year are
allowable at the IBS rate. Except as
noted in paragraph (h)(1)(ii) of this
section, in no event will charges to
Federal awards, irrespective of the basis
of computation, exceed the
proportionate share of the IBS for that
period. This principle applies to all
members of faculty at an institution. IBS
is defined as the annual compensation
paid by an IHE for an individual’s
appointment, whether that individual’s
time is spent on research, instruction,
administration, or other activities. IBS
excludes any income that an individual
earns outside of duties performed for
the IHE. Unless there is prior approval
by the Federal awarding agency, charges
of a faculty member’s salary to a Federal
award must not exceed the
proportionate share of the IBS for the

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period during which the faculty member
worked on the award.
(3) Intra-Institution of Higher
Education (IHE) consulting. Intra-IHE
consulting by faculty is assumed to be
undertaken as an IHE obligation
requiring no compensation in addition
to IBS. However, in unusual cases
where consultation is across
departmental lines or involves a
separate or remote operation, and the
work performed by the faculty member
is in addition to his or her regular
responsibilities, any charges for such
work representing additional
compensation above IBS are allowable
provided that such consulting
arrangements are specifically provided
for in the Federal award or approved in
writing by the Federal awarding agency.
(4) Extra Service Pay normally
represents overload compensation,
subject to institutional compensation
policies for services above and beyond
IBS. Where extra service pay is a result
of Intra-IHE consulting, it is subject to
the same requirements of paragraph (b)
above. It is allowable if all of the
following conditions are met:
(i) The non-Federal entity establishes
consistent written policies which apply
uniformly to all faculty members, not
just those working on Federal awards.
(ii) The non-Federal entity establishes
a consistent written definition of work
covered by IBS which is specific enough
to determine conclusively when work
beyond that level has occurred. This
may be described in appointment letters
or other documentations.
(iii) The supplementation amount
paid is commensurate with the IBS rate
of pay and the amount of additional
work performed. See paragraph (h)(2) of
this section.
(iv) The salaries, as supplemented,
fall within the salary structure and pay
ranges established by and documented
in writing or otherwise applicable to the
non-Federal entity.
(v) The total salaries charged to
Federal awards including extra service
pay are subject to the Standards of
Documentation as described in
paragraph (i) of this section.
(5) Periods outside the academic year.
(i) Except as specified for teaching
activity in paragraph (h)(5)(ii) of this
section, charges for work performed by
faculty members on Federal awards
during periods not included in the base
salary period will be at a rate not in
excess of the IBS.
(ii) Charges for teaching activities
performed by faculty members on
Federal awards during periods not
included in IBS period will be based on
the normal written policy of the IHE
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members for teaching assignments
during such periods.
(6) Part-time faculty. Charges for work
performed on Federal awards by faculty
members having only part-time
appointments will be determined at a
rate not in excess of that regularly paid
for part-time assignments.
(7) Sabbatical leave costs. Rules for
sabbatical leave are as follow:
(i) Costs of leaves of absence by
employees for performance of graduate
work or sabbatical study, travel, or
research are allowable provided the IHE
has a uniform written policy on
sabbatical leave for persons engaged in
instruction and persons engaged in
research. Such costs will be allocated on
an equitable basis among all related
activities of the IHE.
(ii) Where sabbatical leave is included
in fringe benefits for which a cost is
determined for assessment as a direct
charge, the aggregate amount of such
assessments applicable to all work of
the institution during the base period
must be reasonable in relation to the
IHE’s actual experience under its
sabbatical leave policy.
(8) Salary rates for non-faculty
members. Non-faculty full-time
professional personnel may also earn
‘‘extra service pay’’ in accordance with
the non-Federal entity’s written policy
and consistent with paragraph (h)(1)(i)
of this section.
(i) Standards for Documentation of
Personnel Expenses
(1) Charges to Federal awards for
salaries and wages must be based on
records that accurately reflect the work
performed. These records must:
(i) Be supported by a system of
internal control which provides
reasonable assurance that the charges
are accurate, allowable, and properly
allocated;
(ii) Be incorporated into the official
records of the non-Federal entity;
(iii) Reasonably reflect the total
activity for which the employee is
compensated by the non-Federal entity,
not exceeding 100% of compensated
activities (for IHE, this per the IHE’s
definition of IBS);
(iv) Encompass both federally assisted
and all other activities compensated by
the non-Federal entity on an integrated
basis, but may include the use of
subsidiary records as defined in the
non-Federal entity’s written policy;
(v) Comply with the established
accounting policies and practices of the
non-Federal entity (See paragraph
(h)(1)(ii) above for treatment of
incidental work for IHEs.); and
(vii) Support the distribution of the
employee’s salary or wages among
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the employee works on more than one
Federal award; a Federal award and
non-Federal award; an indirect cost
activity and a direct cost activity; two or
more indirect activities which are
allocated using different allocation
bases; or an unallowable activity and a
direct or indirect cost activity.
(viii) Budget estimates (i.e., estimates
determined before the services are
performed) alone do not qualify as
support for charges to Federal awards,
but may be used for interim accounting
purposes, provided that:
(A) The system for establishing the
estimates produces reasonable
approximations of the activity actually
performed;
(B) Significant changes in the
corresponding work activity (as defined
by the non-Federal entity’s written
policies) are identified and entered into
the records in a timely manner. Short
term (such as one or two months)
fluctuation between workload categories
need not be considered as long as the
distribution of salaries and wages is
reasonable over the longer term; and
(C) The non-Federal entity’s system of
internal controls includes processes to
review after-the-fact interim charges
made to a Federal awards based on
budget estimates. All necessary
adjustment must be made such that the
final amount charged to the Federal
award is accurate, allowable, and
properly allocated.
(ix) Because practices vary as to the
activity constituting a full workload (for
IHEs, IBS), records may reflect
categories of activities expressed as a
percentage distribution of total
activities.
(x) It is recognized that teaching,
research, service, and administration are
often inextricably intermingled in an
academic setting. When recording
salaries and wages charged to Federal
awards for IHEs, a precise assessment of
factors that contribute to costs is
therefore not always feasible, nor is it
expected.
(2) For records which meet the
standards required in paragraph (i)(1) of
this section, the non-Federal entity will
not be required to provide additional
support or documentation for the work
performed, other than that referenced in
paragraph (i)(3) of this section.
(3) In accordance with Department of
Labor regulations implementing the Fair
Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (29 CFR
Part 516), charges for the salaries and
wages of nonexempt employees, in
addition to the supporting
documentation described in this
section, must also be supported by
records indicating the total number of
hours worked each day.

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(4) Salaries and wages of employees
used in meeting cost sharing or
matching requirements on Federal
awards must be supported in the same
manner as salaries and wages claimed
for reimbursement from Federal awards.
(5) For states, local governments and
Indian tribes, substitute processes or
systems for allocating salaries and
wages to Federal awards may be used in
place of or in addition to the records
described in paragraph (1) if approved
by the cognizant agency for indirect
cost. Such systems may include, but are
not limited to, random moment
sampling, ‘‘rolling’’ time studies, case
counts, or other quantifiable measures
of work performed.
(i) Substitute systems which use
sampling methods (primarily for
Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF), the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP),
Medicaid, and other public assistance
programs) must meet acceptable
statistical sampling standards including:
(A) The sampling universe must
include all of the employees whose
salaries and wages are to be allocated
based on sample results except as
provided in paragraph (i)(5)(iii) of this
section;
(B) The entire time period involved
must be covered by the sample; and
(C) The results must be statistically
valid and applied to the period being
sampled.
(ii) Allocating charges for the sampled
employees’ supervisors, clerical and
support staffs, based on the results of
the sampled employees, will be
acceptable.
(iii) Less than full compliance with
the statistical sampling standards noted
in subsection (5)(i) may be accepted by
the cognizant agency for indirect costs
if it concludes that the amounts to be
allocated to Federal awards will be
minimal, or if it concludes that the
system proposed by the non-Federal
entity will result in lower costs to
Federal awards than a system which
complies with the standards.
(6) Cognizant agencies for indirect
costs are encouraged to approve
alternative proposals based on outcomes
and milestones for program performance
where these are clearly documented.
Where approved by the Federal
cognizant agency for indirect costs,
these plans are acceptable as an
alternative to the requirements of
paragraph (i)(1) of this section.
(7) For Federal awards of similar
purpose activity or instances of
approved blended funding, a nonFederal entity may submit performance
plans that incorporate funds from
multiple Federal awards and account for

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their combined use based on
performance-oriented metrics, provided
that such plans are approved in advance
by all involved Federal awarding
agencies. In these instances, the nonFederal entity must submit a request for
waiver of the requirements based on
documentation that describes the
method of charging costs, relates the
charging of costs to the specific activity
that is applicable to all fund sources,
and is based on quantifiable measures of
the activity in relation to time charged.
(8) For a non-Federal entity where the
records do not meet the standards
described in this section, the Federal
government may require personnel
activity reports, including prescribed
certifications, or equivalent
documentation that support the records
as required in this section.
§ 200.431

Compensation—fringe benefits.

(a) Fringe benefits are allowances and
services provided by employers to their
employees as compensation in addition
to regular salaries and wages. Fringe
benefits include, but are not limited to,
the costs of leave (vacation, familyrelated, sick or military), employee
insurance, pensions, and
unemployment benefit plans. Except as
provided elsewhere in these principles,
the costs of fringe benefits are allowable
provided that the benefits are reasonable
and are required by law, non-Federal
entity-employee agreement, or an
established policy of the non-Federal
entity.
(b) Leave. The cost of fringe benefits
in the form of regular compensation
paid to employees during periods of
authorized absences from the job, such
as for annual leave, family-related leave,
sick leave, holidays, court leave,
military leave, administrative leave, and
other similar benefits, are allowable if
all of the following criteria are met:
(1) They are provided under
established written leave policies;
(2) The costs are equitably allocated to
all related activities, including Federal
awards; and,
(3) The accounting basis (cash or
accrual) selected for costing each type of
leave is consistently followed by the
non-Federal entity or specified grouping
of employees.
(i) When a non-Federal entity uses the
cash basis of accounting, the cost of
leave is recognized in the period that
the leave is taken and paid for.
Payments for unused leave when an
employee retires or terminates
employment are allowable as indirect
costs in the year of payment.
(ii) The accrual basis may be only
used for those types of leave for which
a liability as defined by GAAP exists

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when the leave is earned. When a nonFederal entity uses the accrual basis of
accounting, allowable leave costs are the
lesser of the amount accrued or funded.
(c) The cost of fringe benefits in the
form of employer contributions or
expenses for social security; employee
life, health, unemployment, and
worker’s compensation insurance
(except as indicated in § 200.447
Insurance and indemnification);
pension plan costs (see paragraph (i) of
this section); and other similar benefits
are allowable, provided such benefits
are granted under established written
policies. Such benefits, must be
allocated to Federal awards and all
other activities in a manner consistent
with the pattern of benefits attributable
to the individuals or group(s) of
employees whose salaries and wages are
chargeable to such Federal awards and
other activities, and charged as direct or
indirect costs in accordance with the
non-Federal entity’s accounting
practices.
(d) Fringe benefits may be assigned to
cost objectives by identifying specific
benefits to specific individual
employees or by allocating on the basis
of entity-wide salaries and wages of the
employees receiving the benefits. When
the allocation method is used, separate
allocations must be made to selective
groupings of employees, unless the nonFederal entity demonstrates that costs in
relationship to salaries and wages do
not differ significantly for different
groups of employees.
(e) Insurance. See also § 200.447
Insurance and indemnification,
paragraphs (d)(1) and (2).
(1) Provisions for a reserve under a
self-insurance program for
unemployment compensation or
workers’ compensation are allowable to
the extent that the provisions represent
reasonable estimates of the liabilities for
such compensation, and the types of
coverage, extent of coverage, and rates
and premiums would have been
allowable had insurance been
purchased to cover the risks. However,
provisions for self-insured liabilities
which do not become payable for more
than one year after the provision is
made must not exceed the present value
of the liability.
(2) Costs of insurance on the lives of
trustees, officers, or other employees
holding positions of similar
responsibility are allowable only to the
extent that the insurance represents
additional compensation. The costs of
such insurance when the non-Federal
entity is named as beneficiary are
unallowable.
(3) Actual claims paid to or on behalf
of employees or former employees for

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workers’ compensation, unemployment
compensation, severance pay, and
similar employee benefits (e.g., postretirement health benefits), are
allowable in the year of payment
provided that the non-Federal entity
follows a consistent costing policy and
they are allocated as indirect costs.
(f) Automobiles. That portion of
automobile costs furnished by the entity
that relates to personal use by
employees (including transportation to
and from work) is unallowable as fringe
benefit or indirect (F&A) costs
regardless of whether the cost is
reported as taxable income to the
employees.
(g) Pension Plan Costs. Pension plan
costs which are incurred in accordance
with the established policies of the nonFederal entity are allowable, provided
that:
(1) Such policies meet the test of
reasonableness.
(2) The methods of cost allocation are
not discriminatory.
(3) For entities using accrual based
accounting, the cost assigned to each
fiscal year is determined in accordance
with GAAP.
(4) The costs assigned to a given fiscal
year are funded for all plan participants
within six months after the end of that
year. However, increases to normal and
past service pension costs caused by a
delay in funding the actuarial liability
beyond 30 calendar days after each
quarter of the year to which such costs
are assignable are unallowable. NonFederal entity may elect to follow the
‘‘Cost Accounting Standard for
Composition and Measurement of
Pension Costs’’ (48 CFR 9904.412).
(5) Pension plan termination
insurance premiums paid pursuant to
the Employee Retirement Income
Security Act (ERISA) of 1974 (29 U.S.C.
1301–1461) are allowable. Late payment
charges on such premiums are
unallowable. Excise taxes on
accumulated funding deficiencies and
other penalties imposed under ERISA
are unallowable.
(6) Pension plan costs may be
computed using a pay-as-you-go method
or an acceptable actuarial cost method
in accordance with established written
policies of the non-Federal entity.
(i) For pension plans financed on a
pay-as-you-go method, allowable costs
will be limited to those representing
actual payments to retirees or their
beneficiaries.
(ii) Pension costs calculated using an
actuarial cost-based method recognized
by GAAP are allowable for a given fiscal
year if they are funded for that year
within six months after the end of that
year. Costs funded after the six month

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period (or a later period agreed to by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs) are
allowable in the year funded. The
cognizant agency for indirect costs may
agree to an extension of the six month
period if an appropriate adjustment is
made to compensate for the timing of
the charges to the Federal government
and related Federal reimbursement and
the non-Federal entity’s contribution to
the pension fund. Adjustments may be
made by cash refund or other equitable
procedures to compensate the Federal
government for the time value of
Federal reimbursements in excess of
contributions to the pension fund.
(iii) Amounts funded by the nonFederal entity in excess of the
actuarially determined amount for a
fiscal year may be used as the nonFederal entity’s contribution in future
periods.
(iv) When a non-Federal entity
converts to an acceptable actuarial cost
method, as defined by GAAP, and funds
pension costs in accordance with this
method, the unfunded liability at the
time of conversion is allowable if
amortized over a period of years in
accordance with GAAP.
(v) The Federal government must
receive an equitable share of any
previously allowed pension costs
(including earnings thereon) which
revert or inure to the non-Federal entity
in the form of a refund, withdrawal, or
other credit.
(h) Post-Retirement Health. Postretirement health plans (PRHP) refers to
costs of health insurance or health
services not included in a pension plan
covered by paragraph (g) of this section
for retirees and their spouses,
dependents, and survivors. PRHP costs
may be computed using a pay-as-you-go
method or an acceptable actuarial cost
method in accordance with established
written policies of the non-Federal
entity.
(1) For PRHP financed on a pay-asyou-go method, allowable costs will be
limited to those representing actual
payments to retirees or their
beneficiaries.
(2) PRHP costs calculated using an
actuarial cost method recognized by
GAAP are allowable if they are funded
for that year within six months after the
end of that year. Costs funded after the
six month period (or a later period
agreed to by the cognizant agency) are
allowable in the year funded. The
Federal cognizant agency for indirect
costs may agree to an extension of the
six month period if an appropriate
adjustment is made to compensate for
the timing of the charges to the Federal
government and related Federal
reimbursements and the non-Federal

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entity’s contributions to the PRHP fund.
Adjustments may be made by cash
refund, reduction in current year’s
PRHP costs, or other equitable
procedures to compensate the Federal
government for the time value of
Federal reimbursements in excess of
contributions to the PRHP fund.
(3) Amounts funded in excess of the
actuarially determined amount for a
fiscal year may be used as the Federal
government’s contribution in a future
period.
(4) When a non-Federal entity
converts to an acceptable actuarial cost
method and funds PRHP costs in
accordance with this method, the initial
unfunded liability attributable to prior
years is allowable if amortized over a
period of years in accordance with
GAAP, or, if no such GAAP period
exists, over a period negotiated with the
cognizant agency for indirect costs.
(5) To be allowable in the current
year, the PRHP costs must be paid either
to:
(i) An insurer or other benefit
provider as current year costs or
premiums, or
(ii) An insurer or trustee to maintain
a trust fund or reserve for the sole
purpose of providing post-retirement
benefits to retirees and other
beneficiaries.
(6) The Federal government must
receive an equitable share of any
amounts of previously allowed postretirement benefit costs (including
earnings thereon) which revert or inure
to the entity in the form of a refund,
withdrawal, or other credit.
(i) Severance Pay.
(1) Severance pay, also commonly
referred to as dismissal wages, is a
payment in addition to regular salaries
and wages, by non-Federal entities to
workers whose employment is being
terminated. Costs of severance pay are
allowable only to the extent that in each
case, it is required by (a) law, (b)
employer-employee agreement, (c)
established policy that constitutes, in
effect, an implied agreement on the nonFederal entity’s part, or (d)
circumstances of the particular
employment.
(2) Costs of severance payments are
divided into two categories as follows:
(i) Actual normal turnover severance
payments must be allocated to all
activities; or, where the non-Federal
entity provides for a reserve for normal
severances, such method will be
acceptable if the charge to current
operations is reasonable in light of
payments actually made for normal
severances over a representative past
period, and if amounts charged are

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allocated to all activities of the nonFederal entity.
(ii) Measurement of costs of abnormal
or mass severance pay by means of an
accrual will not achieve equity to both
parties. Thus, accruals for this purpose
are not allowable. However, the Federal
government recognizes its obligation to
participate, to the extent of its fair share,
in any specific payment. Prior approval
by the Federal awarding agency or
cognizant agency for indirect cost, as
appropriate, is required.
(3) Costs incurred in certain severance
pay packages which are in an amount in
excess of the normal severance pay paid
by the non-Federal entity to an
employee upon termination of
employment and are paid to the
employee contingent upon a change in
management control over, or ownership
of, the non-Federal entity’s assets, are
unallowable.
(4) Severance payments to foreign
nationals employed by the non-Federal
entity outside the United States, to the
extent that the amount exceeds the
customary or prevailing practices for the
non-Federal entity in the United States,
are unallowable, unless they are
necessary for the performance of Federal
programs and approved by the Federal
awarding agency.
(5) Severance payments to foreign
nationals employed by the non-Federal
entity outside the United States due to
the termination of the foreign national
as a result of the closing of, or
curtailment of activities by, the nonFederal entity in that country, are
unallowable, unless they are necessary
for the performance of Federal programs
and approved by the Federal awarding
agency.
(j)(1) For IHEs only. Fringe benefits in
the form of tuition or remission of
tuition for individual employees are
allowable, provided such benefits are
granted in accordance with established
non-Federal entity policies, and are
distributed to all non-Federal entity
activities on an equitable basis. Tuition
benefits for family members other than
the employee are unallowable.
(2) Fringe benefits in the form of
tuition or remission of tuition for
individual employees not employed by
IHEs are limited to the tax-free amount
allowed per section 127 of the Internal
Revenue Code as amended.
(3) IHEs may offer employees tuition
waivers or tuition reductions for
undergraduate education under IRC
Section 117(d) as amended, provided
that the benefit does not discriminate in
favor of highly compensated employees.
Federal reimbursement of tuition or
remission of tuition is also limited to
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works. See § 200.466 Scholarships and
student aid costs, for treatment of
tuition remission provided to students.
(k) For IHEs whose costs are paid by
state or local governments, fringe benefit
programs (such as pension costs and
FICA) and any other benefits costs
specifically incurred on behalf of, and
in direct benefit to, the non-Federal
entity, are allowable costs of such nonFederal entities whether or not these
costs are recorded in the accounting
records of the non-Federal entities,
subject to the following:
(1) The costs meet the requirements of
Basic Considerations in §§ 200.402
Composition of costs through 200.411
Adjustment of previously negotiated
indirect (F&A) cost rates containing
unallowable costs of this subpart;
(2) The costs are properly supported
by approved cost allocation plans in
accordance with applicable Federal cost
accounting principles; and
(3) The costs are not otherwise borne
directly or indirectly by the Federal
government.
§ 200.432

Conferences.

A conference is defined as a meeting,
retreat, seminar, symposium, workshop
or event whose primary purpose is the
dissemination of technical information
beyond the non-Federal entity and is
necessary and reasonable for successful
performance under the Federal award.
Allowable conference costs paid by the
non-Federal entity as a sponsor or host
of the conference may include rental of
facilities, speakers’ fees, costs of meals
and refreshments, local transportation,
and other items incidental to such
conferences unless further restricted by
the terms and conditions of the Federal
award. As needed, the costs of
identifying, but not providing, locally
available dependent-care resources are
allowable. Conference hosts/sponsors
must exercise discretion and judgment
in ensuring that conference costs are
appropriate, necessary and managed in
a manner that minimizes costs to the
Federal award. The Federal awarding
agency may authorize exceptions where
appropriate for programs including
Indian tribes, children, and the elderly.
See also §§ 200.438 Entertainment costs,
200.456 Participant support costs,
200.474 Travel costs, and 200.475
Trustees.
§ 200.433

Contingency provisions.

(a) Contingency is that part of a
budget estimate of future costs (typically
of large construction projects, IT
systems, or other items as approved by
the Federal awarding agency) which is
associated with possible events or
conditions arising from causes the

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precise outcome of which is
indeterminable at the time of estimate,
and that experience shows will likely
result, in aggregate, in additional costs
for the approved activity or project.
Amounts for major project scope
changes, unforeseen risks, or
extraordinary events may not be
included.
(b) It is permissible for contingency
amounts other than those excluded in
paragraph (b)(1) of this section to be
explicitly included in budget estimates,
to the extent they are necessary to
improve the precision of those
estimates. Amounts must be estimated
using broadly-accepted cost estimating
methodologies, specified in the budget
documentation of the Federal award,
and accepted by the Federal awarding
agency. As such, contingency amounts
are to be included in the Federal award.
In order for actual costs incurred to be
allowable, they must comply with the
cost principles and other requirements
in this Part (see also §§ 200.300
Statutory and national policy
requirements through 200.309 Period of
performance of Subpart D of this Part
and 200.403 Factors affecting
allowability of costs); be necessary and
reasonable for proper and efficient
accomplishment of project or program
objectives, and be verifiable from the
non-Federal entity’s records.
(c) Payments made by the Federal
awarding agency to the non-Federal
entity’s ‘‘contingency reserve’’ or any
similar payment made for events the
occurrence of which cannot be foretold
with certainty as to the time or
intensity, or with an assurance of their
happening, are unallowable, except as
noted in §§ 200.431 Compensation—
fringe benefits regarding self-insurance,
pensions, severance and post-retirement
health costs and 200.447 Insurance and
indemnification.
§ 200.434

Contributions and donations.

(a) Costs of contributions and
donations, including cash, property, and
services, from the non-Federal entity to
other entities, are unallowable.
(b) The value of services and property
donated to the non-Federal entity may
not be charged to the Federal award
either as a direct or indirect (F&A) cost.
The value of donated services and
property may be used to meet cost
sharing or matching requirements (see
§ 200.306 Cost sharing or matching).
Depreciation on donated assets is
permitted in accordance with § 200.436
Depreciation, as long as the donated
property is not counted towards cost
sharing or matching requirements.
(c) Services donated or volunteered to
the non-Federal entity may be furnished

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to a non-Federal entity by professional
and technical personnel, consultants,
and other skilled and unskilled labor.
The value of these services is not
allowable either as a direct or indirect
cost. However, the value of donated
services may be used to meet cost
sharing or matching requirements in
accordance with the provisions of
§ 200.306 Cost sharing or matching.
(d) To the extent feasible, services
donated to the non-Federal entity will
be supported by the same methods used
to support the allocability of regular
personnel services.
(e) The following provisions apply to
nonprofit organizations. The value of
services donated to the nonprofit
organization utilized in the performance
of a direct cost activity must be
considered in the determination of the
non-Federal entity’s indirect cost rate(s)
and, accordingly, must be allocated a
proportionate share of applicable
indirect costs when the following
circumstances exist:
(1) The aggregate value of the services
is material;
(2) The services are supported by a
significant amount of the indirect costs
incurred by the non-Federal entity;
(i) In those instances where there is
no basis for determining the fair market
value of the services rendered, the nonFederal entity and the cognizant agency
for indirect costs must negotiate an
appropriate allocation of indirect cost to
the services.
(ii) Where donated services directly
benefit a project supported by the
Federal award, the indirect costs
allocated to the services will be
considered as a part of the total costs of
the project. Such indirect costs may be
reimbursed under the Federal award or
used to meet cost sharing or matching
requirements.
(f) Fair market value of donated
services must be computed as described
in § 200.306 Cost sharing or matching.
(g) Personal Property and Use of
Space.
(1) Donated personal property and use
of space may be furnished to a nonFederal entity. The value of the personal
property and space is not reimbursable
either as a direct or indirect cost.
(2) The value of the donations may be
used to meet cost sharing or matching
share requirements under the conditions
described in §§ 200.300 Statutory and
national policy requirements through
200.309 Period of performance of
Subpart D of this Part. The value of the
donations must be determined in
accordance with §§ 200.300 Statutory
and national policy requirements
through 200.309 Period of performance.
Where donations are treated as indirect

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costs, indirect cost rates will separate
the value of the donations so that
reimbursement will not be made.
§ 200.435 Defense and prosecution of
criminal and civil proceedings, claims,
appeals and patent infringements.

(a) Definitions for the purposes of this
section.
(1) Conviction means a judgment or
conviction of a criminal offense by any
court of competent jurisdiction, whether
entered upon verdict or a plea,
including a conviction due to a plea of
nolo contendere.
(2) Costs include the services of inhouse or private counsel, accountants,
consultants, or others engaged to assist
the non-Federal entity before, during,
and after commencement of a judicial or
administrative proceeding, that bear a
direct relationship to the proceeding.
(3) Fraud means:
(i) Acts of fraud or corruption or
attempts to defraud the Federal
government or to corrupt its agents,
(ii) Acts that constitute a cause for
debarment or suspension (as specified
in agency regulations), and
(iii) Acts which violate the False
Claims Act (31 U.S.C. 3729–3732) or the
Anti-kickback Act (41 U.S.C. 1320a–
7b(b)).
(4) Penalty does not include
restitution, reimbursement, or
compensatory damages.
(5) Proceeding includes an
investigation.
(b) Costs.
(1) Except as otherwise described
herein, costs incurred in connection
with any criminal, civil or
administrative proceeding (including
filing of a false certification)
commenced by the Federal government,
a state, local government, or foreign
government, or joined by the Federal
government (including a proceeding
under the False Claims Act), against the
non-Federal entity, (or commenced by
third parties or a current or former
employee of the non-Federal entity who
submits a whistleblower complaint of
reprisal in accordance with 10 U.S.C.
2409 or 41 U.S.C. 4712), are not
allowable if the proceeding:
(i) Relates to a violation of, or failure
to comply with, a Federal, state, local or
foreign statute, regulation or the terms
and conditions of the Federal award, by
the non-Federal entity (including its
agents and employees); and
(ii) Results in any of the following
dispositions:
(A) In a criminal proceeding, a
conviction.
(B) In a civil or administrative
proceeding involving an allegation of
fraud or similar misconduct, a

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determination of non-Federal entity
liability.
(C) In the case of any civil or
administrative proceeding, the
disallowance of costs or the imposition
of a monetary penalty, or an order
issued by the Federal awarding agency
head or delegate to the non-Federal
entity to take corrective action under 10
U.S.C. 2409 or 41 U.S.C. 4712.
(D) A final decision by an appropriate
Federal official to debar or suspend the
non-Federal entity, to rescind or void a
Federal award, or to terminate a Federal
award for default by reason of a
violation or failure to comply with a
statute, regulation, or the terms and
conditions of the Federal award.
(E) A disposition by consent or
compromise, if the action could have
resulted in any of the dispositions
described in paragraphs (b)(1)(ii)(A)
through (D) of this section.
(2) If more than one proceeding
involves the same alleged misconduct,
the costs of all such proceedings are
unallowable if any results in one of the
dispositions shown in paragraph (b) of
this section.
(c) If a proceeding referred to in
paragraph (b) of this section is
commenced by the Federal government
and is resolved by consent or
compromise pursuant to an agreement
by the non-Federal entity and the
Federal government, then the costs
incurred may be allowed to the extent
specifically provided in such agreement.
(d) If a proceeding referred to in
paragraph (b) of this section is
commenced by a state, local or foreign
government, the authorized Federal
official may allow the costs incurred if
such authorized official determines that
the costs were incurred as a result of:
(1) A specific term or condition of the
Federal award, or
(2) Specific written direction of an
authorized official of the Federal
awarding agency.
(e) Costs incurred in connection with
proceedings described in paragraph (b)
of this section, which are not made
unallowable by that subsection, may be
allowed but only to the extent that:
(1) The costs are reasonable and
necessary in relation to the
administration of the Federal award and
activities required to deal with the
proceeding and the underlying cause of
action;
(2) Payment of the reasonable,
necessary, allocable and otherwise
allowable costs incurred is not
prohibited by any other provision(s) of
the Federal award;
(3) The costs are not recovered from
the Federal Government or a third party,

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either directly as a result of the
proceeding or otherwise; and,
(4) An authorized Federal official
must determine the percentage of costs
allowed considering the complexity of
litigation, generally accepted principles
governing the award of legal fees in civil
actions involving the United States, and
such other factors as may be
appropriate. Such percentage must not
exceed 80 percent. However, if an
agreement reached under paragraph (c)
of this section has explicitly considered
this 80 percent limitation and permitted
a higher percentage, then the full
amount of costs resulting from that
agreement are allowable.
(f) Costs incurred by the non-Federal
entity in connection with the defense of
suits brought by its employees or exemployees under section 2 of the Major
Fraud Act of 1988 (18 U.S.C. 1031),
including the cost of all relief necessary
to make such employee whole, where
the non-Federal entity was found liable
or settled, are unallowable.
(g) Costs of prosecution of claims
against the Federal government,
including appeals of final Federal
agency decisions, are unallowable.
(h) Costs of legal, accounting, and
consultant services, and related costs,
incurred in connection with patent
infringement litigation, are unallowable
unless otherwise provided for in the
Federal award.
(i) Costs which may be unallowable
under this section, including directly
associated costs, must be segregated and
accounted for separately. During the
pendency of any proceeding covered by
paragraphs (b) and (f) of this section, the
Federal government must generally
withhold payment of such costs.
However, if in its best interests, the
Federal government may provide for
conditional payment upon provision of
adequate security, or other adequate
assurance, and agreement to repay all
unallowable costs, plus interest, if the
costs are subsequently determined to be
unallowable.

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§ 200.436

Depreciation.

(a) Depreciation is the method for
allocating the cost of fixed assets to
periods benefitting from asset use. The
non-Federal entity may be compensated
for the use of its buildings, capital
improvements, equipment, and software
projects capitalized in accordance with
GAAP, provided that they are used,
needed in the non-Federal entity’s
activities, and properly allocated to
Federal awards. Such compensation
must be made by computing
depreciation.

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(b) The allocation for depreciation
must be made in accordance with
Appendices IV through VIII.
(c) Depreciation is computed applying
the following rules. The computation of
depreciation must be based on the
acquisition cost of the assets involved.
For an asset donated to the non-Federal
entity by a third party, its fair market
value at the time of the donation must
be considered as the acquisition cost.
Such assets may be depreciated or
claimed as matching but not both. For
this purpose, the acquisition cost will
exclude:
(1) The cost of land;
(2) Any portion of the cost of
buildings and equipment borne by or
donated by the Federal government,
irrespective of where title was originally
vested or where it is presently located;
(3) Any portion of the cost of
buildings and equipment contributed by
or for the non-Federal entity, or where
law or agreement prohibits recovery;
and
(4) Any asset acquired solely for the
performance of a non-Federal award.
(d) When computing depreciation
charges, the following must be observed:
(1) The period of useful service or
useful life established in each case for
usable capital assets must take into
consideration such factors as type of
construction, nature of the equipment,
technological developments in the
particular area, historical data, and the
renewal and replacement policies
followed for the individual items or
classes of assets involved.
(2) The depreciation method used to
charge the cost of an asset (or group of
assets) to accounting periods must
reflect the pattern of consumption of the
asset during its useful life. In the
absence of clear evidence indicating that
the expected consumption of the asset
will be significantly greater in the early
portions than in the later portions of its
useful life, the straight-line method
must be presumed to be the appropriate
method. Depreciation methods once
used may not be changed unless
approved in advance by the cognizant
agency. The depreciation methods used
to calculate the depreciation amounts
for indirect (F&A) rate purposes must be
the same methods used by the nonFederal entity for its financial
statements.
(3) The entire building, including the
shell and all components, may be
treated as a single asset and depreciated
over a single useful life. A building may
also be divided into multiple
components. Each component item may
then be depreciated over its estimated
useful life. The building components
must be grouped into three general

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components of a building: building shell
(including construction and design
costs), building services systems (e.g.,
elevators, HVAC, plumbing system and
heating and air-conditioning system)
and fixed equipment (e.g., sterilizers,
casework, fume hoods, cold rooms and
glassware/washers). In exceptional
cases, a cognizant agency may authorize
a non-Federal entity to use more than
these three groupings. When a nonFederal entity elects to depreciate its
buildings by its components, the same
depreciation methods must be used for
indirect (F&A) purposes and financial
statements purposes, as described in
paragraphs (d)(1) and (2) of this section.
(4) No depreciation may be allowed
on any assets that have outlived their
depreciable lives.
(5) Where the depreciation method is
introduced to replace the use allowance
method, depreciation must be computed
as if the asset had been depreciated over
its entire life (i.e., from the date the
asset was acquired and ready for use to
the date of disposal or withdrawal from
service). The total amount of use
allowance and depreciation for an asset
(including imputed depreciation
applicable to periods prior to the
conversion from the use allowance
method as well as depreciation after the
conversion) may not exceed the total
acquisition cost of the asset.
(e) Charges for depreciation must be
supported by adequate property records,
and physical inventories must be taken
at least once every two years to ensure
that the assets exist and are usable,
used, and needed. Statistical sampling
techniques may be used in taking these
inventories. In addition, adequate
depreciation records showing the
amount of depreciation taken each
period must also be maintained.
§ 200.437
costs.

