Clean Water Act

33 USC 1251
NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

TITLE 33 - NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS
CHAPTER 26 - WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
SUBCHAPTER I - RESEARCH AND RELATED PROGRAMS
§ 1251. Congressional declaration of goals and policy
(a) Restoration and maintenance of chemical, physical and biological integrity of Nation’s
waters; national goals for achievement of objective
The objective of this chapter is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity
of the Nation’s waters. In order to achieve this objective it is hereby declared that, consistent with the
provisions of this chapter—
(1) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters be eliminated
by 1985;
(2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an interim goal of water quality which provides
for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and provides for recreation in and
on the water be achieved by July 1, 1983;
(3) it is the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in toxic amounts be prohibited;
(4) it is the national policy that Federal financial assistance be provided to construct publicly
owned waste treatment works;
(5) it is the national policy that areawide waste treatment management planning processes be
developed and implemented to assure adequate control of sources of pollutants in each State;
(6) it is the national policy that a major research and demonstration effort be made to develop
technology necessary to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters, waters of
the contiguous zone, and the oceans; and
(7) it is the national policy that programs for the control of nonpoint sources of pollution be
developed and implemented in an expeditious manner so as to enable the goals of this chapter to
be met through the control of both point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
(b) Congressional recognition, preservation, and protection of primary responsibilities and
rights of States
It is the policy of the Congress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and
rights of States to prevent, reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use (including
restoration, preservation, and enhancement) of land and water resources, and to consult with the
Administrator in the exercise of his authority under this chapter. It is the policy of Congress that the
States manage the construction grant program under this chapter and implement the permit programs
under sections 1342 and 1344 of this title. It is further the policy of the Congress to support and
aid research relating to the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution and to provide Federal
technical services and financial aid to State and interstate agencies and municipalities in connection
with the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution.
(c) Congressional policy toward Presidential activities with foreign countries
It is further the policy of Congress that the President, acting through the Secretary of State and such
national and international organizations as he determines appropriate, shall take such action as may be
necessary to insure that to the fullest extent possible all foreign countries shall take meaningful action
for the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution in their waters and in international waters and
for the achievement of goals regarding the elimination of discharge of pollutants and the improvement
of water quality to at least the same extent as the United States does under its laws.
(d) Administrator of Environmental Protection Agency to administer chapter
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this chapter, the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency (hereinafter in this chapter called “Administrator”) shall administer this chapter.

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33 USC 1251
NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

(e) Public participation in development, revision, and enforcement of any regulation, etc.
Public participation in the development, revision, and enforcement of any regulation, standard, effluent
limitation, plan, or program established by the Administrator or any State under this chapter shall
be provided for, encouraged, and assisted by the Administrator and the States. The Administrator, in
cooperation with the States, shall develop and publish regulations specifying minimum guidelines for
public participation in such processes.
(f) Procedures utilized for implementing chapter
It is the national policy that to the maximum extent possible the procedures utilized for implementing
this chapter shall encourage the drastic minimization of paperwork and interagency decision
procedures, and the best use of available manpower and funds, so as to prevent needless duplication
and unnecessary delays at all levels of government.
(g) Authority of States over water
It is the policy of Congress that the authority of each State to allocate quantities of water within its
jurisdiction shall not be superseded, abrogated or otherwise impaired by this chapter. It is the further
policy of Congress that nothing in this chapter shall be construed to supersede or abrogate rights to
quantities of water which have been established by any State. Federal agencies shall co-operate with
State and local agencies to develop comprehensive solutions to prevent, reduce and eliminate pollution
in concert with programs for managing water resources.
(June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title I, § 101, as added Pub. L. 92–500, § 2, Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 816; amended
Pub. L. 95–217, §§ 5(a), 26 (b), Dec. 27, 1977, 91 Stat. 1567, 1575; Pub. L. 100–4, title III, § 316(b), Feb.
4, 1987, 101 Stat. 60.)
Amendments
1987—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 100–4 added par. (7).
1977—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–217, § 26(b), inserted provisions expressing Congressional policy that the States
manage the construction grant program under this chapter and implement the permit program under sections 1342
and 1344 of this title.
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–217, § 5(a), added subsec. (g).

