15 USC Section 1692

Page 1519

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

regulations, forms, and clauses required to be prescribed to be promulgated at least one year prior to
such effective date, and allowing any creditor to comply with any amendments, in accordance with the regulations, forms, and clauses prescribed by the Board
prior to such effective date, see section 625 of Pub. L.
96–221, set out as a note under section 1602 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective Mar. 23, 1976, see section 708 of Pub.
L. 90–321, set out as a note under section 1691 of this
title.

SUBCHAPTER V—DEBT COLLECTION
PRACTICES
§ 1692. Congressional findings and declaration of
purpose
(a) Abusive practices
There is abundant evidence of the use of abusive, deceptive, and unfair debt collection practices by many debt collectors. Abusive debt collection practices contribute to the number of
personal bankruptcies, to marital instability, to
the loss of jobs, and to invasions of individual
privacy.
(b) Inadequacy of laws
Existing laws and procedures for redressing
these injuries are inadequate to protect consumers.
(c) Available non-abusive collection methods
Means other than misrepresentation or other
abusive debt collection practices are available
for the effective collection of debts.
(d) Interstate commerce
Abusive debt collection practices are carried
on to a substantial extent in interstate commerce and through means and instrumentalities
of such commerce. Even where abusive debt collection practices are purely intrastate in character, they nevertheless directly affect interstate commerce.
(e) Purposes
It is the purpose of this subchapter to eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt
collectors, to insure that those debt collectors
who refrain from using abusive debt collection
practices are not competitively disadvantaged,
and to promote consistent State action to protect consumers against debt collection abuses.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 802, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 874.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 819, formerly § 818, as added
by Pub. L. 95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 883, § 818; renumbered § 819, Pub. L. 109–351, title VIII, § 801(a)(1),
Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 2004, provided that: ‘‘This title
[enacting this subchapter] takes effect upon the expiration of six months after the date of its enactment
[Sept. 20, 1977], but section 809 [section 1692g of this
title] shall apply only with respect to debts for which
the initial attempt to collect occurs after such effective date.’’
SHORT TITLE
This subchapter known as the ‘‘Fair Debt Collection
Practices Act’’, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of this title.

§ 1692a. Definitions
As used in this subchapter—

§ 1692a

(1) The term ‘‘Bureau’’ means the Bureau of
Consumer Financial Protection.
(2) The term ‘‘communication’’ means the
conveying of information regarding a debt directly or indirectly to any person through any
medium.
(3) The term ‘‘consumer’’ means any natural
person obligated or allegedly obligated to pay
any debt.
(4) The term ‘‘creditor’’ means any person
who offers or extends credit creating a debt or
to whom a debt is owed, but such term does
not include any person to the extent that he
receives an assignment or transfer of a debt in
default solely for the purpose of facilitating
collection of such debt for another.
(5) The term ‘‘debt’’ means any obligation or
alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money
arising out of a transaction in which the
money, property, insurance, or services which
are the subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not such obligation has been
reduced to judgment.
(6) The term ‘‘debt collector’’ means any
person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in any business
the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who regularly collects or
attempts to collect, directly or indirectly,
debts owed or due or asserted to be owed or
due another. Notwithstanding the exclusion
provided by clause (F) of the last sentence of
this paragraph, the term includes any creditor
who, in the process of collecting his own debts,
uses any name other than his own which
would indicate that a third person is collecting or attempting to collect such debts. For
the purpose of section 1692f(6) of this title,
such term also includes any person who uses
any instrumentality of interstate commerce
or the mails in any business the principal purpose of which is the enforcement of security
interests. The term does not include—
(A) any officer or employee of a creditor
while, in the name of the creditor, collecting
debts for such creditor;
(B) any person while acting as a debt collector for another person, both of whom are
related by common ownership or affiliated
by corporate control, if the person acting as
a debt collector does so only for persons to
whom it is so related or affiliated and if the
principal business of such person is not the
collection of debts;
(C) any officer or employee of the United
States or any State to the extent that collecting or attempting to collect any debt is
in the performance of his official duties;
(D) any person while serving or attempting
to serve legal process on any other person in
connection with the judicial enforcement of
any debt;
(E) any nonprofit organization which, at
the request of consumers, performs bona fide
consumer credit counseling and assists consumers in the liquidation of their debts by
receiving payments from such consumers
and distributing such amounts to creditors;
and
(F) any person collecting or attempting to
collect any debt owed or due or asserted to

