State Court Organization Spreadsheet

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Overview

Screen Shot
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
Table 26
Table 27
Table 28
Table 29
Table 30
Table 31
Table 32
Table 33
Table 34
Table 35
Table 36
Table 37
Table 38
Table 39
Table 40
Table 41
Table 42
Table 43
Table 44
Table 45
Table 46
Table 47
Table 48
Table 49
Table 50
Table 51
Table 52
Table 53
Table 54
Table 55
Table 56
Table 57
Table 58
Table 59
Table 60
Table 61
Table 62

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Sheet 1: Screen Shot

Screen shot of login webpage into State Court Organization data collection platform

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Sheet 2: Table 1

Table 1. Appellate Courts
	Court of last resort			Intermediate appellate court
	Court name	Primary place of session	Sits in other locations	Court name	Primary place of session	Sits in other locations	Number of divisions
Alabama	Supreme Court	Montgomery	Yes	Court of Civil Appeals	Montgomery	Yes
				Court of Criminal Appeals	Montgomery	Yes
Alaska	Supreme Court	Anchorage, Fairbanks, and Juneau	Yes	Court of Appeals	Anchorage
American Saomoa	High Court, Appellate Division			~	~
Arizona	Supreme Court	Phoenix		Court of Appeals	Phoenix and Tucson		2
Arkansas	Supreme Court	Little Rock		Court of Appeals	Little Rock
California	Supreme Court	Los Angeles, Sacramento, and San Francisco		Courts of Appeals	9 locations		6
Colorado	Supreme Court	Denver	Yes	Court of Appeals	Denver
Connecticut	Supreme Court	Hartford	Yes	Appellate Court	Hartford	Yes
Delaware	Supreme Court	Dover		~	~
District of Columbia	Court of Appeals	Washington, D.C.		~	~
Florida	Supreme Court	Tallahassee		District Courts of Appeal	5 locations		5
Guam	Supreme Court			~	~
Georgia	Supreme Court	Atlanta		Court of Appeals	Atlanta	Yes
Hawaii	Supreme Court	Honolulu		Intermediate Court of Appeals	Honolulu
Idaho	Supreme Court	7 locations	Yes	Court of Appeals	9 locations	Yes
Illinois	Supreme Court	Springfield		Appellate Court	5 locations
Indiana	Supreme Court	Indianapolis		Court of Appeals	Indianapolis
				Tax Court	Indianapolis
Iowa	Supreme Court	Des Moines		Court of Appeals	Des Moines
Kansas	Supreme Court	Topeka		Court of Appeals	Varies	Yes
Kentucky	Supreme Court	Frankfort		Court of Appeals	Varies	Yes
Louisiana	Supreme Court	New Orleans		Courts of Appeal	5 locations		5
Maine	Supreme Judicial Court	Portland1		~	~
Maryland	Court of Appeals	Annapolis		Court of Special Appeals	Annapolis
Massachusetts	Supreme Judicial Court	Boston		Appeals Court	Boston
Michigan	Supreme Court	Lansing		Court of Appeals	4 locations	Yes
Minnesota	Supreme Court	St. Paul		Court of Appeals	Throughout the state
Mississippi	Supreme Court	Jackson		Court of Appeals	Jackson
Missouri	Supreme Court	Jefferson City		Court of Appeals	4 locations	Yes	3
Montana	Supreme Court	Helena		~	~
Nebraska	Supreme Court	Lincoln		Court of Appeals	Lincoln
Nevada	Supreme Court	Carson City	Yes	~	~
New Hampshire	Supreme Court	Concord		~	~
New Jersey	Supreme Court	Trenton		Appellate Division of Superior Court	Varies	Yes
New Mexico	Supreme Court	Santa Fe		Court of Appeals	Varies	Yes
New York	Court of Appeals	Albany		Appellate Division of Supreme Court	4 locations	Yes	4
				Appellate Terms of Supreme Court
North Carolina	Supreme Court	Raleigh		Court of Appeals	Raleigh
North Dakota	Supreme Court	Bismark	Yes	Temporary Court of Appeals	~
Northern Mariana Islands	Supreme Court			~	~
Ohio	Supreme Court	Columbus		Courts of Appeals	12 locations		12
Oklahoma	Supreme Court	Oklahoma City		Court of Civil Appeals	Oklahoma City and Tulsa
	Court of Criminal Appeals	Oklahoma City
Oregon	Supreme Court	Salem		Court of Appeals	Salem
Pennsylvania	Supreme Court	Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh		Superior Court	Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh	Yes
				Commonwealth Court	Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh	Yes
Puerto Rico	Supreme Court	San Juan		Circuit Court of Appeals	San Juan
Rhode Island	Supreme Court	Providence		~	~
South Carolina	Supreme Court	Columbia		Court of Appeals	Columbia
South Dakota	Supreme Court	Pierre	Yes	~	~
Tennessee	Supreme Court	Jackson, Knoxville, and Nashville		Court of Criminal Appeals	3 locations
				Court of Appeals	3 locations
Texas	Supreme Court	Austin		Courts of Appeals	15 locations		14
	Court of Criminal Appeals	Austin
Utah	Supreme Court	Salt Lake City		Court of Appeals	Salt Lake City
Vermont	Supreme Court	Montpelier	Yes	~	~
Virginia	Supreme Court	Richmond		Court of Appeals	Alexandria, Norfolk, Richmond, and Suffolk
Virgin Islands	Supreme Court			~	~
Washington	Supreme Court	Olympia		Courts of Appeals	3 locations		3
West Virginia	Supreme Court of Appeals	Charleston		~	~
Wisconsin	Supreme Court	Madison	Yes	Court of Appeals	Madison, Milwaukee, Waukesha, and Wausau
Wyoming	Supreme Court	Cheyenne	Yes	~	~
Legend:
~=Not applicable
Footnotes:
Alabama:
1/Sometimes sessions for oral argument are held in other cities.
Alaska:
2/The Supreme Court occasionally holds regular sessions in other cities.
California:
3/Six appellate districts meet in the following locations: First Appellate District – San Francisco; Second Appellate District – Los Angeles, Ventura; Third Appellate District – Sacramento; Fourth Appellate District – San Diego, Riverside, Santa Ana; Fifth Appellate District – Fresno; Sixth Appellate District – San Jose.
Colorado:
4/Twice each year the court will travel and hold arguments at a public school as part of a public education program.
Connecticut:
5/At least once per year, the court holds oral arguments at a Connecticut law school, university, high school, or Superior Court as part of a public education initiative.
Florida:
6/Five appellate districts meet in the following locations: District One – Tallahassee; District Two – Tampa;
Georgia:
7/The Court of Appeals may sit outside Atlanta by special court order.
Idaho:
8/The Supreme Court meets in Boise, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Falls, Lewiston, Moscow, Pocatello, and Twin Falls
Indiana:
10/Tax Court does not have a chief judge; it has one permanently assigned judge.
Kansas:
11/Court of Appeals judges are authorized to sit in any courthouse in the state.
Kentucky:
12/The panels of judges of the Court of Appeals do not sit permanently in one location; instead, they travel throughout the state to hear cases.
Lousiana:
13/Five appellate circuits meet in the following locations: First Circuit – Baton Rouge; Second Circuit – Shreveport; Third Circuit – Lake Charles; Fourth Circuit – New Orleans; Fifth Circuit – Gretna.
Maine:
14/The Supreme Court is not lodged in its own building. Instead, the justices have permanent chambers in the superior courthouse near their residence.
Michigan:
15/There are four designated election districts, but the Court of Appeals judges rotate throughout court locations in the state.
Missouri:
16/Three appellate districts meet in the following locations: Eastern District – St. Louis; Southern District – Poplar Bluff and Springfield; Western District – Kansas City.
Nevada:
17/The Supreme Court also sits in Las Vegas several times a year.
New Jersey:
18/Superior Court, Appellate Division judges are not assigned to permanent locations.
New Mexico:
19/Oral argument in the Court of Appeals is often scheduled in different locations.
New York:
20/Four appellate departments meet in the following locations: First Department – New York City; Second Department – Brooklyn; Third Department – Albany; Fourth Department – Rochester.
North Dakota:
21/The Supreme Court also sits in special session at the law school.
Ohio:
22/Twelve appellate districts meet in the following locations: District One – Cincinnati; District Two – Dayton; District Three – Lima; District Four – Portsmouth; District Five – Canton; District Six – Toledo; District Seven – Youngtown; District Eight – Cleveland; District Nine – Akron; District Ten – Columbus; District Eleven – Warren; District Twelve – Middleton.
Pennsylvania:
23/Special sessions may be held elsewhere.
South Dakota:
24/Twice each year the Court travels and holds arguments at the state’s law school and at a public school as part of a public education program.
Tennessee:
25/Three sections of the Court of Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals meet in the following locations: Eastern Section – Knoxville; Middle Section – Nashville; Western Section – Jackson. locations: Eastern Section – Knoxville; Middle Section – Nashville; Western Section – Jackson.
Texas:
26/Fourteen appellate districts meet in the following locations: District One – Houston; District Two – Fort Worth; District Three – Austin; District Four – San Antonio; District Five – Dallas; District Six – Texarkana; District Seven – Amarillo; District Eight – El Paso; District Nine – Beaumont; District Ten – Waco; District Eleven – Eastland; District Twelve – Tyler; District Thirteen – Corpus Christi and Edinburg; District Fourteen – Houston.
Vermont:
27/Special court sessions are held at Vermont Law School and at trial courts.
Washington:
28/Three appellate divisions meet in the following locations: Division I – Seattle; Division II – Tacoma; Division III – Spokane.
Wisconsin:
29/The Supreme Court travels to selected sites in Wisconsin approximately once a year.
Whyoming:
30/On occasion the court sits at the Wyoming Law School and various community colleges and high schools.
1The Supreme Court is not lodged in its own building. Instead, the justices have permanent chambers in the superior courthouse
near their residence.

