Source and Accuracy Statement

ATTACHMENT E

1Source of the Data and Accuracy of the Estimates for the

November 2010 CPS Microdata File on Voting and Registration

Table of Contents

SOURCE OF THE DATA 1

Basic CPS 1

November 2010 Supplement 2

Estimation Procedure 2

ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES 3

Sampling Error 3

Nonsampling Error 3

Nonresponse 3

Coverage 4

Comparability of Data 4

A Nonsampling Error Warning 5

Standard Errors and Their Use 6

Estimating Standard Errors 6

Generalized Variance Parameters 6

Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers 8

Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages 9

Standard Errors of Estimated Differences 10

Standard Errors for State, Division, and Region Estimates 11

Technical Assistance 11

REFERENCES 19

Tables

Table 1. CPS Coverage Ratios: November 2010 4

Table 2. Estimation Groups of Interest and Generalized Variance Parameters 8

Table 3. Parameters for Computation of Standard Errors for Labor Force Characteristics:

November 2010 12

Table 4. Parameters for Computation of Standard Errors for Voting and Registration

Characteristics: November 2010 13

Table 5. Parameters for Computation of State Standard Errors: November 2010 14-15

Table 6. Parameters for Computation of Division Standard Errors: November 2010 16

Table 7. Parameters for Computation of Region Standard Errors: November 2010 16

Table 8. Factors and Populations for State Parameters: November 2010 17

Table 9. Factors and Populations for Division Parameters: November 2010 18

Table 10. Factors and Populations for Region Parameters: November 2010 18

1Source of the Data and Accuracy of the Estimates for the

November 2010 CPS Microdata File on Voting and Registration

SOURCE OF THE DATA

The data in this microdata file are from the November 2010 Current Population Survey (CPS). The U.S. Census Bureau conducts the CPS every month, although this file has only November data. The November survey uses two sets of questions, the basic CPS and a set of supplemental questions. The CPS, sponsored jointly by the Census Bureau and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, is the country’s primary source of labor force statistics for the entire population. The Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division of the Census Bureau sponsors the supplemental questions for November.

1Basic CPS. The monthly CPS collects primarily labor force data about the civilian noninstitutionalized population living in the United States. The institutionalized population, which is excluded from the population universe, is composed primarily of the population in correctional institutions and nursing homes (91 percent of the 4.1 million institutionalized people in Census 2000). Interviewers ask questions concerning labor force participation about each member 15 years old and over in sample households. Typically, the week containing the nineteenth of the month is the interview week. The week containing the twelfth is the reference week (i.e., the week about which the labor force questions are asked).

The CPS uses a multistage probability sample based on the results of the decennial census, with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The sample is continually updated to account for new residential construction. When files from the most recent decennial census become available, the Census Bureau gradually introduces a new sample design for the CPS.

In April 2004, the Census Bureau began phasing out the 1990 sample¹ and replacing it with the 2000 sample, creating a mixed sampling frame. Two simultaneous changes occurred during this phase-in period. First, primary sampling units (PSUs)² selected for only the 2000 design gradually replaced those selected for the 1990 design. This involved 10 percent of the sample. Second, within PSUs selected for both the 1990 and 2000 designs, sample households from the 2000 design gradually replaced sample households from the 1990 design. This involved about 90 percent of the sample. The new sample design was completely implemented by July 2005.

In the first stage of the sampling process, PSUs are selected for sample. The United States is divided into 2,025 PSUs. The PSUs were redefined for this design to correspond to the Office of Management and Budget definitions of Core-Based Statistical Area definitions and to improve efficiency in field operations. These PSUs are grouped into 824 strata. Within each stratum, a single PSU is chosen for the sample, with its probability of selection proportional to its population as of the most recent decennial census. This PSU represents the entire stratum from which it was selected. In the case of strata consisting of only one PSU, the PSU is chosen with certainty.

Approximately 72,000 housing units were selected for sample from the sampling frame in November. Based on eligibility criteria, 11 percent of these housing units were sent directly to computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). The remaining units were assigned to interviewers for computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI).³ Of all housing units in sample, about 59,000 were determined to be eligible for interview. Interviewers obtained interviews at about 54,000 of these units. Noninterviews occur when the occupants are not found at home after repeated calls or are unavailable for some other reason.

