2022 PPCS OMB Supporting Statement A_Clean

Supporting Statement – 2022 Police Public Contact Survey (PPCS)

The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) requests clearance to conduct the 2022 Police Public Contact Survey (PPCS) as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) to collect information about the nature and outcomes (e.g., arrest, ticket/warning) of the public’s contacts with the police. Contact with the police refers to voluntary contacts, such as residents seeking help or assistance from the police, and involuntary contacts, such as police approaching residents during a street or traffic stop. The NCVS and all related contacts and protocols have been previously approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (OMB Control No: 1121-0111) and this request is specifically for a supplemental data collection instrument that will be added to the approved NCVS core from July 2022 through December 2022. The last PPCS was administered from January 2020 through June 2020. It was approved under OMB No. 1121-0260, which expired May 31, 2021. The goal of the collection is to report national statistics that provide a better understanding of the types, frequency, and outcomes of contacts between the police and the public, public perceptions of police behavior during the contact, and the conditions under which force may be threatened or used.

Justification

1. Necessity of the Information Collection

BJS initially designed the PPCS in response to Congressional requirements that the Department of Justice report annually on police excessive use of force. Section 210402 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (34 U.S.C. § 12602) mandated that the Attorney General collect data on the “use of excessive force by law enforcement officers” (see Attachment 1) and publish an annual summary. The Act was initiated due to the lack of reliable data on the extent of excessive force used by law enforcement officers. In response to the Act, BJS designed the PPCS to obtain information directly from the public about their perceptions of excessive use of force by police. There are no other current national data available to analyze the use of force by law enforcement agencies, in particular nonlethal use of force, though the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has begun to stand up a collection of use of force incidents from law enforcement agencies (OMB No. 1110-0071).

The PPCS is administered to a nationally representative sample of U.S. residents and collects data from residents about nonfatal use-of-force incidents, including the types of force police might have used and whether the respondent thought the amount of force used or threatened was excessive. By asking residents directly about their experiences, the PPCS can collect data on the full continuum of police actions.

In addition to obtaining the public’s views on police use of force, the PPCS also collects data on the nature and prevalence of public contacts with police. This objective is central to BJS’s mission of collecting, analyzing, and disseminating statistics on the operations of the criminal justice system, as given in 34 U.S.C. § 10132 (Attachment 2). Police contact represents the initial and most common interaction that most residents have with the criminal justice system. For example, in 2018, about 61.5 million U.S. residents had one or more contacts with police during the prior 12 months.¹

The PPCS addresses timely issues related to race and policing by obtaining data from respondents on the demographic attributes of both the persons who had contact and the officer(s) with whom they had contact. The PPCS data reveal that there are differences in perceptions of the legitimacy of police behavior across subgroups and types of police contact. Understanding public perceptions of the legitimacy of police can be useful for explaining victim reporting of crime to the police, which, in turn, is related to reductions in violent crime rates. Police contacts with residents also represent a potential opportunity to build personal and public trust in the criminal justice system and enhance community efficacy and safety.

BJS requests a 3-year clearance from OMB that will cover the 2022 PPCS data collection. The PPCS will be conducted from July 1, 2022 through December 31, 2022. During this 6-month period, the supplement will be administered to all NCVS respondents age 16 and older, following the completion of the NCVS screener and the NCVS crime incident report (if applicable NCVS crimes were reported).

2. Needs and Uses

34 U.S.C. § 10132 (Attachment 2) authorizes BJS to collect statistics on the operations of the criminal justice system. Because the PPCS is administered within the NCVS, it supports BJS’s efforts to better understand the relationships among victims, the police, and the community. The PPCS is unique in its ability to comprehensively provide these types of information and it is:

• the only national collection on police contact from the perspective of residents;

• the only national data collection that measures the full scope of nonlethal force used by police;

• the only national data collection that collects measures of police legitimacy;

• the only national data collection that can be used to assess racial disparities in contact with police and outcomes of contact with police;

• and the only data collection that can provide national estimates of the rate of searches during traffic stops and the prevalence of stop and frisk practices.

The PPCS also informs understanding of resident conduct toward police in resident-police interactions.

The information generated by the prior waves of the PPCS has been used to inform research and policy discussions on many salient topics related to police—police use of force and excessive force, racial differences in the number and characteristics of traffic stops and searches, resident perceptions of the legitimacy of police contacts, and residents’ likelihood of contacting the police again in the future. Data on these topics are fundamental to police efforts to build relations with their communities, encourage residents to report criminal activity, and reduce violent crime. Because the information is provided by residents, these data are an independent source for systematic knowledge about the behavior of the police and resident perceptions of police that is not dependent on official police records or self-reports from law enforcement officers.