§ 1692b

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

be owed or due another to the extent such
activity (i) is incidental to a bona fide fiduciary obligation or a bona fide escrow arrangement; (ii) concerns a debt which was
originated by such person; (iii) concerns a
debt which was not in default at the time it
was obtained by such person; or (iv) concerns
a debt obtained by such person as a secured
party in a commercial credit transaction involving the creditor.
(7) The term ‘‘location information’’ means
a consumer’s place of abode and his telephone
number at such place, or his place of employment.
(8) The term ‘‘State’’ means any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the
District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of
Puerto Rico, or any political subdivision of
any of the foregoing.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 803, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 875; amended Pub.
L. 99–361, July 9, 1986, 100 Stat. 768; Pub. L.
111–203, title X, § 1089(2), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat.
2092.)
AMENDMENTS
2010—Par. (1). Pub. L. 111–203 added par. (1) and struck
out former par. (1) which read as follows: ‘‘The term
‘Commission’ means the Federal Trade Commission.’’
1986—Par. (6). Pub. L. 99–361 in provision preceding cl.
(A) substituted ‘‘clause (F)’’ for ‘‘clause (G)’’, struck
out cl. (F) which excluded any attorney-at-law collecting a debt as an attorney on behalf of and in the name
of a client from term ‘‘debt collector’’, and redesignated cl. (G) as (F).
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.
111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692b. Acquisition of location information
Any debt collector communicating with any
person other than the consumer for the purpose
of acquiring location information about the consumer shall—
(1) identify himself, state that he is confirming or correcting location information concerning the consumer, and, only if expressly
requested, identify his employer;
(2) not state that such consumer owes any
debt;
(3) not communicate with any such person
more than once unless requested to do so by
such person or unless the debt collector reasonably believes that the earlier response of
such person is erroneous or incomplete and
that such person now has correct or complete
location information;
(4) not communicate by post card;
(5) not use any language or symbol on any
envelope or in the contents of any communication effected by the mails or telegram that indicates that the debt collector is in the debt
collection business or that the communication
relates to the collection of a debt; and

Page 1520

(6) after the debt collector knows the consumer is represented by an attorney with regard to the subject debt and has knowledge of,
or can readily ascertain, such attorney’s name
and address, not communicate with any person
other than that attorney, unless the attorney
fails to respond within a reasonable period of
time to communication from the debt collector.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 804, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 876.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692c. Communication in connection with debt
collection
(a) Communication with the consumer generally
Without the prior consent of the consumer
given directly to the debt collector or the express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction, a debt collector may not communicate
with a consumer in connection with the collection of any debt—
(1) at any unusual time or place or a time or
place known or which should be known to be
inconvenient to the consumer. In the absence
of knowledge of circumstances to the contrary, a debt collector shall assume that the
convenient time for communicating with a
consumer is after 8 o’clock antemeridian and
before 9 o’clock postmeridian, local time at
the consumer’s location;
(2) if the debt collector knows the consumer
is represented by an attorney with respect to
such debt and has knowledge of, or can readily
ascertain, such attorney’s name and address,
unless the attorney fails to respond within a
reasonable period of time to a communication
from the debt collector or unless the attorney
consents to direct communication with the
consumer; or
(3) at the consumer’s place of employment if
the debt collector knows or has reason to
know that the consumer’s employer prohibits
the consumer from receiving such communication.
(b) Communication with third parties
Except as provided in section 1692b of this
title, without the prior consent of the consumer
given directly to the debt collector, or the express permission of a court of competent jurisdiction, or as reasonably necessary to effectuate
a postjudgment judicial remedy, a debt collector
may not communicate, in connection with the
collection of any debt, with any person other
than the consumer, his attorney, a consumer reporting agency if otherwise permitted by law,
the creditor, the attorney of the creditor, or the
attorney of the debt collector.
(c) Ceasing communication
If a consumer notifies a debt collector in writing that the consumer refuses to pay a debt or
that the consumer wishes the debt collector to
cease further communication with the consumer, the debt collector shall not communicate

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TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

further with the consumer with respect to such
debt, except—
(1) to advise the consumer that the debt collector’s further efforts are being terminated;
(2) to notify the consumer that the debt collector or creditor may invoke specified remedies which are ordinarily invoked by such
debt collector or creditor; or
(3) where applicable, to notify the consumer
that the debt collector or creditor intends to
invoke a specified remedy.
If such notice from the consumer is made by
mail, notification shall be complete upon receipt.
(d) ‘‘Consumer’’ defined
For the purpose of this section, the term ‘‘consumer’’ includes the consumer’s spouse, parent
(if the consumer is a minor), guardian, executor,
or administrator.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 805, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 876.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692d. Harassment or abuse
A debt collector may not engage in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection
with the collection of a debt. Without limiting
the general application of the foregoing, the following conduct is a violation of this section:
(1) The use or threat of use of violence or
other criminal means to harm the physical
person, reputation, or property of any person.
(2) The use of obscene or profane language or
language the natural consequence of which is
to abuse the hearer or reader.
(3) The publication of a list of consumers
who allegedly refuse to pay debts, except to a
consumer reporting agency or to persons
meeting the requirements of section 1681a(f) or
1681b(3) 1 of this title.
(4) The advertisement for sale of any debt to
coerce payment of the debt.
(5) Causing a telephone to ring or engaging
any person in telephone conversation repeatedly or continuously with intent to annoy,
abuse, or harass any person at the called number.
(6) Except as provided in section 1692b of this
title, the placement of telephone calls without
meaningful disclosure of the caller’s identity.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 806, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 877.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
Section 1681b(3) of this title, referred to in par. (3),
was redesignated section 1681b(a)(3) of this title by Pub.
L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2403(a)(1), Sept. 30, 1996, 110
Stat. 3009–430.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
1 See

References in Text note below.