1November 2010 Supplement. In November 2010, in addition to the basic CPS questions, interviewers asked supplementary questions of all persons 18 years of age and older on voting and registration.

1Estimation Procedure. This survey’s estimation procedure adjusts weighted sample results to agree with independently derived population estimates of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States and each state (including the District of Columbia). These population estimates, used as controls for the CPS, are prepared monthly to agree with the most current set of population estimates that are released as part of the Census Bureau’s population estimates and projections program.

The population controls for the nation are distributed by demographic characteristics in two ways:

• Age, sex, and race (White alone, Black alone, and all other groups combined).

• Age, sex, and Hispanic origin.

The population controls for the states are distributed by race (Black alone and all other race groups combined), age (0-15, 16-44, and 45 and over), and sex.

The independent estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, and for states by selected age groups and broad race categories, are developed using the basic demographic accounting formula whereby the population from the latest decennial data is updated using data on the components of population change (births, deaths, and net international migration) with net internal migration as an additional component in the state population estimates.

The net international migration component in the population estimates includes a combination of the following:

• Legal migration to the United States.

• Emigration of foreign-born and native people from the United States.

• Net movement between the United States and Puerto Rico.

• Estimates of temporary migration.

• Estimates of net residual foreign-born population, which include unauthorized migration.

Because the latest available information on these components lags the survey date, it is necessary to make short-term projections of these components to develop the estimate for the survey date.

1ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES

A sample survey estimate has two types of error: sampling and nonsampling. The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error. The nature of the sampling error is known given the survey design; the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown.

Sampling Error. Since the CPS estimates come from a sample, they may differ from figures from an enumeration of the entire population using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. For a given estimator, the difference between an estimate based on a sample and the estimate that would result if the sample were to include the entire population is known as sampling error. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described in “Standard Errors and Their Use,” are primarily measures of the magnitude of sampling error. However, they may include some nonsampling error.

Nonsampling Error. For a given estimator, the difference between the estimate that would result if the sample were to include the entire population and the true population value being estimated is known as nonsampling error. There are several sources of nonsampling error that may occur during the development or execution of the survey. It can occur because of circumstances created by the interviewer, the respondent, the survey instrument, or the way the data are collected and processed. For example, errors could occur because:

• The interviewer records the wrong answer, the respondent provides incorrect information, the respondent estimates the requested information, or an unclear survey question is misunderstood by the respondent (measurement error).

• Some individuals who should have been included in the survey frame were missed (coverage error).

• Responses are not collected from all those in the sample or the respondent is unwilling to provide information (nonresponse error).

• Values are estimated imprecisely for missing data (imputation error).

• Forms may be lost, data may be incorrectly keyed, coded, or recoded, etc. (processing error).

To minimize these errors, the Census Bureau applies quality control procedures during all stages of the production process including the design of the survey, the wording of questions, the review of the work of interviewers and coders, and the statistical review of reports.

Two types of nonsampling error that can be examined to a limited extent are nonresponse and undercoverage.

Nonresponse. The effect of nonresponse cannot be measured directly, but one indication of its potential effect is the nonresponse rate. For the November 2010 basic CPS, the household-level nonresponse rate was 8.8 percent. The person-level nonresponse rate for the Voting and Registration supplement was an additional 8.7 percent. Since the basic CPS nonresponse rate is a household-level rate and the Voting and Registration supplement nonresponse rate is a person-level rate, we cannot combine these rates to derive an overall nonresponse rate. Nonresponding households may have fewer persons than interviewed ones, so combining these rates may lead to an overestimate of the true overall nonresponse rate for persons for the Voting and Registration supplement.

1Coverage. The concept of coverage in the survey sampling process is the extent to which the total population that could be selected for sample “covers” the survey’s target population. Missed housing units and missed people within sample households create undercoverage in the CPS. Overall CPS undercoverage for November 2010 is estimated to be about 13 percent. CPS coverage varies with age, sex, and race. Generally, coverage is larger for females than for males and larger for non-Blacks than for Blacks. This differential coverage is a general problem for most household-based surveys.

1The CPS weighting procedure partially corrects for bias from undercoverage, but biases may still be present when people who are missed by the survey differ from those interviewed in ways other than age, race, sex, Hispanic origin, and state of residence. How this weighting procedure affects other variables in the survey is not precisely known. All of these considerations affect comparisons across different surveys or data sources.