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Sheet 3: Table 2

Table 2. Number of Appellate Court Judges
				Gender		Race and ethnic composition
			Number of Judges	Male	Female	White	Black or African American	Hispanic or Latino	Asian	Other
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court	9	7	2	9
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	5	4	1	5
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	5	2	3	5
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3		3
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	3	2	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	22	17	5	19	1	2
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	12	9	3	9	3
California
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	3	1	1	2
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	88	61	27	80	3	3	2
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	6		1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	16	12	4	15		1
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	6	1
	IAC	Appellate Court	9	7	2	8	1
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals	9	6	3	5	3	1
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
	IAC	District Courts of Appeal	62	49	13	53	6	3
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	5	2
	IAC	Court of Appeals	12	9	3	9	3
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	2			3
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals	6	4	2	2			4
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	2	1	2		1
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	6	1
	IAC	Appellate Court	53	38	15	29	1
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	5		4	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	15	12	3	14	1
	IAC	Tax Court	1	1		1
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	6	1	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	9	6	3	8				1
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	12	10	2	11	1
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	6	1	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	14	12	2	13	1
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	6	1
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	53	43	10	43	10
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court	7	5	2	7
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals	7	5	2	5	2
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals	13	9	4	12	1
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court	7	4	3	6	1
	IAC	Appeals Court	28	19	9	25	2		1
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	6	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	28	20	8	26	2
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	6	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	16	12	4	13	3
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court	9	9		8	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	10	10		8	2
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	6	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	32	15	3	16	2
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2	7
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	6	1	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	6	5	1	6
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court
New Hampshire			7	4	3	6	1
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	5	1	1
	IAC	Superior Court, Appellate Div.	35	26	9	31	2	2
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	3	2	2		3
	IAC	Court of Appeals	10	7	3	7		3
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals	7	3	4	5	1	1
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div.	57	37	9	42	2	2
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	6	1	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	15	9	6	12	3
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	3	2	5
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	7
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	68	45	23	61	2
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court	9	8	1	8	1
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals	5	4	1	4	1
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	10	8	2	10
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	7		6		1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	10	7	3	9		1
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	6	1	7
	IAC	Superior Court	23	16	7	22	1
	IAC	Commonwealth Court	9	4	5	8	1
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	5	2			7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	39	26	13			39
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	10	9	1	8	2
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	4	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	12	9	3	12
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	12	11	1	11	1
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court	9	7	2	7	2
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals	9	5	4	9
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	80	47	33	64	2	12	1	1
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	3	2	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	7	4	3	6				1
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	3	2	5
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	6	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	11	7	4	10	1
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court	9	5	4	9
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	22	5	5	9	1
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals	5	4	1	5
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court	7	4	3	6	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	16	13	3	15	1
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court	5	4	1	5
Legend
COLR = Court of last resort
IAC = Intermediate appellate court
NR = No response
*Some states, as a matter of policy, do not release information on the composition of their bench.
Connecticut:
1/This does not include a senior judge in the Appellate Court.
2/One appellate court judge is currently serving as chief court administrator. As a result, he is relieved of his appellate duties and a tenth
	appellate judge is appointed.
Illinois:
3/The ethnic composition also does not include the First District Court.
Indiana:
4/Initial term is two years; retention is 10 years.
Iowa:
5/One judge of the Court of Appeals is Indian.
Louisiana:
6/The Courts of Appeal have 55 authorized judicial positions.
Massachusetts:
7/The Appeals Court has 25 authorized judicial positions. The judges of the Appeals Court are assisted by the services on recall of several retired judges.
Missouri:
8/The gender and ethnic composition for the Court of Appeals does not include the Eastern District court, as that court did not respond.
Nebraska:
9/Term is more than 3 years for the first election; retention election is every 6 years thereafter.
New Jersey:
10/All judges are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term; thereafter, they may serve until mandatory retirement at age 70.
New York:
11/Appellate Terms of the Supreme Court have been established within the First and Second Departments of the Appellate Division. Data for the Appellate Terms are not included in the information presented here.
Ohio:
12/The ethnic composition for the Courts of Appeals does not include the Sixth District court.
Pennsylvania:
13/The Superior Court has 15 authorized judicial positions. The judges of the Superior Court are assisted by senior judges specially appointed by the Supreme Court.
14/The judges of the Commonwealth Court are assisted by senior judges specially appointed by the Supreme Court. Also, senior Common Pleas Court judges occasionally serve on the Commonwealth Court.
South Carolina:
15/The Court of Appeals has nine authorized judicial positions. The judges of the Court of Appeals are assisted by a retired Court of Appeals judge now on special appointment to the court.
Texas:
16/The ethnicity of one Courts of Appeals judge is not known.
Utah:
17/The initial term of appointment is until the next general election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment.
18/One judge of the Court of Appeals is American Indian/Alaska Native.
Washington:
19/The gender and ethnic composition for the Courts of Appeals does not include Division Two and Division Three courts, as those courts did not respond.
20/The Courts of Appeals have 23 authorized judicial positions.