§ 1692e

added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692e. False or misleading representations
A debt collector may not use any false, deceptive, or misleading representation or means in
connection with the collection of any debt.
Without limiting the general application of the
foregoing, the following conduct is a violation of
this section:
(1) The false representation or implication
that the debt collector is vouched for, bonded
by, or affiliated with the United States or any
State, including the use of any badge, uniform, or facsimile thereof.
(2) The false representation of—
(A) the character, amount, or legal status
of any debt; or
(B) any services rendered or compensation
which may be lawfully received by any debt
collector for the collection of a debt.
(3) The false representation or implication
that any individual is an attorney or that any
communication is from an attorney.
(4) The representation or implication that
nonpayment of any debt will result in the arrest or imprisonment of any person or the seizure, garnishment, attachment, or sale of any
property or wages of any person unless such
action is lawful and the debt collector or creditor intends to take such action.
(5) The threat to take any action that cannot legally be taken or that is not intended to
be taken.
(6) The false representation or implication
that a sale, referral, or other transfer of any
interest in a debt shall cause the consumer
to—
(A) lose any claim or defense to payment
of the debt; or
(B) become subject to any practice prohibited by this subchapter.
(7) The false representation or implication
that the consumer committed any crime or
other conduct in order to disgrace the consumer.
(8) Communicating or threatening to communicate to any person credit information
which is known or which should be known to
be false, including the failure to communicate
that a disputed debt is disputed.
(9) The use or distribution of any written
communication which simulates or is falsely
represented to be a document authorized, issued, or approved by any court, official, or
agency of the United States or any State, or
which creates a false impression as to its
source, authorization, or approval.
(10) The use of any false representation or
deceptive means to collect or attempt to collect any debt or to obtain information concerning a consumer.
(11) The failure to disclose in the initial
written communication with the consumer
and, in addition, if the initial communication
with the consumer is oral, in that initial oral
communication, that the debt collector is attempting to collect a debt and that any information obtained will be used for that purpose,
and the failure to disclose in subsequent com-

§ 1692f

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

munications that the communication is from
a debt collector, except that this paragraph
shall not apply to a formal pleading made in
connection with a legal action.
(12) The false representation or implication
that accounts have been turned over to innocent purchasers for value.
(13) The false representation or implication
that documents are legal process.
(14) The use of any business, company, or organization name other than the true name of
the debt collector’s business, company, or organization.
(15) The false representation or implication
that documents are not legal process forms or
do not require action by the consumer.
(16) The false representation or implication
that a debt collector operates or is employed
by a consumer reporting agency as defined by
section 1681a(f) of this title.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 807, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 877; amended Pub.
L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2305(a), Sept. 30, 1996,
110 Stat. 3009–425.)
AMENDMENTS
1996—Par. (11). Pub. L. 104–208 amended par. (11) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (11) read as follows:
‘‘Except as otherwise provided for communications to
acquire location information under section 1692b of this
title, the failure to disclose clearly in all communications made to collect a debt or to obtain information
about a consumer, that the debt collector is attempting
to collect a debt and that any information obtained
will be used for that purpose.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, § 2305(b), Sept. 30, 1996,
110 Stat. 3009–425, provided that: ‘‘The amendment
made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall
take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this
Act [Sept. 30, 1996] and shall apply to all communications made after that date of enactment.’’
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692f. Unfair practices
A debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect
any debt. Without limiting the general application of the foregoing, the following conduct is a
violation of this section:
(1) The collection of any amount (including
any interest, fee, charge, or expense incidental
to the principal obligation) unless such
amount is expressly authorized by the agreement creating the debt or permitted by law.
(2) The acceptance by a debt collector from
any person of a check or other payment instrument postdated by more than five days unless such person is notified in writing of the
debt collector’s intent to deposit such check
or instrument not more than ten nor less than
three business days prior to such deposit.
(3) The solicitation by a debt collector of
any postdated check or other postdated payment instrument for the purpose of threatening or instituting criminal prosecution.

Page 1522

(4) Depositing or threatening to deposit any
postdated check or other postdated payment
instrument prior to the date on such check or
instrument.
(5) Causing charges to be made to any person
for communications by concealment of the
true purpose of the communication. Such
charges include, but are not limited to, collect
telephone calls and telegram fees.
(6) Taking or threatening to take any nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or disablement of property if—
(A) there is no present right to possession
of the property claimed as collateral
through an enforceable security interest;
(B) there is no present intention to take
possession of the property; or
(C) the property is exempt by law from
such dispossession or disablement.
(7) Communicating with a consumer regarding a debt by post card.
(8) Using any language or symbol, other than
the debt collector’s address, on any envelope
when communicating with a consumer by use
of the mails or by telegram, except that a debt
collector may use his business name if such
name does not indicate that he is in the debt
collection business.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 808, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 879.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692g. Validation of debts
(a) Notice of debt; contents
Within five days after the initial communication with a consumer in connection with the
collection of any debt, a debt collector shall, unless the following information is contained in
the initial communication or the consumer has
paid the debt, send the consumer a written notice containing—
(1) the amount of the debt;
(2) the name of the creditor to whom the
debt is owed;
(3) a statement that unless the consumer,
within thirty days after receipt of the notice,
disputes the validity of the debt, or any portion thereof, the debt will be assumed to be
valid by the debt collector;
(4) a statement that if the consumer notifies
the debt collector in writing within the thirtyday period that the debt, or any portion thereof, is disputed, the debt collector will obtain
verification of the debt or a copy of a judgment against the consumer and a copy of such
verification or judgment will be mailed to the
consumer by the debt collector; and
(5) a statement that, upon the consumer’s
written request within the thirty-day period,
the debt collector will provide the consumer
with the name and address of the original
creditor, if different from the current creditor.
(b) Disputed debts
If the consumer notifies the debt collector in
writing within the thirty-day period described