Legislators, policymakers, researchers, members of the media, the public, and the law enforcement community have long recognized the need for the collection of routine national statistics on the use of force by police. While much of the focus on this call for data has been on lethal force, prior iterations of the PPCS suggest that lethal force only accounts for a small portion of all incidents of verbal persuasion or physical force. Understanding the full array of types of force requires data collection on the continuum of less-lethal police actions in escalated circumstances—from cursing and verbal threats of force; to pushing and shoving, punching, and kicking; to the use of a pepper/chemical spray, taser, or firearm. Only the PPCS meets this data collection need. Together with law enforcement data on fatal force, the PPCS responds to the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 requirement that the Department of Justice collect and disseminate data on police use of force.

The findings from the PPCS have been published in BJS reports that have been used by the media to improve the public’s awareness of the prevalence of nonfatal police use of force, used by researchers to examine topics such as public perceptions of racial profiling, used by legislators and policymakers to inform legislation on police reporting practices, and used by the law enforcement community to better understand public perceptions of police behavior and independent reports of use of force. As with prior PPCS collections, the 2022 PPCS data will be used to develop a BJS report examining the nature and outcomes of both resident-initiated and police-initiated contacts, perceptions of police behavior and legitimacy during contacts, police threat and use of nonfatal force, and resident conduct toward police.

BJS Needs and Uses

The PPCS data allow BJS to address a number of issues, including:

• the public’s perception of the police and their legitimacy;

• police use of force;

• racial differences in the outcomes of street stops, traffic stops, and searches; and

• public satisfaction with police responses to voluntary contacts.

Exhibit 1 displays the types of estimates that can be produced from the 2022 PPCS (see Attachment 3 for complete instrument).

Exhibit 1: Types of estimates that can be drawn from the 2022 PPCS

Estimates1	Relevant questions
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who had contact with the police during the prior 12 months	Q 1a-1l
Average number of contacts among persons with police contact	Q 1a1-1l1
Percent of persons 16 or older experiencing different types of resident- and police-initiated contact with police (e.g., requests for assistance, traffic stop, street stop, etc.)	Q 1a-1l
Demographic characteristics of persons with different types of police contact	NCVS core
Demographic characteristics of police officers involved in traffic and street stops, including gender, race, and Hispanic origin	Q18-26
Relationship between demographic characteristics of police officers and residents in traffic and street stops	Q1-26
Rate/percent of drivers 16 or older who were involved in a traffic stop	Q42
Percent of traffic stops resulting in ticketing, search, or arrest and reasons for the stop	Q27-33
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who were stopped and searched by police	Q31
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older against whom the police used or threatened to use force	Q37, Q53, Q54
Rate/percent of type of force used or threatened against persons 16 or older	Q37
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt police behavior was appropriate	Q46
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt the police engaged in inappropriate verbal or sexual behavior	Q47, Q55
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt police behaviors were motivated by prejudice or bias	Q48
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who felt force used against them by police was excessive	Q39
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older experiencing arrest as a result of police contact	Q30
Percent of resident-initiated police contacts that were conducted face-to-face	Q1a2-1l2
Percent of persons 16 or older who were satisfied with police response to requests for assistance	Q44
Percent of persons 16 or older with resident-initiated contact who expressed a willingness to contact the police again	Q45
Rate/percent of persons 16 or older who engaged in verbal or physical resistance toward police	Q40

¹ Some data that refer to characteristics like sex, race, and household income are covered in the NCVS survey and not in the PPCS.

Since the initiation of the data collection in 1999, BJS has published 11 substantive reports based on the PPCS data, with one report forthcoming:

• Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2020 (forthcoming).

• Harrell, Erika & Davis, Elizabeth (2020) Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2018 – Statistical Tables.

• Davis, Elizabeth; Whyde, Anthony; & Langton, Lynn (2018) Contacts Between Police and the Public, 2015.

• Hyland, Shelley; Langton, Lynn; & Davis, Elizabeth (2015) Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002-2011.

• Durose, Matthew & Langton, Lynn (2013) Requests for Police Assistance, 2011.

• Langton, Lynn & Durose, Matthew (2013) Police Behavior during Traffic and Street Stops, 2011.

• Eith, Christine & Durose, Matthew R. (2011) Contacts Between the Police and the Public, 2008.