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Sheet 4: Table 3

Table 3. Trial Courts and Number of Trial Court Judges
				Gender		Race and ethnic composition*
			Number of Judges	Male	Female	White	Black or African American	Hispanic or Latino	Asian	Other
Alabama
	GJ	Circuit	142	127	15	132	10
	LJ	District	102	81	21	94	8
	LJ	Municipal	315	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Probate	68	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Alaska
	GJ	Superior	34	28	6	32	1		1
	LG	District	20	16	4	20
	~	Magistrate’s Division	52	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
American Samoa
	GJ	High Court, Trial Division
	LJ	District
	LJ	Village
Arizona
	GJ	Superior	162	119	43	134	4	19	4	1
	GJ	Tax
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	83	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	139	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Arkansas
	GJ	Circuit	115	100	15	103	12
	LJ	District	115	103	12	112	3
	LJ	City	98	89	9	92	6
California
	GJ	Superior	1,498	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Colorado
	GJ	District	132	104	28	114	4	13	1
	GJ	Denver Probate	1		1	1
	GJ	Denver Juvenile	3	2	1	2	1
	GJ	Water
	LJ	County	103	80	23	94		9
	LJ	Municipal	250	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Connecticut
	GJ	Superior	196	141	55	172	18	5		1
	LJ	Probate	123	86	37	123
Delaware
	GJ	Superior	19	14	5	17	2
	LJ	Court of Chancery	5	5		5
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	61	41	20	52	8	1
	LJ	Family	15	10	5	12	2	1
	LJ	Court of Common Pleas	9	8	1	8				1
	LJ	Alderman’s	8	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
District of Columbia
	GJ	Superior	59	33	26	28	28	3
Florida
	GJ	Circuit	526	408	118	462	24	33		7
	LJ	County	276	194	82	234	24	16		7
Georgia
	GJ	Superior	188	156	32	160	17			11
	LJ	Juvenile	120	80	40	108	11
	LJ	Civil	4	4		3	1	1
	LJ	State	112	89	23	92	11		1	8
	LJ	Probate	159	76	83	139	5			15
	LJ	Magistrate	499	299	200	386	45			68
	LJ	County Recorder’s	12	5	7	6	5	1
	LJ	Municipal	344	297	47	275	31			43
Guam
	GJ	Superior
Hawaii
	GJ	Circuit	33	21	12	13			13	7
	LJ	District	36	23	13	9			19	8
Idaho
	GJ	District	39	33	6	39
	LJ	Magistrate’s Division	83	76	7	83
Illinois
	GJ	Circuit	494	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	~	Associate Division	356	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Indiana
	GJ	Superior and Circuit	297	248	49	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	GJ	Probate	1	1		1
	LJ	County	4	3	1	4
	LJ	City and Town	74	51	23	71	1	2
	LJ	Small Claims of Marion County	9	6	3	9
Iowa
	GJ	District	335	264	71	329	5	1
Kansas
	GJ	District	234	202	32	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	255	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Kentucky
	GJ	Circuit	127	97	30	124	3
	LJ	District	112	74	38	108	4
	GJ	Family
Louisiana
	GJ	District	213	179	34	169	44
	GJ	Juvenile & Family	18	8	10	12	6
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	388	250	138	338	49			1
	LJ	Mayor’s	250	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	City & Parish	73	59	14	62	11
Maine
	GJ	Superior	16	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
	GJ	District	33	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
	LJ	Probate	16	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Maryland
	GJ	Circuit	143	102	41	116	25		2
	LJ	District	104	75	29	84	18		2
	LJ	Orphan’s	66	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Massachusetts
	GJ	Superior Court Dept	73	45	28	64	7	1	1
	LJ	District Court Dept	148	120	28	140	7	1
	LJ	Probate & Family Court Dept	50	27	23	48	1	1
	LJ	Juvenile Court Dept	40	20	20	35	3	2
	LJ	Housing Court Dept	10	7	3	9	1
	LJ	Boston Municipal Court Dept	28	20	8	21	5	1	1
	LJ	Land Court Dept	6	5	1	6
Michigan
	GJ	Circuit	215	169	46	184	28	3
	GJ	Court of Claims	7	3	4	6	1
	LJ	District	257	188	69	212	44	1
	LJ	Probate	106	77	29	98	1	1		6
	LJ	Municipal	4	3	1	4
Minnesota
	GJ	District	276	205	71	260	9	3	3	1
Mississippi
	GJ	Circuit	49	40	9	41	8
	LJ	Chancery	45	32	13	37	8
	LJ	County	26	20	6	21	5
	LJ	Municipal	253	228	25	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Justice	197	156	41	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Missouri
	GJ	Circuit	322	267	55	304	18
	LJ	Municipal	377	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Montana
	GJ	District	39	31	8	39
	GJ	Workers’ Compensation	1	1		1
	GJ	Water	5	5		5
	LJ	Justice's Court	68	37	31	67		1
	LJ	Municipal	5	2	3	5
	LJ	City	72	37	35	72
Nebraska
	GJ	District	55	47	8	54
	LJ	Separate Juvenile	10	7	3	8	2
	LJ	County	58	49	9	56	2
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	7	6	1	7
Nevada
	GJ	District	60	41	19	37	1	1	1	20
	LJ	Justice	62	37	25	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	29	20	9	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
New Hampshire
	GJ	Superior	26	20	6	26
	LJ	District	68	60	8	67			1
	LJ	Probate	10	9	1	10
	LJ	Family Division
New Jersey
	GJ	Superior	377	289	88	331	28	16	2
	LJ	Tax	7	6	1	7
	LJ	Municipal	345	306	39	223	24	14	1	83
New Mexico
	GJ	District	75	57	18	48	3	23		1
	LJ	Magistrate	62	49	13	30		25		7
	LJ	Metro Ct. of Bernalillo County	16	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	85	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Probate	33	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
New York
	GJ	Supreme	498	368	130	415	50	20	5	10
	GJ	County	111	100	11	105	4			2
	GJ	Court of Claims	60	53	7	48	2	3		7
	LJ	Surrogates’	20	15	5	19				1
	LJ	Family	95	48	47	84	5	4	1	1
	LJ	District	167	132	35	146	9			12
	LJ	City
	LJ	Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.	132	67	65	78	20	18	7	9
	LJ	Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.	36	22	14	25	5	4		2
North Carolina
	GJ	Superior	105	97	8	86	17	1		1
	LJ	District	234	168	66	202	29			3
North Dakota
	GJ	District	42	35	7	42
	LJ	Municipal	80	80		N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Northern Mariana Islands
	GJ	Superior
Ohio
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	384	303	81	353	11			20
	LJ	Municipal	200	148	52	173	22			5
	LJ	County	46	41	5	40	1			5
	LJ	Court of Claims	2	2		2
	LJ	Mayor’s	322	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Oklahoma
	GJ	District	221	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal Court Not of Record	350	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal Criminal Court of Record	26	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	10	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Court of Tax Review	3	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Oregon
	GJ	Circuit	169	121	48	157	1	3	1	7
	GJ	Tax	1	1		1
	LJ	County	7	5	2	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Justice	30	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	225	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Pennsylvania
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	493	398	95	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Philadelphia Municipal	31	21	10	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Magisterial District Judge	618	464	154	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Philadelphia Traffic	9	5	4	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Puerto Rico
	GJ	Court of First Instance	328	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Rhode Island
	GJ	Superior	26	17	9	24	2
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	9	6	3	9
	LJ	District	15	10	5	13	1	1
	LJ	Family	20	11	9	20
	LJ	Probate	39	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	21	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Traffic Tribunal	7	4	3	6	1
South Carolina
	GJ	Circuit	45	42	4	41	5
	LJ	Family	51	38	14	51	1
	LJ	Magistrate	309	233	57	238	76
	LJ	Probate	46	23	23	44	2
	LJ	Municipal	328	214	60	237	45		4	19
South Dakota
	GJ	Circuit	38	34	4	38
	LJ	Magistrate	14	9	5	14
Tennessee
	GJ	Circuit	83	71	12	80	3
	GJ	Chancery	34	27	7	31	3
	GJ	Criminal	33	24	9	29	4
	GJ	Probate	2	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Juvenile	17	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Municipal	170	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	General Sessions	154	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Texas
	GJ	District	424	315	109	346	13	49	1	15
	LJ	County-level	481	390	91	347	6	48		80
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	826	547	262	451	19	87		269
	LJ	Municipal	1,343	879	405	590	15	80	264	656
Utah
	GJ	District	70	62	8	65	1	1	2	1
	LJ	Justice	120	70	50	117	1	1	1
	LJ	Juvenile	26	17	9	24		2
Vermont
	GJ	Superior	14	8	6	14
	GJ	District	17	12	5	17
	GJ	Family	5	1	4	5
	LJ	Probate	18	11	7	17			1
	LJ	Environmental	2	1	1	2
	LJ	Judicial Bureau	3		3	3
Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	156	140	16	139	17
	LJ	District	239	180	59	212	27
Virgin Islands
	GJ	Superior
Washington
	GJ	Superior	179	125	52	160	11	2	4	2
	LJ	District	109	79	30	105	1		3
	LJ	Municipal	98	75	12	83	2	2		11
West Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	65	63	2	63	2
	LJ	Magistrate	158	95	63	157	1
	LJ	Municipal	122	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
	LJ	Family	35	21	14	35
Wisconsin
	GJ	Circuit	240	209	31	229	6	3		2
	LJ	Municipal	232	191	41	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Wyoming
	GJ	District	20	18	2	20
	LJ	Circuit	24	21	3	24
	LJ	Municipal	81	65	16	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Legend:
GJ=General jurisdiction
LJ=Limited jurisdiction
NR=No response
N/S=Not stated
AP=At pleasure
DU=Duration of service
LD=Locally determined
VA=Varies
~=Not applicable
*Some states, as a matter of policy, do not release information on the composition of their bench. In addition, in many states there is no state-level body with responsibility for collecting information on the bench of limited jurisdiction courts that are primarily or exclusively locally funded.
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/The length of term for Municipal Court judges is two years if the position is part-time.
Alaska:
2/The initial term for Superior Court judges is three years.
Arizona:
3/This includes the Superior Court judge/judges who also serve on the Tax Court.
4/This also includes Superior Court judges that are Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
5/One judge of the Superior Court is American Indian/Alaska Native.
6/The length of term for the Municipal Court varies by court, but the minimum term is two years.
Colorado:
7/The initial term for District Court, Denver Probate Court, Denver Juvenile Court, and County Court judges is two years.
8/District Court judges serve as Water Court judges.
9/The length of term for Municipal Court judges varies by court, but the term is not less than two years.
Connecticut:
10/One Superior Court judge is a Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
Delaware:
11/The initial term for Justices of the Peace is four years.
12/One Common Pleas Court judge is American Indian/Alaska Native.
Florida:
13/The ethnicity of these judges is not known.
Georgia:
14/The ethnicity of these judges is not known.
15/Three Magistrate Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native, and the ethnicity of 65 judges is not known.
16/One Municipal/City of Atlanta Court judge is multi-racial, and the ethnicity of 42 judges is not known.
Hawaii:
17/The Family Court is a division of the Circuit Court. Family Court judges are either Circuit Court judges assigned to the Family Court or are District Court-level judges (district/family judges).
18/Seven Circuit Court judges and eight District Court judges are Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
Iowa:
19/The number of District Court judges includes associate judges and magistrates.
20/The initial term for District judges is at least one year. Associate judges serve a term of four years with an initial term of at least one year, and magistrate judges serve a term of four years.
Kansas:
21/The number of District Court judges includes magistrates.
Louisiana:
22/The ethnicity of one Justice of the Peace is not known.
Michigan:
23/The ethnicity of six Probate Court judges is not known.
Minnesota:
24/One District Court judge is an American Indian/Alaska Native.
Mississippi:
25/Municipal Court judges usually serve a term of four years.
Missouri:
26/The number of Circuit Court judges includes associate judges.
27/Associate circuit judges serve a term of four years.
28/Includes Circuit Court judges that are Hispanic or Latino, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native.
Montana:
29/There are actually 42 District Court judges. Three of those judges serve the Water Court and are included in the data for that court.
30/The Justice of the Peace Court and the City Court share a number of judges. As such, the number of judges listed for these courts is inflated.
Nebraska:
31/The initial term for Nebraska judges is at least three but no more than five years.
Nevada:
32/The ethnicity of these judges is not known.
New Jersey:
33/After an initial seven-year term, the reappointment term for Superior and Tax Court judges is open-ended until mandatory retirement at age 70.
34/There are actually 12 authorized Tax Court judges. Five of those judges are temporarily assigned to the Superior Court and are included in the data for that court.
35/One Municipal Court judge is American Indian/Alaska Native and the ethnicity of 82 judges is unknown.
New Mexico:
36/One District Court judge and seven Magistrate Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native.
New York:
37/The ethnicity of these judges is not known.
38/Surrogate Court judges in New York City serve a term of 14 years.
39/The number of judges and the gender/ethnic composition for the District Court includes City Court judges, but does not include part-time judicial positions.
40/This information is Included in the District Court data.
41/Housing judges within the New York City Civil Court serve a term of five years.
42/One New York City Civil (Housing) Court judge is American Indian/Alaska Native and the ethnicity of eight judges is not known.
North Carolina:
43/The number of Superior Court judges includes special judges.
44/Special judges serve a term of four years.
45/One Superior Court judge and three District Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native.
Ohio:
46/One Court of Common Pleas judge is American Indian/Alaska Native, four judges are bi-racial, and the ethnicity of 15 judges is not known.
47/Two Municipal Court judges are bi-racial, and the ethnicity of three judges is not known.
48/One County Court judge is bi-racial, and the ethnicity of four judges is not known.
49/Court of Claims judges are temporarily assigned by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Oklahoma:
50/The number of District Court judges includes associate judges and special judges.
51/District and associate judges serve terms of four years; special judges serve at pleasure.
Oregon:
52/Two Circuit Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native and the ethnicity of five judges is not known.
Pennsylvania:
53/These numbers include both active and senior judges.
54/Effective January 2005 the Pittsburgh City Magistrate’s Court merged with the District Justice Court, which was renamed the Magisterial District Judges Court.
Puerto Rico:
55/The number of Court of First Instance judges includes Municipal Division judges.
56/Municipal Division judges serve a term of eight years.
Rhode Island:
57/The number of judges includes magistrates.
South Carolina:
58/Four to five judges are currently working as active retired judges.
59/The gender of 28 Magistrate Court judges is not known.
60/The gender of 31 Municipal Court judges is not known.
61/The ethnicity of these judges is not known.
Tennessee:
62/The number of General Sessions Court judges includes judges that also serve the Juvenile Court.
Texas:
63/This classification includes Pacific Islander.
64/Two District Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native, and the ethnicity of 13 judges is not known.
65/The ethnicity of 80 County-level Court judges is not known.
66/The gender of 17 Justices of the Peace is not known.
67/One Justice of the Peace is American Indian/Alaska Native and the ethnicity of 268 justices is not known.
68/The gender of 59 Municipal Court judges is not known.
69/Five Municipal Court judges are American Indian/Alaska Native and the ethnicity of 656 judges is not known.
Utah:
70/The initial term of appointment is until the next general election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment.
71/One District Court judge is Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.
Vermont:
72/Superior and District Court judges serve the Family Court.
Washington:
73/The gender and race and ethnic composition data do not include two Superior Court judges.
74/The gender and race and ethnic composition data do not include 11 Municipal Court judges.
West Virginia:
75/The initial term for Family Court judges is six years.
Wisconsin:
76/One Circuit Court judge is Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and the ethnicity of one judge is not known.
Wyoming:
77/The number of District Court judges increased to 21 in 2005.