Short Title of 2008 Amendment
Pub. L. 110–365, § 1, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4021, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 1268 and 1271a of
this title] may be cited as the ‘Great Lakes Legacy Reauthorization Act of 2008’.”
Pub. L. 110–288, § 1, July 29, 2008, 122 Stat. 2650, provided that: “This Act [amending sections 1322, 1342, and
1362 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Clean Boating Act of 2008’.”

Short Title of 2002 Amendment
Pub. L. 107–303, § 1(a), Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2355, provided that: “This Act [enacting section 1271a of this title,
amending sections 1254, 1266, 1268, 1270, 1285, 1290, 1324, 1329, 1330, and 1375 of this title, enacting provisions
set out as notes under this section, section 1254 of this title, and section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and
repealing provisions set out as a note under section 50 of Title 20, Education] may be cited as the ‘Great Lakes and
Lake Champlain Act of 2002’.”
Pub. L. 107–303, title I, § 101, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2355, provided that: “This title [enacting section 1271a of this
title and amending section 1268 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002’.”
Pub. L. 107–303, title II, § 201, Nov. 27, 2002, 116 Stat. 2358, provided that: “This title [amending section 1270 of
this title] may be cited as the ‘Daniel Patrick Moynihan Lake Champlain Basin Program Act of 2002’.”

Short Title of 2000 Amendments
Pub. L. 106–457, title II, § 201, Nov. 7, 2000, 114 Stat. 1967, provided that: “This title [amending section 1267 of
this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1267 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Chesapeake
Bay Restoration Act of 2000’.”

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33 USC 1251
NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

Pub. L. 106–457, title IV, § 401, Nov. 7, 2000, 114 Stat. 1973, provided that: “This title [amending section 1269 of
this title] may be cited as the ‘Long Island Sound Restoration Act’.”
Pub. L. 106–457, title V, § 501, Nov. 7, 2000, 114 Stat. 1973, provided that: “This title [enacting section 1273 of this
title] may be cited as the ‘Lake Pontchartrain Basin Restoration Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–457, title VI, § 601, Nov. 7, 2000, 114 Stat. 1975, provided that: “This title [enacting section 1300 of this
title] may be cited as the ‘Alternative Water Sources Act of 2000’.”
Pub. L. 106–284, § 1, Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 870, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 1346 and 1375a of this
title and amending sections 1254, 1313, 1314, 1362, and 1377 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Beaches Environmental
Assessment and Coastal Health Act of 2000’.”

Short Title of 1994 Amendment
Pub. L. 103–431, § 1, Oct. 31, 1994, 108 Stat. 4396, provided that: “This Act [amending section 1311 of this title]
may be cited as the ‘Ocean Pollution Reduction Act’.”

Short Title of 1990 Amendment
Pub. L. 101–596, § 1, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3000, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 1269 and 1270 of this
title, amending sections 1268, 1324, and 1416 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section
and section 1270 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Great Lakes Critical Programs Act of 1990’.”
Pub. L. 101–596, title II, § 201, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3004, provided that: “This part [probably means title, enacting
section 1269 of this title and amending section 1416 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Long Island Sound Improvement
Act of 1990’.”
Pub. L. 101–596, title III, § 301, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3006, provided that: “This title [enacting section 1270 of
this title, amending section 1324 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1270 of this title]
may be cited as the ‘Lake Champlain Special Designation Act of 1990’.”

Short Title of 1988 Amendment
Pub. L. 100–653, title X, § 1001, Nov. 14, 1988, 102 Stat. 3835, provided that: “This title [amending section 1330 of
this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 1330 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Massachusetts
Bay Protection Act of 1988’.”