• Durose, Matthew R.; Langan, Patrick A.; & Smith, Erica L. (2007) Contacts Between the Police and the Public, 2005.

• Durose, Matthew R. & Smith, Erica L. (2006) Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by the Police, 2002.

• Durose, Matthew R.; Langan, Patrick A.; & Smith, Erica, L. (2005) Contacts between Police and Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey.

• Durose, Matthew R.; Langan, Patrick A.; & Smith, Erica, L. (2002) Characteristics of Drivers Stopped by the Police, 1999.

• Langan, Patrick A.; Greenfeld, Lawrence A.; Smith, Steven K.; Durose, Matthew, R.; & Levin, David J. (2001) Contacts between Police and the Public Findings from the 1999 National Survey.

Uses of PPCS Data by Others

The findings from BJS publications and independent uses of the publicly archived PPCS data are widely cited in research and professional journals and in media accounts that inform public policy about the nature of contemporary policing. Data from the PPCS have been used in over 200 scholarly journal articles, law reviews, and dissertations. In addition, the PPCS and the resulting reports are the basis for most of BJS’s responses to numerous public and press inquiries concerning traffic stops, searches, and police uses of force.

In conformity with the principles for Federal Statistical Agencies and the Data Quality Guidelines, BJS provides access to fully documented copies of the data collected as part of the PPCS. These data are available to the public through the BJS-supported National Archive of Criminal Justice Data at the University of Michigan (https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NACJD/studies/37916).

State and local governments have found the PPCS useful to policymakers at the state level. For instance, Ralph Ioimo and his colleagues designed and implemented a Virginia Police-Public Contact Survey from which they could compare state-specific findings to those reported by BJS for the nation.

Researchers and practitioners often reanalyze the data to inform public policy about the nature of contemporary policing. Data from the PPCS have been used in over 200 scholarly journal articles, law reviews, and dissertations. A few examples are provided below and a longer list is provided in Attachment 4:

• Anderson, M. (2021). Profiling beyond race: characteristics associated with traffic stop outcomes. [Thesis], East Tennessee State University. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3881/

• Benton, M. (2020). Representation is not enough: Symbolic representation and perceptions of the police. Administration and Society, 52(5), 794-822.

• Boateng, F.D. & Howley, C. (2020). The verdict is in: how did they decide? Using drivers’ self-reported data to understand officers’ decision making during traffic stop encounters. Psychology, Crime & Law, 26(4), 402-417.

• Chenane, J.L.; Wright, E. M.; & Gibson, C. L. (2020). Traffic stops, race, and perceptions of fairness. Policing and society, 30(6), 720-737.

• Federman, P.S. (2021). Cop wisdom and the democratic consequences of citizen-state interactions. Administration and Society. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00953997211046594

• Garner, J.H.; Hickman, M.J.; Malega, R.W.; & Maxwell, C.D. (2018). Progress toward national estimates of police use of force. PloS one, 13(2), e0192932.

• Hu, X.; Zhang, X.; & Lovrich, N. (2020). Public perceptions of police behavior during traffic stops: Logistic regression and machine learning approaches compared. Journal of Computational Social Science, 4, 355-380.

• Luhur, W.; Meyer, I.H.; & Wilson, B.D.M. (2021). Policing LGBQ people. Brief. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA School of Law Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/policing-lgbq-people/

• Plank, J.A. (2021). Police officer aggression during police-civilian encounters and effect on civilian perception. [Doctoral Dissertation], Walden University. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/11219/

• Tregle, B.; Nix, J.; & Alpert, G.P. (2019). Disparity does not mean bias: Making sense of observed racial disparities in fatal officer-involved shootings with multiple benchmarks. Journal of crime and justice, 42(1), 18-31.

The media have used findings from the PPCS published in BJS reports to improve the public’s awareness of the prevalence of nonfatal police use of force.

3. Use of Information Technology

The 2022 PPCS will be conducted in a fully automated interviewing environment using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) methods. In this method, field representatives use a laptop computer to read questions and record answers. Interviews may be conducted by telephone or personal visit. The use of CAPI technologies reduces data collection costs, as well as respondent and interviewer burden. Furthermore, automated instruments afford the opportunity to implement inter-data item integrity constraints, which minimize the amount of data inconsistency. More consistent data, in turn, reduce the need for extensive post-data collection editing and imputation processes, which significantly reduces the time needed to release the data for public consumption. The use of technology results in more accurate data products that are delivered in a timelier fashion, giving data users access to information while it is still relevant.