Page 1523

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

in subsection (a) that the debt, or any portion
thereof, is disputed, or that the consumer requests the name and address of the original
creditor, the debt collector shall cease collection of the debt, or any disputed portion thereof,
until the debt collector obtains verification of
the debt or a copy of a judgment, or the name
and address of the original creditor, and a copy
of such verification or judgment, or name and
address of the original creditor, is mailed to the
consumer by the debt collector. Collection activities and communications that do not otherwise violate this subchapter may continue during the 30-day period referred to in subsection
(a) unless the consumer has notified the debt
collector in writing that the debt, or any portion of the debt, is disputed or that the consumer requests the name and address of the
original creditor. Any collection activities and
communication during the 30-day period may
not overshadow or be inconsistent with the disclosure of the consumer’s right to dispute the
debt or request the name and address of the
original creditor.
(c) Admission of liability
The failure of a consumer to dispute the validity of a debt under this section may not be construed by any court as an admission of liability
by the consumer.
(d) Legal pleadings
A communication in the form of a formal
pleading in a civil action shall not be treated as
an initial communication for purposes of subsection (a).
(e) Notice provisions
The sending or delivery of any form or notice
which does not relate to the collection of a debt
and is expressly required by title 26, title V of
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act [15 U.S.C. 6801 et seq.],
or any provision of Federal or State law relating
to notice of data security breach or privacy, or
any regulation prescribed under any such provision of law, shall not be treated as an initial
communication in connection with debt collection for purposes of this section.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 809, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 879; amended Pub.
L. 109–351, title VIII, § 802, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat.
2006.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in subsec.
(e), is Pub. L. 106–102, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1338. Title
V of the Act is classified principally to chapter 94 (§
6801 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of
this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out under section 1811 of Title 12, Banks
and Banking, and Tables.
AMENDMENTS
2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–351, § 802(c), inserted at
end ‘‘Collection activities and communications that do
not otherwise violate this subchapter may continue
during the 30-day period referred to in subsection (a)
unless the consumer has notified the debt collector in
writing that the debt, or any portion of the debt, is disputed or that the consumer requests the name and address of the original creditor. Any collection activities
and communication during the 30-day period may not
overshadow or be inconsistent with the disclosure of

§ 1692j

the consumer’s right to dispute the debt or request the
name and address of the original creditor.’’
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–351, § 802(a), added subsec. (d).
Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–351, § 802(b), added subsec. (e).
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section applicable only with respect to debts for
which the initial attempt to collect occurs after the effective date of this subchapter, which takes effect upon
the expiration of six months after Sept. 20, 1977, see
section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as added by Pub. L. 95–109,
set out as a note under section 1692 of this title.

§ 1692h. Multiple debts
If any consumer owes multiple debts and
makes any single payment to any debt collector
with respect to such debts, such debt collector
may not apply such payment to any debt which
is disputed by the consumer and, where applicable, shall apply such payment in accordance
with the consumer’s directions.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 810, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 880.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692i. Legal actions by debt collectors
(a) Venue
Any debt collector who brings any legal action
on a debt against any consumer shall—
(1) in the case of an action to enforce an interest in real property securing the consumer’s obligation, bring such action only in a judicial district or similar legal entity in which
such real property is located; or
(2) in the case of an action not described in
paragraph (1), bring such action only in the judicial district or similar legal entity—
(A) in which such consumer signed the
contract sued upon; or
(B) in which such consumer resides at the
commencement of the action.
(b) Authorization of actions
Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed
to authorize the bringing of legal actions by
debt collectors.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 811, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 880.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692j. Furnishing certain deceptive forms
(a) It is unlawful to design, compile, and furnish any form knowing that such form would be
used to create the false belief in a consumer
that a person other than the creditor of such
consumer is participating in the collection of or
in an attempt to collect a debt such consumer
allegedly owes such creditor, when in fact such
person is not so participating.
(b) Any person who violates this section shall
be liable to the same extent and in the same

§ 1692k

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

manner as a debt collector is liable under section 1692k of this title for failure to comply with
a provision of this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 812, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 880.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692k. Civil liability
(a) Amount of damages
Except as otherwise provided by this section,
any debt collector who fails to comply with any
provision of this subchapter with respect to any
person is liable to such person in an amount
equal to the sum of—
(1) any actual damage sustained by such person as a result of such failure;
(2)(A) in the case of any action by an individual, such additional damages as the court
may allow, but not exceeding $1,000; or
(B) in the case of a class action, (i) such
amount for each named plaintiff as could be
recovered under subparagraph (A), and (ii)
such amount as the court may allow for all
other class members, without regard to a minimum individual recovery, not to exceed the
lesser of $500,000 or 1 per centum of the net
worth of the debt collector; and
(3) in the case of any successful action to enforce the foregoing liability, the costs of the
action, together with a reasonable attorney’s
fee as determined by the court. On a finding by
the court that an action under this section
was brought in bad faith and for the purpose of
harassment, the court may award to the defendant attorney’s fees reasonable in relation
to the work expended and costs.
(b) Factors considered by court
In determining the amount of liability in any
action under subsection (a), the court shall consider, among other relevant factors—
(1) in any individual action under subsection
(a)(2)(A), the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature
of such noncompliance, and the extent to
which such noncompliance was intentional; or
(2) in any class action under subsection
(a)(2)(B), the frequency and persistence of noncompliance by the debt collector, the nature
of such noncompliance, the resources of the
debt collector, the number of persons adversely affected, and the extent to which the
debt collector’s noncompliance was intentional.
(c) Intent
A debt collector may not be held liable in any
action brought under this subchapter if the debt
collector shows by a preponderance of evidence
that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding
the maintenance of procedures reasonably
adapted to avoid any such error.
(d) Jurisdiction
An action to enforce any liability created by
this subchapter may be brought in any appro-