1A common measure of survey coverage is the coverage ratio, calculated as the estimated population before poststratification divided by the independent population control. Table 1 shows November 2010 CPS coverage ratios by age and sex for certain race and Hispanic groups. The CPS coverage ratios can exhibit some variability from month to month.

Table 1. CPS Coverage Ratios: November 2010
	Total			White only		Black only		Residual race		Hispanic
Age group	All people	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
0-15	0.86	0.87	0.85	0.88	0.86	0.84	0.80	0.87	0.85	0.87	0.82
16-19	0.86	0.87	0.85	0.87	0.85	0.85	0.81	0.85	0.94	0.91	0.95
20-24	0.77	0.76	0.78	0.78	0.79	0.64	0.73	0.71	0.75	0.83	0.85
25-34	0.82	0.79	0.86	0.81	0.86	0.68	0.81	0.79	0.86	0.76	0.91
35-44	0.88	0.86	0.91	0.87	0.91	0.79	0.85	0.85	0.93	0.77	0.95
45-54	0.89	0.88	0.91	0.88	0.92	0.82	0.86	0.95	0.89	0.84	0.96
55-64	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.93	0.92	0.88	0.88	0.88	0.92	0.92	0.85
65+	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.95	0.88	0.96	0.94	0.80	0.74	0.83
15+	0.88	0.87	0.89	0.88	0.90	0.79	0.85	0.86	0.88	0.82	0.91
0+	0.87	0.87	0.88	0.88	0.89	0.80	0.84	0.86	0.87	0.83	0.88

Notes: (1) The Residual race group includes cases indicating a single race other than White or Black,

and cases indicating two or more races.

2. Hispanics may be any race. For a more detailed discussion on the use of parameters for

race and ethnicity, please see the “Generalized Variance Parameters” section.

1Comparability of Data. Data obtained from the CPS and other sources are not entirely comparable. This results from differences in interviewer training and experience and in differing survey processes. This is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected in the standard errors. Therefore, caution should be used when comparing results from different sources.

Data users should be careful when comparing the data from this microdata file, which reflects Census 2000-based controls, with microdata files from March 1994 through December 2002, which reflect 1990 census-based controls. Ideally, the same population controls should be used when comparing any estimates. In reality, the use of the same population controls is not practical when comparing trend data over a period of 10 to 20 years. Thus, when it is necessary to combine or compare data based on different controls or different designs, data users should be aware that changes in weighting controls or weighting procedures can create small differences between estimates. See the discussion following for information on comparing estimates derived from different controls or different sample designs.

Microdata files from previous years reflect the latest available census-based controls. Although the most recent change in population controls had relatively little impact on summary measures such as averages, medians, and percentage distributions, it did have a significant impact on levels. For example, use of Census 2000-based controls results in about a 1 percent increase from the 1990 census-based controls in the civilian noninstitutionalized population and in the number of families and households. Thus, estimates of levels for data collected in 2003 and later years will differ from those for earlier years by more than what could be attributed to actual changes in the population. These differences could be disproportionately greater for certain population subgroups than for the total population.

Note that certain microdata files from 2002, namely June, October, November, and the 2002 ASEC, contain both Census 2000-based estimates and 1990 census-based estimates and are subject to the comparability issues discussed previously. All other microdata files from 2002 reflect the 1990 census-based controls.

Users should also exercise caution because of changes caused by the phase-in of the Census 2000 files (see “Basic CPS”). During this time period, CPS data were collected from sample designs based on different censuses. Three features of the new CPS design have the potential of affecting published estimates: (1) the temporary disruption of the rotation pattern from August 2004 through June 2005 for a comparatively small portion of the sample, (2) the change in sample areas, and (3) the introduction of the new Core-Based Statistical Areas (formerly called metropolitan areas). Most of the known effect on estimates during and after the sample redesign will be the result of changing from 1990 to 2000 geographic definitions. Research has shown that the national-level estimates of the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations should not change appreciably because of the new sample design. However, users should still exercise caution when comparing metropolitan and nonmetropolitan estimates across years with a design change, especially at the state level.