4. Efforts to Identify Duplication

A review of the relevant literature has confirmed that no other existing efforts duplicate the nature and scope of this data collection. The information sought is not attainable from any other data source. Similar studies collecting data on contacts with police are conducted at the local level, but there are no other data collection efforts utilizing a nationally representative sample with estimates generalizable to the entire country. The FBI has launched its use-of-force data collection (OMB No. 1110-0071), but their collection frame is law enforcement agencies, they define use of force much more narrowly, and it is not clear at this time whether and how they plan to develop national estimates. Additionally, the FBI is releasing data incrementally, once certain participation levels are reached; so far, only limited data have been released due to low agency-participation levels.

This collection will add to the current PPCS series, which began with a pilot test conducted in 1996 and national collections in 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2018, and 2020. The results from this survey provide estimates of the prevalence of resident contacts with police, including contacts involving stop and frisk and police use of nonfatal force, information on resident perceptions of police behavior and legitimacy during contacts, and data on resident conduct toward police. Currently, there are no other information sources collecting data on this subject.

5. Efforts to Minimize Burden

N/A. The NCVS is a household-based survey and does not impact small businesses or small entities.

6. Consequences of Less Frequent Collection

The supplement will be conducted from July 2022 through December 2022. The PPCS is included as a supplement to the NCVS on a regular basis. At this time, there are no other national data available to analyze the use of force, in particular nonlethal use of force, by law enforcement agencies. Less frequent collection of the PPCS data would limit the utility of the data. Many groups, including policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and the media, rely on timely data. When more time passes between collections, the published reports become dated and less utilized. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 suggested that data on excessive force should be collected and reported on a more frequent basis (annually) than the PPCS is currently administered. Less frequent collection would limit the ability to present timely statistics on and assess trends in the use of non-fatal force by law enforcement and other topics of interest that are available through the PPCS. Additionally, less frequent collection would limit the ability of states to use this data as a benchmark to determine how traffic stops and rates of other contact in their state compare to the national picture.

7. Special Circumstances

No special circumstances have been identified for this project.

8. Adherence to 5 C.F.R. § 1320.8(d) and Outside Consultations

The research under this clearance is consistent with the guidelines in 5 C.F.R. § 1320.6. The 60-day notice for public commentary was published in the Federal Register, Volume 86, Number 232, pages 69295-69296 on Tuesday, December 7, 2021. See Table 1 for comments received in response to the 60-day notice. The 30-day notice for public commentary was published in the Federal Register, Volume 87, Number 31, page 8609, on February 15, 2022.

Table 1. Public comments on the 2022 Police Public Contact Survey

Comment from:	Comment:	Implementation of public comment and BJS response:
National Police Foundation	Expand PPCS to account for increased presence of law enforcement on social media; consider impact of police social media contact on citizens’ perception of trust and legitimacy (Attachment 5)	Consider for future given time needed to research, develop, and test new questions

The U.S. Census Bureau, BJS, outside experts on survey methodology and policing, and law enforcement practitioners have collaborated over the years to develop the questions and procedures used to collect this supplemental information.

The 2022 PPCS comprises all of the questions included in the 2020 questionnaire. The 2018 and 2020 questionnaires contain most of the same questions from the 2011 and 2015 iterations of the PPCS. To inform the 2011 PPCS, BJS hosted a working group meeting of external experts to discuss revisions to the survey. Participants included subject matter experts and practitioners from the research and law enforcement communities. Participants discussed a variety of topics, including survey content, data availability, clarity of instructions, methods to maximize response, and ways to minimize respondent burden. Their feedback was incorporated into the 2011 instrument and by extension into subsequent instruments.

As BJS analyzed data from the 2015 PPCS, it identified survey items that could be revised or reworded to yield more accurate responses regarding type of contact with police. The U.S. Census Bureau conducted cognitive testing with the revised PPCS instrument, and the 2018 PPCS employed revisions as recommended by the cognitive testing results. The 2022 PPCS maintains these updated items.

9. Paying Respondents

Payment or gifts to respondents is not provided in return for participation in the survey.

10. Assurance of Confidentiality

All NCVS and PPCS information about individuals or households is confidential by law under 34 U.S.C. §§ 10231 and 10134 and 13 U.S.C. § 9. By law, the U.S. Census Bureau is not permitted to publicly release survey responses in a way that could identify survey respondents or their households. Only U.S. Census Bureau employees sworn to preserve this confidentiality may see the survey responses. Even BJS, as the sponsor of the NCVS, is not authorized to see or handle the data in its raw form. All unique and identifying information is scrambled or suppressed before it is provided to BJS to analyze. Data are maintained in secure environments and in restricted access locations within the U.S. Census Bureau. All data provided to BJS must meet the confidentiality requirements set forth by the Disclosure Review Board at the U.S. Census Bureau.