---

Sheet 5: Table 4

Table 4. Assignment of Retired Judges

Number of days judge assigned to trial court due to:

Caseload Assistance

Can the state assign retired judges?

Total number of assigned retired judges

Number of days worked by retired judges

Number of days assigned to appellate courts

Civil

Criminal

Domestic

Juvenile

Traffic

Total

Judicial Vacancy

Other

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

---

Sheet 6: Table 5

Table 5. Quasi-Judicial Officers: Number and Responsibilities
				Number of quasi-judicial officers by responsibility
		Does the state use quasi-judicial officers?	Total number of quasi-judicial officers	Divorce	Juvenile	Probate	Non- Criminal Traffic	Small Claims	Misdemeanor	Other
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

---

Sheet 7: Table 6

Table 6. Selection of Appellate Court Judges
			Method of Selection
			Full term			Unexpired term	Method of retention	Geographic basis for selection
			Elected	Appointed	Length of term
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	10	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	6	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	6	GN	RE	District
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		8	GU	NP	District
California
	COLR	Supreme Court		GU	12	GU	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Courts of Appeal		GU	12	GU	RE	District
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	10	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court		GNL	8	GNL	GNL	Statewide
	IAC	Appellate Court		GNL	8	GNL	GNL	Statewide
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court		GNL	12	GNL	GNL	Statewide
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals		/2	15			Statewide
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	6	GN	RE	District & Statewide
	IAC	District Courts of Appeal		GN	6	GN	RE	District
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		6	GN	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GN	NP	Statewide
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court		GNL	10	GNL	JN	Statewide
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals		GNL	10	GNL	JN	Statewide
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		6	GN	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GN	NP	Statewide
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		10	CS	RE	District
	IAC	Appellate Court	PE		10	SC	RE	District
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	Up to 12	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	Up to 12	GN	RE	District
	IAC	Tax Court		GN	Up to 12	GN	RE	Statewide
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	6	GN	RE	Statewide
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	6	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	4	GN	RE	Statewide
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GN	NP	District
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		8	GN	NP	District
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		10	CS	PE	District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	PE		10	SC	PE	District
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court		GL	7	GL	GL	Statewide
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals		GNL	10	GNL	RE	District
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals		GNL	10	GNL	RE	District
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court		GNE	Until age 70	~	~	Statewide
	IAC	Appeals Court		GNE	Until age 70	~	~	Statewide
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GU	NP	District
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		6	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GU	NP	Statewide
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GU	NP	District
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		8	GU	NP	District
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	12	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	12	GN	RE	District
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GNL	NP	Statewide
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	At least 3	GN	RE	District & Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GN	At least 3	GN	RE	District
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP			GN	NP	Statewide
New Hampshire					6
	COLR	Supreme Court		GE	5	GE	~	Statewide
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court		GL	7 (+ tenure)	GL	GL	Statewide
	IAC	Appellate Division of Superior Court		GL	7 (+ tenure)	GL	GL	Statewide
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		8	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	PE		8	GN	RE	Statewide
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals		GNL	14	GNL	GNL	Statewide
	IAC	Appellate Division of Supreme Court		GN	5 or duration	GN	GN	Statewide
	IAC	Appellate Terms of Supreme Court
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		8	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		8	GU	NP	Statewide
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		10	GN	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Temporary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	PE		6	GU	PE	District
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals		GN	6	GN	RE	District
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		6	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GU	NP	Statewide
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		10	GL	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Superior Court	PE		10	GL	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Commonwealth Court	PE		10	GL	RE	Statewide
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court		GL	To age 70	GL	~	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GL	16	GL	GL	Statewide
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	Life	GN	~	Statewide
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court		LA	10	LA	LA	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		LA	6	LA	LA	Statewide
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	8	GN	RE	District & Statewide
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
	COLR	Court of Appeals		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals	PE		6	GU	PE	Statewide
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	PE		6	GU	PE	District
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court		GNL	10	GNL	RE	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		GNL	6	GNL	RE	Statewide
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court		GNL	6	GNL	LA	Statewide
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court		LA	12	GU	LA	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals		LA	8	GU	LA	Statewide
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		6	GU	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	NP		6	GU	NP	District
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals	PE		12	GU	PE	Statewide
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court	NP		10	GN	NP	Statewide
	IAC	Court of Appeals	NP		6	GN	NP	District
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court		GN	8	GN	RE	Statewide
Legend:
COLR=Court of last resort
IAC=Intermediate appellate court
N/S=Not stated
~=Not applicable
ABBREVIATIONS:
AP = At pleasure
CS = Court selection
DS = District
DU = Duration of service
GE = Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council
GL = Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature
GN = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission
GNE = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council
GNL = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature
GU = Gubernatorial appointment
ID = Indefinite
JN = Judicial nominating commission appoints
LA = Legislative appointment
NP = Non-partisan election
PE = Partisan election
RE = Retention election
SC = Court of last resort appoints
SCJ = Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints
SN = Seniority
SW = Statewide
FOOTNOTES:
	Alaska:
	1/A judge must run for a retention election at the next election, immediately following the third year from the time of initial appointment.
	District of Columbia:
	2/Initial appointment is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the tenure commission. Those found “well qualified” are automatically reappointed. If a judge is found to be “qualified” the President may nominate the judge for an additional term (subject to Senate confirmation). If the President does not wish to reappoint the judge, the District of Columbia Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates.
	3/the geographic basis of selection is the District of Columbia.
	Florida:
	4/Five justices are selected by region (based on the District Courts of Appeal) and two justices are selected statewide.
	Iowa:
	5/The Chief Justice serves either eight years or the duration of his/her term.
	Lousiana:
	6/The person selected by the Supreme Court is prohibited from running for that judgeship; an election is held within one year to serve the remainder of the term.
	7/Louisiana uses a blanket primary, in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The two top vote getters compete in the general election.
	Massachusetts:
	8/There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent.
	9/The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of nine people elected by geographical area and presided over by the Lieutenant Governor.
	10/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
	11/Chief Justice, in the appellate courts, is a separate judicial office from that of an Associate Judge. Chief Justices are appointed, until age 70, by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Executive (Governor’s) Council.
	Michigan:
	12/Candidates may be nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot.
	Missouri:
	13/Terms are two years in length in the Western and Southern districts; one year in length in the Eastern district.
	Montana:
	14/If the justice/judge is unopposed, a retention election is held.
	Nebraska:
	15/Chief Justices are selected statewide while Associate Justices are selected by district.
	16/The Chief Justice/Judge is selected by a majority vote of the Court of Appeals with ratification of the selection by the Supreme Court.
	Nevada:
	17/The term may be split between eligible justices.
	New Hampshire:
	18/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
	New Jersey:
	19/All Superior Court judges, including Appellate Division judges, are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term. Among all the judges, the Chief Justice designates the judges of the Appellate Division.
	New York:
	20/The Presiding Judge of each Appellate Division must be a resident of the department.
	North Dakota:
	21/The Governor may appoint from a list of names or call a special election at his discretion.
	22/Selection is done by the judges of both the Supreme and District courts.
	23/The term of the Chief Justice is five years or until the judge’s term expires, whichever occurs first.
	Ohio:
	24/Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations.
	25/Selection is done by the judges of each district.
	Puerto Rico:
	26/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
	Rhode Island:
	27/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure.
	South Dakota:
	28/Initial selection is by district, but retention selection is statewide.
	Virginia:
	29/Gubernatorial appointment is for interim appointments.
	Washington:
	30/The Chief Judge is chosen by the Division judges. The Presiding Chief Judge is chosen by court selection, but the position rotates among the three divisions.
	31/The term of the Presiding Chief Judge is one year.
	West Virginia:
	32/Appointment is effective only until the next election year; the appointee may run for election to any remaining portion of the unexpired term.