Caution should also be used when comparing Hispanic estimates over time. No independent population control totals for people of Hispanic origin were used before 1985.

1A Nonsampling Error Warning. Since the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown, one should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on small differences between estimates. The Census Bureau recommends that data users incorporate information about nonsampling errors into their analyses, as nonsampling error could impact the conclusions drawn from the results. Caution should also be used when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of cases. Summary measures (such as medians and percentage distributions) probably do not reveal useful information when computed on a subpopulation smaller than 75,000.

For additional information on nonsampling error including the possible impact on CPS

data when known, refer to references [2] and [3].

1Standard Errors and Their Use. 1The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval. A confidence interval is a range about a given estimate that has a specified probability of containing the average result of all possible samples. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.645 standard errors below the estimate to 1.645 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples.

1A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples, but one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples.

1Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing, a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters using sample estimates. The most common type of hypothesis is that the population parameters are different. An example of this would be comparing the percentage of men who were part-time workers to the percentage of women who were part-time workers.

1Tests may be performed at various levels of significance. A significance level is the probability of concluding that the characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. For example, to conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.10 level of significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.645 times the standard error of the difference.

1The Census Bureau uses 90-percent confidence intervals and 0.10 levels of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard statistical textbooks for alternative criteria.

1Estimating Standard Errors. The Census Bureau uses replication methods to estimate the standard errors of CPS estimates. These methods primarily measure the magnitude of sampling error. However, they do measure some effects of nonsampling error as well. They do not measure systematic biases in the data associated with nonsampling error. Bias is the average over all possible samples of the differences between the sample estimates and the true value.

1Generalized Variance Parameters. While it is possible to compute and present an estimate of the standard error based on the survey data for each estimate in a report, there are a number of reasons why this is not done. A presentation of the individual standard errors would be of limited use, since one could not possibly predict all of the combinations of results that may be of interest to data users. Additionally, data users have access to CPS microdata files, and it is impossible to compute in advance the standard error for every estimate one might obtain from those data sets. Moreover, variance estimates are based on sample data and have variances of their own. Therefore, some methods of stabilizing these estimates of variance, for example, by generalizing or averaging over time, may be used to improve their reliability.

1Experience has shown that certain groups of estimates have similar relationships between their variances and expected values. Modeling or generalizing may provide more stable variance estimates by taking advantage of these similarities. The generalized variance function is a simple model that expresses the variance as a function of the expected value of the survey estimate. The parameters of the generalized variance function are estimated using direct replicate variances. These generalized variance parameters provide a relatively easy method to obtain approximate standard errors for numerous characteristics. In this source and accuracy statement, Table 3 provides the generalized variance parameters for labor force estimates, and Table 4 provides generalized variance parameters for characteristics from the November 2010 supplement. Tables 5 through 7 provide generalized variance parameters for U.S. states, divisions, and regions. Tables 8 through 10 provide factors and population controls to derive U.S. state, division, and regional parameters.

The basic CPS questionnaire records the race and ethnicity of each respondent. With respect to race, a respondent can be White, Black, Asian, American Indian and Alaskan Native (AIAN), Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NHOPI), or combinations of two or more of the preceding. A respondent’s ethnicity can be Hispanic or non-Hispanic, regardless of race.

The generalized variance parameters to use in computing standard errors are dependent upon the race/ethnicity group of interest. The following table summarizes the relationship between the race/ethnicity group of interest and the generalized variance parameters to use in standard error calculations.

Table 2. Estimation Groups of Interest and Generalized Variance Parameters
Race/ethnicity group of interest	Generalized variance parameters to use in standard error calculations
Total population	Total or White
White alone, White AOIC, or White non-Hispanic population	Total or White
Black alone, Black AOIC, or Black non-Hispanic population	Black
Asian alone, Asian AOIC, or Asian non-Hispanic population	Asian, AIAN, NHOPI
AIAN alone, AIAN AOIC, or AIAN non-Hispanic population
NHOPI alone, NHOPI AOIC, or NHOPI non-Hispanic population
Populations from other race groups	Asian, AIAN, NHOPI
Hispanic population	Hispanic
Two or more races – employment/unemployment and educational attainment characteristics	Black
Two or more races – all other characteristics	Asian, AIAN, NHOPI

Notes: (1) AIAN is American Indian and Alaska Native and NHOPI is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.