Page 1524

priate United States district court without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any
other court of competent jurisdiction, within
one year from the date on which the violation
occurs.
(e) Advisory opinions of Bureau
No provision of this section imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in
good faith in conformity with any advisory
opinion of the Bureau, notwithstanding that
after such act or omission has occurred, such
opinion is amended, rescinded, or determined by
judicial or other authority to be invalid for any
reason.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 813, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 881; amended Pub.
L. 111–203, title X, § 1089(1), July 21, 2010, 124
Stat. 2092.)
AMENDMENTS
2010—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 111–203 substituted ‘‘Bureau’’ for ‘‘Commission’’.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.
111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692l. Administrative enforcement
(a) Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission shall be authorized to enforce compliance with this subchapter, except to the extent that enforcement
of the requirements imposed under this subchapter is specifically committed to another
Government agency under any of paragraphs (1)
through (5) of subsection (b), subject to subtitle
B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of
2010 [12 U.S.C. 5511 et seq.]. For purpose of the
exercise by the Federal Trade Commission of its
functions and powers under the Federal Trade
Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.), a violation of this subchapter shall be deemed an unfair or deceptive act or practice in violation of
that Act. All of the functions and powers of the
Federal Trade Commission under the Federal
Trade Commission Act are available to the Federal Trade Commission to enforce compliance by
any person with this subchapter, irrespective of
whether that person is engaged in commerce or
meets any other jurisdictional tests under the
Federal Trade Commission Act, including the
power to enforce the provisions of this subchapter, in the same manner as if the violation
had been a violation of a Federal Trade Commission trade regulation rule.
(b) Applicable provisions of law
Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, compliance with any
requirements imposed under this subchapter
shall be enforced under—
(1) section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1818], by the appropriate

Page 1525

§ 1692l

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

Federal banking agency, as defined in section
3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12
U.S.C. 1813(q)), with respect to—
(A) national banks, Federal savings associations, and Federal branches and Federal
agencies of foreign banks;
(B) member banks of the Federal Reserve
System (other than national banks),
branches and agencies of foreign banks
(other than Federal branches, Federal agencies, and insured State branches of foreign
banks), commercial lending companies
owned or controlled by foreign banks, and
organizations operating under section 25 or
25A of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 601
et seq., 611 et seq.]; and
(C) banks and State savings associations
insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (other than members of the
Federal Reserve System), and insured State
branches of foreign banks;
(2) the Federal Credit Union Act [12 U.S.C.
1751 et seq.], by the Administrator of the National Credit Union Administration with respect to any Federal credit union;
(3) subtitle IV of title 49, by the Secretary of
Transportation, with respect to all carriers
subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface
Transportation Board;
(4) part A of subtitle VII of title 49, by the
Secretary of Transportation with respect to
any air carrier or any foreign air carrier subject to that part;
(5) the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921 [7
U.S.C. 181 et seq.] (except as provided in section 406 of that Act [7 U.S.C. 226, 227]), by the
Secretary of Agriculture with respect to any
activities subject to that Act; and
(6) subtitle E of the Consumer Financial
Protection Act of 2010 [12 U.S.C. 5561 et seq.],
by the Bureau, with respect to any person subject to this subchapter.
The terms used in paragraph (1) that are not defined in this subchapter or otherwise defined in
section 3(s) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act
(12 U.S.C. 1813(s)) shall have the meaning given
to them in section 1(b) of the International
Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C. 3101).
(c) Agency powers
For the purpose of the exercise by any agency
referred to in subsection (b) of its powers under
any Act referred to in that subsection, a violation of any requirement imposed under this subchapter shall be deemed to be a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act. In addition
to its powers under any provision of law specifically referred to in subsection (b), each of the
agencies referred to in that subsection may exercise, for the purpose of enforcing compliance
with any requirement imposed under this subchapter any other authority conferred on it by
law, except as provided in subsection (d).
(d) Rules and regulations
Except as provided in section 1029(a) of the
Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [12
U.S.C. 5519(a)], the Bureau may prescribe rules
with respect to the collection of debts by debt
collectors, as defined in this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 814, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 881; amended Pub.