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Sheet 8: Table 7

Table 7. Qualifications to Serve as an Appellate Court Judge
			Residency requirement		Age
			Local	State	Minimum	Maximum	Legal credentials
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court		1 year		70	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals		1 year		70	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals		1 year		70	Licensed attorney
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court		5 years		70	8 years practice
	IAC	Court of Appeals		5 years		70	8 years practice
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court		10 years		70	10 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	5 years	30	70	5 years state bar
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court		2 years	30		8 years licensed in state
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	2 years	30		8 years licensed in state
California
	COLR	Supreme Court					10 years state bar
	IAC	Courts of Appeal					10 years state bar
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		72	5 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals		Yes		72	5 years state bar
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		70	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Appellate Court		Yes		70	Licensed attorney
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes			“Learned in law”
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals	90 days	Yes		74	5 years state bar
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	Yes		70	10 years state bar
	IAC	District Courts of Appeal	Yes	Yes		70	10 years state bar
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes			7 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals		Yes			7 years state bar
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		70	10 years state bar
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals		Yes		70	10 years state bar
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court		2 years	30		10 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals		2 years	30		10 years state bar
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	Yes		75	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Appellate Court	Yes	Yes		75	Licensed attorney
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		75	10 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	Yes		75	10 years state bar
	IAC	Tax Court		2 years			5 years state bar
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		72	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Court of Appeals		Yes		72	Licensed attorney
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court			30	70	10 years active and continuous practice
	IAC	Court of Appeals			30	75	10 years active and continuous practice
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court	2 years	2 years			8 years state bar/licensed attorney
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2 years	2 years			8 years state bar/licensed attorney
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	2 years	2 years		70	5 years state bar
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	2 years	2 years		70	5 years state bar
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court					“Learned in law”
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals	6 months	5 years	30	70	State bar member
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals	6 months	5 years	30	70	State bar member
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court				70
	IAC	Appeals Court				70
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		75	State bar member; at least 5 years practice
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	Yes		75	State bar member
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court				70	Licensed attorney
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Varies			70	Licensed attorney
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	5 years	30		5 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	5 years	30		5 years state bar
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court		9 years	30	70	State bar member
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	9 years	30	70	State bar member
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court		2 years			5 years state bar
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	3 years	30		5 years practice
	IAC	Court of Appeals	Yes	Yes	30		5 years practice
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court		2 years	25		State bar member
New Hampshire
	COLR	Supreme Court				70
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court				70	Minimum 10 years practice in state
	IAC	Appellate Division of Superior Court				70	Minimum 10 years practice in state
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court		3 years	35		10 years practice and/or current state judge
	IAC	Court of Appeals		3 years	35		10 years practice and/or current state judge
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals		Yes		70	10 years state bar
	IAC	Appellate Division of Supreme Court	Yes	Yes	18	70	10 years state bar
	IAC	Appellate Terms of Supreme Court
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court				72	State bar member
	IAC	Court of Appeals				72	State bar member
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes			License to practice law
	IAC	Temporary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes		70	6 years practice
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	Yes	Yes		70	6 years practice
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court	1 year	Yes	30		5 years state bar
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals	1 year	Yes	30		5 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	Yes	Yes
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court		3 years		75	State bar member
	IAC	Court of Appeals				75	State bar member
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court		1 year		70	State bar member
	IAC	Superior Court		1 year		70	State bar member
	IAC	Commonwealth Court		1 year		70	State bar member
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court		5 years		70	10 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals		5 years		70	10 years state bar
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court			21		License to practice law
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court		5 years	32	72	8 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals		5 years	32	72	8 years state bar
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	Yes		70	State bar member
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court	Yes	5 years	35		Qualified to practice law
	COLR	Court of Appeals	Yes	5 years	30		Qualified to practice law
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	Yes	5 years	30		Qualified to practice law
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court		Yes	35	74
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals		Yes	35	74
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	Yes	Yes	35	74
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court		5 years	30	75	Admitted to practice law
	IAC	Court of Appeals		3 years	25	75	Admitted to practice law
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court				90	5 years state bar
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court				70	5 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals				70	5 years state bar
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court	1 year	1 year		75	State bar member
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	1 year	1 year		75	5 years state bar
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals		5 years	30		10 years state bar
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court	10 days	10 days			5 years state bar
	IAC	Court of Appeals	10 days	10 days			5 years state bar
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court		3 years	30	70	9 years state bar
Legend:
SC=Court of last resort
IA=Intermediate appellate court
Yes=Yes (length of residency not specified)
Note: Blank spaces indicate that the statute does not specify qualifications.
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/The age prohibition of §6.16 is not a qualification for office; it only deals with retirement.
Florida:
2/The candidate must be a resident of the district at the time of original appointment.
3/The candidate must reside within the territorial jurisdiction of the court.
Georgia:
4/There is a maximum retirement age in order to be eligible for certain benefits.
Indiana:
5/Five years of service as a general jurisdiction judge may be substituted.
Kansas:
6/A judge may complete the term in which age 70 is attained.
7/Relevant legal experience, such as being a member of a law faculty or sitting as a judge, may qualify under the 10-year requirement.
Louisiana:
8/Seventy-five is the maximum age for judges who began serving under the old constitution. Judges who attain the age of 70 while serving a term of office are allowed to complete that term.
Michigan:
9/A judge must reside within the district.
10/A judge may serve to age 75. He/she may not begin a term beyond age 70.
Mississippi:
11/A judge must reside within the district.
Missouri:
12/A judge must be a state voter for nine years.
Nevada:
13/Effective October 1, 2005 the required legal credentials changed to a minimum of two years state bar member and at least 15 years of legal practice.
New York:
14/The local residency requirement applies to the Presiding Judge.
15/A judge may serve up to age 76 if certified for continuing service.
Ohio:
16/A judge must reside within the district.
Oklahoma:
17/A judge must be a qualified elector in the district.
18/Appellate judges must be a member of the state bar and have at least four years experience as a practicing attorney or as a judge of a court of record.
Tennessee:
19/One justice is selected from each of three divisions and two seats at large; no more than two may be from any grand division.
20/A justice must reside in the grand division served.
Texas:
21/A judge must have spent ten years practicing law or served as a lawyer and judge of a court of record for at least 10 years.
Virginia:
22/This applies only to those justices elected or appointed to an original or subsequent term commencing after July 1, 1993.
23/This applies unless “grandfathered.”