Short Title of 1987 Amendment
Section 1(a) of Pub. L. 100–4 provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 1254a, 1267, 1268, 1281b, 1329, 1330, 1377,
1381 to 1387, and 1414a of this title, amending this section and sections 1254, 1256, 1262, 1281, 1282 to 1285, 1287,
1288, 1291, 1311 to 1313, 1314, 1317 to 1322, 1324, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1361, 1362, 1365, 1369, 1375, and 1376 of
this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 1284, 1311, 1317, 1319, 1330, 1342,
1345, 1362, 1375, and 1414a of this title, and section 1962d–20 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be
cited as the ‘Water Quality Act of 1987’.”

Short Title of 1981 Amendment
Pub. L. 97–117, § 1, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1623, provided that: “This Act [enacting sections 1298, 1299, and 1313a of
this title, amending sections 1281 to 1285, 1287, 1291, 1292, 1296, 1311, and 1314 of this title, and enacting provisions
set out as notes under sections 1311 and 1375 of this title] may be cited as the ‘Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Construction Grant Amendments of 1981’.”

Short Title of 1977 Amendment
Section 1 of Pub. L. 95–217 provided: “That this Act [enacting sections 1281a, 1294 to 1296, and 1297 of this title,
amending this section and sections 1252, 1254 to 1256, 1259, 1262, 1263, 1281, 1282 to 1288, 1291, 1292, 1311,
1314, 1315, 1317 to 1319, 1321 to 1324, 1328, 1341, 1342, 1344, 1345, 1362, 1364, 1375, and 1376 of this title,
enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 1284, 1286, 1314, 1321, 1342, 1344, and 1376 of
this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the ‘Clean Water Act of 1977’.”

Short Title
Section 1 of Pub. L. 92–500 provided that: “That this Act [enacting this chapter, amending section 24 of Title 12,
Banks and Banking, sections 633 and 636 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 711 of former Title 31, Money
and Finance, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 1281 and 1361 of this title] may
be cited as the ‘Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972’.”

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33 USC 1251
NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

Section 519, formerly section 518, of Act June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title V, as added Oct. 18, 1972, Pub. L. 92–500, §
2, 86 Stat. 896, and amended Dec. 27, 1977, Pub. L. 95–217, § 2, 91 Stat. 1566, and renumbered § 519, Feb. 4, 1987,
Pub. L. 100–4, title V, § 506, 101 Stat. 76, provided that: “This Act [this chapter] may be cited as the ‘Federal Water
Pollution Control Act’ (commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act).”

Savings Provision
Section 4 of Pub. L. 92–500 provided that:
“(a) No suit, action, or other proceeding lawfully commenced by or against the Administrator or any other officer or
employee of the United States in his official capacity or in relation to the discharge of his official duties under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1972]
shall abate by reason of the taking effect of the amendment made by section 2 of this Act [which enacted this chapter].
The court may, on its own motion or that of any party made at any time within twelve months after such taking effect,
allow the same to be maintained by or against the Administrator or such officer or employee.
“(b) All rules, regulations, orders, determinations, contracts, certifications, authorizations, delegations, or other actions
duly issued, made, or taken by or pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as in effect immediately prior
to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1972], and pertaining to any functions, powers, requirements, and duties
under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct.
18, 1972] shall continue in full force and effect after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 18, 1972] until modified
or rescinded in accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended by this Act [this chapter].
“(c) The Federal Water Pollution Control Act as in effect immediately prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Oct.
18, 1972] shall remain applicable to all grants made from funds authorized for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1972,
and prior fiscal years, including any increases in the monetary amount of any such grant which may be paid from
authorizations for fiscal years beginning after June 30, 1972, except as specifically otherwise provided in section 202
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended by this Act [section 1282 of this title] and in subsection (c)
of section 3 of this Act.”

Separability
Section 512 of act June 30, 1948, ch. 758, title V, as added Oct. 18, 1972, Pub. L. 92–500, § 2, 86 Stat. 894, provided
that: “If any provision of this Act [this chapter], or the application of any provision of this Act [this chapter] to any
person or circumstance, is held invalid, the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances, and the
remainder of this Act [this chapter], shall not be affected thereby.”