L. 98–443, § 9(n), Oct. 4, 1984, 98 Stat. 1708; Pub. L.
101–73, title VII, § 744(n), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat.
440; Pub. L. 102–242, title II, § 212(e), Dec. 19, 1991,
105 Stat. 2301; Pub. L. 102–550, title XVI,
§ 1604(a)(8), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4082; Pub. L.
104–88, title III, § 316, Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 949;
Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1089(3), (4), July 21, 2010,
124 Stat. 2092, 2093.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is title X of Pub. L.
111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1955. Subtitles B
(§§ 1021–1029A) and E (§§ 1051–1058) of the Act are classified generally to parts B (§ 5511 et seq.) and E (§ 5561 et
seq.), respectively, of subchapter V of chapter 53 of
Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of subtitles B and E to the Code, see Tables.
The Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to in
subsec. (a), is act Sept. 26, 1914, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717,
which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 41 et
seq.) of chapter 2 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 58 of this title
and Tables.
Sections 25 and 25A of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1)(B), are classified to subchapters I (§ 601 et seq.) and II (§ 611 et seq.), respectively, of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
The Federal Credit Union Act, referred to in subsec.
(b)(2), is act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, 48 Stat. 1216, which
is classified generally to chapter 14 (§ 1751 et seq.) of
Title 12. For complete classification of this Act to the
Code, see section 1751 of Title 12 and Tables.
The Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, referred to in
subsec. (b)(5), is act Aug. 15, 1921, ch. 64, 42 Stat. 159,
which is classified generally to chapter 9 (§ 181 et seq.)
of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of
this Act to the Code, see section 181 of Title 7 and
Tables.
CODIFICATION
In subsec. (b)(3), ‘‘subtitle IV of title 49’’ substituted
for ‘‘the Acts to regulate commerce’’ on authority of
Pub. L. 95–473, § 3(b), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1466, the first
section of which enacted subtitle IV of Title 49, Transportation.
In subsec. (b)(4), ‘‘part A of subtitle VII of title 49’’
substituted for ‘‘the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 [49
App. U.S.C. 1301 et seq.]’’ and ‘‘that part’’ substituted
for ‘‘that Act’’ on authority of Pub. L. 103–272, § 6(b),
July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1378, the first section of which enacted subtitles II, III, and V to X of Title 49.
Section 1089(4) of Pub. L. 111–203, which directed
amendment ‘‘in subsection (d)’’ of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, was executed in subsec. (d) of this
section, which is section 814 of the Act, to reflect the
probable intent of Congress. See 2010 Amendment note
below.
AMENDMENTS
2010—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1089(3)(A), added
subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a). Prior to
amendment, text read as follows: ‘‘Compliance with
this subchapter shall be enforced by the Commission,
except to the extent that enforcement of the requirements imposed under this subchapter is specifically
committed to another agency under subsection (b) of
this section. For purpose of the exercise by the Commission of its functions and powers under the Federal
Trade Commission Act, a violation of this subchapter
shall be deemed an unfair or deceptive act or practice
in violation of that Act. All of the functions and powers
of the Commission under the Federal Trade Commission Act are available to the Commission to enforce
compliance by any person with this subchapter, irrespective of whether that person is engaged in commerce or meets any other jurisdictional tests in the
Federal Trade Commission Act, including the power to

§ 1692m

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE

enforce the provisions of this subchapter in the same
manner as if the violation had been a violation of a
Federal Trade Commission trade regulation rule.’’
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1089(3)(B)(i), substituted
‘‘Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, compliance’’ for ‘‘Compliance’’ in
introductory provisions.
Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1089(3)(B)(ii), added
par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: ‘‘section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act,
in the case of—
‘‘(A) national banks, and Federal branches and Federal agencies of foreign banks, by the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency;
‘‘(B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System
(other than national banks), branches and agencies of
foreign banks (other than Federal branches, Federal
agencies, and insured State branches of foreign
banks), commercial lending companies owned or controlled by foreign banks, and organizations operating
under section 25 or 25(a) of the Federal Reserve Act,
by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve
System; and
‘‘(C) banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other than members of the Federal
Reserve System) and insured State branches of foreign banks, by the Board of Directors of the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation;’’.
Subsec.
(b)(2)
to
(6).
Pub.
L.
111–203,
§ 1089(3)(B)(ii)–(vi), added par. (6), redesignated former
pars. (3) to (6) as (2) to (5), respectively, and struck out
former par. (2) which read as follows: ‘‘section 8 of the
Federal Deposit Insurance Act, by the Director of the
Office of Thrift Supervision, in the case of a savings association the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;’’.
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 111–203, § 1089(4), substituted ‘‘Except as provided in section 1029(a) of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, the Bureau may prescribe rules with respect to the collection of debts by
debt collectors, as defined in this subchapter’’ for ‘‘Neither the Commission nor any other agency referred to
in subsection (b) of this section may promulgate trade
regulation rules or other regulations with respect to
the collection of debts by debt collectors as defined in
this subchapter’’. See Codification note above.
1995—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted ‘‘Secretary of Transportation, with respect to all carriers
subject to the jurisdiction of the Surface Transportation Board’’ for ‘‘Interstate Commerce Commission
with respect to any common carrier subject to those
Acts’’.
1992—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 102–550 substituted
semicolon for period at end.
1991—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–242, § 212(e)(2), inserted
at end ‘‘The terms used in paragraph (1) that are not
defined in this subchapter or otherwise defined in section 3(s) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (12 U.S.C.
1813(s)) shall have the meaning given to them in section
1(b) of the International Banking Act of 1978 (12 U.S.C.
3101).’’
Pub. L. 102–242, § 212(e)(1), added par. (1) and struck
out former par. (1) which read as follows: ‘‘section 8 of
Federal Deposit Insurance Act, in the case of—
‘‘(A) national banks, by the Comptroller of the Currency;
‘‘(B) member banks of the Federal Reserve System
(other than national banks), by the Federal Reserve
Board; and
‘‘(C) banks the deposits or accounts of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(other than members of the Federal Reserve System),
by the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;’’.
1989—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 101–73 amended par. (2)
generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows:
‘‘section 5(d) of the Home Owners Loan Act of 1933, section 407 of the National Housing Act, and sections 6(i)
and 17 of the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board (acting directly or