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Sheet 9: Table 8

Table 8. Selection of Trial Court Judges
			Method of Selection
			Full term			Unexpired term	Method of retention	Geographic basis for selection
			Elected	Appointed	Length of term
Alabama
	GJ	Circuit	PE		6	GU	PE	Circuit
	LJ	District	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Municipal		MU	4	MU	RA	Municipality
	LJ	Probate	PE		6	GU	PE	County
Alaska
	GJ	Superior		GN	6	GN	RE	State
	LJ	District		GN	4	GN	RE	District
American Samoa
	GJ	High Court, Trial Division
	LG	District
	LG	Village
Arizona
	GJ	Superior	NP	GN	4	GN or VA	NP or RE	County
	GJ	Tax
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	PE		4	CO	PE	Precinct
	LJ	Municipal		CC	2	CC	CC	Municipality
Arkansas
	GJ	Circuit	NP		6	GU	NP	Circuit
	LJ	District	NP		4	GU	NP	District
	LJ	City	LD	LD	2	LD	LD	City
California
	GJ	Superior	NP		6	GU	NP	County
Colorado
	GJ	District		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	GJ	Denver Probate		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	GJ	Denver Juvenile		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	GJ	Water		SC		SC	RE	District
	LJ	County		GN	4	GN	RE	County
	LJ	Municipal		MU	2	MU	RA	Municipality
Connecticut
	GJ	Superior		GNL	8	GNL	GNL	State
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	PE	PE	District
Delaware
	GJ	Superior		GNL	12	GNL	GNL	State
	LJ	Court of Chancery		GNL	12	GNL	GNL	State
	LJ	Justice of the Peace		GNL	6	GNL	GU	County
	LJ	Family		GNL	12	GNL	GNL	County
	LJ	Court of Common Pleas		GNL	12	GNL	GNL	County
	LJ	Alderman’s		CC	LD	LD	LD	Town
District of Columbia
	GJ	Superior		/18	15			State
Florida
	GJ	Circuit	NP		6	GN	NP	Circuit
	LJ	County	NP		6	GN	NP	County
Georgia
	GJ	Superior	NP		4	GN	NP	Circuit
	LJ	Juvenile		CS	4	CS	CS	County/Circuit
	LJ	Civil	PE		4	GU	PE	County
	LJ	State	NP		4	GU	NP	County
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Magistrate	LD	LD	4	LD	LD	County
	LJ	County Recorder’s	LD	LD	LD	LD	LD	County
	LJ	Municipal	Elected	MU	4, AP	MA, MU	Elected, LD	Municipality
Guam
	GJ	Superior
Hawaii
	GJ	Circuit		GNL	10	GNL	JN	State
	LJ	District		SCJ	6	SCJ	JN	Circuit
Idaho
	GJ	District	NP		4	GN	NP	District
	LJ	Magistrate’s Division		JN	4	JN	RE	County
Illinois
	GJ	Circuit	PE		6	SC	RE	Circuit/County
	~	Associate Division	PE		4	SC	RE	Circuit/County
Indiana
	GJ	Superior	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	GJ	Circuit	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	GJ	Probate	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	LJ	County	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	LJ	City	PE		4	GU	PE	Municipality
	LJ	Town	PE		4	GU	PE	Municipality
	LJ	Small Claims of Marion County	PE		4	GU	PE	Township
	GJ	Superior and Circuit
	LJ	City and Town
Iowa
	GJ	District		GN	6	GN	RE	District
Kansas
	GJ	District	PE	GN	4	GN and PE	RE and PE	District
	LJ	Municipal		MU	LD	MU	MU	City
Kentucky
	GJ	Circuit	NP		8	GN	NP	Circuit
	GJ	Family
	LJ	District	NP		4	GN	NP	District
Louisiana
	GJ	District	PE		6	SC	PE	District
	GJ	Juvenile & Family	PE		6	SC	PE	District
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	PE		6	SC	PE	Ward
	LJ	Mayor’s	LD	LD	4	MA	LD	City
	LJ	City and Parish	PE		6	SC	PE	Ward
Maine
	GJ	Superior		GL	7	GL	GL	State
	GJ	District		GL	7	GL	GL	State and District
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	GU	PE	County
Maryland
	GJ	Circuit		GNL	15	GNL	NP	County
	LJ	District		GNL	10	GNL	RA	District
	LJ	Orphan’s	PE		4	GU	PE	County
Massachusetts
	GJ	Superior Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	District Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	Probate & Family Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	Juvenile Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	Housing Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	Boston Municipal Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
	LJ	Land Court Dept		GNE	To age 70	~	~	State
Michigan
	GJ	Circuit	NP		6	GU	NP	Circuit
	GJ	Claims	NP		6	GU	NP	Circuit
	LJ	District	NP		6	GU	NP	District
	LJ	Probate	NP		6	GU	NP	District and Circuit
	LJ	Municipal	NP		4	LD	NP	City
Minnesota
	GJ	District	NP		6	GN	NP	District
Mississippi
	GJ	Circuit	NP		4	GU	NP	District
	LJ	Chancery	NP		4	GU	NP	District
	LJ	County	NP		4	GU	NP	County
	LJ	Municipal	LD	LD	LD	LD	LD	Municipality
	LJ	Justice	PE		4	LD	PE	District in County
Missouri
	GJ	Circuit	PE	GN	6	GU and GN	PE and RE	Circuit/County
	LJ	Municipal	LD	LD	LD	LD	LD	City
Montana
	GJ	District	NP		6	GN	NP	District
	GJ	Workers’ Compensation		GN	6	GN	RA	State
	GJ	Water		SCJ	4	SCJ	SCJ	State
	LJ	Justice's Court	NP		4	CO	NP	County
	LJ	Municipal	NP		4	MU	NP	City
	LJ	City	NP		4	CC	NP	City
Nebraska
	GJ	District		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	LJ	Separate Juvenile		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	LJ	County		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation		GN	6	GN	RE	District
Nevada
	GJ	District	NP		6	GN	NP	District
	LJ	Justice	NP		6	CO	NP	Township
	LJ	Municipal	NP		VA	CC	NP	City
New Hampshire
	GJ	Superior		GE	To age 70	GE	~	State
	LJ	District		GE	To age 70	GE	~	District
	LJ	Probate		GE	To age 70	GE	~	County
	LJ	Family Division
New Jersey
	GJ	Superior		GL	7	GL	GL	County
	LJ	Tax		GL	7	GL	GL	State
	LJ	Municipal		MA or MU	3	MA or MU	MU	Municipality
New Mexico
	GJ	District	PE		6	GN	RE	District
	LJ	Magistrate	PE		4	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County	PE		4	GN	RE	County
	LJ	Municipal	PE		VA	MU	PE	City
	LJ	Probate	PE		2	CO	PE	County
New York
	GJ	Supreme	PE		14	GL	PE	District
	GJ	County	PE		10	GL	PE	County
	GJ	Court of Claims		GNL	9	GNL	GU	State
	LJ	Surrogates’	PE		10	GNL	PE	County
	LJ	Family	PE	MU	10	GNL and MU	PE and MU	County and NYC
	LJ	District	PE		6		PE	District
	LJ	City	Elected		10	Elected	LD	City
	LJ	Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.	PE		10	MA	PE	City
	LJ	Criminal Ct. of the City Record		MA	10	MA	MA	City
	LJ	Town & Village Justice	LD	LD	VA	LD	LD	Town or Village
North Carolina
	GJ	Superior	NP		8	GU	NP	District
	LJ	District	NP		4	GU	NP	District
North Dakota
	GJ	District	NP		6	GN	NP	District
	LJ	Municipal	NP		4	MA	NP	City
Northern Mariana Islands
	GJ	Superior
Ohio
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Municipal	PE		6	GU	PE	County/City
	LJ	County	PE		6	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Court of Claims		SCJ		SCJ	SCJ	~
	LJ	Mayor’s	PE		DU	Elected	PE	City/Village
Oklahoma
	GJ	District	NP		4	GN	NP	District
	LJ	Municipal Court Not of Record		MM	2	MM	MM	Municipality
	LJ	Municipal Criminal Court of Record		MU	2	MU	MU	Municipality
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation		GN	6	GN	GN	State
	LJ	Tax Review		SCJ	DU	SCJ	SCJ	District
Oregon
	GJ	Circuit	NP		6	GU	NP	District
	GJ	Tax	NP		6	GU	NP	State
	LJ	County	NP		6	CO	NP	County
	LJ	Justice	NP		6	GU	NP	County
	LJ	Municipal	Elected	CC	LD	CC	CC/Elected
Pennsylvania
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	PE		10	GL	RE	District
	LJ	Philadelphia Municipal	PE		6	GL	RE	City/County
	LJ	Magisterial District Judges	PE		6	GL	PE	District
	LJ	Philadelphia Traffic	PE		6	GL	RE	City/County
Puerto Rico
	GJ	Court of First Instance		GL	12	GL	GL	State
Rhode Island
	GJ	Superior		GN	Life	GN	~	State
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation		GN	VA	GN	~	State
	LJ	District		GN	Life	GN	~	State
	LJ	Family		GN	Life	GN	~	State
	LJ	Probate		CC or MA	2	CC	RA	Town
	LJ	Municipal		CC or MA	2	CC	CC or MA	Town
	LJ	Traffic Tribunal		GN	VA	GN	~	State
South Carolina
	GJ	Circuit		LA and GN	6	LA and GN	LA and GL	Circuit and State
	LJ	Family		LA	6	LA	LA	Circuit
	LJ	Magistrate		GL	4	GL	GL	County
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	GU	PE	County
	LJ	Municipal		CC	2 to 4	CC	CC	District
South Dakota
	GJ	Circuit	NP		8	GN	NP	Circuit
	LJ	Magistrate		PJS	4	PJS	PJS	Circuit
Tennessee
	GJ	Circuit	PE		8	GU	PE	District
	GJ	Chancery	PE		8	GU	PE	District
	GJ	Criminal	PE		8	GU	PE	District
	GJ	Probate	PE		8		PE	District
	LJ	Juvenile	PE	LD	8		PE	County
	LJ	Municipal	LD		LD	LD	LD	Municipality
	LJ	General Sessions	PE		8	MU	PE	County
Texas
	GJ	District	PE		4	GL	PE	District
	LJ	Constitutional County	PE		4	CO	PE	County
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	CO	PE	County
	LJ	County- level	PE		4	CO	PE	County
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	PE		4	CO	PE	Precinct
	LJ	Municipal	LD	LD	LD	CC	LD	Municipality
Utah
	GJ	District		GNL	6		RE	District
	LJ	Justice		MM	4	MM	RE and RA	County/Municipality
	LJ	Juvenile		GNL	6		RE	District
Vermont
	GJ	Superior		GNL	6	GNL	LA	State
	GJ	District		GNL	6	GNL	LA	State
	GJ	Family			6
	LJ	Probate	PE		4	GU	PE	District
	LJ	Environmental		GNL	6	GNL	LA	State
	LJ	Judicial Bureau		PJ	6	PJ	AP	State
Virginia
	GJ	Circuit		LA	8	GU	LA	Circuit
	LJ	District		LA	6	CS	LA	District
Virgin Islands
	GJ	Superior
Washington
	GJ	Superior	NP		4	GU	NP	County
	LJ	District	NP		4	CO	NP	District
	LJ	Municipal		MA/CC	4	CC	MA/CC	Municipality
West Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	PE		8	GU	PE	Circuit
	LJ	Magistrate	PE		4	PJ	PE	County
	LJ	Municipal	LD	LD	LD	LD	LD	Municipality
	LJ	Family	PE		8	GU	PE	Circuit
Wisconsin
	GJ	Circuit	NP		6	GU	NP	District
	LJ	Municipal	NP		2 to 4	MU	NP	Municipality
Wyoming
	GJ	District		GN	6	GN	RE	District
	LJ	Circuit		GN	4	GN	RE	Circuit
	LJ	Municipal		MA	LD	MA	LD	Municipality
Legend:
GJ=General jurisdiction court
LJ=Limited jurisdiction court
N/S=Not stated
~=Not applicable
ABBREVIATIONS:
AP = At pleasure
CA = Court administrator appointment
CC = City or town council/commission appointment
CO = County board/commission appointment
CS = Court selection
DU = Duration of service
GE = Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council
GL = Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature
GN = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission
GNE = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council
GNL = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature
GU = Gubernatorial appointment
JN = Judicial nominating commission appoints
LA = Legislative appointment
LD = Locally determined
MA = Mayoral appointment
MC = Mayoral appointment with consent of city council
MM = Mayoral appointment with consent of governing municipal body
MU = Governing municipal body appointment
NP = Non-partisan election
PE = Partisan election
PJ = Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints
PJS = Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints with approval of the court of last resort
RA = Reappointment
RE = Retention election
SC = Court of last resort appoints
SCJ = Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints
SN = Seniority
VA = Varies
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/The counties of Baldwin, Jefferson, Madison, Mobile, and Tuscaloosa use gubernatorial appointment from the recommendations of the Judicial Nominating Commission.
2/If a court cannot agree, the Supreme Court decides.