2. AOIC is an abbreviation for alone or in combination. The AOIC population for a race group of interest includes people reporting only the race group of interest (alone) and people reporting multiple race categories including the race group of interest (in combination).

3. Hispanics may be any race.

4. Two or more races refers to the group of cases self-classified as having two or more races.

Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard error, s_x, of an estimated number from this microdata file can be obtained by using the formula:

(1)

1Here x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in Table 3 or 4 associated with the particular type of characteristic. When calculating standard errors from cross-tabulations involving different characteristics, use the set of parameters for the characteristic that will give the largest standard error.

1Illustration 1

Suppose in November 2010 there were 8,111,000 unemployed men (ages 16 and up) in the civilian labor force. Use the appropriate parameters from Table 3 and Formula (1) to get

Illustration 1
Number of unemployed males in the civilian labor force (x)	8,111,000
a parameter (a)	-0.000032
b parameter (b)	2,971
Standard error	148,000
90-percent confidence interval	7,868,000 to 8,354,000

The standard error is calculated as

1The 90-percent confidence interval is calculated as 8,111,000 ± 1.645 × 148,000.

1A conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 90 percent of all possible samples.

1Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends on both the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or more. When the numerator and denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter from Table 3 or 4 as indicated by the numerator.

1The approximate standard error, s_y,p, of an estimated percen­tage can be obtained by using the formula:

(2)

1Here y is the total number of people, families, households, or unrelated individuals in the base or denominator of the percentage, p is the percentage 100*x/y (0  p 100), and b is the parameter in Table 3 or 4 associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage.

1Illustration 2

In November 2010, out of 228,820,000 people with at least an elementary school education, 41.9 percent reported voting. Use the appropriate parameter from Table 4 and formula (2) to get

Illustration 2
Percentage that reported voting (p)	41.9
Base (y)	228,820,000
b parameter (b)	2,945
Standard error	0.18
90-percent confidence interval	41.6 to 42.2

1The standard error is calculated as

1The 90-percent confidence interval for the estimat­ed percentage of people with at least an elementary school education who reported voting is from 41.6 to 42.2 percent (i.e., 41.9 ± 1.645 × 0.18).

1Standard Errors of Estimated Differences. The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to

(3)

where s_x1 and s_x2 are the standard errors of the estimates, x₁ and x₂. The estimates can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc. This will result in accurate estimates of the standard error of the same characteristic in two different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive (negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate (underestimate) the true standard error.

1Illustration 3

The November 2010 supplement showed that out of 110,660,000 men who had at least an elementary school education, 45,354,000 or 41.0 percent had voted, and of the 118,160,000 women who had at least an elementary school education, 50,536,000 or 42.8 percent had voted. Use the appropriate parameters from Table 4 and Formulas (2) and (3) to get

Illustration 3
	Male (x1)	Female (x2)	Difference
Percentage that had voted (p)	41.0	42.8	-1.8
Base (y)	110,660,000	118,160,000	-
b parameter (b)	2,945	2,945	-
Standard error	0.25	0.25	0.35
90-percent confidence interval	40.6 to 41.4	42.4 to 43.2	-2.4 to -1.2

The standard error of the difference is calculated as

1The 90-percent confidence interval around the difference is calculated as -1.8 ± 1.645 × 0.35. Since this interval does not include zero, we can conclude with 90 percent confidence that the percentage of women with at least an elementary school education who voted is greater than the percentage of men with at least an elementary school education who voted.

Standard Errors for State, Division, and Region Estimates. Standard errors for state, division, and region estimates may be obtained by using the state, division, and region parameters. The state, division, and region parameters for Total or White population voting and registration estimates are included in Tables 5, 6, and 7. The state, division, and region parameters for other subpopulation groups are determined by multiplying the a and b parameters in Table 4 by the appropriate factor from Tables 8, 9, or 10. The state factors are contained in Table 8, the division factors in Table 9, and the region factors in Table 10. After determining the correct parameter, use the standard error formulas discussed earlier in the text to calculate standard error estimates.