Page 1526

through the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation), in the case of any institution subject to any
of those provisions;’’.
1984—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–443 substituted ‘‘Secretary of Transportation’’ for ‘‘Civil Aeronautics
Board’’.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.
111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1995 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996,
see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective
Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1992 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 102–550 effective as if included
in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–242, as of Dec. 19, 1991, see
section 1609(a) of Pub. L. 102–550, set out as a note
under section 191 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 98–443 effective Jan. 1, 1985,
see section 9(v) of Pub. L. 98–443, set out as a note under
section 5314 of Title 5, Government Organization and
Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.
TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS
Functions vested in Administrator of National Credit
Union Administration transferred and vested in National Credit Union Administration Board pursuant to
section 1752a of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

§ 1692m. Reports to Congress by the Bureau;
views of other Federal agencies
(a) Not later than one year after the effective
date of this subchapter and at one-year intervals
thereafter, the Bureau shall make reports to the
Congress concerning the administration of its
functions under this subchapter, including such
recommendations as the Bureau deems necessary or appropriate. In addition, each report of
the Bureau shall include its assessment of the
extent to which compliance with this subchapter is being achieved and a summary of the
enforcement actions taken by the Bureau under
section 1692l of this title.
(b) In the exercise of its functions under this
subchapter, the Bureau may obtain upon request
the views of any other Federal agency which exercises enforcement functions under section
1692l of this title.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 815, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 882; amended Pub.
L. 111–203, title X, § 1089(1), July 21, 2010, 124
Stat. 2092.)
REFERENCES IN TEXT
The effective date of this subchapter, referred to in
subsec. (a), is the date occurring on expiration of six
months after Sept. 20, 1977. See section 819 of Pub. L.
90–321, set out as an Effective Date note under section
1692 of this title.

Page 1527

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
AMENDMENTS

2010—Pub. L. 111–203 substituted ‘‘Bureau’’ for ‘‘Commission’’ wherever appearing.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.
111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692n. Relation to State laws
This subchapter does not annul, alter, or affect, or exempt any person subject to the provisions of this subchapter from complying with
the laws of any State with respect to debt collection practices, except to the extent that
those laws are inconsistent with any provision
of this subchapter, and then only to the extent
of the inconsistency. For purposes of this section, a State law is not inconsistent with this
subchapter if the protection such law affords
any consumer is greater than the protection
provided by this subchapter.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 816, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 883.)
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692o. Exemption for State regulation
The Bureau shall by regulation exempt from
the requirements of this subchapter any class of
debt collection practices within any State if the
Bureau determines that under the law of that
State that class of debt collection practices is
subject to requirements substantially similar to
those imposed by this subchapter, and that
there is adequate provision for enforcement.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 817, as added Pub. L.
95–109, Sept. 20, 1977, 91 Stat. 883; amended Pub.
L. 111–203, title X, § 1089(1), July 21, 2010, 124
Stat. 2092.)
AMENDMENTS
2010—Pub. L. 111–203 substituted ‘‘Bureau’’ for ‘‘Commission’’ in two places.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L.
111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5,
Government Organization and Employees.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section effective upon the expiration of six months
after Sept. 20, 1977, see section 819 of Pub. L. 90–321, as
added by Pub. L. 95–109, set out as a note under section
1692 of this title.

§ 1692p. Exception for certain bad check enforcement programs operated by private entities
(a) In general
(1) Treatment of certain private entities
Subject to paragraph (2), a private entity
shall be excluded from the definition of a debt

§ 1692p

collector, pursuant to the exception provided
in section 1692a(6) of this title, with respect to
the operation by the entity of a program described in paragraph (2)(A) under a contract
described in paragraph (2)(B).
(2) Conditions of applicability
Paragraph (1) shall apply if—
(A) a State or district attorney establishes, within the jurisdiction of such State
or district attorney and with respect to alleged bad check violations that do not involve a check described in subsection (b), a
pretrial diversion program for alleged bad
check offenders who agree to participate voluntarily in such program to avoid criminal
prosecution;
(B) a private entity, that is subject to an
administrative support services contract
with a State or district attorney and operates under the direction, supervision, and
control of such State or district attorney,
operates the pretrial diversion program described in subparagraph (A); and
(C) in the course of performing duties delegated to it by a State or district attorney
under the contract, the private entity referred to in subparagraph (B)—
(i) complies with the penal laws of the
State;
(ii) conforms with the terms of the contract and directives of the State or district
attorney;
(iii) does not exercise independent prosecutorial discretion;
(iv) contacts any alleged offender referred to in subparagraph (A) for purposes
of participating in a program referred to in
such paragraph—
(I) only as a result of any determination by the State or district attorney
that probable cause of a bad check violation under State penal law exists, and
that contact with the alleged offender
for purposes of participation in the program is appropriate; and
(II) the alleged offender has failed to
pay the bad check after demand for payment, pursuant to State law, is made for
payment of the check amount;
(v) includes as part of an initial written
communication with an alleged offender a
clear and conspicuous statement that—
(I) the alleged offender may dispute
the validity of any alleged bad check
violation;
(II) where the alleged offender knows,
or has reasonable cause to believe, that
the alleged bad check violation is the result of theft or forgery of the check,
identity theft, or other fraud that is not
the result of the conduct of the alleged
offender, the alleged offender may file a
crime report with the appropriate law
enforcement agency; and
(III) if the alleged offender notifies the
private entity or the district attorney in
writing, not later than 30 days after
being contacted for the first time pursuant to clause (iv), that there is a dispute
pursuant to this subsection, before fur-