Employee health and welfare

(a) Costs incurred in accordance with
the non-Federal entity’s documented
policies for the improvement of working
conditions, employer-employee
relations, employee health, and
employee performance are allowable.
(b) Such costs will be equitably
apportioned to all activities of the nonFederal entity. Income generated from
any of these activities will be credited
to the cost thereof unless such income
has been irrevocably sent to employee
welfare organizations.
(c) Losses resulting from operating
food services are allowable only if the
non-Federal entity’s objective is to
operate such services on a break-even
basis. Losses sustained because of
operating objectives other than the
above are allowable only:

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(1) Where the non-Federal entity can
demonstrate unusual circumstances;
and
(2) With the approval of the cognizant
agency for indirect costs.
§ 200.438

Entertainment costs.

Costs of entertainment, including
amusement, diversion, and social
activities and any associated costs are
unallowable, except where specific
costs that might otherwise be
considered entertainment have a
programmatic purpose and are
authorized either in the approved
budget for the Federal award or with
prior written approval of the Federal
awarding agency.

§ 200.440

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§ 200.439 Equipment and other capital
expenditures.

(a) See §§ 200.13 Capital
expenditures, 200.33 Equipment, 200.89
Special purpose equipment, 200.48
General purpose equipment, 200.2
Acquisition cost, and 200.12 Capital
assets.
(b) The following rules of allowability
must apply to equipment and other
capital expenditures:
(1) Capital expenditures for general
purpose equipment, buildings, and land
are unallowable as direct charges,
except with the prior written approval
of the Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.
(2) Capital expenditures for special
purpose equipment are allowable as
direct costs, provided that items with a
unit cost of $5,000 or more have the
prior written approval of the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity.
(3) Capital expenditures for
improvements to land, buildings, or
equipment which materially increase
their value or useful life are unallowable
as a direct cost except with the prior
written approval of the Federal
awarding agency, or pass-through entity.
See § 200.436 Depreciation, for rules on
the allowability of depreciation on
buildings, capital improvements, and
equipment. See also § 200.465 Rental
costs of real property and equipment.
(4) When approved as a direct charge
pursuant to paragraphs (b)(1) through
(3) of this section, capital expenditures
will be charged in the period in which
the expenditure is incurred, or as
otherwise determined appropriate and
negotiated with the Federal awarding
agency.
(5) The unamortized portion of any
equipment written off as a result of a
change in capitalization levels may be
recovered by continuing to claim the
otherwise allowable depreciation on the
equipment, or by amortizing the amount
to be written off over a period of years

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negotiated with the Federal cognizant
agency for indirect cost.
(6) Cost of equipment disposal. If the
non-Federal entity is instructed by the
Federal awarding agency to otherwise
dispose of or transfer the equipment the
costs of such disposal or transfer are
allowable.
Exchange rates.

(a) Cost increases for fluctuations in
exchange rates are allowable costs
subject to the availability of funding,
and prior approval by the Federal
awarding agency. The Federal awarding
agency must however ensure that
adequate funds are available to cover
currency fluctuations in order to avoid
a violation of the Anti-Deficiency Act.
(b) The non-Federal entity is required
to make reviews of local currency gains
to determine the need for additional
federal funding before the expiration
date of the Federal award. Subsequent
adjustments for currency increases may
be allowable only when the non-Federal
entity provides the Federal awarding
agency with adequate source
documentation from a commonly used
source in effect at the time the expense
was made, and to the extent that
sufficient Federal funds are available.
§ 200.441 Fines, penalties, damages and
other settlements.

Costs resulting from non-Federal
entity violations of, alleged violations
of, or failure to comply with, Federal,
state, tribal, local or foreign laws and
regulations are unallowable, except
when incurred as a result of compliance
with specific provisions of the Federal
award, or with prior written approval of
the Federal awarding agency. See also
§ 200.435 Defense and prosecution of
criminal and civil proceedings, claims,
appeals and patent infringements.
§ 200.442 Fund raising and investment
management costs.

(a) Costs of organized fund raising,
including financial campaigns,
endowment drives, solicitation of gifts
and bequests, and similar expenses
incurred to raise capital or obtain
contributions are unallowable. Fund
raising costs for the purposes of meeting
the Federal program objectives are
allowable with prior written approval
from the Federal awarding agency.
Proposal costs are covered in § 200.460
Proposal costs.
(b) Costs of investment counsel and
staff and similar expenses incurred to
enhance income from investments are
unallowable except when associated
with investments covering pension, selfinsurance, or other funds which include
Federal participation allowed by this
Part.

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(c) Costs related to the physical
custody and control of monies and
securities are allowable.
(d) Both allowable and unallowable
fund raising and investment activities
must be allocated as an appropriate
share of indirect costs under the
conditions described in § 200.413 Direct
costs.
§ 200.443 Gains and losses on disposition
of depreciable assets.

(a) Gains and losses on the sale,
retirement, or other disposition of
depreciable property must be included
in the year in which they occur as
credits or charges to the asset cost
grouping(s) in which the property was
included. The amount of the gain or loss
to be included as a credit or charge to
the appropriate asset cost grouping(s) is
the difference between the amount
realized on the property and the
undepreciated basis of the property.
(b) Gains and losses from the
disposition of depreciable property
must not be recognized as a separate
credit or charge under the following
conditions:
(1) The gain or loss is processed
through a depreciation account and is
reflected in the depreciation allowable
under §§ 200.436 Depreciation and
200.439 Equipment and other capital
expenditures.
(2) The property is given in exchange
as part of the purchase price of a similar
item and the gain or loss is taken into
account in determining the depreciation
cost basis of the new item.
(3) A loss results from the failure to
maintain permissible insurance, except
as otherwise provided in § 46*200.447
Insurance and indemnification.
(4) Compensation for the use of the
property was provided through use
allowances in lieu of depreciation.
(5) Gains and losses arising from mass
or extraordinary sales, retirements, or
other dispositions must be considered
on a case-by-case basis.
(c) Gains or losses of any nature
arising from the sale or exchange of
property other than the property
covered in paragraph (a) of this section,
e.g., land, must be excluded in
computing Federal award costs.
(d) When assets acquired with Federal
funds, in part or wholly, are disposed
of, the distribution of the proceeds must
be made in accordance with §§ 200.310
Insurance Coverage through 200.316
Property trust relationship.
§ 200.444

General costs of government.

(a) For states, local governments, and
Indian Tribes, the general costs of
government are unallowable (except as
provided in § 200.474 Travel costs).
Unallowable costs include:

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(1) Salaries and expenses of the Office
of the Governor of a state or the chief
executive of a local government or the
chief executive of an Indian tribe;
(2) Salaries and other expenses of a
state legislature, tribal council, or
similar local governmental body, such
as a county supervisor, city council,
school board, etc., whether incurred for
purposes of legislation or executive
direction;
(3) Costs of the judicial branch of a
government;
(4) Costs of prosecutorial activities
unless treated as a direct cost to a
specific program if authorized by statute
or regulation (however, this does not
preclude the allowability of other legal
activities of the Attorney General as
described in § 200.435 Defense and
prosecution of criminal and civil
proceedings, claims, appeals and patent
infringements); and
(5) Costs of other general types of
government services normally provided
to the general public, such as fire and
police, unless provided for as a direct
cost under a program statute or
regulation.
(b) For Indian tribes and Councils Of
Governments (COGs) (see § 200.64 Local
government), the portion of salaries and
expenses directly attributable to
managing and operating Federal
programs by the chief executive and his
or her staff is allowable. Up to 50% of
these costs can be included in the
indirect cost calculation without
documentation.
§ 200.445
use.

Goods or services for personal

(a) Costs of goods or services for
personal use of the non-Federal entity’s
employees are unallowable regardless of
whether the cost is reported as taxable
income to the employees.
(b) Costs of housing (e.g.,
depreciation, maintenance, utilities,
furnishings, rent), housing allowances
and personal living expenses are only
allowable as direct costs regardless of
whether reported as taxable income to
the employees. In addition, to be
allowable direct costs must be approved
in advance by a Federal awarding
agency.

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§ 200.446

Idle facilities and idle capacity.

(a) As used in this section the
following terms have the meanings set
forth in this section:
(1) Facilities means land and
buildings or any portion thereof,
equipment individually or collectively,
or any other tangible capital asset,
wherever located, and whether owned
or leased by the non-Federal entity.

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(2) Idle facilities means completely
unused facilities that are excess to the
non-Federal entity’s current needs.
(3) Idle capacity means the unused
capacity of partially used facilities. It is
the difference between:
(i) That which a facility could achieve
under 100 percent operating time on a
one-shift basis less operating
interruptions resulting from time lost for
repairs, setups, unsatisfactory materials,
and other normal delays and;
(ii) The extent to which the facility
was actually used to meet demands
during the accounting period. A multishift basis should be used if it can be
shown that this amount of usage would
normally be expected for the type of
facility involved.
(4) Cost of idle facilities or idle
capacity means costs such as
maintenance, repair, housing, rent, and
other related costs, e.g., insurance,
interest, and depreciation. These costs
could include the costs of idle public
safety emergency facilities,
telecommunications, or information
technology system capacity that is built
to withstand major fluctuations in load,
e.g., consolidated data centers.
(b) The costs of idle facilities are
unallowable except to the extent that:
(1) They are necessary to meet
workload requirements which may
fluctuate and are allocated appropriately
to all benefiting programs; or
(2) Although not necessary to meet
fluctuations in workload, they were
necessary when acquired and are now
idle because of changes in program
requirements, efforts to achieve more
economical operations, reorganization,
termination, or other causes which
could not have been reasonably
foreseen. Under the exception stated in
this subsection, costs of idle facilities
are allowable for a reasonable period of
time, ordinarily not to exceed one year,
depending on the initiative taken to use,
lease, or dispose of such facilities.
(c) The costs of idle capacity are
normal costs of doing business and are
a factor in the normal fluctuations of
usage or indirect cost rates from period
to period. Such costs are allowable,
provided that the capacity is reasonably
anticipated to be necessary to carry out
the purpose of the Federal award or was
originally reasonable and is not subject
to reduction or elimination by use on
other Federal awards, subletting,
renting, or sale, in accordance with
sound business, economic, or security
practices. Widespread idle capacity
throughout an entire facility or among a
group of assets having substantially the
same function may be considered idle
facilities.

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§ 200.447

Insurance and indemnification.

(a) Costs of insurance required or
approved and maintained, pursuant to
the Federal award, are allowable.
(b) Costs of other insurance in
connection with the general conduct of
activities are allowable subject to the
following limitations:
(1) Types and extent and cost of
coverage are in accordance with the
non-Federal entity’s policy and sound
business practice.
(2) Costs of insurance or of
contributions to any reserve covering
the risk of loss of, or damage to, Federal
government property are unallowable
except to the extent that the Federal
awarding agency has specifically
required or approved such costs.
(3) Costs allowed for business
interruption or other similar insurance
must exclude coverage of management
fees.
(4) Costs of insurance on the lives of
trustees, officers, or other employees
holding positions of similar
responsibilities are allowable only to the
extent that the insurance represents
additional compensation (see § 200.431
Compensation—fringe benefits). The
cost of such insurance when the nonFederal entity is identified as the
beneficiary is unallowable.
(5) Insurance against defects. Costs of
insurance with respect to any costs
incurred to correct defects in the nonFederal entity’s materials or
workmanship are unallowable.
(6) Medical liability (malpractice)
insurance. Medical liability insurance is
an allowable cost of Federal research
programs only to the extent that the
Federal research programs involve
human subjects or training of
participants in research techniques.
Medical liability insurance costs must
be treated as a direct cost and must be
assigned to individual projects based on
the manner in which the insurer
allocates the risk to the population
covered by the insurance.
(c) Actual losses which could have
been covered by permissible insurance
(through a self-insurance program or
otherwise) are unallowable, unless
expressly provided for in the Federal
award. However, costs incurred because
of losses not covered under nominal
deductible insurance coverage provided
in keeping with sound management
practice, and minor losses not covered
by insurance, such as spoilage,
breakage, and disappearance of small
hand tools, which occur in the ordinary
course of operations, are allowable.
(d) Contributions to a reserve for
certain self-insurance programs
including workers’ compensation,
unemployment compensation, and

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severance pay are allowable subject to
the following provisions:
(1) The type of coverage and the
extent of coverage and the rates and
premiums would have been allowed
had insurance (including reinsurance)
been purchased to cover the risks.
However, provision for known or
reasonably estimated self-insured
liabilities, which do not become payable
for more than one year after the
provision is made, must not exceed the
discounted present value of the liability.
The rate used for discounting the
liability must be determined by giving
consideration to such factors as the nonFederal entity’s settlement rate for those
liabilities and its investment rate of
return.
(2) Earnings or investment income on
reserves must be credited to those
reserves.
(3)(i) Contributions to reserves must
be based on sound actuarial principles
using historical experience and
reasonable assumptions. Reserve levels
must be analyzed and updated at least
biennially for each major risk being
insured and take into account any
reinsurance, coinsurance, etc. Reserve
levels related to employee-related
coverages will normally be limited to
the value of claims:
(A) Submitted and adjudicated but
not paid;
(B) Submitted but not adjudicated;
and
(C) Incurred but not submitted.
(ii) Reserve levels in excess of the
amounts based on the above must be
identified and justified in the cost
allocation plan or indirect cost rate
proposal.
(4) Accounting records, actuarial
studies, and cost allocations (or billings)
must recognize any significant
differences due to types of insured risk
and losses generated by the various
insured activities or agencies of the nonFederal entity. If individual
departments or agencies of the nonFederal entity experience significantly
different levels of claims for a particular
risk, those differences are to be
recognized by the use of separate
allocations or other techniques resulting
in an equitable allocation.
(5) Whenever funds are transferred
from a self-insurance reserve to other
accounts (e.g., general fund or
unrestricted account), refunds must be
made to the Federal government for its
share of funds transferred, including
earned or imputed interest from the date
of transfer and debt interest, if
applicable, chargeable in accordance
with applicable Federal cognizant
agency for indirect cost, claims
collection regulations.

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(e) Insurance refunds must be credited
against insurance costs in the year the
refund is received.
(f) Indemnification includes securing
the non-Federal entity against liabilities
to third persons and other losses not
compensated by insurance or otherwise.
The Federal government is obligated to
indemnify the non-Federal entity only
to the extent expressly provided for in
the Federal award, except as provided
in paragraph (c) of this section.
§ 200.448

Intellectual property.

(a) Patent costs.
(1) The following costs related to
securing patents and copyrights are
allowable:
(i) Costs of preparing disclosures,
reports, and other documents required
by the Federal award, and of searching
the art to the extent necessary to make
such disclosures;
(ii) Costs of preparing documents and
any other patent costs in connection
with the filing and prosecution of a
United States patent application where
title or royalty-free license is required
by the Federal government to be
conveyed to the Federal government;
and
(iii) General counseling services
relating to patent and copyright matters,
such as advice on patent and copyright
laws, regulations, clauses, and employee
intellectual property agreements (See
also § 200.459 Professional service
costs).
(2) The following costs related to
securing patents and copyrights are
unallowable:
(i) Costs of preparing disclosures,
reports, and other documents, and of
searching the art to make disclosures
not required by the Federal award;
(ii) Costs in connection with filing
and prosecuting any foreign patent
application, or any United States patent
application, where the Federal award
does not require conveying title or a
royalty-free license to the Federal
government.
(b) Royalties and other costs for use of
patents and copyrights.
(1) Royalties on a patent or copyright
or amortization of the cost of acquiring
by purchase a copyright, patent, or
rights thereto, necessary for the proper
performance of the Federal award are
allowable unless:
(i) The Federal government already
has a license or the right to free use of
the patent or copyright.
(ii) The patent or copyright has been
adjudicated to be invalid, or has been
administratively determined to be
invalid.
(iii) The patent or copyright is
considered to be unenforceable.

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(iv) The patent or copyright is
expired.
(2) Special care should be exercised in
determining reasonableness where the
royalties may have been arrived at as a
result of less-than-arm’s-length
bargaining, such as:
(i) Royalties paid to persons,
including corporations, affiliated with
the non-Federal entity.
(ii) Royalties paid to unaffiliated
parties, including corporations, under
an agreement entered into in
contemplation that a Federal award
would be made.
(iii) Royalties paid under an
agreement entered into after a Federal
award is made to a non-Federal entity.
(3) In any case involving a patent or
copyright formerly owned by the nonFederal entity, the amount of royalty
allowed should not exceed the cost
which would have been allowed had the
non-Federal entity retained title thereto.
§ 200.449

Interest.

(a) General. Costs incurred for interest
on borrowed capital, temporary use of
endowment funds, or the use of the nonFederal entity’s own funds, however
represented, are unallowable. Financing
costs (including interest) to acquire,
construct, or replace capital assets are
allowable, subject to the conditions in
this section.
(b)(1) Capital assets is defined as
noted in § 200.12 Capital assets. An
asset cost includes (as applicable)
acquisition costs, construction costs,
and other costs capitalized in
accordance with GAAP.
(2) For non-Federal entity fiscal years
beginning on or after January 1, 2016,
intangible assets include patents and
computer software. For software
development projects, only interest
attributable to the portion of the project
costs capitalized in accordance with
GAAP is allowable.
(c) Conditions for all non-Federal
entities.
(1) The non-Federal entity uses the
capital assets in support of Federal
awards;
(2) The allowable asset costs to
acquire facilities and equipment are
limited to a fair market value available
to the non-Federal entity from an
unrelated (arm’s length) third party.
(3) The non-Federal entity obtains the
financing via an arm’s-length
transaction (that is, a transaction with
an unrelated third party); or claims
reimbursement of actual interest cost at
a rate available via such a transaction.
(4) The non-Federal entity limits
claims for Federal reimbursement of
interest costs to the least expensive
alternative. For example, a capital lease

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may be determined less costly than
purchasing through debt financing, in
which case reimbursement must be
limited to the amount of interest
determined if leasing had been used.
(5) The non-Federal entity expenses
or capitalizes allowable interest cost in
accordance with GAAP.
(6) Earnings generated by the
investment of borrowed funds pending
their disbursement for the asset costs are
used to offset the current period’s
allowable interest cost, whether that
cost is expensed or capitalized. Earnings
subject to being reported to the Federal
Internal Revenue Service under
arbitrage requirements are excludable.
(7) The following conditions must
apply to debt arrangements over $1
million to purchase or construct
facilities, unless the non-Federal entity
makes an initial equity contribution to
the purchase of 25 percent or more. For
this purpose, ‘‘initial equity
contribution’’ means the amount or
value of contributions made by the nonFederal entity for the acquisition of
facilities prior to occupancy.
(i) The non-Federal entity must
reduce claims for reimbursement of
interest cost by an amount equal to
imputed interest earnings on excess
cash flow attributable to the portion of
the facility used for Federal awards.
(ii) The non-Federal entity must
impute interest on excess cash flow as
follows:
(A) Annually, the non-Federal entity
must prepare a cumulative (from the
inception of the project) report of
monthly cash inflows and outflows,
regardless of the funding source. For
this purpose, inflows consist of Federal
reimbursement for depreciation,
amortization of capitalized construction
interest, and annual interest cost.
Outflows consist of initial equity
contributions, debt principal payments
(less the pro-rata share attributable to
the cost of land), and interest payments.
(B) To compute monthly cash inflows
and outflows, the non-Federal entity
must divide the annual amounts
determined in step (i) by the number of
months in the year (usually 12) that the
building is in service.
(C) For any month in which
cumulative cash inflows exceed
cumulative outflows, interest must be
calculated on the excess inflows for that
month and be treated as a reduction to
allowable interest cost. The rate of
interest to be used must be the threemonth Treasury bill closing rate as of
the last business day of that month.
(8) Interest attributable to a fully
depreciated asset is unallowable.
(d) Additional conditions for states,
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costs to be allowable, the non-Federal
entity must have incurred the interest
costs for buildings after October 1, 1980,
or for land and equipment after
September 1, 1995.
(1) The requirement to offset interest
earned on borrowed funds against
current allowable interest cost
(paragraph (c)(5), above) also applies to
earnings on debt service reserve funds.
(2) The non-Federal entity will
negotiate the amount of allowable
interest cost related to the acquisition of
facilities with asset costs of $1 million
or more, as outlined in paragraph (c)(7)
of this section. For this purpose, a nonFederal entity must consider only cash
inflows and outflows attributable to that
portion of the real property used for
Federal awards.
(e) Additional conditions for IHEs.
For costs to be allowable, the IHE must
have incurred the interest costs after
September 23, 1982, in connection with
acquisitions of capital assets that
occurred after that date.
(f) Additional condition for nonprofit
organizations. For costs to be allowable,
the nonprofit organization incurred the
interest costs after September 29, 1995,
in connection with acquisitions of
capital assets that occurred after that
date.
(g) The interest allowability
provisions of this section do not apply
to a nonprofit organization subject to
‘‘full coverage’’ under the Cost
Accounting Standards (CAS), as defined
at 48 CFR 9903.201–2(a). The nonFederal entity’s Federal awards are
instead subject to CAS 414 (48 CFR
9904.414), ‘‘Cost of Money as an
Element of the Cost of Facilities
Capital’’, and CAS 417 (48 CFR
9904.417), ‘‘Cost of Money as an
Element of the Cost of Capital Assets
Under Construction’’.
§ 200.450

Lobbying.

(a) The cost of certain influencing
activities associated with obtaining
grants, contracts, cooperative
agreements, or loans is an unallowable
cost. Lobbying with respect to certain
grants, contracts, cooperative
agreements, and loans is governed by
relevant statutes, including among
others, the provisions of 31 U.S.C. 1352,
as well as the common rule, ‘‘New
Restrictions on Lobbying’’ published at
55 FR 6736 (February 26, 1990),
including definitions, and the Office of
Management and Budget
‘‘Governmentwide Guidance for New
Restrictions on Lobbying’’ and notices
published at 54 FR 52306 (December 20,
1989), 55 FR 24540 (June 15, 1990), 57
FR 1772 (January 15, 1992), and 61 FR
1412 (January 19, 1996).

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(b) Executive lobbying costs. Costs
incurred in attempting to improperly
influence either directly or indirectly,
an employee or officer of the executive
branch of the Federal government to
give consideration or to act regarding a
Federal award or a regulatory matter are
unallowable. Improper influence means
any influence that induces or tends to
induce a Federal employee or officer to
give consideration or to act regarding a
Federal award or regulatory matter on
any basis other than the merits of the
matter.
(c) In addition to the above, the
following restrictions are applicable to
nonprofit organizations and IHEs:
(1) Costs associated with the
following activities are unallowable:
(i) Attempts to influence the outcomes
of any Federal, state, or local election,
referendum, initiative, or similar
procedure, through in-kind or cash
contributions, endorsements, publicity,
or similar activity;
(ii) Establishing, administering,
contributing to, or paying the expenses
of a political party, campaign, political
action committee, or other organization
established for the purpose of
influencing the outcomes of elections in
the United States;
(iii) Any attempt to influence:
(A)The introduction of Federal or
state legislation;
(B) The enactment or modification of
any pending Federal or state legislation
through communication with any
member or employee of the Congress or
state legislature (including efforts to
influence state or local officials to
engage in similar lobbying activity);
(C) The enactment or modification of
any pending Federal or state legislation
by preparing, distributing, or using
publicity or propaganda, or by urging
members of the general public, or any
segment thereof, to contribute to or
participate in any mass demonstration,
march, rally, fund raising drive,
lobbying campaign or letter writing or
telephone campaign; or
(D) Any government official or
employee in connection with a decision
to sign or veto enrolled legislation;
(iv) Legislative liaison activities,
including attendance at legislative
sessions or committee hearings,
gathering information regarding
legislation, and analyzing the effect of
legislation, when such activities are
carried on in support of or in knowing
preparation for an effort to engage in
unallowable lobbying.
(2) The following activities are
excepted from the coverage of paragraph
(c)(1) of this section:
(i) Technical and factual presentations
on topics directly related to the

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performance of a grant, contract, or
other agreement (through hearing
testimony, statements, or letters to the
Congress or a state legislature, or
subdivision, member, or cognizant staff
member thereof), in response to a
documented request (including a
Congressional Record notice requesting
testimony or statements for the record at
a regularly scheduled hearing) made by
the non-Federal entity’s member of
congress, legislative body or a
subdivision, or a cognizant staff member
thereof, provided such information is
readily obtainable and can be readily
put in deliverable form, and further
provided that costs under this section
for travel, lodging or meals are
unallowable unless incurred to offer
testimony at a regularly scheduled
Congressional hearing pursuant to a
written request for such presentation
made by the Chairman or Ranking
Minority Member of the Committee or
Subcommittee conducting such
hearings;
(ii) Any lobbying made unallowable
by paragraph (c)(1)(iii) of this section to
influence state legislation in order to
directly reduce the cost, or to avoid
material impairment of the non-Federal
entity’s authority to perform the grant,
contract, or other agreement; or
(iii) Any activity specifically
authorized by statute to be undertaken
with funds from the Federal award.
(iv) Any activity excepted from the
definitions of ‘‘lobbying’’ or
‘‘influencing legislation’’ by the Internal
Revenue Code provisions that require
nonprofit organizations to limit their
participation in direct and ‘‘grass roots’’
lobbying activities in order to retain
their charitable deduction status and
avoid punitive excise taxes, I.R.C.
§§ 501(c)(3), 501(h), 4911(a), including:
(A) Nonpartisan analysis, study, or
research reports;
(B) Examinations and discussions of
broad social, economic, and similar
problems; and
(C) Information provided upon
request by a legislator for technical
advice and assistance, as defined by
I.R.C. § 4911(d)(2) and 26 CFR 56.4911–
2(c)(1)–(c)(3).
(v) When a non-Federal entity seeks
reimbursement for indirect (F&A) costs,
total lobbying costs must be separately
identified in the indirect (F&A) cost rate
proposal, and thereafter treated as other
unallowable activity costs in accordance
with the procedures of § 200.413 Direct
costs.
(vi) The non-Federal entity must
submit as part of its annual indirect
(F&A) cost rate proposal a certification
that the requirements and standards of
this section have been complied with.

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(See also § 200.415 Required
certifications.)
(vii)(A) Time logs, calendars, or
similar records are not required to be
created for purposes of complying with
the record keeping requirements in
§ 200.302 Financial management with
respect to lobbying costs during any
particular calendar month when:
(1) The employee engages in lobbying
(as defined in paragraphs (c)(1) and
(c)(2) of this section) 25 percent or less
of the employee’s compensated hours of
employment during that calendar
month; and
(2) Within the preceding five-year
period, the non-Federal entity has not
materially misstated allowable or
unallowable costs of any nature,
including legislative lobbying costs.
(B) When conditions in paragraph
(c)(2)(vii)(A)(1) and (2) of this section
are met, non-Federal entities are not
required to establish records to support
the allowability of claimed costs in
addition to records already required or
maintained. Also, when conditions in
paragraphs (c)(2)(vii)(A)(1) and (2) of
this section are met, the absence of time
logs, calendars, or similar records will
not serve as a basis for disallowing costs
by contesting estimates of lobbying time
spent by employees during a calendar
month.
(viii) The Federal awarding agency
must establish procedures for resolving
in advance, in consultation with OMB,
any significant questions or
disagreements concerning the
interpretation or application of this
section. Any such advance resolutions
must be binding in any subsequent
settlements, audits, or investigations
with respect to that grant or contract for
purposes of interpretation of this Part,
provided, however, that this must not be
construed to prevent a contractor or
non-Federal entity from contesting the
lawfulness of such a determination.
§ 200.451 Losses on other awards or
contracts.

Any excess of costs over income
under any other award or contract of
any nature is unallowable. This
includes, but is not limited to, the nonFederal entity’s contributed portion by
reason of cost-sharing agreements or any
under-recoveries through negotiation of
flat amounts for indirect (F&A) costs.
Also, any excess of costs over
authorized funding levels transferred
from any award or contract to another
award or contract is unallowable. All
losses are not allowable indirect (F&A)
costs and are required to be included in
the appropriate indirect cost rate base
for allocation of indirect costs.

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§ 200.452

78657

Maintenance and repair costs.

Costs incurred for utilities, insurance,
security, necessary maintenance,
janitorial services, repair, or upkeep of
buildings and equipment (including
Federal property unless otherwise
provided for) which neither add to the
permanent value of the property nor
appreciably prolong its intended life,
but keep it in an efficient operating
condition, are allowable. Costs incurred
for improvements which add to the
permanent value of the buildings and
equipment or appreciably prolong their
intended life must be treated as capital
expenditures (see § 200.439 Equipment
and other capital expenditures). These
costs are only allowable to the extent
not paid through rental or other
agreements.
§ 200.453 Materials and supplies costs,
including costs of computing devices.

(a) Costs incurred for materials,
supplies, and fabricated parts necessary
to carry out a Federal award are
allowable.
(b) Purchased materials and supplies
must be charged at their actual prices,
net of applicable credits. Withdrawals
from general stores or stockrooms
should be charged at their actual net
cost under any recognized method of
pricing inventory withdrawals,
consistently applied. Incoming
transportation charges are a proper part
of materials and supplies costs.
(c) Materials and supplies used for the
performance of a Federal award may be
charged as direct costs. In the specific
case of computing devices, charging as
direct costs is allowable for devices that
are essential and allocable, but not
solely dedicated, to the performance of
a Federal award.
(d) Where federally-donated or
furnished materials are used in
performing the Federal award, such
materials will be used without charge.
§ 200.454 Memberships, subscriptions,
and professional activity costs.

(a) Costs of the non-Federal entity’s
membership in business, technical, and
professional organizations are
allowable.
(b) Costs of the non-Federal entity’s
subscriptions to business, professional,
and technical periodicals are allowable.
(c) Costs of membership in any civic
or community organization are
allowable with prior approval by the
Federal awarding agency or passthrough entity.
(d) Costs of membership in any
country club or social or dining club or
organization are unallowable.
(e) Costs of membership in
organizations whose primary purpose is

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lobbying are unallowable. See also
§ 200.450 Lobbying.
§ 200.455

Organization costs.

Costs such as incorporation fees,
brokers’ fees, fees to promoters,
organizers or management consultants,
attorneys, accountants, or investment
counselor, whether or not employees of
the non-Federal entity in connection
with establishment or reorganization of
an organization, are unallowable except
with prior approval of the Federal
awarding agency.
§ 200.456

Participant support costs.

Participant support costs as defined in
§ 200.75 Participant support costs are
allowable with the prior approval of the
Federal awarding agency.
§ 200.457

Plant and security costs.

Necessary and reasonable expenses
incurred for routine and security to
protect facilities, personnel, and work
products are allowable. Such costs
include, but are not limited to, wages
and uniforms of personnel engaged in
security activities; equipment; barriers;
protective (non-military) gear, devices,
and equipment; contractual security
services; and consultants. Capital
expenditures for plant security purposes
are subject to § 200.439 Equipment and
other capital expenditures.
§ 200.458

Pre-award costs.

Pre-award costs are those incurred
prior to the effective date of the Federal
award directly pursuant to the
negotiation and in anticipation of the
Federal award where such costs are
necessary for efficient and timely
performance of the scope of work. Such
costs are allowable only to the extent
that they would have been allowable if
incurred after the date of the Federal
award and only with the written
approval of the Federal awarding
agency.

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§ 200.459

Professional service costs.

(a) Costs of professional and
consultant services rendered by persons
who are members of a particular
profession or possess a special skill, and
who are not officers or employees of the
non-Federal entity, are allowable,
subject to paragraphs (b) and (c) when
reasonable in relation to the services
rendered and when not contingent upon
recovery of the costs from the Federal
government. In addition, legal and
related services are limited under
§ 200.435 Defense and prosecution of
criminal and civil proceedings, claims,
appeals and patent infringements.
(b) In determining the allowability of
costs in a particular case, no single
factor or any special combination of

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factors is necessarily determinative.
However, the following factors are
relevant:
(1) The nature and scope of the
service rendered in relation to the
service required.
(2) The necessity of contracting for the
service, considering the non-Federal
entity’s capability in the particular area.
(3) The past pattern of such costs,
particularly in the years prior to Federal
awards.
(4) The impact of Federal awards on
the non-Federal entity’s business (i.e.,
what new problems have arisen).
(5) Whether the proportion of Federal
work to the non-Federal entity’s total
business is such as to influence the nonFederal entity in favor of incurring the
cost, particularly where the services
rendered are not of a continuing nature
and have little relationship to work
under Federal awards.
(6) Whether the service can be
performed more economically by direct
employment rather than contracting.
(7) The qualifications of the
individual or concern rendering the
service and the customary fees charged,
especially on non-federally funded
activities.
(8) Adequacy of the contractual
agreement for the service (e.g.,
description of the service, estimate of
time required, rate of compensation, and
termination provisions).
(c) In addition to the factors in
paragraph (b) of this section, to be
allowable, retainer fees must be
supported by evidence of bona fide
services available or rendered.
§ 200.460

Proposal costs.

Proposal costs are the costs of
preparing bids, proposals, or
applications on potential Federal and
non-Federal awards or projects,
including the development of data
necessary to support the non-Federal
entity’s bids or proposals. Proposal costs
of the current accounting period of both
successful and unsuccessful bids and
proposals normally should be treated as
indirect (F&A) costs and allocated
currently to all activities of the nonFederal entity. No proposal costs of past
accounting periods will be allocable to
the current period.
§ 200.461

Publication and printing costs.

(a) Publication costs for electronic and
print media, including distribution,
promotion, and general handling are
allowable. If these costs are not
identifiable with a particular cost
objective, they should be allocated as
indirect costs to all benefiting activities
of the non-Federal entity.

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(b) Page charges for professional
journal publications are allowable
where:
(1) The publications report work
supported by the Federal government;
and
(2) The charges are levied impartially
on all items published by the journal,
whether or not under a Federal award.
(3) The non-Federal entity may charge
the Federal award before closeout for
the costs of publication or sharing of
research results if the costs are not
incurred during the period of
performance of the Federal award.
§ 200.462 Rearrangement and
reconversion costs.