3/The Presiding Circuit Judge appoints with the advice and consent of the majority of the Circuit Court judges.
Alaska:
4/A judge must run for retention at the next election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment.
5/Judges are selected on a statewide basis, but run for retention on a district-wide basis.
6/Judges must run for retention at the first general election held more than one year after appointment.
Arizona:
7/Maricopa and Pima counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The method for submitting names for the other 13 counties varies.
8/Maricopa and Pima counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The other 13 counties hold non-partisan elections.
9/There is one justice of the peace per precinct. In Maricopa County the presiding judge of the Superior Court presides over and administers the Justice Court. In the remaining counties having four or more justices of the peace, a presiding justice of the peace is chosen by a vote of the justices of the peace in that county, with the advice and consent of the presiding judge of the Superior Court of that county.
10/Municipal court judges are usually appointed by the city or town council except in Yuma, where judges are elected.
Arkansas:
11/The office can be held until December 31 following the next general election and then the judge must run in a non-partisan election for the remainder of the term.
California:
12/If unopposed for reelection, incumbent’s name does not appear on the ballot unless a petition was filed not less than 83 days before the election date indicating that a write-in campaign will be conducted for the office. An unopposed incumbent is not declared elected until the election date. This is for the general election; different timing may apply for the primary election (see Elec. Code §8203).
13/The term is not less than one year.
Colorado:
14/Judges are chosen by the Supreme Court from among District Court judges.
15/The mayor appoints Denver County Court judges.
16/District Court judges appoint the presiding judge of the County Court.
Delaware:
17/The Magistrate Screening Commission recommends candidates.
District of Columbia:
18/The Judicial Nomination Commission nominates for Presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. Not less than six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. A judge found “well qualified” is automatically reappointed for a new term of 15 years; a judge found “qualified” may be renominated by the President (and subject to Senate confirmation). A judge found “unqualified” is ineligible for reappointment or if the President does not wish to reappoint a judge, the Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates.
19/The geographic basis for selection is the District of Columbia.
Florida:
20/Circuit and County Court judges select the presiding judge.
Georgia:
21/Juvenile Court judges are appointed by Superior Court judges in all but one county, in which juvenile judges are elected. Associate judges (formerly referees) must be a member of the state bar or law school graduates. They serve at the pleasure of the judge(s).
22/Most Juvenile Courts have only one judge, therefore no presiding judge.
23/Probate judges are selected in non-partisan elections in 66 of 159 counties.
24/Magistrate judges are selected in nonpartisan elections in 41 of 159 counties.
Hawaii:
25/Selection occurs by means of Chief Justice appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with consent of the Senate.
Idaho:
26/The Supreme Court appoints the administrative judge for up to three years if the District Court judges are unable to elect one.
27/The Magistrate Commission consists of the administrative judge, three mayors and two electors appointed by the governor, and two attorneys (nominated by the district bar and appointed by the state bar). There is one commission in each district.
Illinois:
28/There exists a unit less than county in Cook County.
Indiana:
29/Non-partisan elections are used in the Superior Courts in Allen and Vanderburgh counties. Nominating commissions are used in St. Joseph County and in some courts in Lake County. In those courts that use the nominating commission process for selection; retention elections are used as the method of retention.
30/Non-partisan elections are used in the Circuit Courts in Vanderburgh County.
Iowa:
31/This applies to district judges only. Associate judges are selected by the district judges and retention is by a retention election. Magistrates are selected and retained by appointment from the County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission. The County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission consists of three members appointed by the county board and two elected by the county bar, presided over by a District Court judge.
32/The Chief Justice appoints with approval of the Supreme Court.
Kansas:
33/Seventeen districts use gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission for selection and retention elections for retention. Fourteen districts use partisan elections for selection and retention.
Kentucky:
34/In addition, there are 16 chief regional judges (eight circuit, eight district) selected by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for regional administration of cases.
Louisianna:
35/Depending on the amount of time remaining, selection may be by election following a Supreme Court appointment.
36/Louisiana uses a blanket primary in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The top two vote getters compete in the general election.
Maine:
37/At least one judge who is a resident of the county in which the district lies must be appointed from each of the 13 districts.
Maryland:
38/In addition to the chief judge, there are circuit and county administrative judges. The administrative judges are appointed by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. Presiding judges for trial are assigned by the county administrative judges.
39/Administrative judges are appointed by the Chief Judge of the District Court with the approval of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals.
40/Two exceptions are Hartford and Montgomery counties where Circuit Court judges are assigned.
Massachusetts:
41/There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent.
42/The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of eight people elected by geographical area and presided over by the lieutenant governor.
43/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
44/The administrative head of the trial court is the “Chief Justice for Administration and Management.” Each department has a Chief Justice appointed by the “CJAM” to a five-year term.
Missouri:
45/Gubernatorial appointment occurs in 40 partisan circuits; gubernatorial appointment from Judicial Nominating
46/Partisan elections occur in 40 circuits; gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with a non-partisan election takes place in five circuits.
47/Partisan elections take place in 40 circuits; retention elections occur in five metropolitan circuits.
48/Associate circuit judges are selected on a county basis.
Montana:
49/Selection occurs through Chief Justice appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission.
50/Other judges are designated by the District Court judges.
New Hampshire:
51/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
New Jersey:
52/In multi-municipality, joint, or countywide municipal courts, selection is by gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate.
New York:
53/District administrative judges for the trial courts outside of New York City are selected by the chief administrative judge in consultation with the deputy chief administrative judge for the courts outside of New York City and the presiding judge of the appropriate appellate division. The method of selection for administrative judges for the courts within New York City is not stated.
54/Mayoral appointment occurs in New York City.
55/The appointment is made by the County Chief Executive Officer with confirmation by District Board of Supervisors.
56/Housing judges are appointed by the Chief Administrator of the courts.
Ohio:
57/Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations.
Oklahoma:
58/This applies to district and associate judges; special judges are selected by the district judges.
Oregon:
59/There is one Tax Court judge that is elected for a full term or appointed by the governor for an unexpired term.
60/The geographic basis for selection is the municipality for those judges that are elected. Judges that are either appointed or are under contract may be from other cities.
Pennsylvania:
61/The presiding judge is selected by the court if there are eight or more judges.
62/Supervisory authority is retained by the President Judge of the respective judicial district pursuant to Rule 17 of the Rules Governing Standards of Conduct of Magisterial District Judges.
Rhode Island:
63/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure.
South Carolina:
64/The governor may appoint a candidate if the unexpired term is less than one year.
65/In addition to Circuit Court judges, the Circuit Court has masters-in-equity whose jurisdiction is in matters referred to them in the Circuit Court. Masters-in-equity are selected by gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, retained by gubernatorial appointment with the consent of the senate, and the geographic basis for selection is the state.
South Dakota:
66/The Circuit Court presiding judge serves the entire court, including the Magistrate Division.
Tennessee:
67/Each county legislative body has the discretion to require elections to be non-partisan.
68/The selection method used to fill an unexpired term is established by a special legislative act.
Utah:
69/There are no expired terms; each new judge begins a new term.
70/Appointment is by the local government executive with confirmation by the local government legislative body (may be either county or municipal government).
71/County judges are retained by retention election; municipal judges are reappointed by the city executive.
Vermont:
72/There is one presiding judge for all trial courts.
73/Superior and District Court judges serve as Family Court judges.
Virginia:
74/Circuit Court judges appoint.
Washington:
75/Full-time municipal judges must stand for non-partisan election.
Wisconsin:
76/The Chief Judge of a district can appoint a presiding judge in each multi-judge circuit.
77/A permanent vacancy in the office of municipal judge may be filled by temporary appointment of the municipal governing body or jointly by the governing bodies of all municipalities served by the judge.
78/There is only one multi-judge Municipal Court.