National Shellfish Indicator Program
Pub. L. 102–567, title III, § 308, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4286; as amended by Pub. L. 105–362, title II, § 201(b),
Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3282, provided that:
“(a) Establishment of a Research Program.—The Secretary of Commerce, in cooperation with the Secretary of Health
and Human Services and the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, shall establish and administer
a 5-year national shellfish research program (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Program’) for the purpose
of improving existing classification systems for shellfish growing waters using the latest technological advancements
in microbiology and epidemiological methods. Within 12 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 29,
1992], the Secretary of Commerce, in cooperation with the advisory committee established under subsection (b) and
the Consortium, shall develop a comprehensive 5-year plan for the Program which shall at a minimum provide for—
“(1) an environmental assessment of commercial shellfish growing areas in the United States, including an evaluation
of the relationships between indicators of fecal contamination and human enteric pathogens;
“(2) the evaluation of such relationships with respect to potential health hazards associated with human consumption
of shellfish;
“(3) a comparison of the current microbiological methods used for evaluating indicator bacteria and human enteric
pathogens in shellfish and shellfish growing waters with new technological methods designed for this purpose;
“(4) the evaluation of current and projected systems for human sewage treatment in eliminating viruses and other
human enteric pathogens which accumulate in shellfish;
“(5) the design of epidemiological studies to relate microbiological data, sanitary survey data, and human shellfish
consumption data to actual hazards to health associated with such consumption; and
“(6) recommendations for revising Federal shellfish standards and improving the capabilities of Federal and State
agencies to effectively manage shellfish and ensure the safety of shellfish intended for human consumption.

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NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

“(b) Advisory Committee.—(1) For the purpose of providing oversight of the Program on a continuing basis, an
advisory committee (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Committee’) shall be established under a memorandum
of understanding between the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference and the National Marine Fisheries Service.
“(2) The Committee shall—
“(A) identify priorities for achieving the purpose of the Program;
“(B) review and recommend approval or disapproval of Program work plans and plans of operation;
“(C) review and comment on all subcontracts and grants to be awarded under the Program;
“(D) receive and review progress reports from the Consortium and program subcontractors and grantees; and
“(E) provide such other advice on the Program as is appropriate.
“(3) The Committee shall consist of at least ten members and shall include—
“(A) three members representing agencies having authority under State law to regulate the shellfish industry, of whom
one shall represent each of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico shellfish growing regions;
“(B) three members representing persons engaged in the shellfish industry in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico
shellfish growing regions (who shall be appointed from among at least six recommendations by the industry members
of the Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference Executive Board), of whom one shall represent the shellfish industry
in each region;
“(C) three members, of whom one shall represent each of the following Federal agencies: the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration; and
“(D) one member representing the Shellfish Institute of North America.
“(4) The Chairman of the Committee shall be selected from among the Committee members described in paragraph
(3)(A).
“(5) The Committee shall establish and maintain a subcommittee of scientific experts to provide advice, assistance,
and information relevant to research funded under the Program, except that no individual who is awarded, or whose
application is being considered for, a grant or subcontract under the Program may serve on such subcommittee.
The membership of the subcommittee shall, to the extent practicable, be regionally balanced with experts who
have scientific knowledge concerning each of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico shellfish growing regions.
Scientists from the National Academy of Sciences and appropriate Federal agencies (including the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of
Health, Environmental Protection Agency, and National Science Foundation) shall be considered for membership on
the subcommittee.
“(6) Members of the Committee and its scientific subcommittee established under this subsection shall not be paid for
serving on the Committee or subcommittee, but shall receive travel expenses as authorized by section 5703 of title
5, United States Code.
“(c) Contract With Consortium.—Within 30 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Oct. 29, 1992], the Secretary
of Commerce shall seek to enter into a cooperative agreement or contract with the Consortium under which the
Consortium will—
“(1) be the academic administrative organization and fiscal agent for the Program;
“(2) award and administer such grants and subcontracts as are approved by the Committee under subsection (b);
“(3) develop and implement a scientific peer review process for evaluating grant and subcontractor applications prior
to review by the Committee;
“(4) in cooperation with the Secretary of Commerce and the Committee, procure the services of a scientific project
director;
“(5) develop and submit budgets, progress reports, work plans, and plans of operation for the Program to the Secretary
of Commerce and the Committee; and
“(6) make available to the Committee such staff, information, and assistance as the Committee may reasonably require
to carry out its activities.
“(d) Authorization of Appropriations.—(1) Of the sums authorized under section 4(a) of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration Marine Fisheries Program Authorization Act (Public Law 98–210; 97 Stat. 1409), there
are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Commerce $5,200,000 for each of the fiscal years 1993 through
1997 for carrying out the Program. Of the amounts appropriated pursuant to this authorization, not more than 5
percent of such appropriation may be used for administrative purposes by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