§ 1693

TITLE 15—COMMERCE AND TRADE
ther restitution efforts are pursued, the
district attorney or an employee of the
district attorney authorized to make
such a determination makes a determination that there is probable cause to
believe that a crime has been committed; and

(vi) charges only fees in connection with
services under the contract that have been
authorized by the contract with the State
or district attorney.
(b) Certain checks excluded
A check is described in this subsection if the
check involves, or is subsequently found to involve—
(1) a postdated check presented in connection with a payday loan, or other similar
transaction, where the payee of the check
knew that the issuer had insufficient funds at
the time the check was made, drawn, or delivered;
(2) a stop payment order where the issuer
acted in good faith and with reasonable cause
in stopping payment on the check;
(3) a check dishonored because of an adjustment to the issuer’s account by the financial
institution holding such account without providing notice to the person at the time the
check was made, drawn, or delivered;
(4) a check for partial payment of a debt
where the payee had previously accepted partial payment for such debt;
(5) a check issued by a person who was not
competent, or was not of legal age, to enter
into a legal contractual obligation at the time
the check was made, drawn, or delivered; or
(6) a check issued to pay an obligation arising from a transaction that was illegal in the
jurisdiction of the State or district attorney
at the time the check was made, drawn, or delivered.
(c) Definitions
For purposes of this section, the following
definitions shall apply:
(1) State or district attorney
The term ‘‘State or district attorney’’ means
the chief elected or appointed prosecuting attorney in a district, county (as defined in section 2 of title 1), municipality, or comparable
jurisdiction, including State attorneys general
who act as chief elected or appointed prosecuting attorneys in a district, county (as so defined), municipality or comparable jurisdiction, who may be referred to by a variety of
titles such as district attorneys, prosecuting
attorneys, commonwealth’s attorneys, solicitors, county attorneys, and state’s attorneys,
and who are responsible for the prosecution of
State crimes and violations of jurisdictionspecific local ordinances.
(2) Check
The term ‘‘check’’ has the same meaning as
in section 5002(6) of title 12.
(3) Bad check violation
The term ‘‘bad check violation’’ means a
violation of the applicable State criminal law
relating to the writing of dishonored checks.

Page 1528

(Pub. L. 90–321, title VIII, § 818, as added Pub. L.
109–351, title VIII, § 801(a)(2), Oct. 13, 2006, 120
Stat. 2004.)
SUBCHAPTER VI—ELECTRONIC FUND
TRANSFERS
§ 1693. Congressional findings and declaration of
purpose
(a) Rights and liabilities undefined
The Congress finds that the use of electronic
systems to transfer funds provides the potential
for substantial benefits to consumers. However,
due to the unique characteristics of such systems, the application of existing consumer protection legislation is unclear, leaving the rights
and liabilities of consumers, financial institutions, and intermediaries in electronic fund
transfers undefined.
(b) Purposes
It is the purpose of this subchapter to provide
a basic framework establishing the rights, liabilities, and responsibilities of participants in
electronic fund and remittance transfer systems. The primary objective of this subchapter,
however, is the provision of individual consumer
rights.
(Pub. L. 90–321, title IX, § 902, as added Pub. L.
95–630, title XX, § 2001, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3728;
amended Pub. L. 111–203, title X, § 1073(a)(1), July
21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2060.)
AMENDMENTS
2010—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 111–203 inserted ‘‘and remittance’’ after ‘‘electronic fund’’.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective 1 day after
July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided, see section
4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as an Effective Date note
under section 5301 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Pub. L. 90–321, title IX, § 923, formerly § 921, as added
by Pub. L. 95–630, title XX, § 2001, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat.
3741, renumbered § 922, Pub. L. 111–24, title IV, § 401(1),
May 22, 2009, 123 Stat. 1751; renumbered § 923, Pub. L.
111–203, title X, § 1073(a)(3), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2060,
provided that: ‘‘This title [enacting this subchapter]
takes effect upon the expiration of eighteen months
from the date of its enactment [Nov. 10, 1978], except
that sections 909 and 911 [sections 1693g, 1693i of this
title] take effect upon the expiration of ninety days
after the date of enactment.’’
[Pub. L. 111–203, § 1073(a)(3), which directed renumbering of section 922 of Pub. L. 90–321 as section 923 effective 1 day after July 21, 2010, was executed after the renumbering of section 921 of Pub. L. 90–321 as section 922
by Pub. L. 111–24, § 401(1), effective 15 months after May
22, 2009, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.]
SHORT TITLE
This subchapter known as the ‘‘Electronic Fund
Transfer Act’’, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of this title.

§ 1693a. Definitions
As used in this subchapter—
(1) the term ‘‘accepted card or other means
of access’’ means a card, code, or other means
of access to a consumer’s account for the purpose of initiating electronic fund transfers