(a) Costs incurred for ordinary and
normal rearrangement and alteration of
facilities are allowable as indirect costs.
Special arrangements and alterations
costs incurred specifically for a Federal
award are allowable as a direct cost with
the prior approval of the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity.
(b) Costs incurred in the restoration or
rehabilitation of the non-Federal entity’s
facilities to approximately the same
condition existing immediately prior to
commencement of Federal awards, less
costs related to normal wear and tear,
are allowable.
§ 200.463

Recruiting costs.

(a) Subject to paragraphs (b) and (c) of
this section, and provided that the size
of the staff recruited and maintained is
in keeping with workload requirements,
costs of ‘‘help wanted’’ advertising,
operating costs of an employment office
necessary to secure and maintain an
adequate staff, costs of operating an
aptitude and educational testing
program, travel costs of employees
while engaged in recruiting personnel,
travel costs of applicants for interviews
for prospective employment, and
relocation costs incurred incident to
recruitment of new employees, are
allowable to the extent that such costs
are incurred pursuant to the nonFederal entity’s standard recruitment
program. Where the non-Federal entity
uses employment agencies, costs not in
excess of standard commercial rates for
such services are allowable.
(b) Special emoluments, fringe
benefits, and salary allowances incurred
to attract professional personnel that do
not meet the test of reasonableness or do
not conform with the established
practices of the non-Federal entity, are
unallowable.
(c) Where relocation costs incurred
incident to recruitment of a new
employee have been funded in whole or
in part as a direct cost to a Federal
award, and the newly hired employee

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resigns for reasons within the
employee’s control within 12 months
after hire, the non-Federal entity will be
required to refund or credit the Federal
share of such relocation costs to the
Federal government. See also § 200.464
Relocation costs of employees.
(d) Short-term, travel visa costs (as
opposed to longer-term, immigration
visas) are generally allowable expenses
that may be proposed as a direct cost.
Since short-term visas are issued for a
specific period and purpose, they can be
clearly identified as directly connected
to work performed on a Federal award.
For these costs to be directly charged to
a Federal award, they must:
(1) Be critical and necessary for the
conduct of the project;
(2) Be allowable under the applicable
cost principles;
(3) Be consistent with the non-Federal
entity’s cost accounting practices and
non-Federal entity policy; and
(4) Meet the definition of ‘‘direct cost’’
as described in the applicable cost
principles.

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§ 200.464

Relocation costs of employees.

(a) Relocation costs are costs incident
to the permanent change of duty
assignment (for an indefinite period or
for a stated period of not less than 12
months) of an existing employee or
upon recruitment of a new employee.
Relocation costs are allowable, subject
to the limitations described in
paragraphs (b), (c), and (d) of this
section, provided that:
(1) The move is for the benefit of the
employer.
(2) Reimbursement to the employee is
in accordance with an established
written policy consistently followed by
the employer.
(3) The reimbursement does not
exceed the employee’s actual (or
reasonably estimated) expenses.
(b) Allowable relocation costs for
current employees are limited to the
following:
(1) The costs of transportation of the
employee, members of his or her
immediate family and his household,
and personal effects to the new location.
(2) The costs of finding a new home,
such as advance trips by employees and
spouses to locate living quarters and
temporary lodging during the transition
period, up to maximum period of 30
calendar days.
(3) Closing costs, such as brokerage,
legal, and appraisal fees, incident to the
disposition of the employee’s former
home. These costs, together with those
described in (4), are limited to 8 per
cent of the sales price of the employee’s
former home.
(4) The continuing costs of ownership
(for up to six months) of the vacant

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former home after the settlement or
lease date of the employee’s new
permanent home, such as maintenance
of buildings and grounds (exclusive of
fixing-up expenses), utilities, taxes, and
property insurance.
(5) Other necessary and reasonable
expenses normally incident to
relocation, such as the costs of canceling
an unexpired lease, transportation of
personal property, and purchasing
insurance against loss of or damages to
personal property. The cost of canceling
an unexpired lease is limited to three
times the monthly rental.
(c) Allowable relocation costs for new
employees are limited to those
described in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of
this section. When relocation costs
incurred incident to the recruitment of
new employees have been allowed
either as a direct or indirect cost and the
employee resigns for reasons within the
employee’s control within 12 months
after hire, the non-Federal entity must
refund or credit the Federal government
for its share of the cost. However, the
costs of travel to an overseas location
must be considered travel costs in
accordance with § 200.474 Travel costs,
and not this § 200.464 Relocation costs
of employees, for the purpose of this
paragraph if dependents are not
permitted at the location for any reason
and the costs do not include costs of
transporting household goods.
(d) The following costs related to
relocation are unallowable:
(1) Fees and other costs associated
with acquiring a new home.
(2) A loss on the sale of a former
home.
(3) Continuing mortgage principal and
interest payments on a home being sold.
(4) Income taxes paid by an employee
related to reimbursed relocation costs.
§ 200.465 Rental costs of real property and
equipment.

(a) Subject to the limitations
described in paragraphs (b) through (d)
of this section, rental costs are allowable
to the extent that the rates are
reasonable in light of such factors as:
rental costs of comparable property, if
any; market conditions in the area;
alternatives available; and the type, life
expectancy, condition, and value of the
property leased. Rental arrangements
should be reviewed periodically to
determine if circumstances have
changed and other options are available.
(b) Rental costs under ‘‘sale and lease
back’’ arrangements are allowable only
up to the amount that would be allowed
had the non-Federal entity continued to
own the property. This amount would
include expenses such as depreciation,
maintenance, taxes, and insurance.

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(c) Rental costs under ‘‘less-thanarm’s-length’’ leases are allowable only
up to the amount (as explained in
paragraph (b) of this section). For this
purpose, a less-than-arm’s-length lease
is one under which one party to the
lease agreement is able to control or
substantially influence the actions of the
other. Such leases include, but are not
limited to those between:
(1) Divisions of the non-Federal
entity;
(2) The non-Federal entity under
common control through common
officers, directors, or members; and
(3) The non-Federal entity and a
director, trustee, officer, or key
employee of the non-Federal entity or
an immediate family member, either
directly or through corporations, trusts,
or similar arrangements in which they
hold a controlling interest. For example,
the non-Federal entity may establish a
separate corporation for the sole
purpose of owning property and leasing
it back to the non-Federal entity.
(4) Family members include one party
with any of the following relationships
to another party:
(i) Spouse, and parents thereof;
(ii) Children, and spouses thereof;
(iii) Parents, and spouses thereof;
(iv) Siblings, and spouses thereof;
(v) Grandparents and grandchildren,
and spouses thereof;
(vi) Domestic partner and parents
thereof, including domestic partners of
any individual in 2 through 5 of this
definition; and
(vii) Any individual related by blood
or affinity whose close association with
the employee is the equivalent of a
family relationship.
(5) Rental costs under leases which
are required to be treated as capital
leases under GAAP are allowable only
up to the amount (as explained in
paragraph (b) of this section) that would
be allowed had the non-Federal entity
purchased the property on the date the
lease agreement was executed. The
provisions of GAAP must be used to
determine whether a lease is a capital
lease. Interest costs related to capital
leases are allowable to the extent they
meet the criteria in § 200.449 Interest.
Unallowable costs include amounts
paid for profit, management fees, and
taxes that would not have been incurred
had the non-Federal entity purchased
the property.
(6) The rental of any property owned
by any individuals or entities affiliated
with the non-Federal entity, to include
commercial or residential real estate, for
purposes such as the home office
workspace is unallowable.

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Scholarships and student aid

(a) Costs of scholarships, fellowships,
and other programs of student aid at
IHEs are allowable only when the
purpose of the Federal award is to
provide training to selected participants
and the charge is approved by the
Federal awarding agency. However,
tuition remission and other forms of
compensation paid as, or in lieu of,
wages to students performing necessary
work are allowable provided that:
(1) The individual is conducting
activities necessary to the Federal
award;
(2) Tuition remission and other
support are provided in accordance
with established policy of the IHE and
consistently provided in a like manner
to students in return for similar
activities conducted under Federal
awards as well as other activities; and
(3) During the academic period, the
student is enrolled in an advanced
degree program at a non-Federal entity
or affiliated institution and the activities
of the student in relation to the Federal
award are related to the degree program;
(4) The tuition or other payments are
reasonable compensation for the work
performed and are conditioned
explicitly upon the performance of
necessary work; and
(5) It is the IHE’s practice to similarly
compensate students under Federal
awards as well as other activities.
(b) Charges for tuition remission and
other forms of compensation paid to
students as, or in lieu of, salaries and
wages must be subject to the reporting
requirements in § 200.430
Compensation—personal services, and
must be treated as direct or indirect cost
in accordance with the actual work
being performed. Tuition remission may
be charged on an average rate basis. See
also § 200.431 Compensation—fringe
benefits.
§ 200.467

Selling and marketing costs.

Costs of selling and marketing any
products or services of the non-Federal
entity (unless allowed under § 200.421
Advertising and public relations.) are
unallowable, except as direct costs, with
prior approval by the Federal awarding
agency when necessary for the
performance of the Federal award.

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§ 200.468

Specialized service facilities.

(a) The costs of services provided by
highly complex or specialized facilities
operated by the non-Federal entity, such
as computing facilities, wind tunnels,
and reactors are allowable, provided the
charges for the services meet the
conditions of either paragraphs (b) or (c)
of this section, and, in addition, take

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into account any items of income or
Federal financing that qualify as
applicable credits under § 200.406
Applicable credits.
(b) The costs of such services, when
material, must be charged directly to
applicable awards based on actual usage
of the services on the basis of a schedule
of rates or established methodology that:
(1) Does not discriminate between
activities under Federal awards and
other activities of the non-Federal
entity, including usage by the nonFederal entity for internal purposes, and
(2) Is designed to recover only the
aggregate costs of the services. The costs
of each service must consist normally of
both its direct costs and its allocable
share of all indirect (F&A) costs. Rates
must be adjusted at least biennially, and
must take into consideration over/under
applied costs of the previous period(s).
(c) Where the costs incurred for a
service are not material, they may be
allocated as indirect (F&A) costs.
(d) Under some extraordinary
circumstances, where it is in the best
interest of the Federal government and
the non-Federal entity to establish
alternative costing arrangements, such
arrangements may be worked out with
the Federal cognizant agency for
indirect costs.
§ 200.469

Student activity costs.

Costs incurred for intramural
activities, student publications, student
clubs, and other student activities, are
unallowable, unless specifically
provided for in the Federal award.
§ 200.470
Tax).

Taxes (including Value Added

(a) For states, local governments and
Indian tribes:
(1) Taxes that a governmental unit is
legally required to pay are allowable,
except for self-assessed taxes that
disproportionately affect Federal
programs or changes in tax policies that
disproportionately affect Federal
programs.
(2) Gasoline taxes, motor vehicle fees,
and other taxes that are in effect user
fees for benefits provided to the Federal
government are allowable.
(3) This provision does not restrict the
authority of the Federal awarding
agency to identify taxes where Federal
participation is inappropriate. Where
the identification of the amount of
unallowable taxes would require an
inordinate amount of effort, the
cognizant agency for indirect costs may
accept a reasonable approximation
thereof.
(b) For nonprofit organizations and
IHEs:
(1) In general, taxes which the nonFederal entity is required to pay and

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which are paid or accrued in accordance
with GAAP, and payments made to
local governments in lieu of taxes which
are commensurate with the local
government services received are
allowable, except for:
(i) Taxes from which exemptions are
available to the non-Federal entity
directly or which are available to the
non-Federal entity based on an
exemption afforded the Federal
government and, in the latter case, when
the Federal awarding agency makes
available the necessary exemption
certificates,
(ii) Special assessments on land
which represent capital improvements,
and
(iii) Federal income taxes.
(2) Any refund of taxes, and any
payment to the non-Federal entity of
interest thereon, which were allowed as
Federal award costs, will be credited
either as a cost reduction or cash refund,
as appropriate, to the Federal
government. However, any interest
actually paid or credited to an nonFederal entity incident to a refund of
tax, interest, and penalty will be paid or
credited to the Federal government only
to the extent that such interest accrued
over the period during which the nonFederal entity has been reimbursed by
the Federal government for the taxes,
interest, and penalties.
(c) Value Added Tax (VAT) Foreign
taxes charged for the purchase of goods
or services that a non-Federal entity is
legally required to pay in country is an
allowable expense under Federal
awards. Foreign tax refunds or
applicable credits under Federal awards
refer to receipts, or reduction of
expenditures, which operate to offset or
reduce expense items that are allocable
to Federal awards as direct or indirect
costs. To the extent that such credits
accrued or received by the non-Federal
entity relate to allowable cost, these
costs must be credited to the Federal
awarding agency either as costs or cash
refunds. If the costs are credited back to
the Federal award, the non-Federal
entity may reduce the Federal share of
costs by the amount of the foreign tax
reimbursement, or where Federal award
has not expired, use the foreign
government tax refund for approved
activities under the Federal award with
prior approval of the Federal awarding
agency.
§ 200.471

Termination costs.

Termination of a Federal award
generally gives rise to the incurrence of
costs, or the need for special treatment
of costs, which would not have arisen
had the Federal award not been
terminated. Cost principles covering

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Federal Register / Vol. 78, No. 248 / Thursday, December 26, 2013 / Rules and Regulations
these items are set forth in this section.
They are to be used in conjunction with
the other provisions of this Part in
termination situations.
(a) The cost of items reasonably
usable on the non-Federal entity’s other
work must not be allowable unless the
non-Federal entity submits evidence
that it would not retain such items at
cost without sustaining a loss. In
deciding whether such items are
reasonably usable on other work of the
non-Federal entity, the Federal
awarding agency should consider the
non-Federal entity’s plans and orders
for current and scheduled activity.
Contemporaneous purchases of common
items by the non-Federal entity must be
regarded as evidence that such items are
reasonably usable on the non-Federal
entity’s other work. Any acceptance of
common items as allocable to the
terminated portion of the Federal award
must be limited to the extent that the
quantities of such items on hand, in
transit, and on order are in excess of the
reasonable quantitative requirements of
other work.
(b) If in a particular case, despite all
reasonable efforts by the non-Federal
entity, certain costs cannot be
discontinued immediately after the
effective date of termination, such costs
are generally allowable within the
limitations set forth in this Part, except
that any such costs continuing after
termination due to the negligent or
willful failure of the non-Federal entity
to discontinue such costs must be
unallowable.
(c) Loss of useful value of special
tooling, machinery, and equipment is
generally allowable if:
(1) Such special tooling, special
machinery, or equipment is not
reasonably capable of use in the other
work of the non-Federal entity,
(2) The interest of the Federal
government is protected by transfer of
title or by other means deemed
appropriate by the Federal awarding
agency (see also § 200.313 Equipment,
paragraph (d), and
(3) The loss of useful value for any
one terminated Federal award is limited
to that portion of the acquisition cost
which bears the same ratio to the total
acquisition cost as the terminated
portion of the Federal award bears to the
entire terminated Federal award and
other Federal awards for which the
special tooling, machinery, or
equipment was acquired.
(d) Rental costs under unexpired
leases are generally allowable where
clearly shown to have been reasonably
necessary for the performance of the
terminated Federal award less the
residual value of such leases, if:

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(1) The amount of such rental claimed
does not exceed the reasonable use
value of the property leased for the
period of the Federal award and such
further period as may be reasonable, and
(2) The non-Federal entity makes all
reasonable efforts to terminate, assign,
settle, or otherwise reduce the cost of
such lease. There also may be included
the cost of alterations of such leased
property, provided such alterations
were necessary for the performance of
the Federal award, and of reasonable
restoration required by the provisions of
the lease.
(e) Settlement expenses including the
following are generally allowable:
(1) Accounting, legal, clerical, and
similar costs reasonably necessary for:
(i) The preparation and presentation
to the Federal awarding agency of
settlement claims and supporting data
with respect to the terminated portion of
the Federal award, unless the
termination is for cause (see Subpart
D—Post Federal Award Requirements of
this Part, §§ 200.338 Remedies for
Noncompliance through 200.342 Effects
of Suspension and termination); and
(ii) The termination and settlement of
subawards.
(2) Reasonable costs for the storage,
transportation, protection, and
disposition of property provided by the
Federal government or acquired or
produced for the Federal award.
(f) Claims under subawards, including
the allocable portion of claims which
are common to the Federal award and
to other work of the non-Federal entity,
are generally allowable. An appropriate
share of the non-Federal entity’s
indirect costs may be allocated to the
amount of settlements with contractors
and/or subrecipients, provided that the
amount allocated is otherwise
consistent with the basic guidelines
contained in § 200.414 Indirect (F&A)
costs. The indirect costs so allocated
must exclude the same and similar costs
claimed directly or indirectly as
settlement expenses.
§ 200.472

Training and education costs.

The cost of training and education
provided for employee development is
allowable.
§ 200.473

Transportation costs.

Costs incurred for freight, express,
cartage, postage, and other
transportation services relating either to
goods purchased, in process, or
delivered, are allowable. When such
costs can readily be identified with the
items involved, they may be charged
directly as transportation costs or added
to the cost of such items. Where
identification with the materials

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received cannot readily be made,
inbound transportation cost may be
charged to the appropriate indirect
(F&A) cost accounts if the non-Federal
entity follows a consistent, equitable
procedure in this respect. Outbound
freight, if reimbursable under the terms
and conditions of the Federal award,
should be treated as a direct cost.
§ 200.474

Travel costs.

(a) General. Travel costs are the
expenses for transportation, lodging,
subsistence, and related items incurred
by employees who are in travel status
on official business of the non-Federal
entity. Such costs may be charged on an
actual cost basis, on a per diem or
mileage basis in lieu of actual costs
incurred, or on a combination of the
two, provided the method used is
applied to an entire trip and not to
selected days of the trip, and results in
charges consistent with those normally
allowed in like circumstances in the
non-Federal entity’s non-federallyfunded activities and in accordance
with non-Federal entity’s written travel
reimbursement policies.
Notwithstanding the provisions of
§ 200.444 General costs of government,
travel costs of officials covered by that
section are allowable with the prior
written approval of the Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
when they are specifically related to the
Federal award.
(b) Lodging and subsistence. Costs
incurred by employees and officers for
travel, including costs of lodging, other
subsistence, and incidental expenses,
must be considered reasonable and
otherwise allowable only to the extent
such costs do not exceed charges
normally allowed by the non-Federal
entity in its regular operations as the
result of the non-Federal entity’s written
travel policy. In addition, if these costs
are charged directly to the Federal
award documentation must justify that:
(1) Participation of the individual is
necessary to the Federal award; and
(2) The costs are reasonable and
consistent with non-Federal entity’s
established travel policy.
(c)(1) Temporary dependent care costs
(as dependent is defined in 26 U.S.C.
152) above and beyond regular
dependent care that directly results
from travel to conferences is allowable
provided that:
(i) The costs are a direct result of the
individual’s travel for the Federal
award;
(ii) The costs are consistent with the
non-Federal entity’s documented travel
policy for all entity travel; and
(iii) Are only temporary during the
travel period.

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(2) Travel costs for dependents are
unallowable, except for travel of
duration of six months or more with
prior approval of the Federal awarding
agency. See also § 200.432 Conferences.
(3) In the absence of an acceptable,
written non-Federal entity policy
regarding travel costs, the rates and
amounts established under 5 U.S.C.
5701–11, (‘‘Travel and Subsistence
Expenses; Mileage Allowances’’), or by
the Administrator of General Services,
or by the President (or his or her
designee) pursuant to any provisions of
such subchapter must apply to travel
under Federal awards (48 CFR 31.205–
46(a)).
(d) Commercial air travel.
(1) Airfare costs in excess of the basic
least expensive unrestricted
accommodations class offered by
commercial airlines are unallowable
except when such accommodations
would:
(i) Require circuitous routing;
(ii) Require travel during
unreasonable hours;
(iii) Excessively prolong travel;
(iv) Result in additional costs that
would offset the transportation savings;
or
(v) Offer accommodations not
reasonably adequate for the traveler’s
medical needs. The non-Federal entity
must justify and document these
conditions on a case-by-case basis in
order for the use of first-class or
business-class airfare to be allowable in
such cases.
(2) Unless a pattern of avoidance is
detected, the Federal government will
generally not question a non-Federal
entity’s determinations that customary
standard airfare or other discount airfare
is unavailable for specific trips if the
non-Federal entity can demonstrate that
such airfare was not available in the
specific case.
(e) Air travel by other than
commercial carrier. Costs of travel by
non-Federal entity-owned, -leased, or
-chartered aircraft include the cost of
lease, charter, operation (including
personnel costs), maintenance,
depreciation, insurance, and other
related costs. The portion of such costs
that exceeds the cost of airfare as
provided for in paragraph (d) of this
section, is unallowable.
§ 200.475

Trustees.

Travel and subsistence costs of
trustees (or directors) at IHEs and
nonprofit organizations are allowable.
See also § 200.474 Travel costs.

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Subpart F—Audit Requirements
General
§ 200.500

Purpose.

This Part sets forth standards for
obtaining consistency and uniformity
among Federal agencies for the audit of
non-Federal entities expending Federal
awards.
Audits
§ 200.501

Audit requirements.

(a) Audit required. A non-Federal
entity that expends $750,000 or more
during the non-Federal entity’s fiscal
year in Federal awards must have a
single or program-specific audit
conducted for that year in accordance
with the provisions of this Part.
(b) Single audit. A non-Federal entity
that expends $750,000 or more during
the non-Federal entity’s fiscal year in
Federal awards must have a single audit
conducted in accordance with § 200.514
Scope of audit except when it elects to
have a program-specific audit
conducted in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section.
(c) Program-specific audit election.
When an auditee expends Federal
awards under only one Federal program
(excluding R&D) and the Federal
program’s statutes, regulations, or the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award do not require a financial
statement audit of the auditee, the
auditee may elect to have a programspecific audit conducted in accordance
with § 200.507 Program-specific audits.
A program-specific audit may not be
elected for R&D unless all of the Federal
awards expended were received from
the same Federal agency, or the same
Federal agency and the same passthrough entity, and that Federal agency,
or pass-through entity in the case of a
subrecipient, approves in advance a
program-specific audit.
(d) Exemption when Federal awards
expended are less than $750,000. A nonFederal entity that expends less than
$750,000 during the non-Federal
entity’s fiscal year in Federal awards is
exempt from Federal audit requirements
for that year, except as noted in
§ 200.503 Relation to other audit
requirements, but records must be
available for review or audit by
appropriate officials of the Federal
agency, pass-through entity, and
Government Accountability Office
(GAO).
(e) Federally Funded Research and
Development Centers (FFRDC).
Management of an auditee that owns or
operates a FFRDC may elect to treat the
FFRDC as a separate entity for purposes
of this Part.

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(f) Subrecipients and Contractors. An
auditee may simultaneously be a
recipient, a subrecipient, and a
contractor. Federal awards expended as
a recipient or a subrecipient are subject
to audit under this Part. The payments
received for goods or services provided
as a contractor are not Federal awards.
Section § 200.330 Subrecipient and
contractor determinations should be
considered in determining whether
payments constitute a Federal award or
a payment for goods or services
provided as a contractor.
(g) Compliance responsibility for
contractors. In most cases, the auditee’s
compliance responsibility for
contractors is only to ensure that the
procurement, receipt, and payment for
goods and services comply with Federal
statutes, regulations, and the terms and
conditions of Federal awards. Federal
award compliance requirements
normally do not pass through to
contractors. However, the auditee is
responsible for ensuring compliance for
procurement transactions which are
structured such that the contractor is
responsible for program compliance or
the contractor’s records must be
reviewed to determine program
compliance. Also, when these
procurement transactions relate to a
major program, the scope of the audit
must include determining whether these
transactions are in compliance with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards.
(h) For-profit subrecipient. Since this
Part does not apply to for-profit
subrecipients, the pass-through entity is
responsible for establishing
requirements, as necessary, to ensure
compliance by for-profit subrecipients.
The agreement with the for-profit
subrecipient should describe applicable
compliance requirements and the forprofit subrecipient’s compliance
responsibility. Methods to ensure
compliance for Federal awards made to
for-profit subrecipients may include
pre-award audits, monitoring during the
agreement, and post-award audits. See
also § 200.331 Requirements for passthrough entities.
§ 200.502 Basis for determining Federal
awards expended.

(a) Determining Federal awards
expended. The determination of when a
Federal award is expended should be
based on when the activity related to the
Federal award occurs. Generally, the
activity pertains to events that require
the non-Federal entity to comply with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards,
such as: expenditure/expense
transactions associated with awards

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including grants, cost-reimbursement
contracts under the FAR, compacts with
Indian Tribes, cooperative agreements,
and direct appropriations; the
disbursement of funds to subrecipients;
the use of loan proceeds under loan and
loan guarantee programs; the receipt of
property; the receipt of surplus
property; the receipt or use of program
income; the distribution or use of food
commodities; the disbursement of
amounts entitling the non-Federal entity
to an interest subsidy; and the period
when insurance is in force.
(b) Loan and loan guarantees (loans).
Since the Federal government is at risk
for loans until the debt is repaid, the
following guidelines must be used to
calculate the value of Federal awards
expended under loan programs, except
as noted in paragraphs (c) and (d) of this
section:
(1) Value of new loans made or
received during the audit period; plus
(2) Beginning of the audit period
balance of loans from previous years for
which the Federal government imposes
continuing compliance requirements;
plus
(3) Any interest subsidy, cash, or
administrative cost allowance received.
(c) Loan and loan guarantees (loans) at
IHEs. When loans are made to students
of an IHE but the IHE does not make the
loans, then only the value of loans made
during the audit period must be
considered Federal awards expended in
that audit period. The balance of loans
for previous audit periods is not
included as Federal awards expended
because the lender accounts for the
prior balances.
(d) Prior loan and loan guarantees
(loans). Loans, the proceeds of which
were received and expended in prior
years, are not considered Federal
awards expended under this Part when
the Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards
pertaining to such loans impose no
continuing compliance requirements
other than to repay the loans.
(e) Endowment funds. The cumulative
balance of Federal awards for
endowment funds that are federally
restricted are considered Federal awards
expended in each audit period in which
the funds are still restricted.
(f) Free rent. Free rent received by
itself is not considered a Federal award
expended under this Part. However, free
rent received as part of a Federal award
to carry out a Federal program must be
included in determining Federal awards
expended and subject to audit under
this Part.
(g) Valuing non-cash assistance.
Federal non-cash assistance, such as
free rent, food commodities, donated

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property, or donated surplus property,
must be valued at fair market value at
the time of receipt or the assessed value
provided by the Federal agency.
(h) Medicare. Medicare payments to a
non-Federal entity for providing patient
care services to Medicare-eligible
individuals are not considered Federal
awards expended under this Part.
(i) Medicaid. Medicaid payments to a
subrecipient for providing patient care
services to Medicaid-eligible
individuals are not considered Federal
awards expended under this Part unless
a state requires the funds to be treated
as Federal awards expended because
reimbursement is on a costreimbursement basis.
(j) Certain loans provided by the
National Credit Union Administration.
For purposes of this Part, loans made
from the National Credit Union Share
Insurance Fund and the Central
Liquidity Facility that are funded by
contributions from insured non-Federal
entities are not considered Federal
awards expended.
§ 200.503 Relation to other audit
requirements.

(a) An audit conducted in accordance
with this Part must be in lieu of any
financial audit of Federal awards which
a non-Federal entity is required to
undergo under any other Federal statute
or regulation. To the extent that such
audit provides a Federal agency with
the information it requires to carry out
its responsibilities under Federal statute
or regulation, a Federal agency must
rely upon and use that information.
(b) Notwithstanding subsection (a), a
Federal agency, Inspectors General, or
GAO may conduct or arrange for
additional audits which are necessary to
carry out its responsibilities under
Federal statute or regulation. The
provisions of this Part do not authorize
any non-Federal entity to constrain, in
any manner, such Federal agency from
carrying out or arranging for such
additional audits, except that the
Federal agency must plan such audits to
not be duplicative of other audits of
Federal awards. Prior to commencing
such an audit, the Federal agency or
pass-through entity must review the
FAC for recent audits submitted by the
non-Federal entity, and to the extent
such audits meet a Federal agency or
pass-through entity’s needs, the Federal
agency or pass-through entity must rely
upon and use such audits. Any
additional audits must be planned and
performed in such a way as to build
upon work performed, including the
audit documentation, sampling, and
testing already performed, by other
auditors.

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(c) The provisions of this Part do not
limit the authority of Federal agencies to
conduct, or arrange for the conduct of,
audits and evaluations of Federal
awards, nor limit the authority of any
Federal agency Inspector General or
other Federal official. For example,
requirements that may be applicable
under the FAR or CAS and the terms
and conditions of a cost-reimbursement
contract may include additional
applicable audits to be conducted or
arranged for by Federal agencies.
(d) Federal agency to pay for
additional audits. A Federal agency that
conducts or arranges for additional
audits must, consistent with other
applicable Federal statutes and
regulations, arrange for funding the full
cost of such additional audits.
(e) Request for a program to be
audited as a major program. A Federal
awarding agency may request that an
auditee have a particular Federal
program audited as a major program in
lieu of the Federal awarding agency
conducting or arranging for the
additional audits. To allow for planning,
such requests should be made at least
180 calendar days prior to the end of the
fiscal year to be audited. The auditee,
after consultation with its auditor,
should promptly respond to such a
request by informing the Federal
awarding agency whether the program
would otherwise be audited as a major
program using the risk-based audit
approach described in § 200.518 Major
program determination and, if not, the
estimated incremental cost. The Federal
awarding agency must then promptly
confirm to the auditee whether it wants
the program audited as a major program.
If the program is to be audited as a
major program based upon this Federal
awarding agency request, and the
Federal awarding agency agrees to pay
the full incremental costs, then the
auditee must have the program audited
as a major program. A pass-through
entity may use the provisions of this
paragraph for a subrecipient.
§ 200.504

Frequency of audits.

Except for the provisions for biennial
audits provided in paragraphs (a) and
(b) of this section, audits required by
this Part must be performed annually.
Any biennial audit must cover both
years within the biennial period.
(a) A state, local government, or
Indian tribe that is required by
constitution or statute, in effect on
January 1, 1987, to undergo its audits
less frequently than annually, is
permitted to undergo its audits pursuant
to this Part biennially. This requirement
must still be in effect for the biennial
period.

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(b) Any nonprofit organization that
had biennial audits for all biennial
periods ending between July 1, 1992,
and January 1, 1995, is permitted to
undergo its audits pursuant to this Part
biennially.
§ 200.505

Sanctions.

In cases of continued inability or
unwillingness to have an audit
conducted in accordance with this Part,
Federal agencies and pass-through
entities must take appropriate action as
provided in § 200.338 Remedies for
noncompliance.
§ 200.506

Audit costs.

See § 200.425 Audit services.

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§ 200.507

Program-specific audits.

(a) Program-specific audit guide
available. In many cases, a programspecific audit guide will be available to
provide specific guidance to the auditor
with respect to internal controls,
compliance requirements, suggested
audit procedures, and audit reporting
requirements. A listing of current
program-specific audit guides can be
found in the compliance supplement
beginning with the 2014 supplement
including Federal awarding agency
contact information and a Web site
where a copy of the guide can be
obtained. When a current programspecific audit guide is available, the
auditor must follow GAGAS and the
guide when performing a programspecific audit.
(b) Program-specific audit guide not
available.
(1) When a program-specific audit
guide is not available, the auditee and
auditor must have basically the same
responsibilities for the Federal program
as they would have for an audit of a
major program in a single audit.
(2) The auditee must prepare the
financial statement(s) for the Federal
program that includes, at a minimum, a
schedule of expenditures of Federal
awards for the program and notes that
describe the significant accounting
policies used in preparing the schedule,
a summary schedule of prior audit
findings consistent with the
requirements of § 200.511 Audit
findings follow-up, paragraph (b), and a
corrective action plan consistent with
the requirements of § 200.511 Audit
findings follow-up, paragraph (c).
(3) The auditor must:
(i) Perform an audit of the financial
statement(s) for the Federal program in
accordance with GAGAS;
(ii) Obtain an understanding of
internal controls and perform tests of
internal controls over the Federal
program consistent with the

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requirements of § 200.514 Scope of
audit, paragraph (c) for a major program;
(iii) Perform procedures to determine
whether the auditee has complied with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards
that could have a direct and material
effect on the Federal program consistent
with the requirements of § 200.514
Scope of audit, paragraph (d) for a major
program;
(iv) Follow up on prior audit findings,
perform procedures to assess the
reasonableness of the summary
schedule of prior audit findings
prepared by the auditee in accordance
with the requirements of § 200.511
Audit findings follow-up, and report, as
a current year audit finding, when the
auditor concludes that the summary
schedule of prior audit findings
materially misrepresents the status of
any prior audit finding; and
(v) Report any audit findings
consistent with the requirements of
§ 200.516 Audit findings.
(4) The auditor’s report(s) may be in
the form of either combined or separate
reports and may be organized differently
from the manner presented in this
section. The auditor’s report(s) must
state that the audit was conducted in
accordance with this Part and include
the following:
(i) An opinion (or disclaimer of
opinion) as to whether the financial
statement(s) of the Federal program is
presented fairly in all material respects
in accordance with the stated
accounting policies;
(ii) A report on internal control
related to the Federal program, which
must describe the scope of testing of
internal control and the results of the
tests;
(iii) A report on compliance which
includes an opinion (or disclaimer of
opinion) as to whether the auditee
complied with laws, regulations, and
the terms and conditions of Federal
awards which could have a direct and
material effect on the Federal program;
and
(iv) A schedule of findings and
questioned costs for the Federal
program that includes a summary of the
auditor’s results relative to the Federal
program in a format consistent with
§ 200.515 Audit reporting, paragraph
(d)(1) and findings and questioned costs
consistent with the requirements of
§ 200.515 Audit reporting, paragraph
(d)(3).
(c) Report submission for programspecific audits.
(1) The audit must be completed and
the reporting required by paragraph
(c)(2) or (c)(3) of this section submitted
within the earlier of 30 calendar days

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after receipt of the auditor’s report(s), or
nine months after the end of the audit
period, unless a different period is
specified in a program-specific audit
guide. Unless restricted by Federal law
or regulation, the auditee must make
report copies available for public
inspection. Auditees and auditors must
ensure that their respective parts of the
reporting package do not include
protected personally identifiable
information.
(2) When a program-specific audit
guide is available, the auditee must
electronically submit to the FAC the
data collection form prepared in
accordance with § 200.512 Report
submission, paragraph (b), as applicable
to a program-specific audit, and the
reporting required by the programspecific audit guide.
(3) When a program-specific audit
guide is not available, the reporting
package for a program-specific audit
must consist of the financial
statement(s) of the Federal program, a
summary schedule of prior audit
findings, and a corrective action plan as
described in paragraph (b)(2) of this
section, and the auditor’s report(s)
described in paragraph (b)(4) of this
section. The data collection form
prepared in accordance with § 200.512
Report submission, paragraph (b), as
applicable to a program-specific audit,
and one copy of this reporting package
must be electronically submitted to the
FAC.
(d) Other sections of this Part may
apply. Program-specific audits are
subject to:
(1) 200.500 Purpose through 200.503
Relation to other audit requirements,
paragraph (d);
(2) 200.504 Frequency of audits
through 200.506 Audit costs;
(3) 200.508 Auditee responsibilities
through 200.509 Auditor selection;
(4) 200.511 Audit findings follow-up;
(5) 200.512 Report submission,
paragraphs (e) through (h);
(6) 200.513 Responsibilities;
(7) 200.516 Audit findings through
200.517 Audit documentation;
(8) 200.521 Management decision,
and
(9) Other referenced provisions of this
Part unless contrary to the provisions of
this section, a program-specific audit
guide, or program statutes and
regulations.
Auditees
§ 200.508

Auditee responsibilities.