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NB: This unofficial compilation of the U.S. Code is current as of Jan. 4, 2012 (see http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/uscprint.html).

Administration. The remaining 95 percent of such appropriation shall be used to meet the administrative and scientific
objectives of the Program.
“(2) The Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference shall not administer appropriations authorized under this section,
but may be reimbursed from such appropriations for its expenses in arranging for travel, meetings, workshops, or
conferences necessary to carry out the Program.
“(e) Definitions.—As used in this section, the term—
“(1) ‘Consortium’ means the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium; and
“(2) ‘shellfish’ means any species of oyster, clam, or mussel that is harvested for human consumption.”

Limitation on Payments
Section 2 of Pub. L. 100–4 provided that: “No payments may be made under this Act [see Short Title of 1987
Amendment note above] except to the extent provided in advance in appropriation Acts.”

Seafood Processing Study; Submittal of Results to Congress not Later Than
January 1, 1979
Pub. L. 95–217, § 74, Dec. 27, 1977, 91 Stat. 1609, provided that the Administrator of the Environmental Protection
Agency conduct a study to examine the geographical, hydrological, and biological characteristics of marine waters to
determine the effects of seafood processes which dispose of untreated natural wastes into such waters and to include
in this study an examination of technologies which may be used in such processes to facilitate the use of the nutrients
in these wastes or to reduce the discharge of such wastes into the marine environment and to submit the result of this
study to Congress not later than Jan. 1, 1979.

Standards
For provisions relating to the responsibility of the head of each Executive agency for compliance with applicable
pollution control standards, see Ex. Ord. No. 12088, Oct. 13, 1978, 43 F.R. 47707, set out as a note under section 4321
of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Oversight Study
Section 5 of Pub. L. 92–500 authorized the Comptroller General of the United States to conduct a study and review
of the research, pilot, and demonstration programs related to prevention and control of water pollution conducted,
supported, or assisted by any Federal agency pursuant to any Federal law or regulation and assess conflicts between
these programs and their coordination and efficacy, and to report to Congress thereon by Oct. 1, 1973.

International Trade Study
Section 6 of Pub. L. 92–500 provided that:
“(a) The Secretary of Commerce, in cooperation with other interested Federal agencies and with representatives of
industry and the public, shall undertake immediately an investigation and study to determine—
“(1) the extent to which pollution abatement and control programs will be imposed on, or voluntarily undertaken by,
United States manufacturers in the near future and the probable short- and long-range effects of the costs of such
programs (computed to the greatest extent practicable on an industry-by-industry basis) on (A) the production costs
of such domestic manufacturers, and (B) the market prices of the goods produced by them;
“(2) the probable extent to which pollution abatement and control programs will be implemented in foreign industrial
nations in the near future and the extent to which the production costs (computed to the greatest extent practicable on
an industry-by-industry basis) of foreign manufacturers will be affected by the costs of such programs;
“(3) the probable competitive advantage which any article manufactured in a foreign nation will likely have in relation
to a comparable article made in the United States if that foreign nation—
“(A) does not require its manufacturers to implement pollution abatement and control programs.
“(B) requires a lesser degree of pollution abatement and control in its programs, or
“(C) in any way reimburses or otherwise subsidizes its manufacturers for the costs of such program;
“(4) alternative means by which any competitive advantage accruing to the products of any foreign nation as a result of
any factor described in paragraph (3) may be (A) accurately and quickly determined, and (B) equalized, for example, by
the imposition of a surcharge or duty, on a foreign product in an amount necessary to compensate for such advantage;
and