1Illustration 4

About 4,721,000 (31.5 percent) people have completed at least a bachelor’s degree out of about 14,974,000 people aged 18 and over living in New York. Following the method mentioned above, obtain the needed state parameter by multiplying the parameter in Table 4 by the state factor in Table 8 for the state of interest. In this example, the educational attainment parameter for Total or White in New York is calculated as b = 2,131 × 1.16 = 2,472.

Use formula (2) with the new b parameter, 2,472, to get

Illustration 2
Percentage that reported voting (p)	31.5
Base (y)	14,974,000
b parameter (b)	2,472
Standard error	0.60
90-percent confidence interval	30.5 to 32.5

Technical Assistance. If you require assistance or additional information, please contact the Demographic Statistical Methods Division via e-mail at dsmd.source.and.accuracy@census.gov.

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Table 3. Parameters for Computation of Standard Errors for Labor Force Characteristics: November 2010
Characteristic	a	b
Total or White
Civilian labor force, employed	-0.000016	3,068
Not in labor force	-0.000009	1,833
Unemployed	-0.000016	3,096
Civilian labor force, employed, not in labor force, and unemployed
Men	-0.000032	2,971
Women	-0.000031	2,782
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years	-0.000022	3,096
Black
Civilian labor force, employed, not in labor force, and unemployed
Total	-0.000151	3,455
Men	-0.000311	3,357
Women	-0.000252	3,062
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years	-0.001632	3,455
Hispanic, may be of any race
Civilian labor force, employed, not in labor force, and unemployed
Total	-0.000141	3,455
Men	-0.000253	3,357
Women	-0.000266	3,062
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years	-0.001528	3,455
Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Civilian labor force, employed, not in labor force, and unemployed
Total	-0.000346	3,198
Men	-0.000729	3,198
Women	-0.000659	3,198
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years	-0.004146	3,198

Notes: (1) These parameters are to be applied to basic CPS monthly labor force estimates.

2. The Total or White, Black, and Asian, AIAN, NHOPI parameters are to be used for both alone and in combination race group estimates.

3. For nonmetropolitan characteristics, multiply the a and b parameters by 1.5. If the characteristic of interest is total state population, not subtotaled by race or ethnicity, the a and b parameters are zero.

4. For foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Total and White, the a and b parameters should be multiplied by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Black, Hispanic, and Asian, AIAN, NHOPI parameters.

5. For the groups self-classified as having two or more races, use the Asian, AIAN, NHOPI parameters for all employment characteristics.

Table 4. Parameters for Computation of Standard Errors for Voting and Registration Characteristics: November 2010
Characteristics	Total or White		Black		API, AIAN, NHOPI		Hispanic
	a	b	a	b	a	b	a	b
Voting, registration, reasons for not voting or registering (includes breakdowns by: Citizenship, Household relationship, Family heads by presence of children, Marital status, Duration of residence, Tenure, Education level, Family income of persons, (Occupation group)	-0.000012	2,945	-0.000094	4,316	-0.000273	4,705	-0.000213	7,274
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL PERSONS, VOTING AND NONVOTING
Marital Status	-0.000015	4,687	-0.000108	6,733	-0.000284	6,733	-0.000228	11,347
Education of Persons	-0.000009	2,131	-0.000051	2,410	-0.000109	1,946	-0.000070	2,745
Education of Family Head	-0.000008	1,860	-0.000036	1,683	-0.000094	1,683	-0.000072	2,836
Persons by Family Income	-0.000018	4,408	-0.000107	5,047	-0.000282	5,047	-0.000217	8,505
Duration of Residence Tenure	-0.000015	4,687	-0.000108	6,733	-0.000284	6,733	-0.000228	11,347
HOUSEHOLD RELATIONSHIPS, VOTING AND NONVOTING
Head, Spouse of Head	-0.000008	1,860	-0.000036	1,683	-0.000094	1,683	-0.000072	2,836
Nonrelative or Other Relative of Head	-0.000015	4,687	-0.000108	6,733	-0.000284	6,733	-0.000228	11,347

Notes: (1) These parameters are to be applied to the November 2010 Voting and Registration Supplement data.

2. AIAN is American Indian and Alaska Native and NHOPI is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.

(3) Hispanics may be any race. For a more detailed discussion on the use of parameters for race and ethnicity, please see the “Generalized Variance Parameters” section.