The auditee must:
(a) Procure or otherwise arrange for
the audit required by this Part in
accordance with § 200.509 Auditor

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selection, and ensure it is properly
performed and submitted when due in
accordance with § 200.512 Report
submission.
(b) Prepare appropriate financial
statements, including the schedule of
expenditures of Federal awards in
accordance with § 200.510 Financial
statements.
(c) Promptly follow up and take
corrective action on audit findings,
including preparation of a summary
schedule of prior audit findings and a
corrective action plan in accordance
with § 200.511 Audit findings followup, paragraph (b) and § 200.511 Audit
findings follow-up, paragraph (c),
respectively.
(d) Provide the auditor with access to
personnel, accounts, books, records,
supporting documentation, and other
information as needed for the auditor to
perform the audit required by this Part.

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§ 200.509

Auditor selection.

(a) Auditor procurement. In procuring
audit services, the auditee must follow
the procurement standards prescribed
by the Procurement Standards in
§§ 200.317 Procurement by states
through 20.326 Contract provisions of
Subpart D- Post Federal Award
Requirements of this Part or the FAR (48
CFR Part 42), as applicable. When
procuring audit services, the objective is
to obtain high-quality audits. In
requesting proposals for audit services,
the objectives and scope of the audit
must be made clear and the non-Federal
entity must request a copy of the audit
organization’s peer review report which
the auditor is required to provide under
GAGAS. Factors to be considered in
evaluating each proposal for audit
services include the responsiveness to
the request for proposal, relevant
experience, availability of staff with
professional qualifications and technical
abilities, the results of peer and external
quality control reviews, and price.
Whenever possible, the auditee must
make positive efforts to utilize small
businesses, minority-owned firms, and
women’s business enterprises, in
procuring audit services as stated in
§ 200.321 Contracting with small and
minority businesses, women’s business
enterprises, and labor surplus area
firms, or the FAR (48 CFR Part 42), as
applicable.
(b) Restriction on auditor preparing
indirect cost proposals. An auditor who
prepares the indirect cost proposal or
cost allocation plan may not also be
selected to perform the audit required
by this Part when the indirect costs
recovered by the auditee during the
prior year exceeded $1 million. This
restriction applies to the base year used

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in the preparation of the indirect cost
proposal or cost allocation plan and any
subsequent years in which the resulting
indirect cost agreement or cost
allocation plan is used to recover costs.
(c) Use of Federal auditors. Federal
auditors may perform all or part of the
work required under this Part if they
comply fully with the requirements of
this Part.
§ 200.510

Financial statements.

(a) Financial statements. The auditee
must prepare financial statements that
reflect its financial position, results of
operations or changes in net assets, and,
where appropriate, cash flows for the
fiscal year audited. The financial
statements must be for the same
organizational unit and fiscal year that
is chosen to meet the requirements of
this Part. However, non-Federal entitywide financial statements may also
include departments, agencies, and
other organizational units that have
separate audits in accordance with
§ 200.514 Scope of audit, paragraph (a)
and prepare separate financial
statements.
(b) Schedule of expenditures of
Federal awards. The auditee must also
prepare a schedule of expenditures of
Federal awards for the period covered
by the auditee’s financial statements
which must include the total Federal
awards expended as determined in
accordance with § 200.502 Basis for
determining Federal awards expended.
While not required, the auditee may
choose to provide information requested
by Federal awarding agencies and passthrough entities to make the schedule
easier to use. For example, when a
Federal program has multiple Federal
award years, the auditee may list the
amount of Federal awards expended for
each Federal award year separately. At
a minimum, the schedule must:
(1) List individual Federal programs
by Federal agency. For a cluster of
programs, provide the cluster name, list
individual Federal programs within the
cluster of programs, and provide the
applicable Federal agency name. For
R&D, total Federal awards expended
must be shown either by individual
Federal award or by Federal agency and
major subdivision within the Federal
agency. For example, the National
Institutes of Health is a major
subdivision in the Department of Health
and Human Services.
(2) For Federal awards received as a
subrecipient, the name of the passthrough entity and identifying number
assigned by the pass-through entity
must be included.
(3) Provide total Federal awards
expended for each individual Federal

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program and the CFDA number or other
identifying number when the CFDA
information is not available. For a
cluster of programs also provide the
total for the cluster.
(4) Include the total amount provided
to subrecipients from each Federal
program.
(5) For loan or loan guarantee
programs described in § 200.502 Basis
for determining Federal awards
expended, paragraph (b), identify in the
notes to the schedule the balances
outstanding at the end of the audit
period. This is in addition to including
the total Federal awards expended for
loan or loan guarantee programs in the
schedule.
(6) Include notes that describe that
significant accounting policies used in
preparing the schedule, and note
whether or not the non-Federal entity
elected to use the 10% de minimis cost
rate as covered in § 200.414 Indirect
(F&A) costs.
§ 200.511

Audit findings follow-up.

(a) General. The auditee is responsible
for follow-up and corrective action on
all audit findings. As part of this
responsibility, the auditee must prepare
a summary schedule of prior audit
findings. The auditee must also prepare
a corrective action plan for current year
audit findings. The summary schedule
of prior audit findings and the
corrective action plan must include the
reference numbers the auditor assigns to
audit findings under § 200.516 Audit
findings, paragraph (c). Since the
summary schedule may include audit
findings from multiple years, it must
include the fiscal year in which the
finding initially occurred. The
corrective action plan and summary
schedule of prior audit findings must
include findings relating to the financial
statements which are required to be
reported in accordance with GAGAS.
(b) Summary schedule of prior audit
findings. The summary schedule of
prior audit findings must report the
status of all audit findings included in
the prior audit’s schedule of findings
and questioned costs. The summary
schedule must also include audit
findings reported in the prior audit’s
summary schedule of prior audit
findings except audit findings listed as
corrected in accordance with paragraph
(b)(1) of this section, or no longer valid
or not warranting further action in
accordance with paragraph (b)(3) of this
section.
(1) When audit findings were fully
corrected, the summary schedule need
only list the audit findings and state that
corrective action was taken.

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(2) When audit findings were not
corrected or were only partially
corrected, the summary schedule must
describe the reasons for the finding’s
recurrence and planned corrective
action, and any partial corrective action
taken. When corrective action taken is
significantly different from corrective
action previously reported in a
corrective action plan or in the Federal
agency’s or pass-through entity’s
management decision, the summary
schedule must provide an explanation.
(3) When the auditee believes the
audit findings are no longer valid or do
not warrant further action, the reasons
for this position must be described in
the summary schedule. A valid reason
for considering an audit finding as not
warranting further action is that all of
the following have occurred:
(i) Two years have passed since the
audit report in which the finding
occurred was submitted to the FAC;
(ii) The Federal agency or passthrough entity is not currently following
up with the auditee on the audit
finding; and
(iii) A management decision was not
issued.
(c) Corrective action plan. At the
completion of the audit, the auditee
must prepare, in a document separate
from the auditor’s findings described in
§ 200.516 Audit findings, a corrective
action plan to address each audit
finding included in the current year
auditor’s reports. The corrective action
plan must provide the name(s) of the
contact person(s) responsible for
corrective action, the corrective action
planned, and the anticipated
completion date. If the auditee does not
agree with the audit findings or believes
corrective action is not required, then
the corrective action plan must include
an explanation and specific reasons.

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§ 200.512

Report submission.

(a) General. (1) The audit must be
completed and the data collection form
described in paragraph (b) of this
section and reporting package described
in paragraph (c) of this section must be
submitted within the earlier of 30
calendar days after receipt of the
auditor’s report(s), or nine months after
the end of the audit period. If the due
date falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or
Federal holiday, the reporting package
is due the next business day.
(2) Unless restricted by Federal
statutes or regulations, the auditee must
make copies available for public
inspection. Auditees and auditors must
ensure that their respective parts of the
reporting package do not include
protected personally identifiable
information.

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(b) Data Collection. The FAC is the
repository of record for Subpart F—
Audit Requirements of this Part
reporting packages and the data
collection form. All Federal agencies,
pass-through entities and others
interested in a reporting package and
data collection form must obtain it by
accessing the FAC.
(1) The auditee must submit required
data elements described in Appendix X
to Part 200—Data Collection Form
(Form SF–SAC), which state whether
the audit was completed in accordance
with this Part and provides information
about the auditee, its Federal programs,
and the results of the audit. The data
must include information available from
the audit required by this Part that is
necessary for Federal agencies to use the
audit to ensure integrity for Federal
programs. The data elements and format
must be approved by OMB, available
from the FAC, and include collections
of information from the reporting
package described in paragraph (c) of
this section. A senior level
representative of the auditee (e.g., state
controller, director of finance, chief
executive officer, or chief financial
officer) must sign a statement to be
included as part of the data collection
that says that the auditee complied with
the requirements of this Part, the data
were prepared in accordance with this
Part (and the instructions accompanying
the form), the reporting package does
not include protected personally
identifiable information, the
information included in its entirety is
accurate and complete, and that the
FAC is authorized to make the reporting
package and the form publicly available
on a Web site.
(2) Exception for Indian Tribes. An
auditee that is an Indian tribe may opt
not to authorize the FAC to make the
reporting package publicly available on
a Web site, by excluding the
authorization for the FAC publication in
the statement described in paragraph
(b)(1) of this section. If this option is
exercised, the auditee becomes
responsible for submitting the reporting
package directly to any pass-through
entities through which it has received a
Federal award and to pass-through
entities for which the summary
schedule of prior audit findings
reported the status of any findings
related to Federal awards that the passthrough entity provided. Unless
restricted by Federal statute or
regulation, if the auditee opts not to
authorize publication, it must make
copies of the reporting package available
for public inspection.
(3) Using the information included in
the reporting package described in

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paragraph (c) of this section, the auditor
must complete the applicable data
elements of the data collection form.
The auditor must sign a statement to be
included as part of the data collection
form that indicates, at a minimum, the
source of the information included in
the form, the auditor’s responsibility for
the information, that the form is not a
substitute for the reporting package
described in paragraph (c) of this
section, and that the content of the form
is limited to the collection of
information prescribed by OMB.
(c) Reporting package. The reporting
package must include the:
(1) Financial statements and schedule
of expenditures of Federal awards
discussed in § 200.510 Financial
statements, paragraphs (a) and (b),
respectively;
(2) Summary schedule of prior audit
findings discussed in § 200.511 Audit
findings follow-up, paragraph (b);
(3) Auditor’s report(s) discussed in
§ 200.515 Audit reporting; and
(4) Corrective action plan discussed in
§ 200.511 Audit findings follow-up,
paragraph (c).
(d) Submission to FAC. The auditee
must electronically submit to the FAC
the data collection form described in
paragraph (b) of this section and the
reporting package described in
paragraph (c) of this section.
(e) Requests for management letters
issued by the auditor. In response to
requests by a Federal agency or passthrough entity, auditees must submit a
copy of any management letters issued
by the auditor.
(f) Report retention requirements.
Auditees must keep one copy of the data
collection form described in paragraph
(b) of this section and one copy of the
reporting package described in
paragraph (c) of this section on file for
three years from the date of submission
to the FAC.
(g) FAC responsibilities. The FAC
must make available the reporting
packages received in accordance with
paragraph (c) of this section and
§ 200.507 Program-specific audits,
paragraph (c) to the public, except for
Indian tribes exercising the option in
(b)(2) of this section, and maintain a
data base of completed audits, provide
appropriate information to Federal
agencies, and follow up with known
auditees that have not submitted the
required data collection forms and
reporting packages.
(h) Electronic filing. Nothing in this
Part must preclude electronic
submissions to the FAC in such manner
as may be approved by OMB.

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Federal Agencies

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§ 200.513

Responsibilities.

(a)(1) Cognizant agency for audit
responsibilities. A non-Federal entity
expending more than $50 million a year
in Federal awards must have a
cognizant agency for audit. The
designated cognizant agency for audit
must be the Federal awarding agency
that provides the predominant amount
of direct funding to a non-Federal entity
unless OMB designates a specific
cognizant agency for audit.
(2) To provide for continuity of
cognizance, the determination of the
predominant amount of direct funding
must be based upon direct Federal
awards expended in the non-Federal
entity’s fiscal years ending in 2009,
2014, 2019 and every fifth year
thereafter. For example, audit
cognizance for periods ending in 2011
through 2015 will be determined based
on Federal awards expended in 2009.
(3) Notwithstanding the manner in
which audit cognizance is determined,
a Federal awarding agency with
cognizance for an auditee may reassign
cognizance to another Federal awarding
agency that provides substantial funding
and agrees to be the cognizant agency
for audit. Within 30 calendar days after
any reassignment, both the old and the
new cognizant agency for audit must
provide notice of the change to the FAC,
the auditee, and, if known, the auditor.
The cognizant agency for audit must:
(i) Provide technical audit advice and
liaison assistance to auditees and
auditors.
(ii) Obtain or conduct quality control
reviews on selected audits made by nonFederal auditors, and provide the results
to other interested organizations.
Cooperate and provide support to the
Federal agency designated by OMB to
lead a governmentwide project to
determine the quality of single audits by
providing a statistically reliable estimate
of the extent that single audits conform
to applicable requirements, standards,
and procedures; and to make
recommendations to address noted
audit quality issues, including
recommendations for any changes to
applicable requirements, standards and
procedures indicated by the results of
the project. This governmentwide audit
quality project must be performed once
every 6 years beginning in 2018 or at
such other interval as determined by
OMB, and the results must be public.
(iii) Promptly inform other affected
Federal agencies and appropriate
Federal law enforcement officials of any
direct reporting by the auditee or its
auditor required by GAGAS or statutes
and regulations.

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(iv) Advise the community of
independent auditors of any noteworthy
or important factual trends related to the
quality of audits stemming from quality
control reviews. Significant problems or
quality issues consistently identified
through quality control reviews of audit
reports must be referred to appropriate
state licensing agencies and professional
bodies.
(v) Advise the auditor, Federal
awarding agencies, and, where
appropriate, the auditee of any
deficiencies found in the audits when
the deficiencies require corrective
action by the auditor. When advised of
deficiencies, the auditee must work
with the auditor to take corrective
action. If corrective action is not taken,
the cognizant agency for audit must
notify the auditor, the auditee, and
applicable Federal awarding agencies
and pass-through entities of the facts
and make recommendations for followup action. Major inadequacies or
repetitive substandard performance by
auditors must be referred to appropriate
state licensing agencies and professional
bodies for disciplinary action.
(vi) Coordinate, to the extent
practical, audits or reviews made by or
for Federal agencies that are in addition
to the audits made pursuant to this Part,
so that the additional audits or reviews
build upon rather than duplicate audits
performed in accordance with this Part.
(vii) Coordinate a management
decision for cross-cutting audit findings
(as defined in § 200.30 Cross-cutting
audit finding) that affect the Federal
programs of more than one agency when
requested by any Federal awarding
agency whose awards are included in
the audit finding of the auditee.
(viii) Coordinate the audit work and
reporting responsibilities among
auditors to achieve the most costeffective audit.
(ix) Provide advice to auditees as to
how to handle changes in fiscal years.
(b) Oversight agency for audit
responsibilities. An auditee who does
not have a designated cognizant agency
for audit will be under the general
oversight of the Federal agency
determined in accordance with § 200.73
Oversight agency for audit. A Federal
agency with oversight for an auditee
may reassign oversight to another
Federal agency that agrees to be the
oversight agency for audit. Within 30
calendar days after any reassignment,
both the old and the new oversight
agency for audit must provide notice of
the change to the FAC, the auditee, and,
if known, the auditor. The oversight
agency for audit:
(1) Must provide technical advice to
auditees and auditors as requested.

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(2) May assume all or some of the
responsibilities normally performed by
a cognizant agency for audit.
(c) Federal awarding agency
responsibilities. The Federal awarding
agency must perform the following for
the Federal awards it makes (See also
the requirements of § 200.210
Information contained in a Federal
award):
(1) Ensure that audits are completed
and reports are received in a timely
manner and in accordance with the
requirements of this Part.
(2) Provide technical advice and
counsel to auditees and auditors as
requested.
(3) Follow-up on audit findings to
ensure that the recipient takes
appropriate and timely corrective
action. As part of audit follow-up, the
Federal awarding agency must:
(i) Issue a management decision as
prescribed in § 200.521 Management
decision;
(ii) Monitor the recipient taking
appropriate and timely corrective
action;
(iii) Use cooperative audit resolution
mechanisms (see § 200.25 Cooperative
audit resolution) to improve Federal
program outcomes through better audit
resolution, follow-up, and corrective
action; and
(iv) Develop a baseline, metrics, and
targets to track, over time, the
effectiveness of the Federal agency’s
process to follow-up on audit findings
and on the effectiveness of Single
Audits in improving non-Federal entity
accountability and their use by Federal
awarding agencies in making award
decisions.
(4) Provide OMB annual updates to
the compliance supplement and work
with OMB to ensure that the compliance
supplement focuses the auditor to test
the compliance requirements most
likely to cause improper payments,
fraud, waste, abuse or generate audit
finding for which the Federal awarding
agency will take sanctions.
(5) Provide OMB with the name of a
single audit accountable official from
among the senior policy officials of the
Federal awarding agency who must be:
(i) Responsible for ensuring that the
agency fulfills all the requirement of
§ 200.513 Responsibilities and
effectively uses the single audit process
to reduce improper payments and
improve Federal program outcomes.
(ii) Held accountable to improve the
effectiveness of the single audit process
based upon metrics as described in
paragraph (c)(3)(iv) of this section.
(iii) Responsible for designating the
Federal agency’s key management single
audit liaison.

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(6) Provide OMB with the name of a
key management single audit liaison
who must:
(i) Serve as the Federal awarding
agency’s management point of contact
for the single audit process both within
and outside the Federal government.
(ii) Promote interagency coordination,
consistency, and sharing in areas such
as coordinating audit follow-up;
identifying higher-risk non-Federal
entities; providing input on single audit
and follow-up policy; enhancing the
utility of the FAC; and studying ways to
use single audit results to improve
Federal award accountability and best
practices.
(iii) Oversee training for the Federal
awarding agency’s program management
personnel related to the single audit
process.
(iv) Promote the Federal awarding
agency’s use of cooperative audit
resolution mechanisms.
(v) Coordinate the Federal awarding
agency’s activities to ensure appropriate
and timely follow-up and corrective
action on audit findings.
(vi) Organize the Federal cognizant
agency for audit’s follow-up on crosscutting audit findings that affect the
Federal programs of more than one
Federal awarding agency.
(vii) Ensure the Federal awarding
agency provides annual updates of the
compliance supplement to OMB.
(viii) Support the Federal awarding
agency’s single audit accountable
official’s mission.
Auditors

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§ 200.514

Scope of audit.

(a) General. The audit must be
conducted in accordance with GAGAS.
The audit must cover the entire
operations of the auditee, or, at the
option of the auditee, such audit must
include a series of audits that cover
departments, agencies, and other
organizational units that expended or
otherwise administered Federal awards
during such audit period, provided that
each such audit must encompass the
financial statements and schedule of
expenditures of Federal awards for each
such department, agency, and other
organizational unit, which must be
considered to be a non-Federal entity.
The financial statements and schedule
of expenditures of Federal awards must
be for the same audit period.
(b) Financial statements. The auditor
must determine whether the financial
statements of the auditee are presented
fairly in all material respects in
accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles. The auditor must
also determine whether the schedule of

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expenditures of Federal awards is stated
fairly in all material respects in relation
to the auditee’s financial statements as
a whole.
(c) Internal control.
(1) The compliance supplement
provides guidance on internal controls
over Federal programs based upon the
guidance in Standards for Internal
Control in the Federal Government
issued by the Comptroller General of the
United States and the Internal Control—
Integrated Framework, issued by the
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations
of the Treadway Commission (COSO).
(2) In addition to the requirements of
GAGAS, the auditor must perform
procedures to obtain an understanding
of internal control over Federal
programs sufficient to plan the audit to
support a low assessed level of control
risk of noncompliance for major
programs.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph
(c)(4) of this section, the auditor must:
(i) Plan the testing of internal control
over compliance for major programs to
support a low assessed level of control
risk for the assertions relevant to the
compliance requirements for each major
program; and
(ii) Perform testing of internal control
as planned in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this
section.
(4) When internal control over some
or all of the compliance requirements
for a major program are likely to be
ineffective in preventing or detecting
noncompliance, the planning and
performing of testing described in
paragraph (c)(3) of this section are not
required for those compliance
requirements. However, the auditor
must report a significant deficiency or
material weakness in accordance with
§ 200.516 Audit findings, assess the
related control risk at the maximum,
and consider whether additional
compliance tests are required because of
ineffective internal control.
(d) Compliance.
(1) In addition to the requirements of
GAGAS, the auditor must determine
whether the auditee has complied with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards
that may have a direct and material
effect on each of its major programs.
(2) The principal compliance
requirements applicable to most Federal
programs and the compliance
requirements of the largest Federal
programs are included in the
compliance supplement.
(3) For the compliance requirements
related to Federal programs contained in
the compliance supplement, an audit of
these compliance requirements will
meet the requirements of this Part.

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Where there have been changes to the
compliance requirements and the
changes are not reflected in the
compliance supplement, the auditor
must determine the current compliance
requirements and modify the audit
procedures accordingly. For those
Federal programs not covered in the
compliance supplement, the auditor
should follow the compliance
supplement’s guidance for programs not
included in the supplement.
(4) The compliance testing must
include tests of transactions and such
other auditing procedures necessary to
provide the auditor sufficient
appropriate audit evidence to support
an opinion on compliance.
(e) Audit follow-up. The auditor must
follow-up on prior audit findings,
perform procedures to assess the
reasonableness of the summary
schedule of prior audit findings
prepared by the auditee in accordance
with § 200.511 Audit findings follow-up
paragraph (b), and report, as a current
year audit finding, when the auditor
concludes that the summary schedule of
prior audit findings materially
misrepresents the status of any prior
audit finding. The auditor must perform
audit follow-up procedures regardless of
whether a prior audit finding relates to
a major program in the current year.
(f) Data Collection Form. As required
in § 200.512 Report submission
paragraph (b)(3), the auditor must
complete and sign specified sections of
the data collection form.
§ 200.515

Audit reporting.

The auditor’s report(s) may be in the
form of either combined or separate
reports and may be organized differently
from the manner presented in this
section. The auditor’s report(s) must
state that the audit was conducted in
accordance with this Part and include
the following:
(a) An opinion (or disclaimer of
opinion) as to whether the financial
statements are presented fairly in all
material respects in accordance with
generally accepted accounting
principles and an opinion (or disclaimer
of opinion) as to whether the schedule
of expenditures of Federal awards is
fairly stated in all material respects in
relation to the financial statements as a
whole.
(b) A report on internal control over
financial reporting and compliance with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of the Federal
award, noncompliance with which
could have a material effect on the
financial statements. This report must
describe the scope of testing of internal
control and compliance and the results

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of the tests, and, where applicable, it
will refer to the separate schedule of
findings and questioned costs described
in paragraph (d) of this section.
(c) A report on compliance for each
major program and report and internal
control over compliance. This report
must describe the scope of testing of
internal control over compliance,
include an opinion or modified opinion
as to whether the auditee complied with
Federal statutes, regulations, and the
terms and conditions of Federal awards
which could have a direct and material
effect on each major program and refer
to the separate schedule of findings and
questioned costs described in paragraph
(d) of this section.
(d) A schedule of findings and
questioned costs which must include
the following three components:
(1) A summary of the auditor’s results,
which must include:
(i) The type of report the auditor
issued on whether the financial
statements audited were prepared in
accordance with GAAP (i.e., unmodified
opinion, qualified opinion, adverse
opinion, or disclaimer of opinion);
(ii) Where applicable, a statement
about whether significant deficiencies
or material weaknesses in internal
control were disclosed by the audit of
the financial statements;
(iii) A statement as to whether the
audit disclosed any noncompliance that
is material to the financial statements of
the auditee;
(iv) Where applicable, a statement
about whether significant deficiencies
or material weaknesses in internal
control over major programs were
disclosed by the audit;
(v) The type of report the auditor
issued on compliance for major
programs (i.e., unmodified opinion,
qualified opinion, adverse opinion, or
disclaimer of opinion);
(vi) A statement as to whether the
audit disclosed any audit findings that
the auditor is required to report under
§ 200.516 Audit findings paragraph (a);
(vii) An identification of major
programs by listing each individual
major program; however in the case of
a cluster of programs only the cluster
name as shown on the Schedule of
Expenditures of Federal Awards is
required;
(viii) The dollar threshold used to
distinguish between Type A and Type B
programs, as described in § 200.518
Major program determination paragraph
(b)(1), or (b)(3) when a recalculation of
the Type A threshold is required for
large loan or loan guarantees; and
(ix) A statement as to whether the
auditee qualified as a low-risk auditee

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under § 200.520 Criteria for a low-risk
auditee.
(2) Findings relating to the financial
statements which are required to be
reported in accordance with GAGAS.
(3) Findings and questioned costs for
Federal awards which must include
audit findings as defined in § 200.516
Audit findings, paragraph (a).
(i) Audit findings (e.g., internal
control findings, compliance findings,
questioned costs, or fraud) that relate to
the same issue should be presented as
a single audit finding. Where practical,
audit findings should be organized by
Federal agency or pass-through entity.
(ii) Audit findings that relate to both
the financial statements and Federal
awards, as reported under paragraphs
(d)(2) and (d)(3) of this section,
respectively, should be reported in both
sections of the schedule. However, the
reporting in one section of the schedule
may be in summary form with a
reference to a detailed reporting in the
other section of the schedule.
(e) Nothing in this Part precludes
combining of the audit reporting
required by this section with the
reporting required by § 200.512 Report
submission, paragraph (b) Data
Collection when allowed by GAGAS
and Appendix X to Part 200—Data
Collection Form (Form SF–SAC).
§ 200.516

Audit findings.

(a) Audit findings reported. The
auditor must report the following as
audit findings in a schedule of findings
and questioned costs:
(1) Significant deficiencies and
material weaknesses in internal control
over major programs and significant
instances of abuse relating to major
programs. The auditor’s determination
of whether a deficiency in internal
control is a significant deficiency or
material weakness for the purpose of
reporting an audit finding is in relation
to a type of compliance requirement for
a major program identified in the
Compliance Supplement.
(2) Material noncompliance with the
provisions of Federal statutes,
regulations, or the terms and conditions
of Federal awards related to a major
program. The auditor’s determination of
whether a noncompliance with the
provisions of Federal statutes,
regulations, or the terms and conditions
of Federal awards is material for the
purpose of reporting an audit finding is
in relation to a type of compliance
requirement for a major program
identified in the compliance
supplement.
(3) Known questioned costs that are
greater than $25,000 for a type of
compliance requirement for a major

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program. Known questioned costs are
those specifically identified by the
auditor. In evaluating the effect of
questioned costs on the opinion on
compliance, the auditor considers the
best estimate of total costs questioned
(likely questioned costs), not just the
questioned costs specifically identified
(known questioned costs). The auditor
must also report known questioned
costs when likely questioned costs are
greater than $25,000 for a type of
compliance requirement for a major
program. In reporting questioned costs,
the auditor must include information to
provide proper perspective for judging
the prevalence and consequences of the
questioned costs.
(4) Known questioned costs that are
greater than $25,000 for a Federal
program which is not audited as a major
program. Except for audit follow-up, the
auditor is not required under this Part
to perform audit procedures for such a
Federal program; therefore, the auditor
will normally not find questioned costs
for a program that is not audited as a
major program. However, if the auditor
does become aware of questioned costs
for a Federal program that is not audited
as a major program (e.g., as part of audit
follow-up or other audit procedures)
and the known questioned costs are
greater than $25,000, then the auditor
must report this as an audit finding.
(5) The circumstances concerning
why the auditor’s report on compliance
for each major program is other than an
unmodified opinion, unless such
circumstances are otherwise reported as
audit findings in the schedule of
findings and questioned costs for
Federal awards.
(6) Known or likely fraud affecting a
Federal award, unless such fraud is
otherwise reported as an audit finding
in the schedule of findings and
questioned costs for Federal awards.
This paragraph does not require the
auditor to report publicly information
which could compromise investigative
or legal proceedings or to make an
additional reporting when the auditor
confirms that the fraud was reported
outside the auditor’s reports under the
direct reporting requirements of
GAGAS.
(7) Instances where the results of
audit follow-up procedures disclosed
that the summary schedule of prior
audit findings prepared by the auditee
in accordance with § 200.511 Audit
findings follow-up, paragraph (b)
materially misrepresents the status of
any prior audit finding.
(b) Audit finding detail and clarity.
Audit findings must be presented in
sufficient detail and clarity for the
auditee to prepare a corrective action

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plan and take corrective action, and for
Federal agencies and pass-through
entities to arrive at a management
decision. The following specific
information must be included, as
applicable, in audit findings:
(1) Federal program and specific
Federal award identification including
the CFDA title and number, Federal
award identification number and year,
name of Federal agency, and name of
the applicable pass-through entity.
When information, such as the CFDA
title and number or Federal award
identification number, is not available,
the auditor must provide the best
information available to describe the
Federal award.
(2) The criteria or specific
requirement upon which the audit
finding is based, including the Federal
statutes, regulations, or the terms and
conditions of the Federal awards.
Criteria generally identify the required
or desired state or expectation with
respect to the program or operation.
Criteria provide a context for evaluating
evidence and understanding findings.
(3) The condition found, including
facts that support the deficiency
identified in the audit finding.
(4) A statement of cause that identifies
the reason or explanation for the
condition or the factors responsible for
the difference between the situation that
exists (condition) and the required or
desired state (criteria), which may also
serve as a basis for recommendations for
corrective action.
(5) The possible asserted effect to
provide sufficient information to the
auditee and Federal agency, or passthrough entity in the case of a
subrecipient, to permit them to
determine the cause and effect to
facilitate prompt and proper corrective
action. A statement of the effect or
potential effect should provide a clear,

logical link to establish the impact or
potential impact of the difference
between the condition and the criteria.
(6) Identification of questioned costs
and how they were computed. Known
questioned costs must be identified by
applicable CFDA number(s) and
applicable Federal award identification
number(s).
(7) Information to provide proper
perspective for judging the prevalence
and consequences of the audit findings,
such as whether the audit findings
represent an isolated instance or a
systemic problem. Where appropriate,
instances identified must be related to
the universe and the number of cases
examined and be quantified in terms of
dollar value. The auditor should report
whether the sampling was a statistically
valid sample.
(8) Identification of whether the audit
finding was a repeat of a finding in the
immediately prior audit and if so any
applicable prior year audit finding
numbers.
(9) Recommendations to prevent
future occurrences of the deficiency
identified in the audit finding.
(10) Views of responsible officials of
the auditee.
(c) Reference numbers. Each audit
finding in the schedule of findings and
questioned costs must include a
reference number in the format meeting
the requirements of the data collection
form submission required by § 200.512
Report submission, paragraph (b) to
allow for easy referencing of the audit
findings during follow-up.
§ 200.517

Audit documentation.

(a) Retention of audit documentation.
The auditor must retain audit
documentation and reports for a
minimum of three years after the date of
issuance of the auditor’s report(s) to the
auditee, unless the auditor is notified in

writing by the cognizant agency for
audit, oversight agency for audit,
cognizant agency for indirect costs, or
pass-through entity to extend the
retention period. When the auditor is
aware that the Federal agency, passthrough entity, or auditee is contesting
an audit finding, the auditor must
contact the parties contesting the audit
finding for guidance prior to destruction
of the audit documentation and reports.
(b) Access to audit documentation.
Audit documentation must be made
available upon request to the cognizant
or oversight agency for audit or its
designee, cognizant agency for indirect
cost, a Federal agency, or GAO at the
completion of the audit, as part of a
quality review, to resolve audit findings,
or to carry out oversight responsibilities
consistent with the purposes of this
Part. Access to audit documentation
includes the right of Federal agencies to
obtain copies of audit documentation, as
is reasonable and necessary.
§ 200.518

(a) General. The auditor must use a
risk-based approach to determine which
Federal programs are major programs.
This risk-based approach must include
consideration of: current and prior audit
experience, oversight by Federal
agencies and pass-through entities, and
the inherent risk of the Federal program.
The process in paragraphs (b) through
(i) of this section must be followed.
(b) Step one.
(1) The auditor must identify the
larger Federal programs, which must be
labeled Type A programs. Type A
programs are defined as Federal
programs with Federal awards
expended during the audit period
exceeding the levels outlined in the
table in this paragraph (b)(1):

Total Federal awards expended

Type A/B threshold

Equal to $750,000 but less than or equal to $25 million ......................................................................................
Exceed $25 million but less than or equal to $100 million ...................................................................................

$750,000.
Total Federal awards expended
times .03.
$3 million.
Total Federal awards expended
times .003.
$30 million.
Total Federal awards expended
times .0015.

Exceed $100 million but less than or equal to $1 billion ......................................................................................
Exceed $1 billion but less than or equal to $10 billion .........................................................................................
Exceed $10 billion but less than or equal to $20 billion .......................................................................................
Exceed $20 billion .................................................................................................................................................

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Major program determination.