In a letter signed by the director of the U.S. Census Bureau and sent to all participants in the survey, respondents are informed of these laws (13 U.S.C. § 9 and 34 U.S.C. §§ 10231 and 10134) and assured that the laws require the U.S. Census Bureau to keep all information provided by the respondent confidential (Attachments 6 and 7).

All NCVS data are also protected from cybersecurity risks through screening of the systems that transmit the data per the Federal Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015. The letter also informs respondents that this is a voluntary survey. Furthermore, in addition to the legal authority and voluntary nature of the survey, the letter informs respondents of the public reporting burden for this collection of information, the principal purposes for collecting the information, and the various uses for the data after it is collected, which satisfies the requirements of the Privacy Act of 1974.

11. Justification for Sensitive Questions

While the survey does not ask questions relating to sexual behaviors, religious beliefs, or other matters commonly considered private or of a sensitive nature, the 2022 PPCS does include two questions that may be sensitive for some respondents. One question asks about perceptions of verbal and/or sexual harassment by police, and one asks about perceptions that police behaviors were motivated by prejudice or bias against the resident. These questions were added to the 2018 PPCS based on public comments about the need for these data (https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/PRAViewICR?ref_nbr=201804-1121-001). Cognitive testing prior to the 2018 PPCS did not reveal any problems or negative respondent reactions to the questions. Even so, PPCS interviewers receive training and guidance on how to ask sensitive questions and all respondents have the option of refusing to answer any question.

In 2015, the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) Institutional Review Board declared the NCVS and its supplements exempt from review and approval by an Institutional Review Board (OJP Protocol # 2015-1). Pursuant to the OJP Instruction for Protection of Human Subjects and Privacy Certification Requirements, the NCVS and its supplements were declared exempt from review because the research is covered by provisions of the confidentiality statute at 34 U.S.C. § 10231 and the respondents’ confidentiality is protected under 13 U.S.C. § 9. The only involvement of human subjects consists of the administration of an interview questionnaire, and the only predictable potential harm is release of the information with identifiers.

12. Estimate of Respondent Burden

This burden estimate assumes that the total NCVS sample from July 2022 through December 2022 will be administered the survey. This is approximately 127,000 households, yielding approximately 142,545 persons age 16 and older in NCVS-interviewed households.

The expected size of the 2022 NCVS sample and the yield received from the 2020 PPCS were used to develop projected burden-hour estimates for the 2022 PPCS. These were the most up-to-date data available at the time this estimate was produced. It is expected that a total of 127,000 households will be in the NCVS sample from July 2022 through December 2022.

Based on the 2020 PPCS, about 84.1% (119,880) of NCVS persons age 16 and older are expected to complete a PPCS interview. Of the 119,880 PPCS respondents, 18.8% (22,537) are expected to complete the long PPCS interview (entire PPCS questionnaire), which takes an estimated 8 minutes (0.13 hour to complete. The remaining 81.2% (97,343) PPCS respondents are expected to complete the short interview (i.e., will be screened out for not having had contact with the police), which takes an estimated 4 minutes (0.07 hour to complete. The total respondent burden is approximately 9,495 hours. See Table 2 for calculations and item 15 below for explanation of the change in burden.

Table 2. 2022 PPCS estimated burden hours

	Number of PPCS Persons (A)	Time per interview (hours) (B)	Burden hours (A x B)
Total Expected PPCS Persons	142,545
Expected PPCS Interviews	119,880
Expected PPCS Short Interviews	97,343	0.06667	6,490
Expected PPCS Long Interviews	22,537	0.13333	3,005
Expected PPCS Noninterviews	22,665
2022 PPCS Burden Hours Estimate			9,495
2020 PPCS Burden Hour Estimate on File*			9,060
Change in Respondent Burden Hours from 2020 to 2022			435

*Obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau

13. Estimate of Respondent’s Cost Burden

There are no costs to respondents other than that of their time to respond.

14. Costs to Federal Government

The total estimated cost to the Federal Government for the PPCS is $1,456,005. Under an Interagency Agreement, the U.S. Census Bureau finalized the 2022 PPCS survey instrument, will develop all data collection support and training materials, will train interviewers and support staff, and will collect, process, and disseminate the 2022 PPCS data.