(4) The Total or White, Black, and Asian, AIAN, NHOPI parameters are to be used for both alone and in combination race group estimates.

(5) For nonmetropolitan characteristics, multiply the a and b parameters by 1.5. If the characteristic of interest is total state population, not subtotaled by race or ethnicity, the a and b parameters are zero.

(6) For foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Total and White, the a and b parameters should be multiplied by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Black, Asian, AIAN, NHOPI, and Hispanic parameters.

(7) For the group self-classified as having two or more races, use the Asian, AIAN, NHOPI parameters for all characteristics except employment, unemployment, and educational attainment, in which case use Black parameters.

Table 5. Parameters for Computation of State Standard Errors: November 2010
State	a	b
Alabama	-0.000688	3,213
Alaska	-0.000749	517
Arizona	-0.000503	3,329
Arkansas	-0.000717	2,054
California	-0.000091	3,349
Colorado	-0.000665	3,355
Connecticut	-0.000767	2,670
Delaware	-0.000766	675
District of Columbia	-0.000893	539
Florida	-0.000177	3,247
Georgia	-0.000336	3,280
Hawaii	-0.000714	900
Idaho	-0.000667	1,030
Illinois	-0.000259	3,323
Indiana	-0.000515	3,279
Iowa	-0.000781	2,332
Kansas	-0.000776	2,165
Kentucky	-0.000764	3,258
Louisiana	-0.000722	3,215
Maine	-0.000950	1,235
Maryland	-0.000604	3,416
Massachusetts	-0.000499	3,279
Michigan	-0.000340	3,331
Minnesota	-0.000623	3,270
Mississippi	-0.000744	2,155
Missouri	-0.000570	3,373
Montana	-0.000762	737
Nebraska	-0.000779	1,392
Nevada	-0.000726	1,916
New Hampshire	-0.000824	1,080
New Jersey	-0.000387	3,348
New Mexico	-0.000747	1,498
New York	-0.000177	3,430
North Carolina	-0.000356	3,324

Notes: (1) These parameters are for use with state level voting and registration estimates for the

Total or White population. For state level estimates of subpopulation groups, please

use the factors provided in Table 8.

Table 5. Parameters for Computation of State Standard Errors: November 2010
State	a	b
North Dakota	-0.000797	509
Ohio	-0.000292	3,329
Oklahoma	-0.000759	2,774
Oregon	-0.000769	2,950
Pennsylvania	-0.000267	3,325
Rhode Island	-0.000845	877
South Carolina	-0.000721	3,260
South Dakota	-0.000659	530
Tennessee	-0.000527	3,298
Texas	-0.000135	3,361
Utah	-0.000561	1,588
Vermont	-0.000901	555
Virginia	-0.000424	3,288
Washington	-0.000509	3,400
West Virginia	-0.000662	1,196
Wisconsin	-0.000591	3,314
Wyoming	-0.000799	439

Notes: (1) These parameters are for use with state level voting and registration estimates for the

Total or White population. For state level estimates of subpopulation groups, please

use the factors provided in Table 8.

Table 6. Parameters for Computation of Division Standard Errors: November 2010
Division	a	b
New England	-0.000170	2,435
Middle Atlantic	-0.000083	3,381
East North Central	-0.000072	3,319
West North Central	-0.000131	2,650
South Atlantic	-0.000054	3,153
East South Central	-0.000170	3,082
West South Central	-0.000088	3,166
Mountain	-0.000110	2,437
Pacific	-0.000065	3,230

Notes: (1) These parameters are for use with census division level voting and registration estimates for the

Total or White population. For census division level estimates of subpopulation groups, please

use the factors provided in Table 9.

Table 7. Parameters for Computation of Region Standard Errors: November 2010
Region	a	b
Northeast	-0.000057	3,136
Midwest	-0.000047	3,119
South	-0.000028	3,145
West	-0.000042	3,005
All Except South	-0.000016	3,083

Notes: (1) These parameters are for use with census region level voting and registration estimates for the

Total or White population. For census region level estimates of subpopulation groups, please

use the factors provided in Table 10.