(2) Federal programs not labeled Type
A under paragraph (b)(1) of this section
must be labeled Type B programs.
(3) The inclusion of large loan and
loan guarantees (loans) should not result
in the exclusion of other programs as
Type A programs. When a Federal
program providing loans exceeds four

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times the largest non-loan program it is
considered a large loan program, and
the auditor must consider this Federal
program as a Type A program and
exclude its values in determining other
Type A programs. This recalculation of
the Type A program is performed after

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removing the total of all large loan
programs. For the purposes of this
paragraph a program is only considered
to be a Federal program providing loans
if the value of Federal awards expended
for loans within the program comprises
fifty percent or more of the total Federal

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awards expended for the program. A
cluster of programs is treated as one
program and the value of Federal
awards expended under a loan program
is determined as described in § 200.502
Basis for determining Federal awards
expended.
(4) For biennial audits permitted
under § 200.504 Frequency of audits,
the determination of Type A and Type
B programs must be based upon the
Federal awards expended during the
two-year period.
(c) Step two.
(1) The auditor must identify Type A
programs which are low-risk. In making
this determination, the auditor must
consider whether the requirements in
§ 200.519 Criteria for Federal program
risk paragraph (c), the results of audit
follow-up, or any changes in personnel
or systems affecting the program
indicate significantly increased risk and
preclude the program from being low
risk. For a Type A program to be
considered low-risk, it must have been
audited as a major program in at least
one of the two most recent audit periods
(in the most recent audit period in the
case of a biennial audit), and, in the
most recent audit period, the program
must have not had:
(i) Internal control deficiencies which
were identified as material weaknesses
in the auditor’s report on internal
control for major programs as required
under § 200.515 Audit reporting,
paragraph (c);
(ii) A modified opinion on the
program in the auditor’s report on major
programs as required under § 200.515
Audit reporting, paragraph (c); or
(iii) Known or likely questioned costs
that exceed five percent of the total
Federal awards expended for the
program.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(1)
of this section, OMB may approve a
Federal awarding agency’s request that
a Type A program may not be
considered low risk for a certain
recipient. For example, it may be
necessary for a large Type A program to
be audited as a major program each year
at a particular recipient to allow the
Federal awarding agency to comply
with 31 U.S.C. 3515. The Federal
awarding agency must notify the
recipient and, if known, the auditor of
OMB’s approval at least 180 calendar
days prior to the end of the fiscal year
to be audited.
(d) Step three.
(1) The auditor must identify Type B
programs which are high-risk using
professional judgment and the criteria
in § 200.519 Criteria for Federal program
risk. However, the auditor is not
required to identify more high-risk Type

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B programs than at least one fourth the
number of low-risk Type A programs
identified as low-risk under Step 2
(paragraph (c) of this section). Except for
known material weakness in internal
control or compliance problems as
discussed in § 200.519 Criteria for
Federal program risk paragraphs (b)(1),
(b)(2), and (c)(1), a single criteria in risk
would seldom cause a Type B program
to be considered high-risk. When
identifying which Type B programs to
risk assess, the auditor is encouraged to
use an approach which provides an
opportunity for different high-risk Type
B programs to be audited as major over
a period of time.
(2) The auditor is not expected to
perform risk assessments on relatively
small Federal programs. Therefore, the
auditor is only required to perform risk
assessments on Type B programs that
exceed twenty-five percent (0.25) of the
Type A threshold determined in Step 1
(paragraph (b) of this section).
(e) Step four. At a minimum, the
auditor must audit all of the following
as major programs:
(1) All Type A programs not
identified as low risk under step two
(paragraph (c)(1) of this section).
(2) All Type B programs identified as
high-risk under step three (paragraph (d)
of this section).
(3) Such additional programs as may
be necessary to comply with the
percentage of coverage rule discussed in
paragraph (f) of this section. This may
require the auditor to audit more
programs as major programs than the
number of Type A programs.
(f) Percentage of coverage rule. If the
auditee meets the criteria in § 200.520
Criteria for a low-risk auditee, the
auditor need only audit the major
programs identified in Step 4 (paragraph
(e)(1) and (2) of this section) and such
additional Federal programs with
Federal awards expended that, in
aggregate, all major programs
encompass at least 20 percent (0.20) of
total Federal awards expended.
Otherwise, the auditor must audit the
major programs identified in Step 4
(paragraphs (e)(1) and (2) of this section)
and such additional Federal programs
with Federal awards expended that, in
aggregate, all major programs
encompass at least 40 percent (0.40) of
total Federal awards expended.
(g) Documentation of risk. The auditor
must include in the audit
documentation the risk analysis process
used in determining major programs.
(h) Auditor’s judgment. When the
major program determination was
performed and documented in
accordance with this Subpart, the
auditor’s judgment in applying the risk-

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based approach to determine major
programs must be presumed correct.
Challenges by Federal agencies and
pass-through entities must only be for
clearly improper use of the
requirements in this Part. However,
Federal agencies and pass-through
entities may provide auditors guidance
about the risk of a particular Federal
program and the auditor must consider
this guidance in determining major
programs in audits not yet completed.
§ 200.519

Criteria for Federal program risk.

(a) General. The auditor’s
determination should be based on an
overall evaluation of the risk of
noncompliance occurring that could be
material to the Federal program. The
auditor must consider criteria, such as
described in paragraphs (b), (c), and (d)
of this section, to identify risk in
Federal programs. Also, as part of the
risk analysis, the auditor may wish to
discuss a particular Federal program
with auditee management and the
Federal agency or pass-through entity.
(b) Current and prior audit
experience.
(1) Weaknesses in internal control
over Federal programs would indicate
higher risk. Consideration should be
given to the control environment over
Federal programs and such factors as
the expectation of management’s
adherence to Federal statutes,
regulations, and the terms and
conditions of Federal awards and the
competence and experience of
personnel who administer the Federal
programs.
(i) A Federal program administered
under multiple internal control
structures may have higher risk. When
assessing risk in a large single audit, the
auditor must consider whether
weaknesses are isolated in a single
operating unit (e.g., one college campus)
or pervasive throughout the entity.
(ii) When significant parts of a Federal
program are passed through to
subrecipients, a weak system for
monitoring subrecipients would
indicate higher risk.
(2) Prior audit findings would
indicate higher risk, particularly when
the situations identified in the audit
findings could have a significant impact
on a Federal program or have not been
corrected.
(3) Federal programs not recently
audited as major programs may be of
higher risk than Federal programs
recently audited as major programs
without audit findings.
(c) Oversight exercised by Federal
agencies and pass-through entities.
(1) Oversight exercised by Federal
agencies or pass-through entities could

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be used to assess risk. For example,
recent monitoring or other reviews
performed by an oversight entity that
disclosed no significant problems would
indicate lower risk, whereas monitoring
that disclosed significant problems
would indicate higher risk.
(2) Federal agencies, with the
concurrence of OMB, may identify
Federal programs that are higher risk.
OMB will provide this identification in
the compliance supplement.
(d) Inherent risk of the Federal
program.
(1) The nature of a Federal program
may indicate risk. Consideration should
be given to the complexity of the
program and the extent to which the
Federal program contracts for goods and
services. For example, Federal programs
that disburse funds through third party
contracts or have eligibility criteria may
be of higher risk. Federal programs
primarily involving staff payroll costs
may have high risk for noncompliance
with requirements of § 200.430
Compensation—personal services, but
otherwise be at low risk.
(2) The phase of a Federal program in
its life cycle at the Federal agency may
indicate risk. For example, a new
Federal program with new or interim
regulations may have higher risk than
an established program with time-tested
regulations. Also, significant changes in
Federal programs, statutes, regulations,
or the terms and conditions of Federal
awards may increase risk.
(3) The phase of a Federal program in
its life cycle at the auditee may indicate
risk. For example, during the first and
last years that an auditee participates in
a Federal program, the risk may be
higher due to start-up or closeout of
program activities and staff.
(4) Type B programs with larger
Federal awards expended would be of
higher risk than programs with
substantially smaller Federal awards
expended.

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§ 200.520

Criteria for a low-risk auditee.

An auditee that meets all of the
following conditions for each of the
preceding two audit periods must
qualify as a low-risk auditee and be
eligible for reduced audit coverage in
accordance with § 200.518 Major
program determination.
(a) Single audits were performed on
an annual basis in accordance with the
provisions of this Subpart, including
submitting the data collection form and
the reporting package to the FAC within
the timeframe specified in § 200.512
Report submission. A non-Federal entity
that has biennial audits does not qualify
as a low-risk auditee.

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(b) The auditor’s opinion on whether
the financial statements were prepared
in accordance with GAAP, or a basis of
accounting required by state law, and
the auditor’s in relation to opinion on
the schedule of expenditures of Federal
awards were unmodified.
(c) There were no deficiencies in
internal control which were identified
as material weaknesses under the
requirements of GAGAS.
(d) The auditor did not report a
substantial doubt about the auditee’s
ability to continue as a going concern.
(e) None of the Federal programs had
audit findings from any of the following
in either of the preceding two audit
periods in which they were classified as
Type A programs:
(1) Internal control deficiencies that
were identified as material weaknesses
in the auditor’s report on internal
control for major programs as required
under § 200.515 Audit reporting,
paragraph (c);
(2) A modified opinion on a major
program in the auditor’s report on major
programs as required under § 200.515
Audit reporting, paragraph (c); or
(3) Known or likely questioned costs
that exceeded five percent of the total
Federal awards expended for a Type A
program during the audit period.
Management Decisions
§ 200.521

Management decision.

(a) General. The management decision
must clearly state whether or not the
audit finding is sustained, the reasons
for the decision, and the expected
auditee action to repay disallowed costs,
make financial adjustments, or take
other action. If the auditee has not
completed corrective action, a timetable
for follow-up should be given. Prior to
issuing the management decision, the
Federal agency or pass-through entity
may request additional information or
documentation from the auditee,
including a request for auditor
assurance related to the documentation,
as a way of mitigating disallowed costs.
The management decision should
describe any appeal process available to
the auditee. While not required, the
Federal agency or pass-through entity
may also issue a management decision
on findings relating to the financial
statements which are required to be
reported in accordance with GAGAS.
(b) Federal agency. As provided in
§ 200.513 Responsibilities, paragraph
(a)(7), the cognizant agency for audit
must be responsible for coordinating a
management decision for audit findings
that affect the programs of more than
one Federal agency. As provided in
§ 200.513 Responsibilities, paragraph

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(c)(3), a Federal awarding agency is
responsible for issuing a management
decision for findings that relate to
Federal awards it makes to non-Federal
entities.
(c) Pass-through entity. As provided
in § 200.331 Requirements for passthrough entities, paragraph (d), the passthrough entity must be responsible for
issuing a management decision for audit
findings that relate to Federal awards it
makes to subrecipients.
(d) Time requirements. The Federal
awarding agency or pass-through entity
responsible for issuing a management
decision must do so within six months
of acceptance of the audit report by the
FAC. The auditee must initiate and
proceed with corrective action as
rapidly as possible and corrective action
should begin no later than upon receipt
of the audit report.
(e) Reference numbers. Management
decisions must include the reference
numbers the auditor assigned to each
audit finding in accordance with
§ 200.516 Audit findings paragraph (c).
Appendix I to Part 200—Full Text of
Notice of Funding Opportunity
The full text of the notice of funding
opportunity is organized in sections. The
required format outlined in this appendix
indicates immediately following the title of
each section whether that section is required
in every announcement or is a Federal
awarding agency option. The format is
designed so that similar types of information
will appear in the same sections in
announcements of different Federal funding
opportunities. Toward that end, there is text
in each of the following sections to describe
the types of information that a Federal
awarding agency would include in that
section of an actual announcement.
A Federal awarding agency that wishes to
include information that the format does not
specifically discuss may address that subject
in whatever section(s) is most appropriate.
For example, if a Federal awarding agency
chooses to address performance goals in the
announcement, it might do so in the funding
opportunity description, the application
content, or the reporting requirements.
Similarly, when this format calls for a type
of information to be in a particular section,
a Federal awarding agency wishing to
address that subject in other sections may
elect to repeat the information in those
sections or use cross references between the
sections (there should be hyperlinks for
cross-references in any electronic versions of
the announcement). For example, a Federal
awarding agency may want to include in
Section I information about the types of nonFederal entities who are eligible to apply.
The format specifies a standard location for
that information in Section III.1 but that does
not preclude repeating the information in
Section I or creating a cross reference
between Sections I and III.1, as long as a
potential applicant can find the information

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quickly and easily from the standard
location.
The sections of the full text of the
announcement are described in the following
paragraphs.
A. Program Description—Required
This section contains the full program
description of the funding opportunity. It
may be as long as needed to adequately
communicate to potential applicants the
areas in which funding may be provided. It
describes the Federal awarding agency’s
funding priorities or the technical or focus
areas in which the Federal awarding agency
intends to provide assistance. As appropriate,
it may include any program history (e.g.,
whether this is a new program or a new or
changed area of program emphasis). This
section may communicate indicators of
successful projects (e.g., if the program
encourages collaborative efforts) and may
include examples of projects that have been
funded previously. This section also may
include other information the Federal
awarding agency deems necessary, and must
at a minimum include citations for
authorizing statutes and regulations for the
funding opportunity.

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B. Federal Award Information—Required
This section provides sufficient
information to help an applicant make an
informed decision about whether to submit a
proposal. Relevant information could include
the total amount of funding that the Federal
awarding agency expects to award through
the announcement; the anticipated number of
Federal awards; the expected amounts of
individual Federal awards (which may be a
range); the amount of funding per Federal
award, on average, experienced in previous
years; and the anticipated start dates and
periods of performance for new Federal
awards. This section also should address
whether applications for renewal or
supplementation of existing projects are
eligible to compete with applications for new
Federal awards.
This section also must indicate the type(s)
of assistance instrument (e.g., grant,
cooperative agreement) that may be awarded
if applications are successful. If cooperative
agreements may be awarded, this section
either should describe the ‘‘substantial
involvement’’ that the Federal awarding
agency expects to have or should reference
where the potential applicant can find that
information (e.g., in the funding opportunity
description in A. Program Description—
Required or Federal award administration
information in section D. Application and
Submission Information). If procurement
contracts also may be awarded, this must be
stated.
C. Eligibility Information
This section addresses the considerations
or factors that determine applicant or
application eligibility. This includes the
eligibility of particular types of applicant
organizations, any factors affecting the
eligibility of the principal investigator or
project director, and any criteria that make
particular projects ineligible. Federal
agencies should make clear whether an
applicant’s failure to meet an eligibility

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criterion by the time of an application
deadline will result in the Federal awarding
agency returning the application without
review or, even though an application may be
reviewed, will preclude the Federal awarding
agency from making a Federal award. Key
elements to be addressed are:
1. Eligible Applicants—Required.
Announcements must clearly identify the
types of entities that are eligible to apply. If
there are no restrictions on eligibility, this
section may simply indicate that all potential
applicants are eligible. If there are
restrictions on eligibility, it is important to be
clear about the specific types of entities that
are eligible, not just the types that are
ineligible. For example, if the program is
limited to nonprofit organizations subject to
26 U.S.C. 501(c)(3) of the tax code (26 U.S.C.
501(c)(3)), the announcement should say so.
Similarly, it is better to state explicitly that
Native American tribal organizations are
eligible than to assume that they can
unambiguously infer that from a statement
that nonprofit organizations may apply.
Eligibility also can be expressed by
exception, (e.g., open to all types of domestic
applicants other than individuals). This
section should refer to any portion of Section
IV specifying documentation that must be
submitted to support an eligibility
determination (e.g., proof of 501(c)(3) status
as determined by the Internal Revenue
Service or an authorizing tribal resolution).
To the extent that any funding restriction in
Section IV.5 could affect the eligibility of an
applicant or project, the announcement must
either restate that restriction in this section
or provide a cross-reference to its description
in Section IV.5.
2. Cost Sharing or Matching—Required.
Announcements must state whether there is
required cost sharing, matching, or cost
participation without which an application
would be ineligible (if cost sharing is not
required, the announcement must explicitly
say so). Required cost sharing may be a
certain percentage or amount, or may be in
the form of contributions of specified items
or activities (e.g., provision of equipment). It
is important that the announcement be clear
about any restrictions on the types of cost
(e.g., in-kind contributions) that are
acceptable as cost sharing. Cost sharing as an
eligibility criterion includes requirements
based in statute or regulation, as described in
§ 200.306 Cost sharing or matching of this
Part. This section should refer to the
appropriate portion(s) of section D.
Application and Submission Information
stating any pre-award requirements for
submission of letters or other documentation
to verify commitments to meet cost-sharing
requirements if a Federal award is made.
3. Other—Required, if applicable. If there
are other eligibility criteria (i.e., criteria that
have the effect of making an application or
project ineligible for Federal awards, whether
referred to as ‘‘responsiveness’’ criteria, ‘‘gono go’’ criteria, ‘‘threshold’’ criteria, or in
other ways), must be clearly stated and must
include a reference to the regulation of
requirement that describes the restriction, as
applicable. For example, if entities that have
been found to be in violation of a particular
Federal statute are ineligible, it is important

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to say so. This section must also state any
limit on the number of applications an
applicant may submit under the
announcement and make clear whether the
limitation is on the submitting organization,
individual investigator/program director, or
both. This section should also address any
eligibility criteria for beneficiaries or for
program participants other than Federal
award recipients.
D. Application and Submission Information
1. Address to Request Application
Package—Required. Potential applicants
must be told how to get application forms,
kits, or other materials needed to apply (if
this announcement contains everything
needed, this section need only say so). An
Internet address where the materials can be
accessed is acceptable. However, since highspeed Internet access is not yet universally
available for downloading documents, and
applicants may have additional accessibility
requirements, there also should be a way for
potential applicants to request paper copies
of materials, such as a U.S. Postal Service
mailing address, telephone or FAX number,
Telephone Device for the Deaf (TDD), Text
Telephone (TTY) number, and/or Federal
Information Relay Service (FIRS) number.
2. Content and Form of Application
Submission—Required. This section must
identify the required content of an
application and the forms or formats that an
applicant must use to submit it. If any
requirements are stated elsewhere because
they are general requirements that apply to
multiple programs or funding opportunities,
this section should refer to where those
requirements may be found. This section also
should include required forms or formats as
part of the announcement or state where the
applicant may obtain them.
This section should specifically address
content and form or format requirements for:
i. Pre-applications, letters of intent, or
white papers required or encouraged (see
Section IV.3), including any limitations on
the number of pages or other formatting
requirements similar to those for full
applications.
ii. The application as a whole. For all
submissions, this would include any
limitations on the number of pages, font size
and typeface, margins, paper size, number of
copies, and sequence or assembly
requirements. If electronic submission is
permitted or required, this could include
special requirements for formatting or
signatures.
iii. Component pieces of the application
(e.g., if all copies of the application must bear
original signatures on the face page or the
program narrative may not exceed 10 pages).
This includes any pieces that may be
submitted separately by third parties (e.g.,
references or letters confirming commitments
from third parties that will be contributing a
portion of any required cost sharing).
iv. Information that successful applicants
must submit after notification of intent to
make a Federal award, but prior to a Federal
award. This could include evidence of
compliance with requirements relating to
human subjects or information needed to
comply with the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. 4321–4370h).

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3. Dun and Bradstreet Universal
Numbering System (DUNS) Number and
System for Award Management (SAM)—
Required.
This paragraph must state clearly that each
applicant (unless the applicant is an
individual or Federal awarding agency that is
excepted from those requirements under 2
CFR § 25.110(b) or (c), or has an exception
approved by the Federal awarding agency
under 2 CFR § 25.110(d)) is required to: (i) Be
registered in SAM before submitting its
application; (ii) provide a valid DUNS
number in its application; and (iii) continue
to maintain an active SAM registration with
current information at all times during which
it has an active Federal award or an
application or plan under consideration by a
Federal awarding agency. It also must state
that the Federal awarding agency may not
make a Federal award to an applicant until
the applicant has complied with all
applicable DUNS and SAM requirements
and, if an applicant has not fully complied
with the requirements by the time the
Federal awarding agency is ready to make a
Federal award, the Federal awarding agency
may determine that the applicant is not
qualified to receive a Federal award and use
that determination as a basis for making a
Federal award to another applicant.
4. Submission Dates and Times—Required.
Announcements must identify due dates and
times for all submissions. This includes not
only the full applications but also any
preliminary submissions (e.g., letters of
intent, white papers, or pre-applications). It
also includes any other submissions of
information before Federal award that are
separate from the full application. If the
funding opportunity is a general
announcement that is open for a period of
time with no specific due dates for
applications, this section should say so. Note
that the information on dates that is included
in this section also must appear with other
overview information in a location preceding
the full text of the announcement (see
§ 200.203 Notices of funding opportunities of
this Part).
Each type of submission should be
designated as encouraged or required and, if
required, any deadline date (or dates, if the
Federal awarding agency plans more than
one cycle of application submission, review,
and Federal award under the announcement)
should be specified. The announcement must
state (or provide a reference to another
document that states):
i. Any deadline in terms of a date and local
time. If the due date falls on a Saturday,
Sunday, or Federal holiday, the reporting
package is due the next business day.
ii. What the deadline means (e.g., whether
it is the date and time by which the Federal
awarding agency must receive the
application, the date by which the
application must be postmarked, or
something else) and how that depends, if at
all, on the submission method (e.g., mail,
electronic, or personal/courier delivery).
iii. The effect of missing a deadline (e.g.,
whether late applications are neither
reviewed nor considered or are reviewed and
considered under some circumstances).
iv. How the receiving Federal office
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application has been submitted before the
deadline. This includes the form of
acceptable proof of mailing or systemgenerated documentation of receipt date and
time.
This section also may indicate whether,
when, and in what form the applicant will
receive an acknowledgement of receipt. This
information should be displayed in ways that
will be easy to understand and use. It can be
difficult to extract all needed information
from narrative paragraphs, even when they
are well written. A tabular form for providing
a summary of the information may help
applicants for some programs and give them
what effectively could be a checklist to verify
the completeness of their application package
before submission.
5. Intergovernmental Review—Required, if
applicable. If the funding opportunity is
subject to Executive Order 12372,
‘‘Intergovernmental Review of Federal
Programs,’’ the notice must say so. In alerting
applicants that they must contact their state’s
Single Point of Contact (SPOC) to find out
about and comply with the state’s process
under Executive Order 12372, it may be
useful to inform potential applicants that the
names and addresses of the SPOCs are listed
in the Office of Management and Budget’s
Web site. www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants/
spoc.html.
6. Funding Restrictions—Required. Notices
must include information on funding
restrictions in order to allow an applicant to
develop an application and budget consistent
with program requirements. Examples are
whether construction is an allowable activity,
if there are any limitations on direct costs
such as foreign travel or equipment
purchases, and if there are any limits on
indirect costs (or facilities and administrative
costs). Applicants must be advised if Federal
awards will not allow reimbursement of preFederal award costs.
7. Other Submission Requirements—
Required. This section must address any
other submission requirements not included
in the other paragraphs of this section. This
might include the format of submission, i.e.,
paper or electronic, for each type of required
submission. Applicants should not be
required to submit in more than one format
and this section should indicate whether
they may choose whether to submit
applications in hard copy or electronically,
may submit only in hard copy, or may submit
only electronically.
This section also must indicate where
applications (and any pre-applications) must
be submitted if sent by postal mail, electronic
means, or hand-delivery. For postal mail
submission, this must include the name of an
office, official, individual or function (e.g.,
application receipt center) and a complete
mailing address. For electronic submission,
this must include the URL or email address;
whether a password(s) is required; whether
particular software or other electronic
capabilities are required; what to do in the
event of system problems and a point of
contact who will be available in the event the
applicant experiences technical difficulties.1
1 With respect to electronic methods for providing
information about funding opportunities or

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E. Application Review Information
1. Criteria—Required. This section must
address the criteria that the Federal awarding
agency will use to evaluate applications. This
includes the merit and other review criteria
that evaluators will use to judge applications,
including any statutory, regulatory, or other
preferences (e.g., minority status or Native
American tribal preferences) that will be
applied in the review process. These criteria
are distinct from eligibility criteria that are
addressed before an application is accepted
for review and any program policy or other
factors that are applied during the selection
process, after the review process is
completed. The intent is to make the
application process transparent so applicants
can make informed decisions when preparing
their applications to maximize fairness of the
process. The announcement should clearly
describe all criteria, including any subcriteria. If criteria vary in importance, the
announcement should specify the relative
percentages, weights, or other means used to
distinguish among them. For statutory,
regulatory, or other preferences, the
announcement should provide a detailed
explanation of those preferences with an
explicit indication of their effect (e.g.,
whether they result in additional points
being assigned).
If an applicant’s proposed cost sharing will
be considered in the review process (as
opposed to being an eligibility criterion
described in Section III.2), the announcement
must specifically address how it will be
considered (e.g., to assign a certain number
of additional points to applicants who offer
cost sharing, or to break ties among
applications with equivalent scores after
evaluation against all other factors). If cost
sharing will not be considered in the
evaluation, the announcement should say so,
so that there is no ambiguity for potential
applicants. Vague statements that cost
sharing is encouraged, without clarification
as to what that means, are unhelpful to
applicants. It also is important that the
announcement be clear about any restrictions
on the types of cost (e.g., in-kind
contributions) that are acceptable as cost
sharing.
2. Review and Selection Process—
Required. This section may vary in the level
of detail provided. The announcement must
list any program policy or other factors or
elements, other than merit criteria, that the
selecting official may use in selecting
applications for Federal award (e.g.,
geographical dispersion, program balance, or
diversity). The Federal awarding agency may
also include other appropriate details. For
example, this section may indicate who is
responsible for evaluation against the merit
criteria (e.g., peers external to the Federal
awarding agency or Federal awarding agency
personnel) and/or who makes the final
selections for Federal awards. If there is a
multi-phase review process (e.g., an external
panel advising internal Federal awarding
agency personnel who make final
accepting applicants’ submissions of information,
each Federal awarding agency is responsible for
compliance with Section 508 of the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d).

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recommendations to the deciding official),
the announcement may describe the phases.
It also may include: the number of people on
an evaluation panel and how it operates, the
way reviewers are selected, reviewer
qualifications, and the way that conflicts of
interest are avoided. With respect to
electronic methods for providing information
about funding opportunities or accepting
applicants’ submissions of information, each
Federal awarding agency is responsible for
compliance with Section 508 of the
Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d).
In addition, if the Federal awarding agency
permits applicants to nominate suggested
reviewers of their applications or suggest
those they feel may be inappropriate due to
a conflict of interest, that information should
be included in this section.
3. Anticipated Announcement and Federal
Award Dates—Optional. This section is
intended to provide applicants with
information they can use for planning
purposes. If there is a single application
deadline followed by the simultaneous
review of all applications, the Federal
awarding agency can include in this section
information about the anticipated dates for
announcing or notifying successful and
unsuccessful applicants and for having
Federal awards in place. If applications are
received and evaluated on a ‘‘rolling’’ basis
at different times during an extended period,
it may be appropriate to give applicants an
estimate of the time needed to process an
application and notify the applicant of the
Federal awarding agency’s decision.
F. Federal Award Administration
Information
1. Federal Award Notices—Required. This
section must address what a successful
applicant can expect to receive following
selection. If the Federal awarding agency’s
practice is to provide a separate notice stating
that an application has been selected before
it actually makes the Federal award, this
section would be the place to indicate that
the letter is not an authorization to begin
performance (to the extent that it allows
charging to Federal awards of pre-award
costs at the non-Federal entity’s own risk).
This section should indicate that the notice
of Federal award signed by the grants officer
(or equivalent) is the authorizing document,
and whether it is provided through postal
mail or by electronic means and to whom. It
also may address the timing, form, and
content of notifications to unsuccessful
applicants. See also § 200.210 Information
contained in a Federal award.
2. Administrative and National Policy
Requirements—Required. This section must
identify the usual administrative and
national policy requirements the Federal
awarding agency’s Federal awards may
include. Providing this information lets a
potential applicant identify any requirements
with which it would have difficulty
complying if its application is successful. In
those cases, early notification about the
requirements allows the potential applicant
to decide not to apply or to take needed
actions before receiving the Federal award.
The announcement need not include all of
the terms and conditions of the Federal

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award, but may refer to a document (with
information about how to obtain it) or
Internet site where applicants can see the
terms and conditions. If this funding
opportunity will lead to Federal awards with
some special terms and conditions that differ
from the Federal awarding agency’s usual
(sometimes called ‘‘general’’) terms and
conditions, this section should highlight
those special terms and conditions. Doing so
will alert applicants that have received
Federal awards from the Federal awarding
agency previously and might not otherwise
expect different terms and conditions. For
the same reason, the announcement should
inform potential applicants about special
requirements that could apply to particular
Federal awards after the review of
applications and other information, based on
the particular circumstances of the effort to
be supported (e.g., if human subjects were to
be involved or if some situations may justify
special terms on intellectual property, data
sharing or security requirements).
3. Reporting—Required. This section must
include general information about the type
(e.g., financial or performance), frequency,
and means of submission (paper or
electronic) of post-Federal award reporting
requirements. Highlight any special reporting
requirements for Federal awards under this
funding opportunity that differ (e.g., by
report type, frequency, form/format, or
circumstances for use) from what the Federal
awarding agency’s Federal awards usually
require.
G. Federal Awarding Agency Contact(s)—
Required
The announcement must give potential
applicants a point(s) of contact for answering
questions or helping with problems while the
funding opportunity is open. The intent of
this requirement is to be as helpful as
possible to potential applicants, so the
Federal awarding agency should consider
approaches such as giving:
i. Points of contact who may be reached in
multiple ways (e.g., by telephone, FAX, and/
or email, as well as regular mail).
ii. A fax or email address that multiple
people access, so that someone will respond
even if others are unexpectedly absent during
critical periods.
iii. Different contacts for distinct kinds of
help (e.g., one for questions of programmatic
content and a second for administrative
questions).
H. Other Information—Optional
This section may include any additional
information that will assist a potential
applicant. For example, the section might:
i. Indicate whether this is a new program
or a one-time initiative.
ii. Mention related programs or other
upcoming or ongoing Federal awarding
agency funding opportunities for similar
activities.
iii. Include current Internet addresses for
Federal awarding agency Web sites that may
be useful to an applicant in understanding
the program.
iv. Alert applicants to the need to identify
proprietary information and inform them
about the way the Federal awarding agency
will handle it.

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v. Include certain routine notices to
applicants (e.g., that the Federal government
is not obligated to make any Federal award
as a result of the announcement or that only
grants officers can bind the Federal
government to the expenditure of funds).

Appendix II to Part 200—Contract
Provisions for Non-Federal Entity
Contracts Under Federal Awards
In addition to other provisions required by
the Federal agency or non-Federal entity, all
contracts made by the non-Federal entity
under the Federal award must contain
provisions covering the following, as
applicable.
(A) Contracts for more than the simplified
acquisition threshold currently set at
$150,000, which is the inflation adjusted
amount determined by the Civilian Agency
Acquisition Council and the Defense
Acquisition Regulations Council (Councils)
as authorized by 41 U.S.C. 1908, must
address administrative, contractual, or legal
remedies in instances where contractors
violate or breach contract terms, and provide
for such sanctions and penalties as
appropriate.
(B) All contracts in excess of $10,000 must
address termination for cause and for
convenience by the non-Federal entity
including the manner by which it will be
effected and the basis for settlement.
(C) Equal Employment Opportunity.
Except as otherwise provided under 41 CFR
Part 60, all contracts that meet the definition
of ‘‘federally assisted construction contract’’
in 41 CFR Part 60–1.3 must include the equal
opportunity clause provided under 41 CFR
60–1.4(b), in accordance with Executive
Order 11246, ‘‘Equal Employment
Opportunity’’ (30 FR 12319, 12935, 3 CFR
Part, 1964–1965 Comp., p. 339), as amended
by Executive Order 11375, ‘‘Amending
Executive Order 11246 Relating to Equal
Employment Opportunity,’’ and
implementing regulations at 41 CFR part 60,
‘‘Office of Federal Contract Compliance
Programs, Equal Employment Opportunity,
Department of Labor.’’
(D) Davis-Bacon Act, as amended (40
U.S.C. 3141–3148). When required by
Federal program legislation, all prime
construction contracts in excess of $2,000
awarded by non-Federal entities must
include a provision for compliance with the
Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. 3141–3144, and
3146–3148) as supplemented by Department
of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 5, ‘‘Labor
Standards Provisions Applicable to Contracts
Covering Federally Financed and Assisted
Construction’’). In accordance with the
statute, contractors must be required to pay
wages to laborers and mechanics at a rate not
less than the prevailing wages specified in a
wage determination made by the Secretary of
Labor. In addition, contractors must be
required to pay wages not less than once a
week. The non-Federal entity must place a
copy of the current prevailing wage
determination issued by the Department of
Labor in each solicitation. The decision to
award a contract or subcontract must be
conditioned upon the acceptance of the wage
determination. The non-Federal entity must
report all suspected or reported violations to

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the Federal awarding agency. The contracts
must also include a provision for compliance
with the Copeland ‘‘Anti-Kickback’’ Act (40
U.S.C. 3145), as supplemented by
Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part
3, ‘‘Contractors and Subcontractors on Public
Building or Public Work Financed in Whole
or in Part by Loans or Grants from the United
States’’). The Act provides that each
contractor or subrecipient must be prohibited
from inducing, by any means, any person
employed in the construction, completion, or
repair of public work, to give up any part of
the compensation to which he or she is
otherwise entitled. The non-Federal entity
must report all suspected or reported
violations to the Federal awarding agency.
(E) Contract Work Hours and Safety
Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 3701–3708). Where
applicable, all contracts awarded by the nonFederal entity in excess of $100,000 that
involve the employment of mechanics or
laborers must include a provision for
compliance with 40 U.S.C. 3702 and 3704, as
supplemented by Department of Labor
regulations (29 CFR Part 5). Under 40 U.S.C.
3702 of the Act, each contractor must be
required to compute the wages of every
mechanic and laborer on the basis of a
standard work week of 40 hours. Work in
excess of the standard work week is
permissible provided that the worker is
compensated at a rate of not less than one
and a half times the basic rate of pay for all
hours worked in excess of 40 hours in the
work week. The requirements of 40 U.S.C.
3704 are applicable to construction work and
provide that no laborer or mechanic must be
required to work in surroundings or under
working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous or dangerous. These requirements
do not apply to the purchases of supplies or
materials or articles ordinarily available on
the open market, or contracts for
transportation or transmission of intelligence.
(F) Rights to Inventions Made Under a
Contract or Agreement. If the Federal award
meets the definition of ‘‘funding agreement’’
under 37 CFR § 401.2 (a) and the recipient or
subrecipient wishes to enter into a contract
with a small business firm or nonprofit
organization regarding the substitution of
parties, assignment or performance of
experimental, developmental, or research
work under that ‘‘funding agreement,’’ the
recipient or subrecipient must comply with
the requirements of 37 CFR Part 401, ‘‘Rights
to Inventions Made by Nonprofit
Organizations and Small Business Firms
Under Government Grants, Contracts and
Cooperative Agreements,’’ and any
implementing regulations issued by the
awarding agency.
(G) Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401–7671q.)
and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(33 U.S.C. 1251–1387), as amended—
Contracts and subgrants of amounts in excess
of $150,000 must contain a provision that
requires the non-Federal award to agree to
comply with all applicable standards, orders
or regulations issued pursuant to the Clean
Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401–7671q) and the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act as
amended (33 U.S.C. 1251–1387). Violations
must be reported to the Federal awarding
agency and the Regional Office of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

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(H) Mandatory standards and policies
relating to energy efficiency which are
contained in the state energy conservation
plan issued in compliance with the Energy
Policy and Conservation Act (42 U.S.C.
6201).
(I) Debarment and Suspension (Executive
Orders 12549 and 12689)—A contract award
(see 2 CFR 180.220) must not be made to
parties listed on the governmentwide
Excluded Parties List System in the System
for Award Management (SAM), in
accordance with the OMB guidelines at 2
CFR 180 that implement Executive Orders
12549 (3 CFR Part 1986 Comp., p. 189) and
12689 (3 CFR Part 1989 Comp., p. 235),
‘‘Debarment and Suspension.’’ The Excluded
Parties List System in SAM contains the
names of parties debarred, suspended, or
otherwise excluded by agencies, as well as
parties declared ineligible under statutory or
regulatory authority other than Executive
Order 12549.
(J) Byrd Anti-Lobbying Amendment (31
U.S.C. 1352)—Contractors that apply or bid
for an award of $100,000 or more must file
the required certification. Each tier certifies
to the tier above that it will not and has not
used Federal appropriated funds to pay any
person or organization for influencing or
attempting to influence an officer or
employee of any agency, a member of
Congress, officer or employee of Congress, or
an employee of a member of Congress in
connection with obtaining any Federal
contract, grant or any other award covered by
31 U.S.C. 1352. Each tier must also disclose
any lobbying with non-Federal funds that
takes place in connection with obtaining any
Federal award. Such disclosures are
forwarded from tier to tier up to the nonFederal award.
(K) See § 200.322 Procurement of recovered
materials.