Table 3. Estimated BJS and Census costs for the 2022 PPCS

BJS estimated costs
Staff salaries	Base salary	Fringe	Salary estimates
GS15 – Supervisory Statistician, BJS (10%)	$168,282	$47,119	$21,540
GS14 – Lead Technical Editor, BJS (3%)	$143,064	$40,058	$5,494
GS13 – Statistician, BJS (15%)	$117,505	$32,901	$22,561
GS11 – Statistician, BJS (15%)	$82,443	$23,084	$15,829
Subtotal: Salary and fringe (28%)			$65,424
Other administrative costs of salary & fringe (15%)			$9,814
Total BJS estimated costs			$75,237
Census estimated costs
DSMD (sample design and estimation)				$84,694
ADSD (instrument development)				$41,226
DSD (data processing)				$164,387
FLD (data collection)				$756,859
ADDP (survey operations and project management)				$333,602
Total Census estimated costs				$1,380,768
Total 2022 PPCS estimated cost				$1,456,005

15. Reasons for Changes in Burden

The increase in the respondent burden from 9,060 to 9,495 hours is attributed to the expectation that a higher percentage of eligible persons will complete the 2022 PPCS than was estimated for the 2020 PPCS. This expectation is based on the completion percentage observed in the 2020 PPCS. No changes were made to the PPCS instrument, so the 2022 PPCS interview times are expected to be consistent with the interview times observed in the 2020 PPCS.

16. Project Schedule and Publication Plans

The schedule for the 2022 PPCS is as follows. The dates are estimates and are subject to change.

• May 2022: Complete the development and testing (by the U.S. Census Bureau) of the CAPI instrument, ensuring that it functions as designed and that all survey skip patterns have been properly programmed. The testing will be done in consultation with BJS.

• June 2022: The U.S. Census Bureau completes the development of all training materials and distributes them to the field representatives.

• July 2022 to December 2022: Interviews for the 2022 PPCS are conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau field representatives.

• During the interview period, the U.S. Census Bureau provides BJS with monthly reports on response rates, contact “hit rates,” and the number of interviews conducted in a language other than English.

• August 2022 to April 2023: Data monitoring and processing take place on an ongoing basis.

• May 2023: Computer processing and weighting of the data are completed.

• June 2023: The U.S. Census Bureau prepares and delivers a 2022 PPCS public-use file and accompanying file documentation to BJS.

BJS will be responsible for the statistical analysis and publication of the data from the 2022 PPCS. Contingent on the processing and delivery of the final data file, recurring reports from the 2022 collection will be released approximately 6 to 8 months after the data are approved for release. Contingent on the processing and delivery of the final data file, BJS anticipates releasing a report on the prevalence and characteristics of contact between the police and the public (anticipated release February 2024).

The PPCS data are archived at the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) at the University of Michigan (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/) following the first release of statistics through a BJS publication (anticipated release February 2024). Researchers can download public-use files (PUF) of the PPCS data and codebooks to conduct their own analyses. These microdata are made available as a PUF after it has been approved by the U.S. Census Bureau’s Disclosure Review Board. The ICPSR study includes a codebook, setup program in SAS language, text file of the raw data, and datafile in SPSS, SAS, and STATA data formats. As an example, the 2018 PPCS data release documentation and datasets can be found at https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NACJD/studies/37916.

To further enhance the utility of the data, in addition to the PUFs housed at ICPSR, the geographically identified PPCS files will be made available through the U.S. Census Bureau’s secure Federal Statistical Research Data Centers (FSRDC). The FSRDC files can be accessed by researchers who submit a proposal approved by BJS the research they plan to conduct using the data and who agree to all confidentiality and protected use constraints. Data are typically available through ICPSR and the FSRDCs by the fall of the year following collection.

17. Display of Expiration Date

The OMB approval number and expiration date will be displayed on the PPCS introduction screen within the CAPI instrument. The final PPCS CAPI instrument for fielding in July 2022 must be finalized and put into the U.S. Census Bureau production system in May 2022.

18. Exceptions to the Certificate Statement

N/A. There are no exceptions to the Certification for Paperwork Reduction Act Submissions. Collection is consistent with the guidelines in 5 C.F.R. § 1320.9.

1 Harrell, E. & Davis, E. (2020). Contacts between the police and the public, 2018 – Statistical tables. (NCJ 25573, BJS, December 2020) https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/cbpp18st.pdf

11