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“(5) the impact, if any, which the imposition of a compensating tariff of other equalizing measure may have in
encouraging foreign nations to implement pollution and abatement control programs.
“(b) The Secretary shall make an initial report to the President and Congress within six months after the date of
enactment of this section [Oct. 18, 1972] of the results of the study and investigation carried out pursuant to this section
and shall make additional reports thereafter at such times as he deems appropriate taking into account the development
of relevant data, but not less than once every twelve months.”

International Agreements
Section 7 of Pub. L. 92–500 provided that: “The President shall undertake to enter into international agreement to apply
uniform standards of performance for the control of the discharge and emission of pollutants from new sources, uniform
controls over the discharge and emission of toxic pollutants, and uniform controls over the discharge of pollutants
into the ocean. For this purpose the President shall negotiate multilateral treaties, conventions, resolutions, or other
agreements, and formulate, present, or support proposals at the United Nations and other appropriate international
forums.”

National Policies and Goal Study
Section 10 of Pub. L. 92–500 directed President to make a full and complete investigation and study of all national
policies and goals established by law to determine what the relationship should be between these policies and goals,
taking into account the resources of the Nation, and to report results of his investigation and study together with his
recommendations to Congress not later than two years after Oct. 18, 1972.

Efficiency Study
Section 11 of Pub. L. 92–500 directed President, by utilization of the General Accounting Office, to conduct a full and
complete investigation and study of ways and means of most effectively using all of the various resources, facilities,
and personnel of the Federal Government in order to most efficiently carry out the provisions of this chapter and to
report results of his investigation and study together with his recommendations to Congress not later than two hundred
and seventy days after Oct. 18, 1972.

Sex Discrimination
Section 13 of Pub. L. 92–500 provided that: “No person in the United States shall on the ground of sex be excluded
from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity
receiving Federal assistance under this Act [see Short Title note above] the Federal Water Pollution Control Act [this
chapter], or the Environmental Financing Act [set out as a note under section 1281 of this title]. This section shall
be enforced through agency provisions and rules similar to those already established, with respect to racial and other
discrimination, under title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [section 2000d et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and
Welfare]. However, this remedy is not exclusive and will not prejudice or cut off any other legal remedies available
to a discriminatee.”

Contiguous Zone of United States
For extension of contiguous zone of United States, see Proc. No. 7219, set out as a note under section 1331 of Title
43, Public Lands.

Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Environmental Pollution at Federal
Facilities
Ex. Ord. No. 12088, Oct. 13, 1978, 43 F.R. 47707, set out as a note under section 4321 of Title 42, The Public Health
and Welfare, provides for the prevention, control, and abatement of environmental pollution at federal facilities.

Executive Order No. 11548
Ex. Ord. No. 11548, July 20, 1970, 35 F.R. 11677, which related to the delegation of Presidential functions, was
superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11735, Aug. 3, 1973, 38 F.R. 21243, formerly set out as a note under section 1321 of
this title.

Ex. Ord. No. 11742. Delegation of Functions to Secretary of State Respecting
the Negotiation of International Agreements Relating to the Enhancement of the
Environment
Ex. Ord. No. 11742, Oct. 23, 1973, 38 F.R. 29457, provided:

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Under and by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code and as President
of the United States, I hereby authorize and empower the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Council on
Environmental Quality, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other appropriate Federal agencies, to perform,
without the approval, ratification, or other action of the President, the functions vested in the President by Section 7
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92–500; 86 Stat. 898) with respect to
international agreements relating to the enhancement of the environment.
Richard Nixon.

Definition of “Administrator”
Section 1(d) of Pub. L. 100–4 provided that: “For purposes of this Act [see Short Title of 1987 Amendment note
above], the term ‘Administrator’ means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.”

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