Appendix III to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination
for Institutions of Higher Education
(IHEs)
A. General
This appendix provides criteria for
identifying and computing indirect (or
indirect (F&A)) rates at IHEs (institutions).
Indirect (F&A) costs are those that are
incurred for common or joint objectives and
therefore cannot be identified readily and
specifically with a particular sponsored
project, an instructional activity, or any other
institutional activity. See subsection B.1,
Definition of Facilities and Administration,
for a discussion of the components of
indirect (F&A) costs.
1. Major Functions of an Institution
Refers to instruction, organized research,
other sponsored activities and other
institutional activities as defined in this
section:
a. Instruction means the teaching and
training activities of an institution. Except for
research training as provided in subsection b,
this term includes all teaching and training
activities, whether they are offered for credits
toward a degree or certificate or on a non-

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credit basis, and whether they are offered
through regular academic departments or
separate divisions, such as a summer school
division or an extension division. Also
considered part of this major function are
departmental research, and, where agreed to,
university research.
(1) Sponsored instruction and training
means specific instructional or training
activity established by grant, contract, or
cooperative agreement. For purposes of the
cost principles, this activity may be
considered a major function even though an
institution’s accounting treatment may
include it in the instruction function.
(2) Departmental research means research,
development and scholarly activities that are
not organized research and, consequently, are
not separately budgeted and accounted for.
Departmental research, for purposes of this
document, is not considered as a major
function, but as a part of the instruction
function of the institution.
b. Organized research means all research
and development activities of an institution
that are separately budgeted and accounted
for. It includes:
(1) Sponsored research means all research
and development activities that are
sponsored by Federal and non-Federal
agencies and organizations. This term
includes activities involving the training of
individuals in research techniques
(commonly called research training) where
such activities utilize the same facilities as
other research and development activities
and where such activities are not included in
the instruction function.
(2) University research means all research
and development activities that are
separately budgeted and accounted for by the
institution under an internal application of
institutional funds. University research, for
purposes of this document, must be
combined with sponsored research under the
function of organized research.
c. Other sponsored activities means
programs and projects financed by Federal
and non-Federal agencies and organizations
which involve the performance of work other
than instruction and organized research.
Examples of such programs and projects are
health service projects and community
service programs. However, when any of
these activities are undertaken by the
institution without outside support, they may
be classified as other institutional activities.
d. Other institutional activities means all
activities of an institution except for
instruction, departmental research, organized
research, and other sponsored activities, as
defined in this section; indirect (F&A) cost
activities identified in this Appendix
paragraph B, Identification and assignment of
indirect (F&A) costs; and specialized services
facilities described in § 200.468 Specialized
service facilities of this Part.
Examples of other institutional activities
include operation of residence halls, dining
halls, hospitals and clinics, student unions,
intercollegiate athletics, bookstores, faculty
housing, student apartments, guest houses,
chapels, theaters, public museums, and other
similar auxiliary enterprises. This definition
also includes any other categories of
activities, costs of which are ‘‘unallowable’’

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to Federal awards, unless otherwise
indicated in an award.
2. Criteria for Distribution
a. Base period. A base period for
distribution of indirect (F&A) costs is the
period during which the costs are incurred.
The base period normally should coincide
with the fiscal year established by the
institution, but in any event the base period
should be so selected as to avoid inequities
in the distribution of costs.
b. Need for cost groupings. The overall
objective of the indirect (F&A) cost allocation
process is to distribute the indirect (F&A)
costs described in Section B, Identification
and assignment of indirect (F&A) costs, to the
major functions of the institution in
proportions reasonably consistent with the
nature and extent of their use of the
institution’s resources. In order to achieve
this objective, it may be necessary to provide
for selective distribution by establishing
separate groupings of cost within one or more
of the indirect (F&A) cost categories referred
to in subsection B.1, Definition of Facilities
and Administration. In general, the cost
groupings established within a category
should constitute, in each case, a pool of
those items of expense that are considered to
be of like nature in terms of their relative
contribution to (or degree of remoteness
from) the particular cost objectives to which
distribution is appropriate. Cost groupings
should be established considering the general
guides provided in subsection c of this
section. Each such pool or cost grouping
should then be distributed individually to
the related cost objectives, using the
distribution base or method most appropriate
in light of the guidelines set forth in
subsection d of this section.
c. General considerations on cost
groupings. The extent to which separate cost
groupings and selective distribution would
be appropriate at an institution is a matter of
judgment to be determined on a case-by-case
basis. Typical situations which may warrant
the establishment of two or more separate
cost groupings (based on account
classification or analysis) within an indirect
(F&A) cost category include but are not
limited to the following:
(1) If certain items or categories of expense
relate solely to one of the major functions of
the institution or to less than all functions,
such expenses should be set aside as a
separate cost grouping for direct assignment
or selective allocation in accordance with the
guides provided in subsections b and d.
(2) If any types of expense ordinarily
treated as general administration or
departmental administration are charged to
Federal awards as direct costs, expenses
applicable to other activities of the
institution when incurred for the same
purposes in like circumstances must, through
separate cost groupings, be excluded from the
indirect (F&A) costs allocable to those
Federal awards and included in the direct
cost of other activities for cost allocation
purposes.
(3) If it is determined that certain expenses
are for the support of a service unit or facility
whose output is susceptible of measurement
on a workload or other quantitative basis,

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such expenses should be set aside as a
separate cost grouping for distribution on
such basis to organized research,
instructional, and other activities at the
institution or within the department.
(4) If activities provide their own
purchasing, personnel administration,
building maintenance or similar service, the
distribution of general administration and
general expenses, or operation and
maintenance expenses to such activities
should be accomplished through cost
groupings which include only that portion of
central indirect (F&A) costs (such as for
overall management) which are properly
allocable to such activities.
(5) If the institution elects to treat fringe
benefits as indirect (F&A) charges, such costs
should be set aside as a separate cost
grouping for selective distribution to related
cost objectives.
(6) The number of separate cost groupings
within a category should be held within
practical limits, after taking into
consideration the materiality of the amounts
involved and the degree of precision
attainable through less selective methods of
distribution.
d. Selection of distribution method.
(1) Actual conditions must be taken into
account in selecting the method or base to be
used in distributing individual cost
groupings. The essential consideration in
selecting a base is that it be the one best
suited for assigning the pool of costs to cost
objectives in accordance with benefits
derived; with a traceable cause-and-effect
relationship; or with logic and reason, where
neither benefit nor a cause-and-effect
relationship is determinable.
(2) If a cost grouping can be identified
directly with the cost objective benefitted, it
should be assigned to that cost objective.
(3) If the expenses in a cost grouping are
more general in nature, the distribution may
be based on a cost analysis study which
results in an equitable distribution of the
costs. Such cost analysis studies may take
into consideration weighting factors,
population, or space occupied if appropriate.
Cost analysis studies, however, must (a) be
appropriately documented in sufficient detail
for subsequent review by the cognizant
agency for indirect costs, (b) distribute the
costs to the related cost objectives in
accordance with the relative benefits derived,
(c) be statistically sound, (d) be performed
specifically at the institution at which the
results are to be used, and (e) be reviewed
periodically, but not less frequently than rate
negotiations, updated if necessary, and used
consistently. Any assumptions made in the
study must be stated and explained. The use
of cost analysis studies and periodic changes
in the method of cost distribution must be
fully justified.
(4) If a cost analysis study is not
performed, or if the study does not result in
an equitable distribution of the costs, the
distribution must be made in accordance
with the appropriate base cited in Section B,
Identification and assignment of indirect
(F&A) costs, unless one of the following
conditions is met:
(a) It can be demonstrated that the use of
a different base would result in a more

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equitable allocation of the costs, or that a
more readily available base would not
increase the costs charged to Federal awards,
or
(b) The institution qualifies for, and elects
to use, the simplified method for computing
indirect (F&A) cost rates described in Section
D, Simplified method for small institutions.
(5) Notwithstanding subsection (3),
effective July 1, 1998, a cost analysis or base
other than that in Section B must not be used
to distribute utility or student services costs.
Instead, subsections B.4.c Operation and
maintenance expenses, may be used in the
recovery of utility costs.
e. Order of distribution.
(1) Indirect (F&A) costs are the broad
categories of costs discussed in Section B.1,
Definitions of Facilities and Administration
(2) Depreciation, interest expenses,
operation and maintenance expenses, and
general administrative and general expenses
should be allocated in that order to the
remaining indirect (F&A) cost categories as
well as to the major functions and
specialized service facilities of the
institution. Other cost categories may be
allocated in the order determined to be most
appropriate by the institutions. When cross
allocation of costs is made as provided in
subsection (3), this order of allocation does
not apply.
(3) Normally an indirect (F&A) cost
category will be considered closed once it
has been allocated to other cost objectives,
and costs may not be subsequently allocated
to it. However, a cross allocation of costs
between two or more indirect (F&A) cost
categories may be used if such allocation will
result in a more equitable allocation of costs.
If a cross allocation is used, an appropriate
modification to the composition of the
indirect (F&A) cost categories described in
Section B is required.
B. Identification and Assignment of Indirect
(F&A) Costs
1. Definition of Facilities and Administration
See § 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs which
provides the basis for this indirect cost
requirements.
2. Depreciation
a. The expenses under this heading are the
portion of the costs of the institution’s
buildings, capital improvements to land and
buildings, and equipment which are
computed in accordance with § 200.436
Depreciation.
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, Selection of
distribution method, the expenses included
in this category must be allocated in the
following manner:
(1) Depreciation on buildings used
exclusively in the conduct of a single
function, and on capital improvements and
equipment used in such buildings, must be
assigned to that function.
(2) Depreciation on buildings used for
more than one function, and on capital
improvements and equipment used in such
buildings, must be allocated to the individual
functions performed in each building on the
basis of usable square feet of space, excluding
common areas such as hallways, stairwells,
and rest rooms.

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(3) Depreciation on buildings, capital
improvements and equipment related to
space (e.g., individual rooms, laboratories)
used jointly by more than one function (as
determined by the users of the space) must
be treated as follows. The cost of each jointly
used unit of space must be allocated to
benefitting functions on the basis of:
(a) The employee full-time equivalents
(FTEs) or salaries and wages of those
individual functions benefitting from the use
of that space; or
(b) Institution-wide employee FTEs or
salaries and wages applicable to the
benefitting major functions (see Section A.1)
of the institution.
(4) Depreciation on certain capital
improvements to land, such as paved parking
areas, fences, sidewalks, and the like, not
included in the cost of buildings, must be
allocated to user categories of students and
employees on a full-time equivalent basis.
The amount allocated to the student category
must be assigned to the instruction function
of the institution. The amount allocated to
the employee category must be further
allocated to the major functions of the
institution in proportion to the salaries and
wages of all employees applicable to those
functions.

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3. Interest
Interest on debt associated with certain
buildings, equipment and capital
improvements, as defined in § 200.449
Interest, must be classified as an expenditure
under the category Facilities. These costs
must be allocated in the same manner as the
depreciation on the buildings, equipment
and capital improvements to which the
interest relates.
4. Operation and Maintenance Expenses
a. The expenses under this heading are
those that have been incurred for the
administration, supervision, operation,
maintenance, preservation, and protection of
the institution’s physical plant. They include
expenses normally incurred for such items as
janitorial and utility services; repairs and
ordinary or normal alterations of buildings,
furniture and equipment; care of grounds;
maintenance and operation of buildings and
other plant facilities; security; earthquake
and disaster preparedness; environmental
safety; hazardous waste disposal; property,
liability and all other insurance relating to
property; space and capital leasing; facility
planning and management; and central
receiving. The operation and maintenance
expense category should also include its
allocable share of fringe benefit costs,
depreciation, and interest costs.
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
included in this category must be allocated
in the same manner as described in
subsection 2.b for depreciation.
c. A utility cost adjustment of up to 1.3
percentage points may be included in the
negotiated indirect cost rate of the IHE for
organized research, per the computation
alternatives in paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) of
this section:
(1) Where space is devoted to a single
function and metering allows unambiguous

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measurement of usage related to that space,
costs must be assigned to the function
located in that space.
(2) Where space is allocated to different
functions and metering does not allow
unambiguous measurement of usage by
function, costs must be allocated as follows:
(i) Utilities costs should be apportioned to
functions in the same manner as
depreciation, based on the calculated
difference between the site or building actual
square footage for monitored research
laboratory space (site, building, floor, or
room), and a separate calculation prepared by
the IHE using the ‘‘effective square footage’’
described in subsection (c)(2)(ii) of this
section.
(ii) ‘‘Effective square footage’’ allocated to
research laboratory space must be calculated
as the actual square footage times the relative
energy utilization index (REUI) posted on the
OMB Web site at the time of a rate
determination.
A. This index is the ratio of a laboratory
energy use index (lab EUI) to the
corresponding index for overall average
college or university space (college EUI).
B. In July 2012, values for these two
indices (taken respectively from the
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ‘‘Labs for the
21st Century’’ benchmarking tool http://
labs21benchmarking.lbl.gov/
CompareData.php and the US Department of
Energy ‘‘Buildings Energy Databook’’ and
http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/
CBECS.aspx) were 310 kBtu/sq ft-yr. and 155
kBtu/sq ft-yr., so that the adjustment ratio is
2.0 by this methodology. To retain currency,
OMB will adjust the EUI numbers from time
to time (no more often than annually nor less
often than every 5 years), using reliable and
publicly disclosed data. Current values of
both the EUIs and the REUI will be posted
on the OMB Web site.
5. General Administration and General
Expenses
a. The expenses under this heading are
those that have been incurred for the general
executive and administrative offices of
educational institutions and other expenses
of a general character which do not relate
solely to any major function of the
institution; i.e., solely to (1) instruction, (2)
organized research, (3) other sponsored
activities, or (4) other institutional activities.
The general administration and general
expense category should also include its
allocable share of fringe benefit costs,
operation and maintenance expense,
depreciation, and interest costs. Examples of
general administration and general expenses
include: those expenses incurred by
administrative offices that serve the entire
university system of which the institution is
a part; central offices of the institution such
as the President’s or Chancellor’s office, the
offices for institution-wide financial
management, business services, budget and
planning, personnel management, and safety
and risk management; the office of the
General Counsel; and the operations of the
central administrative management
information systems. General administration
and general expenses must not include
expenses incurred within non-university-

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wide deans’ offices, academic departments,
organized research units, or similar
organizational units. (See subsection 6,
Departmental administration expenses.)
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
included in this category must be grouped
first according to common major functions of
the institution to which they render services
or provide benefits. The aggregate expenses
of each group must then be allocated to
serviced or benefitted functions on the
modified total cost basis. Modified total costs
consist of the same elements as those in
Section C.2. When an activity included in
this indirect (F&A) cost category provides a
service or product to another institution or
organization, an appropriate adjustment must
be made to either the expenses or the basis
of allocation or both, to assure a proper
allocation of costs.
6. Departmental Administration Expenses
a. The expenses under this heading are
those that have been incurred for
administrative and supporting services that
benefit common or joint departmental
activities or objectives in academic deans’
offices, academic departments and divisions,
and organized research units. Organized
research units include such units as
institutes, study centers, and research
centers. Departmental administration
expenses are subject to the following
limitations.
(1) Academic deans’ offices. Salaries and
operating expenses are limited to those
attributable to administrative functions.
(2) Academic departments:
(a) Salaries and fringe benefits attributable
to the administrative work (including bid and
proposal preparation) of faculty (including
department heads) and other professional
personnel conducting research and/or
instruction, must be allowed at a rate of 3.6
percent of modified total direct costs. This
category does not include professional
business or professional administrative
officers. This allowance must be added to the
computation of the indirect (F&A) cost rate
for major functions in Section C,
Determination and application of indirect
(F&A) cost rate or rates; the expenses covered
by the allowance must be excluded from the
departmental administration cost pool. No
documentation is required to support this
allowance.
(b) Other administrative and supporting
expenses incurred within academic
departments are allowable provided they are
treated consistently in like circumstances.
This would include expenses such as the
salaries of secretarial and clerical staffs, the
salaries of administrative officers and
assistants, travel, office supplies, stockrooms,
and the like.
(3) Other fringe benefit costs applicable to
the salaries and wages included in
subsections (1) and (2) are allowable, as well
as an appropriate share of general
administration and general expenses,
operation and maintenance expenses, and
depreciation.
(4) Federal agencies may authorize
reimbursement of additional costs for
department heads and faculty only in

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exceptional cases where an institution can
demonstrate undue hardship or detriment to
project performance.
b. The following guidelines apply to the
determination of departmental administrative
costs as direct or indirect (F&A) costs.
(1) In developing the departmental
administration cost pool, special care should
be exercised to ensure that costs incurred for
the same purpose in like circumstances are
treated consistently as either direct or
indirect (F&A) costs. For example, salaries of
technical staff, laboratory supplies (e.g.,
chemicals), telephone toll charges, animals,
animal care costs, computer costs, travel
costs, and specialized shop costs must be
treated as direct costs wherever identifiable
to a particular cost objective. Direct charging
of these costs may be accomplished through
specific identification of individual costs to
benefitting cost objectives, or through
recharge centers or specialized service
facilities, as appropriate under the
circumstances. See §§ 200.413 Direct costs,
paragraph (c) and 200.468 Specialized
service facilities.
(2) Items such as office supplies, postage,
local telephone costs, and memberships must
normally be treated as indirect (F&A) costs.
c. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
included in this category must be allocated
as follows:
(1) The administrative expenses of the
dean’s office of each college and school must
be allocated to the academic departments
within that college or school on the modified
total cost basis.
(2) The administrative expenses of each
academic department, and the department’s
share of the expenses allocated in subsection
(1) must be allocated to the appropriate
functions of the department on the modified
total cost basis.
7. Sponsored Projects Administration
a. The expenses under this heading are
limited to those incurred by a separate
organization(s) established primarily to
administer sponsored projects, including
such functions as grant and contract
administration (Federal and non-Federal),
special security, purchasing, personnel,
administration, and editing and publishing of
research and other reports. They include the
salaries and expenses of the head of such
organization, assistants, and immediate staff,
together with the salaries and expenses of
personnel engaged in supporting activities
maintained by the organization, such as stock
rooms, print shops, and the like. This
category also includes an allocable share of
fringe benefit costs, general administration
and general expenses, operation and
maintenance expenses, and depreciation.
Appropriate adjustments will be made for
services provided to other functions or
organizations.
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
included in this category must be allocated
to the major functions of the institution
under which the sponsored projects are
conducted on the basis of the modified total
cost of sponsored projects.
c. An appropriate adjustment must be
made to eliminate any duplicate charges to

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Federal awards when this category includes
similar or identical activities as those
included in the general administration and
general expense category or other indirect
(F&A) cost items, such as accounting,
procurement, or personnel administration.
8. Library Expenses
a. The expenses under this heading are
those that have been incurred for the
operation of the library, including the cost of
books and library materials purchased for the
library, less any items of library income that
qualify as applicable credits under § 200.406
Applicable credits. The library expense
category should also include the fringe
benefits applicable to the salaries and wages
included therein, an appropriate share of
general administration and general expense,
operation and maintenance expense, and
depreciation. Costs incurred in the purchases
of rare books (museum-type books) with no
value to Federal awards should not be
allocated to them.
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
included in this category must be allocated
first on the basis of primary categories of
users, including students, professional
employees, and other users.
(1) The student category must consist of
full-time equivalent students enrolled at the
institution, regardless of whether they earn
credits toward a degree or certificate.
(2) The professional employee category
must consist of all faculty members and other
professional employees of the institution, on
a full-time equivalent basis. This category
may also include post-doctorate fellows and
graduate students.
(3) The other users category must consist
of a reasonable factor as determined by
institutional records to account for all other
users of library facilities.
c. Amount allocated in paragraph b of this
section must be assigned further as follows:
(1) The amount in the student category
must be assigned to the instruction function
of the institution.
(2) The amount in the professional
employee category must be assigned to the
major functions of the institution in
proportion to the salaries and wages of all
faculty members and other professional
employees applicable to those functions.
(3) The amount in the other users category
must be assigned to the other institutional
activities function of the institution.
9. Student Administration and Services
a. The expenses under this heading are
those that have been incurred for the
administration of student affairs and for
services to students, including expenses of
such activities as deans of students,
admissions, registrar, counseling and
placement services, student advisers, student
health and infirmary services, catalogs, and
commencements and convocations. The
salaries of members of the academic staff
whose responsibilities to the institution
require administrative work that benefits
sponsored projects may also be included to
the extent that the portion charged to student
administration is determined in accordance
with Subpart E—Cost Principles of this Part.

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This expense category also includes the
fringe benefit costs applicable to the salaries
and wages included therein, an appropriate
share of general administration and general
expenses, operation and maintenance,
interest expense, and depreciation.
b. In the absence of the alternatives
provided for in Section A.2.d, the expenses
in this category must be allocated to the
instruction function, and subsequently to
Federal awards in that function.
10. Offset for Indirect (F&A) Expenses
Otherwise Provided for by the Federal
Government
a. The items to be accumulated under this
heading are the reimbursements and other
payments from the Federal government
which are made to the institution to support
solely, specifically, and directly, in whole or
in part, any of the administrative or service
activities described in subsections 2 through
9.
b. The items in this group must be treated
as a credit to the affected individual indirect
(F&A) cost category before that category is
allocated to benefitting functions.
C. Determination and Application of Indirect
(F&A) Cost Rate or Rates
1. Indirect (F&A) Cost Pools
a. (1) Subject to subsection b, the separate
categories of indirect (F&A) costs allocated to
each major function of the institution as
prescribed in paragraph B of this paragraph
C.1 Identification and assignment of indirect
(F&A) costs, must be aggregated and treated
as a common pool for that function. The
amount in each pool must be divided by the
distribution base described in subsection 2 to
arrive at a single indirect (F&A) cost rate for
each function.
(2) The rate for each function is used to
distribute indirect (F&A) costs to individual
Federal awards of that function. Since a
common pool is established for each major
function of the institution, a separate indirect
(F&A) cost rate would be established for each
of the major functions described in Section
A.1 under which Federal awards are carried
out.
(3) Each institution’s indirect (F&A) cost
rate process must be appropriately designed
to ensure that Federal sponsors do not in any
way subsidize the indirect (F&A) costs of
other sponsors, specifically activities
sponsored by industry and foreign
governments. Accordingly, each allocation
method used to identify and allocate the
indirect (F&A) cost pools, as described in
Sections A.2, Criteria for distribution, and
B.2 through B.9, must contain the full
amount of the institution’s modified total
costs or other appropriate units of
measurement used to make the
computations. In addition, the final rate
distribution base (as defined in subsection 2)
for each major function (organized research,
instruction, etc., as described in Section A.1,
Major functions of an institution) must
contain all the programs or activities which
utilize the indirect (F&A) costs allocated to
that major function. At the time an indirect
(F&A) cost proposal is submitted to a
cognizant agency for indirect costs, each
institution must describe the process it uses

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to ensure that Federal funds are not used to
subsidize industry and foreign government
funded programs.
b. In some instances a single rate basis for
use across the board on all work within a
major function at an institution may not be
appropriate. A single rate for research, for
example, might not take into account those
different environmental factors and other
conditions which may affect substantially the
indirect (F&A) costs applicable to a particular
segment of research at the institution. A
particular segment of research may be that
performed under a single sponsored
agreement or it may consist of research under
a group of Federal awards performed in a
common environment. The environmental
factors are not limited to the physical
location of the work. Other important factors
are the level of the administrative support
required, the nature of the facilities or other
resources employed, the scientific disciplines
or technical skills involved, the
organizational arrangements used, or any
combination thereof. If a particular segment
of a sponsored agreement is performed
within an environment which appears to
generate a significantly different level of
indirect (F&A) costs, provisions should be
made for a separate indirect (F&A) cost pool
applicable to such work. The separate
indirect (F&A) cost pool should be developed
during the regular course of the rate
determination process and the separate
indirect (F&A) cost rate resulting therefrom
should be utilized; provided it is determined
that (1) such indirect (F&A) cost rate differs
significantly from that which would have
been obtained under subsection a, and (2) the
volume of work to which such rate would
apply is material in relation to other Federal
awards at the institution.

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2. The Distribution Basis
Indirect (F&A) costs must be distributed to
applicable Federal awards and other
benefitting activities within each major
function (see section A.1, Major functions of
an institution) on the basis of modified total
direct costs (MTDC), consisting of all salaries
and wages, fringe benefits, materials and
supplies, services, travel, and subgrants and
subcontracts up to the first $25,000 of each
subaward (regardless of the period covered
by the subaward). MTDC is defined in
§ 200.68 Modified Total Direct Cost (MTDC).
For this purpose, an indirect (F&A) cost rate
should be determined for each of the separate
indirect (F&A) cost pools developed pursuant
to subsection 1. The rate in each case should
be stated as the percentage which the amount
of the particular indirect (F&A) cost pool is
of the modified total direct costs identified
with such pool.
3. Negotiated Lump Sum for Indirect (F&A)
Costs
A negotiated fixed amount in lieu of
indirect (F&A) costs may be appropriate for
self-contained, off-campus, or primarily
subcontracted activities where the benefits
derived from an institution’s indirect (F&A)
services cannot be readily determined. Such
negotiated indirect (F&A) costs will be
treated as an offset before allocation to
instruction, organized research, other

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sponsored activities, and other institutional
activities. The base on which such remaining
expenses are allocated should be
appropriately adjusted.
4. Predetermined Rates for Indirect (F&A)
Costs
Public Law 87–638 (76 Stat. 437) as
amended (41 U.S.C. 4708) authorizes the use
of predetermined rates in determining the
‘‘indirect costs’’ (indirect (F&A) costs)
applicable under research agreements with
educational institutions. The stated
objectives of the law are to simplify the
administration of cost-type research and
development contracts (including grants)
with educational institutions, to facilitate the
preparation of their budgets, and to permit
more expeditious closeout of such contracts
when the work is completed. In view of the
potential advantages offered by this
procedure, negotiation of predetermined
rates for indirect (F&A) costs for a period of
two to four years should be the norm in those
situations where the cost experience and
other pertinent facts available are deemed
sufficient to enable the parties involved to
reach an informed judgment as to the
probable level of indirect (F&A) costs during
the ensuing accounting periods.
5. Negotiated Fixed Rates and Carry-Forward
Provisions
When a fixed rate is negotiated in advance
for a fiscal year (or other time period), the
over- or under-recovery for that year may be
included as an adjustment to the indirect
(F&A) cost for the next rate negotiation.
When the rate is negotiated before the carryforward adjustment is determined, the carryforward amount may be applied to the next
subsequent rate negotiation. When such
adjustments are to be made, each fixed rate
negotiated in advance for a given period will
be computed by applying the expected
indirect (F&A) costs allocable to Federal
awards for the forecast period plus or minus
the carry-forward adjustment (over- or underrecovery) from the prior period, to the
forecast distribution base. Unrecovered
amounts under lump-sum agreements or
cost-sharing provisions of prior years must
not be carried forward for consideration in
the new rate negotiation. There must,
however, be an advance understanding in
each case between the institution and the
cognizant agency for indirect costs as to
whether these differences will be considered
in the rate negotiation rather than making the
determination after the differences are
known. Further, institutions electing to use
this carry-forward provision may not
subsequently change without prior approval
of the cognizant agency for indirect costs. In
the event that an institution returns to a postdetermined rate, any over- or under-recovery
during the period in which negotiated fixed
rates and carry-forward provisions were
followed will be included in the subsequent
post-determined rates. Where multiple rates
are used, the same procedure will be
applicable for determining each rate.
6. Provisional and Final Rates for Indirect
(F&A) Costs
Where the cognizant agency for indirect
costs determines that cost experience and

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other pertinent facts do not justify the use of
predetermined rates, or a fixed rate with a
carry-forward, or if the parties cannot agree
on an equitable rate, a provisional rate must
be established. To prevent substantial
overpayment or underpayment, the
provisional rate may be adjusted by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs during the
institution’s fiscal year. Predetermined or
fixed rates may replace provisional rates at
any time prior to the close of the institution’s
fiscal year. If a provisional rate is not
replaced by a predetermined or fixed rate
prior to the end of the institution’s fiscal
year, a final rate will be established and
upward or downward adjustments will be
made based on the actual allowable costs
incurred for the period involved.
7. Fixed Rates for the Life of the Sponsored
Agreement
Federal agencies must use the negotiated
rates except as provided in paragraph (e) of
§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs, must
paragraph (b)(1) for indirect (F&A) costs in
effect at the time of the initial award
throughout the life of the Federal award.
Award levels for Federal awards may not be
adjusted in future years as a result of changes
in negotiated rates. ‘‘Negotiated rates’’ per the
rate agreement include final, fixed, and
predetermined rates and exclude provisional
rates. ‘‘Life’’ for the purpose of this
subsection means each competitive segment
of a project. A competitive segment is a
period of years approved by the Federal
awarding agency at the time of the Federal
award. If negotiated rate agreements do not
extend through the life of the Federal award
at the time of the initial award, then the
negotiated rate for the last year of the Federal
award must be extended through the end of
the life of the Federal award.
b. Except as provided in § 200.414 Indirect
(F&A) costs, when an educational institution
does not have a negotiated rate with the
Federal government at the time of an award
(because the educational institution is a new
recipient or the parties cannot reach
agreement on a rate), the provisional rate
used at the time of the award must be
adjusted once a rate is negotiated and
approved by the cognizant agency for
indirect costs.
8. Limitation on Reimbursement of
Administrative Costs
a. Notwithstanding the provisions of
subsection C.1.a, the administrative costs
charged to Federal awards awarded or
amended (including continuation and
renewal awards) with effective dates
beginning on or after the start of the
institution’s first fiscal year which begins on
or after October 1, 1991, must be limited to
26% of modified total direct costs (as defined
in subsection 2) for the total of General
Administration and General Expenses,
Departmental Administration, Sponsored
Projects Administration, and Student
Administration and Services (including their
allocable share of depreciation, interest costs,
operation and maintenance expenses, and
fringe benefits costs, as provided by Section
B, Identification and assignment of indirect
(F&A) costs, and all other types of

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expenditures not listed specifically under
one of the subcategories of facilities in
Section B.
b. Institutions should not change their
accounting or cost allocation methods if the
effect is to change the charging of a particular
type of cost from F&A to direct, or to
reclassify costs, or increase allocations from
the administrative pools identified in
paragraph B.1 of this Appendix to the other
F&A cost pools or fringe benefits. Cognizant
agencies for indirect cost are authorized to
allow changes where an institution’s
charging practices are at variance with
acceptable practices followed by a substantial
majority of other institutions.

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9. Alternative Method for Administrative
Costs
a. Notwithstanding the provisions of
subsection 1.a, an institution may elect to
claim a fixed allowance for the
‘‘Administration’’ portion of indirect (F&A)
costs. The allowance could be either 24% of
modified total direct costs or a percentage
equal to 95% of the most recently negotiated
fixed or predetermined rate for the cost pools
included under ‘‘Administration’’ as defined
in Section B.1, whichever is less. Under this
alternative, no cost proposal need be
prepared for the ‘‘Administration’’ portion of
the indirect (F&A) cost rate nor is further
identification or documentation of these
costs required (see subsection c). Where a
negotiated indirect (F&A) cost agreement
includes this alternative, an institution must
make no further charges for the expenditure
categories described in Section B.5, General
administration and general expenses, Section
B.6, Departmental administration expenses,
Section B.7, Sponsored projects
administration, and Section B.9, Student
administration and services.
b. In negotiations of rates for subsequent
periods, an institution that has elected the
option of subsection a may continue to
exercise it at the same rate without further
identification or documentation of costs.
c. If an institution elects to accept a
threshold rate as defined in subsection a of
this section, it is not required to perform a
detailed analysis of its administrative costs.
However, in order to compute the facilities
components of its indirect (F&A) cost rate,
the institution must reconcile its indirect
(F&A) cost proposal to its financial
statements and make appropriate
adjustments and reclassifications to identify
the costs of each major function as defined
in Section A.1, as well as to identify and
allocate the facilities components.
Administrative costs that are not identified as
such by the institution’s accounting system
(such as those incurred in academic
departments) will be classified as
instructional costs for purposes of
reconciling indirect (F&A) cost proposals to
financial statements and allocating facilities
costs.
10. Individual Rate Components
In order to provide mutually agreed-upon
information for management purposes, each
indirect (F&A) cost rate negotiation or
determination shall include development of
a rate for each indirect (F&A) cost pool as
well as the overall indirect (F&A) cost rate.