Table 8. Factors and Populations for State Parameters: November 2010
State	Factor	Population	State	Factor	Population
Alabama	1.09	4,668,168	Montana	0.25	967,143
Alaska	0.18	689,890	Nebraska	0.47	1,786,242
Arizona	1.13	6,617,939	Nevada	0.65	2,640,272
Arkansas	0.70	2,866,986	New Hampshire	0.37	1,310,715
California	1.14	36,893,183	New Jersey	1.14	8,657,136
Colorado	1.14	5,047,256	New Mexico	0.51	2,005,316
Connecticut	0.91	3,480,448	New York	1.16	19,403,814
Delaware	0.23	880,585	North Carolina	1.13	9,326,814
District of Columbia	0.18	603,274	North Dakota	0.17	639,032
Florida	1.10	18,334,968	Ohio	1.13	11,394,950
Georgia	1.11	9,759,011	Oklahoma	0.94	3,656,492
Hawaii	0.31	1,260,323	Oregon	1.00	3,833,803
Idaho	0.35	1,542,982	Pennsylvania	1.13	12,457,420
Illinois	1.13	12,811,505	Rhode Island	0.30	1,037,378
Indiana	1.11	6,370,318	South Carolina	1.11	4,520,042
Iowa	0.79	2,986,961	South Dakota	0.18	804,378
Kansas	0.74	2,790,635	Tennessee	1.12	6,263,559
Kentucky	1.11	4,262,257	Texas	1.14	24,908,766
Louisiana	1.09	4,450,472	Utah	0.54	2,830,466
Maine	0.42	1,299,804	Vermont	0.19	615,892
Maryland	1.16	5,651,153	Virginia	1.12	7,759,521
Massachusetts	1.11	6,571,383	Washington	1.15	6,677,749
Michigan	1.13	9,805,322	West Virginia	0.41	1,804,908
Minnesota	1.11	5,245,474	Wisconsin	1.13	5,609,517
Mississippi	0.73	2,897,788	Wyoming	0.15	549,750
Missouri	1.15	5,922,964

Notes: (1) These factors are for use with state level voting and registration estimates for subpopulation groups.

2. The state population counts in this table are for the 0+ population.

(3) For foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Total and White, the a and b parameters should be multiplied by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Blacks, API, and Hispanics.

Table 9. Factors and Populations for Division Parameters: November 2010
Division	Factor	Population
New England	0.83	14,315,620
Middle Atlantic	1.15	40,518,370
East North Central	1.13	45,991,612
West North Central	0.90	20,175,686
South Atlantic	1.07	58,640,276
East South Central	1.05	18,091,772
West South Central	1.08	35,882,716
Mountain	0.83	22,201,124
Pacific	1.10	49,354,948

Notes: (1) These factors are for use with census division level voting and registration estimates for

subpopulation groups.

2. The census division population counts in this table are for the 0+ population.

(3) For foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Total and White, the a and b parameters should be multiplied by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Blacks, API, and Hispanics.

Table 10. Factors and Populations for Region Parameters: November 2010
Region	Factor	Population
Northeast	1.06	54,833,990
Midwest	1.06	66,167,298
South	1.07	112,614,764
West	1.02	71,556,072
All Except South	1.05	192,557,360

Notes: (1) These factors are for use with census region level voting and registration estimates for

subpopulation groups.

2. The census region population counts in this table are for the 0+ population.

(3) For foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Total and White, the a and b parameters should be multiplied by 1.3. No adjustment is necessary for foreign-born and noncitizen characteristics for Blacks, API, and Hispanics.

REFERENCES

[1] Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2004. Employment and Earnings. “Redesign of the Sample for the Current Population Survey.” Volume 51 Number 11, November 2004. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 4-6.

[2] U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology. Technical Paper 66. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. (http://www.census.gov/prod/2006pubs/tp-66.pdf)

[3] Brooks, C.A. and Bailar, B.A. 1978. Statistical Policy Working Paper 3 - An Error

Profile: Employment as Measured by the Current Population Survey. Subcommittee on

Nonsampling Errors, Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, U.S. Department of

Commerce, Washington, DC. (http://www.fcsm.gov/working-papers/spp.html)

1 For detailed information on the 2000 sample redesign, please see reference [1].

2 The PSUs correspond to substate areas (i.e., counties or groups of counties) that are geographically contiguous.

3 For further information on CATI and CAPI and the eligibility criteria, please see reference [2].