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11. Negotiation and Approval of Indirect
(F&A) Rate
a. Cognizant agency for indirect costs is
defined in Subpart A—Acronyms and
Definitions.
(1) Cost negotiation cognizance is assigned
to the Department of Health and Human
Services (HHS) or the Department of
Defense’s Office of Naval Research (DOD),
normally depending on which of the two
agencies (HHS or DOD) provides more funds
to the educational institution for the most
recent three years. Information on funding
must be derived from relevant data gathered
by the National Science Foundation. In cases
where neither HHS nor DOD provides
Federal funding to an educational institution,
the cognizant agency for indirect costs
assignment must default to HHS.
Notwithstanding the method for cognizance
determination described in this section, other
arrangements for cognizance of a particular
educational institution may also be based in
part on the types of research performed at the
educational institution and must be decided
based on mutual agreement between HHS
and DOD.
(2) After cognizance is established, it must
continue for a five-year period.
b. Acceptance of rates. See § 200.414
Indirect (F&A) costs.
c. Correcting deficiencies. The cognizant
agency for indirect costs must negotiate
changes needed to correct systems
deficiencies relating to accountability for
Federal awards. Cognizant agencies for
indirect costs must address the concerns of
other affected agencies, as appropriate, and
must negotiate special rates for Federal
agencies that are required to limit recovery of
indirect costs by statute.
d. Resolving questioned costs. The
cognizant agency for indirect costs must
conduct any necessary negotiations with an
educational institution regarding amounts
questioned by audit that are due the Federal
government related to costs covered by a
negotiated agreement.
e. Reimbursement. Reimbursement to
cognizant agencies for indirect costs for work
performed under this Part may be made by
reimbursement billing under the Economy
Act, 31 U.S.C. 1535.
f. Procedure for establishing facilities and
administrative rates must be established by
one of the following methods:
(1) Formal negotiation. The cognizant
agency for indirect costs is responsible for
negotiating and approving rates for an
educational institution on behalf of all
Federal agencies. Non-cognizant Federal
agencies for indirect costs, which make
Federal awards to an educational institution,
must notify the cognizant agency for indirect
costs of specific concerns (i.e., a need to
establish special cost rates) which could
affect the negotiation process. The cognizant
agency for indirect costs must address the
concerns of all interested agencies, as
appropriate. A pre-negotiation conference
may be scheduled among all interested
agencies, if necessary. The cognizant agency
for indirect costs must then arrange a
negotiation conference with the educational
institution.
(2) Other than formal negotiation. The
cognizant agency for indirect costs and

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educational institution may reach an
agreement on rates without a formal
negotiation conference; for example, through
correspondence or use of the simplified
method described in this section D of this
Appendix.
g. Formalizing determinations and
agreements. The cognizant agency for
indirect costs must formalize all
determinations or agreements reached with
an educational institution and provide copies
to other agencies having an interest.
Determinations should include a description
of any adjustments, the actual amount, both
dollar and percentage adjusted, and the
reason for making adjustments.
h. Disputes and disagreements. Where the
cognizant agency for indirect costs is unable
to reach agreement with an educational
institution with regard to rates or audit
resolution, the appeal system of the
cognizant agency for indirect costs must be
followed for resolution of the disagreement.
12. Standard Format for Submission
For facilities and administrative (indirect
(F&A)) rate proposals, educational
institutions must use the standard format,
shown in section E of this appendix, to
submit their indirect (F&A) rate proposal to
the cognizant agency for indirect costs. The
cognizant agency for indirect costs may, on
an institution-by-institution basis, grant
exceptions from all or portions of Part II of
the standard format requirement. This
requirement does not apply to educational
institutions that use the simplified method
for calculating indirect (F&A) rates, as
described in Section D of this Appendix.
In order to provide mutually agreed upon
information for management purposes, each
F&A cost rate negotiation or determination
must include development of a rate for each
F&A cost pool as well as the overall F&A rate.
D. Simplified Method for Small Institutions
1. General
a. Where the total direct cost of work
covered by this Part at an institution does not
exceed $10 million in a fiscal year, the
simplified procedure described in
subsections 2 or 3 may be used in
determining allowable indirect (F&A) costs.
Under this simplified procedure, the
institution’s most recent annual financial
report and immediately available supporting
information must be utilized as a basis for
determining the indirect (F&A) cost rate
applicable to all Federal awards. The
institution may use either the salaries and
wages (see subsection 2) or modified total
direct costs (see subsection 3) as the
distribution basis.
b. The simplified procedure should not be
used where it produces results which appear
inequitable to the Federal government or the
institution. In any such case, indirect (F&A)
costs should be determined through use of
the regular procedure.
2. Simplified Procedure—Salaries and Wages
Base
a. Establish the total amount of salaries and
wages paid to all employees of the
institution.
b. Establish an indirect (F&A) cost pool
consisting of the expenditures (exclusive of

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capital items and other costs specifically
identified as unallowable) which customarily
are classified under the following titles or
their equivalents:
(1) General administration and general
expenses (exclusive of costs of student
administration and services, student
activities, student aid, and scholarships).
(2) Operation and maintenance of physical
plant and depreciation (after appropriate
adjustment for costs applicable to other
institutional activities).
(3) Library.
(4) Department administration expenses,
which will be computed as 20 percent of the
salaries and expenses of deans and heads of
departments.
In those cases where expenditures
classified under subsection (1) have
previously been allocated to other
institutional activities, they may be included
in the indirect (F&A) cost pool. The total
amount of salaries and wages included in the
indirect (F&A) cost pool must be separately
identified.
c. Establish a salary and wage distribution
base, determined by deducting from the total
of salaries and wages as established in
subsection a from the amount of salaries and
wages included under subsection b.
d. Establish the indirect (F&A) cost rate,
determined by dividing the amount in the
indirect (F&A) cost pool, subsection b, by the
amount of the distribution base, subsection c.
e. Apply the indirect (F&A) cost rate to
direct salaries and wages for individual
agreements to determine the amount of
indirect (F&A) costs allocable to such
agreements.

indirect (F&A) cost pool, subsection b, by the
amount of the distribution base, subsection c.
e. Apply the indirect (F&A) cost rate to the
modified total direct costs for individual
agreements to determine the amount of
indirect (F&A) costs allocable to such
agreements.

3. Simplified Procedure—Modified Total
Direct Cost Base
a. Establish the total costs incurred by the
institution for the base period.
b. Establish an indirect (F&A) cost pool
consisting of the expenditures (exclusive of
capital items and other costs specifically
identified as unallowable) which customarily
are classified under the following titles or
their equivalents:
(1) General administration and general
expenses (exclusive of costs of student
administration and services, student
activities, student aid, and scholarships).
(2) Operation and maintenance of physical
plant and depreciation (after appropriate
adjustment for costs applicable to other
institutional activities).
(3) Library.
(4) Department administration expenses,
which will be computed as 20 percent of the
salaries and expenses of deans and heads of
departments. In those cases where
expenditures classified under subsection (1)
have previously been allocated to other
institutional activities, they may be included
in the indirect (F&A) cost pool. The modified
total direct costs amount included in the
indirect (F&A) cost pool must be separately
identified.
c. Establish a modified total direct cost
distribution base, as defined in Section C.2,
The distribution basis, that consists of all
institution’s direct functions.
d. Establish the indirect (F&A) cost rate,
determined by dividing the amount in the

2. Certification of Indirect (F&A) Costs
a. Policy. Cognizant agencies must not
accept a proposed indirect cost rate must
unless such costs have been certified by the
educational institution using the Certificate
of indirect (F&A) Costs set forth in subsection
F.2.c
b. The certificate must be signed on behalf
of the institution by the chief financial officer
or an individual designated by an individual
at a level no lower than vice president or
chief financial officer.
(1) No indirect (F&A) cost rate must be
binding upon the Federal government if the
most recent required proposal from the
institution has not been certified. Where it is
necessary to establish indirect (F&A) cost
rates, and the institution has not submitted
a certified proposal for establishing such
rates in accordance with the requirements of
this section, the Federal government must
unilaterally establish such rates. Such rates
may be based upon audited historical data or
such other data that have been furnished to
the cognizant agency for indirect costs and
for which it can be demonstrated that all
unallowable costs have been excluded. When
indirect (F&A) cost rates are unilaterally
established by the Federal government
because of failure of the institution to submit
a certified proposal for establishing such
rates in accordance with this section, the
rates established will be set at a level low
enough to ensure that potentially
unallowable costs will not be reimbursed.
c. Certificate. The certificate required by
this section must be in the following form:

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E. Documentation Requirements
The standard format for documentation
requirements for indirect (indirect (F&A))
rate proposals for claiming costs under the
regular method is available on the OMB Web
site here: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/
grants_forms.
F. Certification
1. Certification of Charges
To assure that expenditures for Federal
awards are proper and in accordance with
the agreement documents and approved
project budgets, the annual and/or final fiscal
reports or vouchers requesting payment
under the agreements will include a
certification, signed by an authorized official
of the university, which reads ‘‘By signing
this report, I certify to the best of my
knowledge and belief that the report is true,
complete, and accurate, and the
expenditures, disbursements and cash
receipts are for the purposes and intent set
forth in the award documents. I am aware
that any false, fictitious, or fraudulent
information, or the omission of any material
fact, may subject me to criminal, civil or
administrative penalties for fraud, false
statements, false claims or otherwise. (U.S.
Code, Title 18, Section 1001 and Title 31,
Sections 3729–3733 and 3801–3812)’’.

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Certificate of Indirect (F&A) Costs
This is to certify that to the best of my
knowledge and belief:
(1) I have reviewed the indirect (F&A) cost
proposal submitted herewith;
(2) All costs included in this proposal
[identify date] to establish billing or final
indirect (F&A) costs rate for [identify period
covered by rate] are allowable in accordance
with the requirements of the Federal
agreement(s) to which they apply and with
the cost principles applicable to those
agreements.
(3) This proposal does not include any
costs which are unallowable under
applicable cost principles such as (without
limitation): public relations costs,
contributions and donations, entertainment
costs, fines and penalties, lobbying costs, and
defense of fraud proceedings; and
(4) All costs included in this proposal are
properly allocable to Federal agreements on
the basis of a beneficial or causal relationship
between the expenses incurred and the
agreements to which they are allocated in
accordance with applicable requirements.
I declare that the foregoing is true and
correct.
Institution of Higher Education:
Signature: llllllllllllllll
Name of Official: llllllllllll
Title: llllllllllllllllll
Date of Execution: llllllllllll

Appendix IV to Part 200—Indirect
(F&A) Costs Identification and
Assignment, and Rate Determination
for Nonprofit Organizations
A. General
1. Indirect costs are those that have been
incurred for common or joint objectives and
cannot be readily identified with a particular
final cost objective. Direct cost of minor
amounts may be treated as indirect costs
under the conditions described in § 200.413
Direct costs paragraph (d) of this Part. After
direct costs have been determined and
assigned directly to awards or other work as
appropriate, indirect costs are those
remaining to be allocated to benefitting cost
objectives. A cost may not be allocated to a
Federal award as an indirect cost if any other
cost incurred for the same purpose, in like
circumstances, has been assigned to a Federal
award as a direct cost.
‘‘Major nonprofit organizations’’ are
defined in § 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs. See
indirect cost rate reporting requirements in
sections B.2.e and B.3.g of this Appendix.
B. Allocation of Indirect Costs and
Determination of Indirect Cost Rates
1. General
a. If a nonprofit organization has only one
major function, or where all its major
functions benefit from its indirect costs to
approximately the same degree, the
allocation of indirect costs and the
computation of an indirect cost rate may be
accomplished through simplified allocation
procedures, as described in section B.2 of
this Appendix.
b. If an organization has several major
functions which benefit from its indirect

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costs in varying degrees, allocation of
indirect costs may require the accumulation
of such costs into separate cost groupings
which then are allocated individually to
benefitting functions by means of a base
which best measures the relative degree of
benefit. The indirect costs allocated to each
function are then distributed to individual
Federal awards and other activities included
in that function by means of an indirect cost
rate(s).
c. The determination of what constitutes an
organization’s major functions will depend
on its purpose in being; the types of services
it renders to the public, its clients, and its
members; and the amount of effort it devotes
to such activities as fundraising, public
information and membership activities.
d. Specific methods for allocating indirect
costs and computing indirect cost rates along
with the conditions under which each
method should be used are described in
section B.2 through B.5 of this Appendix.
e. The base period for the allocation of
indirect costs is the period in which such
costs are incurred and accumulated for
allocation to work performed in that period.
The base period normally should coincide
with the organization’s fiscal year but, in any
event, must be so selected as to avoid
inequities in the allocation of the costs.
2. Simplified Allocation Method
a. Where an organization’s major functions
benefit from its indirect costs to
approximately the same degree, the
allocation of indirect costs may be
accomplished by (i) separating the
organization’s total costs for the base period
as either direct or indirect, and (ii) dividing
the total allowable indirect costs (net of
applicable credits) by an equitable
distribution base. The result of this process
is an indirect cost rate which is used to
distribute indirect costs to individual Federal
awards. The rate should be expressed as the
percentage which the total amount of
allowable indirect costs bears to the base
selected. This method should also be used
where an organization has only one major
function encompassing a number of
individual projects or activities, and may be
used where the level of Federal awards to an
organization is relatively small.
b. Both the direct costs and the indirect
costs must exclude capital expenditures and
unallowable costs. However, unallowable
costs which represent activities must be
included in the direct costs under the
conditions described in § 200.413 Direct
costs, paragraph (e) of this Part.
c. The distribution base may be total direct
costs (excluding capital expenditures and
other distorting items, such contracts or
subawards for $25,000 or more), direct
salaries and wages, or other base which
results in an equitable distribution. The
distribution base must exclude participant
support costs as defined in § 200.75
Participant support costs.
d. Except where a special rate(s) is required
in accordance with section B.5 of this
Appendix, the indirect cost rate developed
under the above principles is applicable to
all Federal awards of the organization. If a
special rate(s) is required, appropriate

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modifications must be made in order to
develop the special rate(s).
e. For an organization that receives more
than $10 million in Federal funding of direct
costs in a fiscal year, a breakout of the
indirect cost component into two broad
categories, Facilities and Administration as
defined in section A.3 of this Appendix, is
required. The rate in each case must be stated
as the percentage which the amount of the
particular indirect cost category (i.e.,
Facilities or Administration) is of the
distribution base identified with that
category.
3. Multiple Allocation Base Method
a. General. Where an organization’s
indirect costs benefit its major functions in
varying degrees, indirect costs must be
accumulated into separate cost groupings, as
described in subparagraph b. Each grouping
must then be allocated individually to
benefitting functions by means of a base
which best measures the relative benefits.
The default allocation bases by cost pool are
described in section B.3.c of this Appendix.
b. Identification of indirect costs. Cost
groupings must be established so as to permit
the allocation of each grouping on the basis
of benefits provided to the major functions.
Each grouping must constitute a pool of
expenses that are of like character in terms
of functions they benefit and in terms of the
allocation base which best measures the
relative benefits provided to each function.
The groupings are classified within the two
broad categories: ‘‘Facilities’’ and
‘‘Administration,’’ as described in section
A.3 of this Appendix. The indirect cost pools
are defined as follows:
(1) Depreciation. The expenses under this
heading are the portion of the costs of the
organization’s buildings, capital
improvements to land and buildings, and
equipment which are computed in
accordance with § 200.436 Depreciation.
(2) Interest. Interest on debt associated
with certain buildings, equipment and
capital improvements are computed in
accordance with § 200.449 Interest.
(3) Operation and maintenance expenses.
The expenses under this heading are those
that have been incurred for the
administration, operation, maintenance,
preservation, and protection of the
organization’s physical plant. They include
expenses normally incurred for such items
as: janitorial and utility services; repairs and
ordinary or normal alterations of buildings,
furniture and equipment; care of grounds;
maintenance and operation of buildings and
other plant facilities; security; earthquake
and disaster preparedness; environmental
safety; hazardous waste disposal; property,
liability and other insurance relating to
property; space and capital leasing; facility
planning and management; and central
receiving. The operation and maintenance
expenses category must also include its
allocable share of fringe benefit costs,
depreciation, and interest costs.
(4) General administration and general
expenses. The expenses under this heading
are those that have been incurred for the
overall general executive and administrative
offices of the organization and other expenses

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of a general nature which do not relate solely
to any major function of the organization.
This category must also include its allocable
share of fringe benefit costs, operation and
maintenance expense, depreciation, and
interest costs. Examples of this category
include central offices, such as the director’s
office, the office of finance, business services,
budget and planning, personnel, safety and
risk management, general counsel,
management information systems, and
library costs.
In developing this cost pool, special care
should be exercised to ensure that costs
incurred for the same purpose in like
circumstances are treated consistently as
either direct or indirect costs. For example,
salaries of technical staff, project supplies,
project publication, telephone toll charges,
computer costs, travel costs, and specialized
services costs must be treated as direct costs
wherever identifiable to a particular program.
The salaries and wages of administrative and
pooled clerical staff should normally be
treated as indirect costs. Direct charging of
these costs may be appropriate where a major
project or activity explicitly requires and
budgets for administrative or clerical services
and other individuals involved can be
identified with the program or activity. Items
such as office supplies, postage, local
telephone costs, periodicals and
memberships should normally be treated as
indirect costs.
c. Allocation bases. Actual conditions must
be taken into account in selecting the base to
be used in allocating the expenses in each
grouping to benefitting functions. The
essential consideration in selecting a method
or a base is that it is the one best suited for
assigning the pool of costs to cost objectives
in accordance with benefits derived; a
traceable cause and effect relationship; or
logic and reason, where neither the cause nor
the effect of the relationship is determinable.
When an allocation can be made by
assignment of a cost grouping directly to the
function benefitted, the allocation must be
made in that manner. When the expenses in
a cost grouping are more general in nature,
the allocation must be made through the use
of a selected base which produces results that
are equitable to both the Federal government
and the organization. The distribution must
be made in accordance with the bases
described herein unless it can be
demonstrated that the use of a different base
would result in a more equitable allocation
of the costs, or that a more readily available
base would not increase the costs charged to
Federal awards. The results of special cost
studies (such as an engineering utility study)
must not be used to determine and allocate
the indirect costs to Federal awards.
(1) Depreciation. Depreciation expenses
must be allocated in the following manner:
(a) Depreciation on buildings used
exclusively in the conduct of a single
function, and on capital improvements and
equipment used in such buildings, must be
assigned to that function.
(b) Depreciation on buildings used for
more than one function, and on capital
improvements and equipment used in such
buildings, must be allocated to the individual
functions performed in each building on the

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basis of usable square feet of space, excluding
common areas, such as hallways, stairwells,
and restrooms.
(c) Depreciation on buildings, capital
improvements and equipment related space
(e.g., individual rooms, and laboratories)
used jointly by more than one function (as
determined by the users of the space) must
be treated as follows. The cost of each jointly
used unit of space must be allocated to the
benefitting functions on the basis of:
(i) the employees and other users on a fulltime equivalent (FTE) basis or salaries and
wages of those individual functions
benefitting from the use of that space; or
(ii) organization-wide employee FTEs or
salaries and wages applicable to the
benefitting functions of the organization.
(d) Depreciation on certain capital
improvements to land, such as paved parking
areas, fences, sidewalks, and the like, not
included in the cost of buildings, must be
allocated to user categories on a FTE basis
and distributed to major functions in
proportion to the salaries and wages of all
employees applicable to the functions.
(2) Interest. Interest costs must be allocated
in the same manner as the depreciation on
the buildings, equipment and capital
equipment to which the interest relates.
(3) Operation and maintenance expenses.
Operation and maintenance expenses must
be allocated in the same manner as the
depreciation.
(4) General administration and general
expenses. General administration and general
expenses must be allocated to benefitting
functions based on modified total costs
(MTC). The MTC is the modified total direct
costs (MTDC), as described in Subpart A—
Acronyms and Definitions of Part 200, plus
the allocated indirect cost proportion. The
expenses included in this category could be
grouped first according to major functions of
the organization to which they render
services or provide benefits. The aggregate
expenses of each group must then be
allocated to benefitting functions based on
MTC.
d. Order of distribution.
(1) Indirect cost categories consisting of
depreciation, interest, operation and
maintenance, and general administration and
general expenses must be allocated in that
order to the remaining indirect cost
categories as well as to the major functions
of the organization. Other cost categories
should be allocated in the order determined
to be most appropriate by the organization.
This order of allocation does not apply if
cross allocation of costs is made as provided
in section B.3.d.2 of this Appendix.
(2) Normally, an indirect cost category will
be considered closed once it has been
allocated to other cost objectives, and costs
must not be subsequently allocated to it.
However, a cross allocation of costs between
two or more indirect costs categories could
be used if such allocation will result in a
more equitable allocation of costs. If a cross
allocation is used, an appropriate
modification to the composition of the
indirect cost categories is required.
e. Application of indirect cost rate or rates.
Except where a special indirect cost rate(s) is
required in accordance with section B.5 of

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this Appendix, the separate groupings of
indirect costs allocated to each major
function must be aggregated and treated as a
common pool for that function. The costs in
the common pool must then be distributed to
individual Federal awards included in that
function by use of a single indirect cost rate.
f. Distribution basis. Indirect costs must be
distributed to applicable Federal awards and
other benefitting activities within each major
function on the basis of MTDC (see definition
in § 200.68 Modified Total Direct Cost
(MTDC) of Part 200.
g. Individual Rate Components. An
indirect cost rate must be determined for
each separate indirect cost pool developed.
The rate in each case must be stated as the
percentage which the amount of the
particular indirect cost pool is of the
distribution base identified with that pool.
Each indirect cost rate negotiation or
determination agreement must include
development of the rate for each indirect cost
pool as well as the overall indirect cost rate.
The indirect cost pools must be classified
within two broad categories: ‘‘Facilities’’ and
‘‘Administration,’’ as described in section
A.3 of this Appendix.
4. Direct Allocation Method
a. Some nonprofit organizations treat all
costs as direct costs except general
administration and general expenses. These
organizations generally separate their costs
into three basic categories: (i) General
administration and general expenses, (ii)
fundraising, and (iii) other direct functions
(including projects performed under Federal
awards). Joint costs, such as depreciation,
rental costs, operation and maintenance of
facilities, telephone expenses, and the like
are prorated individually as direct costs to
each category and to each Federal award or
other activity using a base most appropriate
to the particular cost being prorated.
b. This method is acceptable, provided
each joint cost is prorated using a base which
accurately measures the benefits provided to
each Federal award or other activity. The
bases must be established in accordance with
reasonable criteria, and be supported by
current data. This method is compatible with
the Standards of Accounting and Financial
Reporting for Voluntary Health and Welfare
Organizations issued jointly by the National
Health Council, Inc., the National Assembly
of Voluntary Health and Social Welfare
Organizations, and the United Way of
America.
c. Under this method, indirect costs consist
exclusively of general administration and
general expenses. In all other respects, the
organization’s indirect cost rates must be
computed in the same manner as that
described in section B.2 Simplified allocation
method of this Appendix.
5. Special Indirect Cost Rates
In some instances, a single indirect cost
rate for all activities of an organization or for
each major function of the organization may
not be appropriate, since it would not take
into account those different factors which
may substantially affect the indirect costs
applicable to a particular segment of work.
For this purpose, a particular segment of

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work may be that performed under a single
Federal award or it may consist of work
under a group of Federal awards performed
in a common environment. These factors may
include the physical location of the work, the
level of administrative support required, the
nature of the facilities or other resources
employed, the scientific disciplines or
technical skills involved, the organizational
arrangements used, or any combination
thereof. When a particular segment of work
is performed in an environment which
appears to generate a significantly different
level of indirect costs, provisions should be
made for a separate indirect cost pool
applicable to such work. The separate
indirect cost pool should be developed
during the course of the regular allocation
process, and the separate indirect cost rate
resulting therefrom should be used, provided
it is determined that (i) the rate differs
significantly from that which would have
been obtained under sections B.2, B.3, and
B.4 of this Appendix, and (ii) the volume of
work to which the rate would apply is
material.
C. Negotiation and Approval of Indirect Cost
Rates
1. Definitions
As used in this section, the following terms
have the meanings set forth in this section:
a. Cognizant agency for indirect costs
means the Federal agency responsible for
negotiating and approving indirect cost rates
for a nonprofit organization on behalf of all
Federal agencies.
b. Predetermined rate means an indirect
cost rate, applicable to a specified current or
future period, usually the organization’s
fiscal year. The rate is based on an estimate
of the costs to be incurred during the period.
A predetermined rate is not subject to
adjustment.
c. Fixed rate means an indirect cost rate
which has the same characteristics as a
predetermined rate, except that the difference
between the estimated costs and the actual
costs of the period covered by the rate is
carried forward as an adjustment to the rate
computation of a subsequent period.
d. Final rate means an indirect cost rate
applicable to a specified past period which
is based on the actual costs of the period. A
final rate is not subject to adjustment.
e. Provisional rate or billing rate means a
temporary indirect cost rate applicable to a
specified period which is used for funding,
interim reimbursement, and reporting
indirect costs on Federal awards pending the
establishment of a final rate for the period.
f. Indirect cost proposal means the
documentation prepared by an organization
to substantiate its claim for the
reimbursement of indirect costs. This
proposal provides the basis for the review
and negotiation leading to the establishment
of an organization’s indirect cost rate.
g. Cost objective means a function,
organizational subdivision, contract, Federal
award, or other work unit for which cost data
are desired and for which provision is made
to accumulate and measure the cost of
processes, projects, jobs and capitalized
projects.

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2. Negotiation and Approval of Rates
a. Unless different arrangements are agreed
to by the Federal agencies concerned, the
Federal agency with the largest dollar value
of Federal awards with an organization will
be designated as the cognizant agency for
indirect costs for the negotiation and
approval of the indirect cost rates and, where
necessary, other rates such as fringe benefit
and computer charge-out rates. Once an
agency is assigned cognizance for a particular
nonprofit organization, the assignment will
not be changed unless there is a shift in the
dollar volume of the Federal awards to the
organization for at least three years. All
concerned Federal agencies must be given
the opportunity to participate in the
negotiation process but, after a rate has been
agreed upon, it will be accepted by all
Federal agencies. When a Federal agency has
reason to believe that special operating
factors affecting its Federal awards
necessitate special indirect cost rates in
accordance with section B.5 of this
Appendix, it will, prior to the time the rates
are negotiated, notify the cognizant agency
for indirect costs. (See also § 200.414 Indirect
(F&A) costs of Part 200.)
b. Except as otherwise provided in
§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs paragraph (e)
of this Part, a nonprofit organization which
has not previously established an indirect
cost rate with a Federal agency must submit
its initial indirect cost proposal immediately
after the organization is advised that a
Federal award will be made and, in no event,
later than three months after the effective
date of the Federal award.
c. Unless approved by the cognizant
agency for indirect costs in accordance with
§ 200.414 Indirect (F&A) costs paragraph (f)
of this Part, organizations that have
previously established indirect cost rates
must submit a new indirect cost proposal to
the cognizant agency for indirect costs within
six months after the close of each fiscal year.
d. A predetermined rate may be negotiated
for use on Federal awards where there is
reasonable assurance, based on past
experience and reliable projection of the
organization’s costs, that the rate is not likely
to exceed a rate based on the organization’s
actual costs.
e. Fixed rates may be negotiated where
predetermined rates are not considered
appropriate. A fixed rate, however, must not
be negotiated if (i) all or a substantial portion
of the organization’s Federal awards are
expected to expire before the carry-forward
adjustment can be made; (ii) the mix of
Federal and non-Federal work at the
organization is too erratic to permit an
equitable carry-forward adjustment; or (iii)
the organization’s operations fluctuate
significantly from year to year.
f. Provisional and final rates must be
negotiated where neither predetermined nor
fixed rates are appropriate. Predetermined or
fixed rates may replace provisional rates at
any time prior to the close of the
organization’s fiscal year. If that event does
not occur, a final rate will be established and
upward or downward adjustments will be
made based on the actual allowable costs
incurred for the period involved.
g. The results of each negotiation must be
formalized in a written agreement between

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the cognizant agency for indirect costs and
the nonprofit organization. The cognizant
agency for indirect costs must make available
copies of the agreement to all concerned
Federal agencies.
h. If a dispute arises in a negotiation of an
indirect cost rate between the cognizant
agency for indirect costs and the nonprofit
organization, the dispute must be resolved in
accordance with the appeals procedures of
the cognizant agency for indirect costs.
i. To the extent that problems are
encountered among the Federal agencies in
connection with the negotiation and approval
process, OMB will lend assistance as
required to resolve such problems in a timely
manner.
D. Certification of Indirect (F&A) Costs
Required Certification. No proposal to
establish indirect (F&A) cost rates must be
acceptable unless such costs have been
certified by the non-profit organization using
the Certificate of Indirect (F&A) Costs set
forth in section j. of this appendix. The
certificate must be signed on behalf of the
organization by an individual at a level no
lower than vice president or chief financial
officer for the organization.
j. Each indirect cost rate proposal must be
accompanied by a certification in the
following form:
Certificate of Indirect (F&A) Costs
This is to certify that to the best of my
knowledge and belief:
(1) I have reviewed the indirect (F&A) cost
proposal submitted herewith;
(2) All costs included in this proposal
[identify date] to establish billing or final
indirect (F&A) costs rate for [identify period
covered by rate] are allowable in accordance
with the requirements of the Federal awards
to which they apply and with Subpart E—
Cost Principles of Part 200.
(3) This proposal does not include any
costs which are unallowable under Subpart
E—Cost Principles of Part 200 such as
(without limitation): public relations costs,
contributions and donations, entertainment
costs, fines and penalties, lobbying costs, and
defense of fraud proceedings; and
(4) All costs included in this proposal are
properly allocable to Federal awards on the
basis of a beneficial or causal relationship
between the expenses incurred and the
Federal awards to which they are allocated
in accordance with applicable requirements.
I declare that the foregoing is true and
correct.
Nonprofit Organization: lllllllll
Signature: llllllllllllllll
Name of Official: llllllllllll
Title: llllllllllllllllll
Date of Execution: llllllllllll

Appendix V to Part 200—State/Local
Government and Indian Tribe-Wide
Central Service Cost Allocation Plans
A. General
1. Most governmental units provide certain
services, such as motor pools, computer
centers, purchasing, accounting, etc., to
operating agencies on a centralized basis.
Since federally-supported awards are
performed within the individual operating

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agencies, there needs to be a process whereby
these central service costs can be identified
and assigned to benefitted activities on a
reasonable and consistent basis. The central
service cost allocation plan provides that
process. All costs and other data used to
distribute the costs included in the plan
should be supported by formal accounting
and other records that will support the
propriety of the costs assigned to Federal
awards.
2. Guidelines and illustrations of central
service cost allocation plans are provided in
a brochure published by the Department of
Health and Human Services entitled ‘‘A
Guide for State, Local and Indian Tribal
Governments: Cost Principles and Procedures
for Developing Cost Allocation Plans and
Indirect Cost Rates for Agreements with the
Federal Government.’’ A copy of this
brochure may be obtained from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office.
B. Definitions
1. Agency or operating agency means an
organizational unit or sub-division within a
governmental unit that is responsible for the
performance or administration of Federal
awards or activities of the governmental unit.
2. Allocated central services means central
services that benefit operating agencies but
are not billed to the agencies on a fee-forservice or similar basis. These costs are
allocated to benefitted agencies on some
reasonable basis. Examples of such services
might include general accounting, personnel
administration, purchasing, etc.
3. Billed central services means central
services that are billed to benefitted agencies
or programs on an individual fee-for-service
or similar basis. Typical examples of billed
central services include computer services,
transportation services, insurance, and fringe
benefits.
4. Cognizant agency for indirect costs is
defined in § 200.19 Cognizant agency for
indirect costs of this Part. The determination
of cognizant agency for indirect costs for
states and local governments is described in
section F.1, Negotiation and Approval of
Central Service Plans.
5. Major local government means local
government that receives more than $100
million in direct Federal awards subject to
this Part.
C. Scope of the Central Service Cost
Allocation Plans
The central service cost allocation plan
will include all central service costs that will
be claimed (either as a billed or an allocated
cost) under Federal awards and will be
documented as described in section E. Costs
of central services omitted from the plan will
not be reimbursed.
D. Submission Requirements
1. Each state will submit a plan to the
Department of Health and Human Services
for each year in which it claims central
service costs under Federal awards. The plan
should include (a) a projection of the next
year’s allocated central service cost (based
either on actual costs for the most recently
completed year or the budget projection for
the coming year), and (b) a reconciliation of

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actual allocated central service costs to the
estimated costs used for either the most
recently completed year or the year
immediately preceding the most recently
completed year.
2. Each major local government is also
required to submit a plan to its cognizant
agency for indirect costs annually.
3. All other local governments claiming
central service costs must develop a plan in
accordance with the requirements described
in this Part and maintain the plan and related
supporting documentation for audit. These
local governments are not required to submit
their plans for Federal approval unless they
are specifically requested to do so by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs. Where a
local government only receives funds as a
subrecipient, the pass-through entity will be
responsible for monitoring the subrecipient’s
plan.
4. All central service cost allocation plans
will be prepared and, when required,
submitted within six months prior to the
beginning of each of the governmental unit’s
fiscal years in which it proposes to claim
central service costs. Extensions may be
granted by the cognizant agency for indirect
costs on a case-by-case basis.
E. Documentation Requirements for
Submitted Plans
The documentation requirements
described in this section may be modified,
expanded, or reduced by the cognizant
agency for indirect costs on a case-by-case
basis. For example, the requirements may be
reduced for those central services which have
little or no impact on Federal awards.
Conversely, if a review of a plan indicates
that certain additional information is needed,
and will likely be needed in future years, it
may be routinely requested in future plan
submissions. Items marked with an asterisk
(*) should be submitted only once;
subsequent plans should merely indicate any
changes since the last plan.

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1. General
All proposed plans must be accompanied
by the following: an organization chart
sufficiently detailed to show operations
including the central service activities of the
state/local government whether or not they
are shown as benefitting from central service
functions; a copy of the Comprehensive
Annual Financial Report (or a copy of the
Executive Budget if budgeted costs are being
proposed) to support the allowable costs of
each central service activity included in the
plan; and, a certification (see subsection 4.)
that the plan was prepared in accordance
with this Part, contains only allowable costs,
and was prepared in a manner that treated
similar costs consistently among the various
Federal awards and between Federal and
non-Federal awards/activities.
2. Allocated Central Services
For each allocated central service, the plan
must also include the following: a brief
description of the service, an identification of
the unit rendering the service and the
operating agencies receiving the service, the
items of expense included in the cost of the
service, the method used to distribute the
cost of the service to benefitted agencies, and

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a summary schedule showing the allocation
of each service to the specific benefitted
agencies. If any self-insurance funds or fringe
benefits costs are treated as allocated (rather
than billed) central services, documentation
discussed in subsections 3.b. and c. must also
be included.
3. Billed Services
a. General. The information described in
this section must be provided for all billed
central services, including internal service
funds, self-insurance funds, and fringe
benefit funds.
b. Internal service funds.
(1) For each internal service fund or similar
activity with an operating budget of $5
million or more, the plan must include: a
brief description of each service; a balance
sheet for each fund based on individual
accounts contained in the governmental
unit’s accounting system; a revenue/expenses
statement, with revenues broken out by
source, e.g., regular billings, interest earned,
etc.; a listing of all non-operating transfers (as
defined by Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP)) into and out of the fund;
a description of the procedures
(methodology) used to charge the costs of
each service to users, including how billing
rates are determined; a schedule of current
rates; and, a schedule comparing total
revenues (including imputed revenues)
generated by the service to the allowable
costs of the service, as determined under this
Part, with an explanation of how variances
will be handled.
(2) Revenues must consist of all revenues
generated by the service, including unbilled
and uncollected revenues. If some users were
not billed for the services (or were not billed
at the full rate for that class of users), a
schedule showing the full imputed revenues
associated with these users must be
provided. Expenses must be broken out by
object cost categories (e.g., salaries, supplies,
etc.).
c. Self-insurance funds. For each selfinsurance fund, the plan must include: the
fund balance sheet; a statement of revenue
and expenses including a summary of
billings and claims paid by agency; a listing
of all non-operating transfers into and out of
the fund; the type(s) of risk(s) covered by the
fund (e.g., automobile liability, workers’
compensation, etc.); an explanation of how
the level of fund contributions are
determined, including a copy of the current
actuarial report (with the actuarial
assumptions used) if the contributions are
determined on an actuarial basis; and, a
description of the procedures used to charge
or allocate fund contributions to benefitted
activities. Reserve levels in excess of claims
(1) submitted and adjudicated but not paid,
(2) submitted but not adjudicated, and (3)
incurred but not submitted must be
identified and explained.
d. Fringe benefits. For fringe benefit costs,
the plan must include: a listing of fringe
benefits provided to covered employees, and
the overall annual cost of each type of
benefit; current fringe benefit policies; and
procedures used to charge or allocate the
costs of the benefits to benefitted activities.
In addition, for pension and post-retirement

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health insurance plans, the following
information must be provided: the
governmental unit’s funding policies, e.g.,
legislative bills, trust agreements, or statemandated contribution rules, if different from
actuarially determined rates; the pension
plan’s costs accrued for the year; the amount
funded, and date(s) of funding; a copy of the
current actuarial report (including the
actuarial assumptions); the plan trustee’s
report; and, a schedule from the activity
showing the value of the interest cost
associated with late funding.
4. Required Certification
Each central service cost allocation plan
will be accompanied by a certification in the
following form:
CERTIFICATE OF COST ALLOCATION
PLAN
This is to certify that I have reviewed the
cost allocation plan submitted herewith and
to the best of my knowledge and belief:
(1) All costs included in this proposal
[identify date] to establish cost allocations or
billings for [identify period covered by plan]
are allowable in accordance with the
requirements of this Part and the Federal
award(s) to which they apply. Unallowable
costs have been adjusted for in allocating
costs as indicated in the cost allocation plan.
(2) All costs included in this proposal are
properly allocable to Federal awards on the
basis of a beneficial or causal relationship
between the expenses incurred and the
Federal awards to which they are allocated
in accordance with applicable requirements.
Further, the same costs that have been treated
as indirect costs have not been claimed as
direct costs. Similar types of costs have been
accounted for consistently.
I declare that the foregoing is true and
correct.
Governmental Unit: lllllllllll
Signature: llllllllllllllll
Name of Official: llllllllllll
Title: llllllllllllllllll
Date of Execution: llllllllllll
F. Negotiation and Approval of Central
Service Plans
1. Federal Cognizant Agency for Indirect
Costs Assignments for Cost Negotiation
In general, unless different arrangements
are agreed to by the concerned Federal
agencies, for central service cost allocation
plans, the cognizant agency responsible for
review and approval is the Federal agency
with the largest dollar value of total Federal
awards with a governmental unit. For
indirect cost rates and departmental indirect
cost allocation plans, the cognizant agency is
the Federal agency with the largest dollar
value of direct Federal awards with a
governmental unit or component, as
appropriate. Once designated as the
cognizant agency for indirect costs, the
Federal agency must remain so for a period
of five years. In addition, the following
Federal agencies continue to be responsible
for the indicated governmental entities:
Department of Health and Human
Services—Public assistance and state-wide
cost allocation plans for all states (including
the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico),

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state and local hospitals, libraries and health
districts.
Department of the Interior—Indian tribal
governments, territorial governments, and
state and local park and recreational districts.
Department of Labor—State and local labor
departments.
Department of Education—School districts
and state and local education agencies.
Department of Agriculture—State and local
agriculture departments.
Department of Transportation—State and
local airport and port authorities and transit
districts.
Department of Commerce—State and local
economic development districts.
Department of Housing and Urban
Development—State and local housing and
development districts.
Environmental Protection Agency—State
and local water and sewer districts.
2. Review
All proposed central service cost allocation
plans that are required to be submitted will
be reviewed, negotiated, and approved by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs on a
timely basis. The cognizant agency for
indirect costs will review the proposal within
six months of receipt of the proposal and
either negotiate/approve the proposal or
advise the governmental unit of the
additional documentation needed to support/
evaluate the proposed plan or the changes
required to make the proposal acceptable.
Once an agreement with the governmental
unit has been reached, the agreement will be
accepted and used by all Federal agencies,
unless prohibited or limited by statute.
Where a Federal awarding agency has reason
to believe that special operating factors
affecting its Federal awards necessitate
special consideration, the funding agency
will, prior to the time the plans are
negotiated, notify the cognizant agency for
indirect costs.

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3. Agreement
The results of each negotiation must be
formalized in a written agreement between
the cognizant agency for indirect costs and
the governmental unit. This agreement will
be subject to re-opening if the agreement is
subsequently found to violate a statute or the
information upon which the plan was
negotiated is later found to be materially
incomplete or inaccurate. The results of the
negotiation must be made available to all
Federal agencies for their use.
4. Adjustments
Negotiated cost allocation plans based on
a proposal later found to have included costs
that: (a) are unallowable (i) as specified by
law or regulation, (ii) as identified in subpart
F, General Provisions for selected Items of
Cost of this Part, or (iii) by the terms and
conditions of Federal awards, or (b) are
unallowable because they are clearly not
allocable to Federal awards, must be
adjusted, or a refund must be made at the
option of the cognizant agency for indirect
costs, including earned or imputed interest
from the date of transfer and debt interest, if
applicable, chargeable in accordance with
applicable Federal cognizant agency for
indirect costs regulations. Adjustments or

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cash refunds may include, at the option of
the cognizant agency for indirect costs,
earned or imputed interest from the date of
expenditure and delinquent debt interest, if
applicable, chargeable in accordance with
applicable cognizant agency claims
collection regulations. These adjustments or
refunds are designed to correct the plans and
do not constitute a reopening of the
negotiation.
G. Other Policies
1. Billed Central Service Activities
Each billed central service activity must
separately account for all revenues (including
imputed revenues) generated by the service,
expenses incurred to furnish the service, and
profit/loss.
2. Working Capital Reserves
Internal service funds are dependent upon
a reasonable level of working capital reserve
to operate from one billing cycle to the next.
Charges by an internal service activity to
provide for the establishment and
maintenance of a reasonable level of working
capital reserve, in addition to the full
recovery of costs, are allowable. A working
capital reserve as part of retained earnings of
up to 60 calendar days cash expenses for
normal operating purposes is considered
reasonable. A working capital reserve
exceeding 60 calendar days may be approved
by the cognizant agency for indirect costs in
exceptional cases.
3. Carry-Forward Adjustments of Allocated
Central Service Costs
Allocated central service costs are usually
negotiated and approved for a future fiscal
year on a ‘‘fixed with carry-forward’’ basis.
Under this procedure, the fixed amounts for
the future year covered by agreement are not
subject to adjustment for that year. However,
when the actual costs of the year involved
become known, the differences between the
fixed amounts previously approved and the
actual costs will be carried forward and used
as an adjustment to the fixed amounts
established for a later year. This ‘‘carryforward’’ procedure applies to all central
services whose costs were fixed in the
approved plan. However, a carry-forward
adjustment is not permitted, for a central
service activity that was not included in the
approved plan, or for unallowable costs that
must be reimbursed immediately.
4. Adjustments of Billed Central Services
Billing rates used to charge Federal awards
must be based on the estimated costs of
providing the services, including an estimate
of the allocable central service costs. A
comparison of the revenue generated by each
billed service (including total revenues
whether or not billed or collected) to the
actual allowable costs of the service will be
made at least annually, and an adjustment
will be made for the difference between the
revenue and the allowable costs. These
adjustments will be made through one of the
following adjustment methods: (a) a cash
refund including earned or imputed interest
from the date of transfer and debt interest, if
applicable, chargeable in accordance with
applicable Federal cognizant agency for

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indirect costs regulations to the Federal
Government for the Federal share of the
adjustment, (b) credits to the amounts
charged to the individual programs, (c)
adjustments to future billing rates, or (d)
adjustments to allocated central service costs.
Adjustments to allocated central services will
not be permitted where the total amount of
the adjustment for a particular service
(Federal share and non-Federal) share
exceeds $500,000. Adjustment methods may
include, at the option of the cognizant
agency, earned or imputed interest from the
date of expenditure and delinquent debt
interest, if applicable, chargeable in
accordance with applicable cognizant agency
claims collection regulations.
5. Records Retention
All central service cost allocation plans
and related documentation used as a basis for
claiming costs under Federal awards must be
retained for audit in accordance with the
records retention requirements contained in
Subpart D—Post Federal Award
Requirements, of Part 200.
6. Appeals
If a dispute arises in the negotiation of a
plan between the cognizant agency for
indirect costs and the governmental unit, the
dispute must be resolved in accordance with
the appeals procedures of the cognizant
agency for indirect costs.
7. OMB Assistance
To the extent that problems are
encountered among the Federal agencies or
governmental units in connection with the
negotiation and approval process, OMB will
lend assistance, as required, to resolve such
problems in a timely manner.

Appendix VI to Part 200—Public
Assistance Cost Allocation Plans
A. General
Federally-financed programs administered
by state public assistance agencies are funded
predominately by the Department of Health
and Human Services (HHS). In support of its
stewardship requirements, HHS has
published requirements for the development,
documentation, submission, negotiation, and
approval of public assistance cost allocation
plans in Subpart E of 45 CFR Part 95. All
administrative costs (direct and indirect) are
normally charged to Federal awards by
implementing the public assistance cost
allocation plan. This Appendix extends these
requirements to all Federal agencies whose
programs are administered by a state public
assistance agency. Major federally-financed
programs typically administered by state
public assistance agencies include:
Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF),
Medicaid, Food Stamps, Child Support
Enforcement, Adoption Assistance and
Foster Care, and Social Services Block Grant.
B. Definitions
1. State public assistance agency means a
state agency administering or supervising the
administration of one or more public
assistance programs operated by the state as
identified in Subpart E of 45 CFR Part 95. For
the purpose of this Appendix, these programs

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include all programs administered by the
state public assistance agency.
2. State public assistance agency costs
means all costs incurred by, or allocable to,
the state public assistance agency, except
expenditures for financial assistance, medical
contractor payments, food stamps, and
payments for services and goods provided
directly to program recipients.
C. Policy
State public assistance agencies will
develop, document and implement, and the
Federal Government will review, negotiate,
and approve, public assistance cost
allocation plans in accordance with Subpart
E of 45 CFR Part 95. The plan will include
all programs administered by the state public
assistance agency. Where a letter of approval
or disapproval is transmitted to a state public
assistance agency in accordance with Subpart
E, the letter will apply to all Federal agencies
and programs. The remaining sections of this
Appendix (except for the requirement for
certification) summarize the provisions of
Subpart E of 45 CFR Part 95.

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D. Submission, Documentation, and
Approval of Public Assistance Cost
Allocation Plans
1. State public assistance agencies are
required to promptly submit amendments to
the cost allocation plan to HHS for review
and approval.
2. Under the coordination process outlined
in section E, Review of Implementation of
Approved Plans, affected Federal agencies
will review all new plans and plan
amendments and provide comments, as
appropriate, to HHS. The effective date of the
plan or plan amendment will be the first day
of the calendar quarter following the event
that required the amendment, unless another
date is specifically approved by HHS. HHS,
as the cognizant agency for indirect costs
acting on behalf of all affected Federal
agencies, will, as necessary, conduct
negotiations with the state public assistance
agency and will inform the state agency of
the action taken on the plan or plan
amendment.
E. Review of Implementation of Approved
Plans
1. Since public assistance cost allocation
plans are of a narrative nature, the review
during the plan approval process consists of
evaluating the appropriateness of the
proposed groupings of costs (cost centers)
and the related allocation bases. As such, the
Federal government needs some assurance
that the cost allocation plan has been
implemented as approved. This is
accomplished by reviews by the funding
agencies, single audits, or audits conducted
by the cognizant audit agency.
2. Where inappropriate charges affecting
more than one funding agency are identified,
the cognizant HHS cost negotiation office
will be advised and will take the lead in
resolving the issue(s) as provided for in
Subpart E of 45 CFR Part 95.
3. If a dispute arises in the negotiation of
a plan or from a disallowance involving two
or more funding agencies, the dispute must
be resolved in accordance with the appeals
procedures set out in 45 CFR Part 16.

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Disputes involving only one funding agency
will be resolved in accordance with the
Federal awarding agency’s appeal process.
4. To the extent that problems are
encountered among the Federal agencies or
governmental units in connection with the
negotiation and approval process, the Office
of Management and Budget will lend
assistance, as required, to resolve such
problems in a timely manner.
F. Unallowable Costs
Claims developed under approved cost
allocation plans will be based on allowable
costs as identified in this Part. Where
unallowable costs have been claimed and
reimbursed, they will be refunded to the
program that reimbursed the unallowable
cost using one of the following methods: (a)
a cash refund, (b) offset to a subsequent
claim, or (c) credits to the amounts charged
to individual Federal awards. Cash refunds,
offsets, and credits may include at the option
of the cognizant agency for indirect cost,
earned or imputed interest from the date of
expenditure and delinquent debt interest, if
applicable, chargeable in accordance with
applicable cognizant agency for indirect cost
claims collection regulations.

Appendix VII to Part 200—States and
Local Government and Indian Tribe
Indirect Cost Proposals
A. General
1. Indirect costs are those that have been
incurred for common or joint purposes.
These costs benefit more than one cost
objective and cannot be readily identified
with a particular final cost objective without
effort disproportionate to the results
achieved. After direct costs have been
determined and assigned directly to Federal
awards and other activities as appropriate,
indirect costs are those remaining to be
allocated to benefitted cost objectives. A cost
may not be allocated to a Federal award as
an indirect cost if any other cost incurred for
the same purpose, in like circumstances, has
been assigned to a Federal award as a direct
cost.
2. Indirect costs include (a) the indirect
costs originating in each department or
agency of the governmental unit carrying out
Federal awards and (b) the costs of central
governmental services distributed through
the central service cost allocation plan (as
described in Appendix V to Part 200—State/
Local Government and Indian Tribe-Wide
Central Service Cost Allocation Plans) and
not otherwise treated as direct costs.
3. Indirect costs are normally charged to
Federal awards by the use of an indirect cost
rate. A separate indirect cost rate(s) is usually
necessary for each department or agency of
the governmental unit claiming indirect costs
under Federal awards. Guidelines and
illustrations of indirect cost proposals are
provided in a brochure published by the
Department of Health and Human Services
entitled ‘‘A Guide for States and Local
Government Agencies: Cost Principles and
Procedures for Establishing Cost Allocation
Plans and Indirect Cost Rates for Grants and
Contracts with the Federal Government.’’ A
copy of this brochure may be obtained from

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the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office.
4. Because of the diverse characteristics
and accounting practices of governmental
units, the types of costs which may be
classified as indirect costs cannot be
specified in all situations. However, typical
examples of indirect costs may include
certain state/local-wide central service costs,
general administration of the non-Federal
entity accounting and personnel services
performed within the non-Federal entity,
depreciation on buildings and equipment,
the costs of operating and maintaining
facilities.
5. This Appendix does not apply to state
public assistance agencies. These agencies
should refer instead to Appendix VII to Part
200—States and Local Government and
Indian Tribe Indirect Cost Proposals.
B. Definitions
1. Base means the accumulated direct costs
(normally either total direct salaries and
wages or total direct costs exclusive of any
extraordinary or distorting expenditures)
used to distribute indirect costs to individual
Federal awards. The direct cost base selected
should result in each Federal award bearing
a fair share of the indirect costs in reasonable
relation to the benefits received from the
costs.
2. Base period for the allocation of indirect
costs is the period in which such costs are
incurred and accumulated for allocation to
activities performed in that period. The base
period normally should coincide with the
governmental unit’s fiscal year, but in any
event, must be so selected as to avoid
inequities in the allocation of costs.
3. Cognizant agency for indirect costs
means the Federal agency responsible for
reviewing and approving the governmental
unit’s indirect cost rate(s) on the behalf of the
Federal government. The cognizant agency
for indirect costs assignment is described in
Appendix VI, section F, Negotiation and
Approval of Central Service Plans.
4. Final rate means an indirect cost rate
applicable to a specified past period which
is based on the actual allowable costs of the
period. A final audited rate is not subject to
adjustment.
5. Fixed rate means an indirect cost rate
which has the same characteristics as a
predetermined rate, except that the difference
between the estimated costs and the actual,
allowable costs of the period covered by the
rate is carried forward as an adjustment to
the rate computation of a subsequent period.
6. Indirect cost pool is the accumulated
costs that jointly benefit two or more
programs or other cost objectives.
7. Indirect cost rate is a device for
determining in a reasonable manner the
proportion of indirect costs each program
should bear. It is the ratio (expressed as a
percentage) of the indirect costs to a direct
cost base.
8. Indirect cost rate proposal means the
documentation prepared by a governmental
unit or subdivision thereof to substantiate its
request for the establishment of an indirect
cost rate.
9. Predetermined rate means an indirect
cost rate, applicable to a specified current or

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future period, usually the governmental
unit’s fiscal year. This rate is based on an
estimate of the costs to be incurred during
the period. Except under very unusual
circumstances, a predetermined rate is not
subject to adjustment. (Because of legal
constraints, predetermined rates are not
permitted for Federal contracts; they may,
however, be used for grants or cooperative
agreements.) Predetermined rates may not be
used by governmental units that have not
submitted and negotiated the rate with the
cognizant agency for indirect costs. In view
of the potential advantages offered by this
procedure, negotiation of predetermined
rates for indirect costs for a period of two to
four years should be the norm in those
situations where the cost experience and
other pertinent facts available are deemed
sufficient to enable the parties involved to
reach an informed judgment as to the
probable level of indirect costs during the
ensuing accounting periods.
10. Provisional rate means a temporary
indirect cost rate applicable to a specified
period which is used for funding, interim
reimbursement, and reporting indirect costs
on Federal awards pending the establishment
of a ‘‘final’’ rate for that period.
C. Allocation of Indirect Costs and
Determination of Indirect Cost Rates

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1. General
a. Where a governmental unit’s department
or agency has only one major function, or
where all its major functions benefit from the
indirect costs to approximately the same
degree, the allocation of indirect costs and
the computation of an indirect cost rate may
be accomplished through simplified
allocation procedures as described in
subsection 2.
b. Where a governmental unit’s department
or agency has several major functions which
benefit from its indirect costs in varying
degrees, the allocation of indirect costs may
require the accumulation of such costs into
separate cost groupings which then are
allocated individually to benefitted functions
by means of a base which best measures the
relative degree of benefit. The indirect costs
allocated to each function are then
distributed to individual Federal awards and
other activities included in that function by
means of an indirect cost rate(s).
c. Specific methods for allocating indirect
costs and computing indirect cost rates along
with the conditions under which each
method should be used are described in
subsections 2, 3 and 4.
2. Simplified Method
a. Where a non-Federal entity’s major
functions benefit from its indirect costs to
approximately the same degree, the
allocation of indirect costs may be
accomplished by (1) classifying the nonFederal entity’s total costs for the base period
as either direct or indirect, and (2) dividing
the total allowable indirect costs (net of
applicable credits) by an equitable
distribution base. The result of this process
is an indirect cost rate which is used to
distribute indirect costs to individual Federal
awards. The rate should be expressed as the
percentage which the total amount of

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allowable indirect costs bears to the base
selected. This method should also be used
where a governmental unit’s department or
agency has only one major function
encompassing a number of individual
projects or activities, and may be used where
the level of Federal awards to that
department or agency is relatively small.
b. Both the direct costs and the indirect
costs must exclude capital expenditures and
unallowable costs. However, unallowable
costs must be included in the direct costs if
they represent activities to which indirect
costs are properly allocable.
c. The distribution base may be (1) total
direct costs (excluding capital expenditures
and other distorting items, such as passthrough funds, subcontracts in excess of
$25,000, participant support costs, etc.), (2)
direct salaries and wages, or (3) another base
which results in an equitable distribution.
3. Multiple Allocation Base Method
a. Where a non-Federal entity’s indirect
costs benefit its major functions in varying
degrees, such costs must be accumulated into
separate cost groupings. Each grouping must
then be allocated individually to benefitted
functions by means of a base which best
measures the relative benefits.
b. The cost groupings should be
established so as to permit the allocation of
each grouping on the basis of benefits
provided to the major functions. Each
grouping should constitute a pool of
expenses that are of like character in terms
of the functions they benefit and in terms of
the allocation base which best measures the
relative benefits provided to each function.
The number of separate groupings should be
held within practical limits, taking into
consideration the materiality of the amounts
involved and the degree of precision needed.
c. Actual conditions must be taken into
account in selecting the base to be used in
allocating the expenses in each grouping to
benefitted functions. When an allocation can
be made by assignment of a cost grouping
directly to the function benefitted, the
allocation must be made in that manner.
When the expenses in a grouping are more
general in nature, the allocation should be
made through the use of a selected base
which produces results that are equitable to
both the Federal government and the
governmental unit. In general, any cost
element or related factor associated with the
governmental unit’s activities is potentially
adaptable for use as an allocation base
provided that: (1) it can readily be expressed
in terms of dollars or other quantitative
measures (total direct costs, direct salaries
and wages, staff hours applied, square feet
used, hours of usage, number of documents
processed, population served, and the like),
and (2) it is common to the benefitted
functions during the base period.
d. Except where a special indirect cost
rate(s) is required in accordance with
paragraph (C)(4) of this Appendix, the
separate groupings of indirect costs allocated
to each major function must be aggregated
and treated as a common pool for that
function. The costs in the common pool must
then be distributed to individual Federal
awards included in that function by use of
a single indirect cost rate.

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e. The distribution base used in computing
the indirect cost rate for each function may
be (1) total direct costs (excluding capital
expenditures and other distorting items such
as pass-through funds, subcontracts in excess
of $25,000, participant support costs, etc.),
(2) direct salaries and wages, or (3) another
base which results in an equitable
distribution. An indirect cost rate should be
developed for each separate indirect cost
pool developed. The rate in each case should
be stated as the percentage relationship
between the particular indirect cost pool and
the distribution base identified with that
pool.
4. Special Indirect Cost Rates
a. In some instances, a single indirect cost
rate for all activities of a non-Federal entity
or for each major function of the agency may
not be appropriate. It may not take into
account those different factors which may
substantially affect the indirect costs
applicable to a particular program or group
of programs. The factors may include the
physical location of the work, the level of
administrative support required, the nature
of the facilities or other resources employed,
the organizational arrangements used, or any
combination thereof. When a particular
Federal award is carried out in an
environment which appears to generate a
significantly different level of indirect costs,
provisions should be made for a separate
indirect cost pool applicable to that Federal
award. The separate indirect cost pool should
be developed during the course of the regular
allocation process, and the separate indirect
cost rate resulting therefrom should be used,
provided that: (1) The rate differs
significantly from the rate which would have
been developed under paragraphs (C)(2) and
(C)(3) of this Appendix, and (2) the Federal
award to which the rate would apply is
material in amount.
b. Where Federal statutes restrict the
reimbursement of certain indirect costs, it
may be necessary to develop a special rate for
the affected Federal award. Where a
‘‘restricted rate’’ is required, the same
procedure for developing a non-restricted
rate will be used except for the additional
step of the elimination from the indirect cost
pool those costs for which the law prohibits
reimbursement.
D. Submission and Documentation of
Proposals
1. Submission of Indirect Cost Rate Proposals
a. All departments or agencies of the
governmental unit desiring to claim indirect
costs under Federal awards must prepare an
indirect cost rate proposal and related
documentation to support those costs. The
proposal and related documentation must be
retained for audit in accordance with the
records retention requirements contained in
the Common Rule.
b. A governmental department or agency
unit that receives more than $35 million in
direct Federal funding must submit its
indirect cost rate proposal to its cognizant
agency for indirect costs. Other governmental
department or agency must develop an
indirect cost proposal in accordance with the
requirements of this Part and maintain the

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proposal and related supporting
documentation for audit. These governmental
departments or agencies are not required to
submit their proposals unless they are
specifically requested to do so by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs. Where a
non-Federal entity only receives funds as a
subrecipient, the pass-through entity will be
responsible for negotiating and/or monitoring
the subrecipient’s indirect costs.
c. Each Indian tribal government desiring
reimbursement of indirect costs must submit
its indirect cost proposal to the Department
of the Interior (its cognizant agency for
indirect costs).
d. Indirect cost proposals must be
developed (and, when required, submitted)
within six months after the close of the
governmental unit’s fiscal year, unless an
exception is approved by the cognizant
agency for indirect costs. If the proposed
central service cost allocation plan for the
same period has not been approved by that
time, the indirect cost proposal may be
prepared including an amount for central
services that is based on the latest federallyapproved central service cost allocation plan.
The difference between these central service
amounts and the amounts ultimately
approved will be compensated for by an
adjustment in a subsequent period.

herewith and to the best of my knowledge
and belief:
(1) All costs included in this proposal
[identify date] to establish billing or final
indirect costs rates for [identify period
covered by rate] are allowable in accordance
with the requirements of the Federal award(s)
to which they apply and the provisions of
this Part. Unallowable costs have been
adjusted for in allocating costs as indicated
in the indirect cost proposal
(2) All costs included in this proposal are
properly allocable to Federal awards on the
basis of a beneficial or causal relationship
between the expenses incurred and the
agreements to which they are allocated in
accordance with applicable requirements.
Further, the same costs that have been treated
as indirect costs have not been claimed as
direct costs. Similar types of costs have been
accounted for consistently and the Federal
government will be notified of any
accounting changes that would affect the
predetermined rate.
I declare that the foregoing is true and
correct.
Governmental Unit: lllllllllll
Signature: llllllllllllllll
Name of Official: llllllllllll
Title: llllllllllllllllll
Date of Execution: llllllllllll

2. Documentation of Proposals
The following must be included with each
indirect cost proposal:
a. The rates proposed, including subsidiary
work sheets and other relevant data, cross
referenced and reconciled to the financial
data noted in subsection b. Allocated central
service costs will be supported by the
summary table included in the approved
central service cost allocation plan. This
summary table is not required to be
submitted with the indirect cost proposal if
the central service cost allocation plan for the
same fiscal year has been approved by the
cognizant agency for indirect costs and is
available to the funding agency.
b. A copy of the financial data (financial
statements, comprehensive annual financial
report, executive budgets, accounting reports,
etc.) upon which the rate is based.
Adjustments resulting from the use of
unaudited data will be recognized, where
appropriate, by the Federal cognizant agency
for indirect costs in a subsequent proposal.
c. The approximate amount of direct base
costs incurred under Federal awards. These
costs should be broken out between salaries
and wages and other direct costs.
d. A chart showing the organizational
structure of the agency during the period for
which the proposal applies, along with a
functional statement(s) noting the duties and/
or responsibilities of all units that comprise
the agency. (Once this is submitted, only
revisions need be submitted with subsequent
proposals.)
3. Required certification.
Each indirect cost rate proposal must be
accompanied by a certification in the
following form:
CERTIFICATE OF INDIRECT COSTS
This is to certify that I have reviewed the
indirect cost rate proposal submitted

E. Negotiation and Approval of Rates.
1. Indirect cost rates will be reviewed,
negotiated, and approved by the cognizant
agency on a timely basis. Once a rate has
been agreed upon, it will be accepted and
used by all Federal agencies unless
prohibited or limited by statute. Where a
Federal awarding agency has reason to
believe that special operating factors affecting
its Federal awards necessitate special
indirect cost rates, the funding agency will,
prior to the time the rates are negotiated,
notify the cognizant agency for indirect costs.
2. The use of predetermined rates, if
allowed, is encouraged where the cognizant
agency for indirect costs has reasonable
assurance based on past experience and
reliable projection of the non-Federal entity’s
costs, that the rate is not likely to exceed a
rate based on actual costs. Long-term
agreements utilizing predetermined rates
extending over two or more years are
encouraged, where appropriate.
3. The results of each negotiation must be
formalized in a written agreement between
the cognizant agency for indirect costs and
the governmental unit. This agreement will
be subject to re-opening if the agreement is
subsequently found to violate a statute, or the
information upon which the plan was
negotiated is later found to be materially
incomplete or inaccurate. The agreed upon
rates must be made available to all Federal
agencies for their use.
4. Refunds must be made if proposals are
later found to have included costs that (a) are
unallowable (i) as specified by law or
regulation, (ii) as identified in § 200.420
Considerations for selected items of cost, of
this Part, or (iii) by the terms and conditions
of Federal awards, or (b) are unallowable
because they are clearly not allocable to
Federal awards. These adjustments or
refunds will be made regardless of the type

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of rate negotiated (predetermined, final,
fixed, or provisional).
F. Other Policies
1. Fringe Benefit Rates
If overall fringe benefit rates are not
approved for the governmental unit as part of
the central service cost allocation plan, these
rates will be reviewed, negotiated and
approved for individual recipient agencies
during the indirect cost negotiation process.
In these cases, a proposed fringe benefit rate
computation should accompany the indirect
cost proposal. If fringe benefit rates are not
used at the recipient agency level (i.e., the
agency specifically identifies fringe benefit
costs to individual employees), the
governmental unit should so advise the
cognizant agency for indirect costs.
2. Billed Services Provided by the Recipient
Agency
In some cases, governmental departments
or agencies (components of the governmental
unit) provide and bill for services similar to
those covered by central service cost
allocation plans (e.g., computer centers).
Where this occurs, the governmental
departments or agencies (components of the
governmental unit)should be guided by the
requirements in Appendix VI relating to the
development of billing rates and
documentation requirements, and should
advise the cognizant agency for indirect costs
of any billed services. Reviews of these types
of services (including reviews of costing/
billing methodology, profits or losses, etc.)
will be made on a case-by-case basis as
warranted by the circumstances involved.
3. Indirect Cost Allocations Not Using Rates
In certain situations, governmental
departments or agencies (components of the
governmental unit), because of the nature of
their Federal awards, may be required to
develop a cost allocation plan that distributes
indirect (and, in some cases, direct) costs to
the specific funding sources. In these cases,
a narrative cost allocation methodology
should be developed, documented,
maintained for audit, or submitted, as
appropriate, to the cognizant agency for
indirect costs for review, negotiation, and
approval.
4. Appeals
If a dispute arises in a negotiation of an
indirect cost rate (or other rate) between the
cognizant agency for indirect costs and the
governmental unit, the dispute must be
resolved in accordance with the appeals
procedures of the cognizant agency for
indirect costs.
5. Collection of Unallowable Costs and
Erroneous Payments
Costs specifically identified as unallowable
and charged to Federal awards either directly
or indirectly will be refunded (including
interest chargeable in accordance with
applicable Federal cognizant agency for
indirect costs regulations).
6. OMB Assistance
To the extent that problems are
encountered among the Federal agencies or

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governmental units in connection with the
negotiation and approval process, OMB will
lend assistance, as required, to resolve such
problems in a timely manner.

Appendix VIII to Part 200—Nonprofit
Organizations Exempted From Subpart
E—Cost Principles of Part 200

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1. Advance Technology Institute (ATI),
Charleston, South Carolina
2. Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo,
California
3. American Institutes of Research (AIR),
Washington, DC
4. Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago,
Illinois
5. Atomic Casualty Commission,
Washington, DC
6. Battelle Memorial Institute, Headquartered
in Columbus, Ohio
7. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
New York
8. Charles Stark Draper Laboratory,
Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts
9. CNA Corporation (CNAC), Alexandria,
Virginia
10. Environmental Institute of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan
11. Georgia Institute of Technology/Georgia
Tech Applied Research Corporation/
Georgia Tech Research Institute, Atlanta,
Georgia
12. Hanford Environmental Health
Foundation, Richland, Washington
13. IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois

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14. Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago,
Illinois
15. Institute for Defense Analysis,
Alexandria, Virginia
16. LMI, McLean, Virginia
17. Mitre Corporation, Bedford,
Massachusetts
18. Noblis, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia
19. National Radiological Astronomy
Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia
20. National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, Colorado
21. Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee
22. Rand Corporation, Santa Monica,
California
23. Research Triangle Institute, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina
24. Riverside Research Institute, New York,
New York
25. South Carolina Research Authority
(SCRA), Charleston, South Carolina
26. Southern Research Institute, Birmingham,
Alabama
27. Southwest Research Institute, San
Antonio, Texas
28. SRI International, Menlo Park, California
29. Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse,
New York
30. Universities Research Association,
Incorporated (National Acceleration Lab),
Argonne, Illinois
31. Urban Institute, Washington DC
32. Non-profit insurance companies, such as
Blue Cross and Blue Shield Organizations
33. Other non-profit organizations as
negotiated with Federal awarding agencies

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Appendix IX to Part 200—Hospital Cost
Principles
Based on initial feedback, OMB proposes
to establish a review process to consider
existing hospital cost determine how best to
update and align them with this Part. Until
such time as revised guidance is proposed
and implemented for hospitals, the existing
principles located at 45 CFR Part 74
Appendix E, entitled ‘‘Principles for
Determining Cost Applicable to Research and
Development Under Grants and Contracts
with Hospitals,’’ remain in effect.

Appendix X to Part 200—Data
Collection Form (Form SF–SAC)
The Data Collection Form SF–SAC is
available on the FAC Web site.

Appendix XI to Part 200—Compliance
Supplement
The compliance supplement is available on
the OMB Web site: (e.g. for 2013 here
http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/)

PARTS 215, 220, 225, and 230—
[REMOVED]
4. Remove parts 215, 220, 225, and
230.

■

[FR Doc. 2013–30465 Filed 12–19–13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE P

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