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Sheet 10: Table 9

Table 9. Qualifications to Serve as a Trial Court Judge
			Residency requirement		Age		Legal credentials
			Local	State	Minimum	Maximum	Law Degree	Other
Alabama
	GJ	Circuit	1	1		70	Yes	Licensed attorney
	LJ	District	1	1		70	Yes	Licensed attorney
	LJ	Municipal	1	1	18	70	Yes	Licensed attorney
	LJ	Probate	1	Citizen		70
Alaska
	GJ	Superior		5		70	Yes	5 yrs practice
	LG	District		5	21	70	Yes	3 yrs practice or 7 yrs as a magistrate
	~	Magistrate’s Division		6 mos	21
American Samoa
	GJ	High Court, Trial Division
	LG	District
	LG	Village
Arizona
	GJ	Superior	1	5	30	70	Yes	Admitted to practice law in AZ for 5 yrs
	GJ	Tax
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	Yes	Yes	18	70
	LJ	Municipal	VA	VA	VA	VA	VA	VA
Arkansas
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes			Yes	6 yrs licensed in state
	LJ	District	Yes	Yes			Yes	4 yrs licensed in state
	LJ	City	Yes	Yes
California
	GJ	Superior					Yes	10 yrs state bar
Colorado
	GJ	District	Yes	Yes		72	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Denver Probate	Yes	Yes		72	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Denver Juvenile	Yes	Yes		72	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Water	Yes	Yes		72	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	County	Yes	Yes		72
	LJ	Municipal				72
Connecticut
	GJ	Superior		Yes		70	Yes	Member of the bar
	LJ	Probate	Yes	Yes	18	70
Delaware
	GJ	Superior	Yes	Yes			Yes	“Learned in Law”
	LJ	Court of Chancery		Yes			Yes	“Leaned in Law”
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	Yes	Yes
	LJ	Family	Yes	5			Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Court of Common Pleas	Yes	Yes			Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Alderman’s
District of Columbia
	GJ	Superior	90 days	Yes		74	Yes	5 yrs state bar
Florida
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	County	Yes	Yes		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
Georgia
	GJ	Superior		3	30		Yes	7 yrs state bar
	LJ	Juvenile		3	30		Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Civil	VA	VA	VA		Yes	VA
	LJ	State	Yes	3	25		Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Probate	2	Yes	25		VA	7 yrs practice if pop. more than 96,000
	LJ	Magistrate	1	Yes	25			LD
	LJ	County Recorder’s	VA	Yes	VA		Yes	VA
	LJ	Municipal	VA	VA	VA	VA	VA	VA
Guam
	GJ	Superior
Hawaii
	GJ	Circuit		Yes		70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	District		Yes		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
Idaho
	GJ	District		1	30		Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	Magistrate’s Division		Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs state bar
Illinois
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes		75	Yes
	~	Associate Division	Yes	1			Yes
Indiana
	GJ	Superior and Circuit	Yes	1			Yes
	GJ	Probate	Yes	1			Yes
	LJ	County	Yes	Yes
	LJ	City and Town	Yes	Yes			Yes
	LJ	Small Claims of Marion County	Yes	Yes			Yes
Iowa
	GJ	District	Yes	Yes		72	Yes	Admitted to state bar
Kansas
	GJ	District				75	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Municipal			18		VA	VA
Kentucky
	GJ	Circuit	2	2			Yes	8 yrs state bar
	LJ	District	2	2			Yes	2 yrs state bar
	GJ	Family
Louisiana
	GJ	District	2	2		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Juvenile & Family	2	2		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	Yes	Yes		70
	LJ	Mayor’s
	LJ	City & Parish	2	2		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
Maine
	GJ	Superior						“Learned in the Law”
	GJ	District		Yes			Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Probate		Yes			Yes	State bar member
Maryland
	GJ	Circuit	6 mos	5	30	70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	District	6 mos	5	30	70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Orphan’s	1	Yes
Massachusetts
	GJ	Superior Court Dept				70
	LJ	District Court Dept				70
	LJ	Probate & Family Court Dept				70
	LJ	Juvenile Court Dept				70
	LJ	Housing Court Dept				70
	LJ	Boston Municipal Court Dept				70
	LJ	Land Court Dept				70
Michigan
	GJ	Circuit	Circuit	Yes			Yes	State bar member
	GJ	Claims	Circuit	Yes			Yes	State bar member
	LJ	District	District	Yes			Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Probate	County(ies)	Yes			Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Municipal	Yes	Yes			Yes	State bar member
Minnesota
	GJ	District				70	Yes	Licensed attorney
Mississippi
	GJ	Circuit		5	26		Yes	5 yrs in practice
	LJ	Chancery		5	26		Yes	5 yrs in practice
	LJ	County	Yes	5	26		Yes	5 yrs in practice
	LJ	Municipal	Yes	Yes			Yes
	LJ	Justice	Yes	Yes	18
Missouri
	GJ	Circuit	Circuit	3	30	70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Municipal	LD	Yes	21	75	VA	State bar member if pop. of 7,500 or more
Montana
	GJ	District		2			Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Workers’ Compensation					Yes
	GJ	Water		2			Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Justice's Court	1	Yes
	LJ	Municipal	Yes	Yes			Yes	2 yrs state bar
	LJ	City	County	Yes
Nebraska
	GJ	District	Yes	Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs practice
	LJ	Separate Juvenile	Yes	Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs practice
	LJ	County	Yes	Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs practice
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	Yes	Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs practice
Nevada
	GJ	District		2	25		Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Justice	30 days	6 mos			VA	VA
	LJ	Municipal	VA	VA			VA	VA
New Hampshire
	GJ	Superior				70
	LJ	District				70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Probate				70
	LJ	Family Division
New Jersey
	GJ	Superior				70	Yes	10 yrs practice law
	LJ	Tax				70	Yes	10 yrs practice law
	LJ	Municipal		Yes			Yes	5 yrs practice law
New Mexico
	GJ	District	Yes	3	35		Yes	6 yrs active practice
	LJ	Magistrate	Yes	Yes	18
	LJ	Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County	Yes	3			Yes	3 yrs active practice and state bar member
	LJ	Municipal	Yes	Yes	18
	LJ	Probate	Yes	Yes	18
New York
	GJ	Supreme		Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	GJ	County	County	Yes	18	70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Court of Claims		Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	Surrogates’	County	Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	Family	Yes	Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	District	Yes	Yes	18	70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	City	Yes	Yes	18	70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.	Yes	Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.	Yes	Yes	18	70	Yes	10 yrs state bar
	LJ	Town & Village Justice	Yes	Yes	18
North Carolina
	GJ	Superior	Yes	Yes		72		State bar member
	LJ	District	Yes	Yes		72		State bar member
North Dakota
	GJ	District	Yes	Yes			Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Municipal	Yes	Yes
Northern Mariana Islands
	GJ	Superior
Ohio
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	County	Yes		70	Yes	6 yrs practice
	LJ	Municipal	Territorial	Yes		70	Yes	6 yrs practice
	LJ	County	Territorial	Yes		70	Yes	6 yrs practice
	LJ	Court of Claims		Yes			Yes	Incumbent or retired appellate or GJ judge
	LJ	Mayor’s		Yes
Oklahoma
	GJ	District	District	6 mos			Yes	4 yrs state bar or court of record judge
	LJ	Municipal Court Not of Record		Yes			Yes
	LJ	Municipal Criminal Court of Record		Yes				2 yrs state bar or court of record judge
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation					Yes
	LJ	Tax Review					Yes
Oregon
	GJ	Circuit	1	3		75	Yes	State bar member
	GJ	Tax		3		75	Yes	3 yrs state bar
	LJ	County				75
	LJ	Justice	1	3		75
	LJ	Municipal				75
Pennsylvania
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	1	Yes		70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Philadelphia Municipal	1	Yes		70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Magisterial District Judge	1	Yes		70		State bar member or pass certifying exam
	LJ	Philadelphia Traffic	1	Yes		70		State bar member or pass certifying exam
Puerto Rico
	GJ	Court of First Instance				70		7 yrs state bar (3 yrs if Municipal Div. judge)
Rhode Island
	GJ	Superior					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	District					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Family					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Probate					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Municipal					Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Traffic Tribunal					Yes	State bar member
South Carolina
	GJ	Circuit		5	32	72	Yes	8 yrs state bar
	LJ	Family	Circuit	5	32	72	Yes	8 yrs state bar
	LJ	Magistrate		5	21	72
	LJ	Probate		Citizen	21
	LJ	Municipal
South Dakota
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes		70	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	Magistrate	Yes	Yes			Yes	State bar member
Tennessee
	GJ	Circuit	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
	GJ	Chancery	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
	GJ	Criminal	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
	GJ	Probate	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
	LJ	Juvenile	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
	LJ	Municipal	1	5	30		VA	VA
	LJ	General Sessions	1	5	30		Yes	Qualified to practice law
Texas
	GJ	District	2		25	74	Yes	4 yrs practice in state or a judge in state
	LJ	Constitutional County
	LJ	Probate	2		25		Yes	4 yrs practice in state or a judge in state
	LJ	County-level	2		25		Yes	4 yrs practice in state or a judge in state
	LJ	Justice of the Peace						VA
	LJ	Municipal	VA		VA	VA	VA
Utah
	GJ	District	Yes	3	25	75	Yes	Admitted to practice law
	LJ	Justice	6 mos	3	25	75
	LJ	Juvenile	Yes	3	25	75	Yes	Admitted to practice law
Vermont
	GJ	Superior				90	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	District				90	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	GJ	Family
	LJ	Probate				90
	LJ	Environmental				90	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Judicial Bureau	District	Yes			Yes	State bar
Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	District	Yes	Yes		70	Yes	5 yrs state bar
Virgin Islands
	GJ	Superior
Washington
	GJ	Superior	1	1		75	Yes	State bar member
	LJ	District	1	1		75	Yes
	LJ	Municipal	County				Yes
West Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	Yes	Yes	30		Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Magistrate	Yes	Yes	21
	LJ	Municipal		Yes
	LJ	Family	Circuit	Yes			Yes	5 yrs state bar
Wisconsin
	GJ	Circuit	10 days	10 days			Yes	5 yrs state bar
	LJ	Municipal	10 days	10 days			LD	LD
Wyoming
	GJ	District		2	28	70	Yes
	LJ	Circuit					Yes
	LJ	Municipal
Legend:
GJ=General jurisdiction
LJ=Limited jurisdiction
~=Not applicable
LD=Locally determined
VA=Varies
Yes=Yes (length of residency not specified)
Note: Blank spaces indicate that the statute does not specify qualifications.
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/The age prohibition of § 6.16 is not a qualification for office; it refers to the retirement age.
2/One of the probate judgeships in Jefferson County requires that the judge be a resident of the county for one year, a minimum of 25 years of age, and learned in the law.
Colorado:
3/A law degree is required for County Court judges in metropolitan areas.
Connecticut:
4/Probate Court judges must be electors of a town within the district.
Delaware:
5/In the city of Newark, aldermen are required to have a law degree.
District of Columbia:
6/Superior Court judges must also be an active member of the unified District of Columbia bar and, during the five years immediately preceding the judicial nomination, have been engaged in the active practice of law in the District, been on the faculty of a law school in the District, or been employed as an attorney by either the United States or District of Columbia government.
Florida:
7/Circuit and County Court judges must reside within the territorial jurisdiction of the court.
Georgia:
8/There is no maximum age stated for judges of the Superior Court; however, judges who are members of the 1976 retirement plan and serve beyond age 75 may not be eligible for retirement benefits.
9/There is no maximum age stated for judges of the State Court; however, benefits are forfeited for judges who are members of the Trial Judges Retirement Plan after 1/1/80 and serve beyond age 70.
10/The minimum age requirement for probate judges is 25. If law practice is required, the minimum age is 30.
11/Probate and Magistrate Court judges must have a high school diploma or equivalent.
Indiana:
12/A law degree is required for judges of the Small Claims Court of Marion County unless a non-attorney judge has been grandfathered in.
Iowa:
13/There is no minimum age stated for district or associate judges, but magistrates must be 18 years of age.
14/This applies to district judges. For magistrates there is a preference for “law trained” applicants.
Kansas:
15/Judges may complete the term in which they attain age 75.
16/A law degree is required for 161 out of the 239 District Court judgeships. The remaining 78 judgeships are district magistrate judges, not required to have a law degree, but must be certified by the Supreme Court if not an attorney.
17/Municipal courts in first class cities (24) require admission to practice law in Kansas; other municipal judges and district magistrate judges are required to be certified as qualified to serve by the Supreme Court, if not admitted to practice law in Kansas.
Louisiana:
18/Seventy-five is the maximum age for judges who began serving under the old constitution. Judges who attain the age of 70 while serving a term of office are allowed to complete that term.
Michigan:
19/Judges may not serve beyond age 75 nor begin a term beyond age 70.
Mississippi:
20/This applies for cities with a population over 10,000.
Missouri:
21/This applies to circuit judges (state residency requires state votes for three years and resident of the circuit for one year). Associate judges must be county and state residents, and the minimum age for an associate judge is 25.
22/If not an attorney, Municipal Court judges must complete a course prescribed by the Supreme Court.
Montana:
23/Although a law degree is not required for justices of the peace, the judges may be attorneys, must have served in a judicial capacity for at least five years, and must have passed the certification exam (the requirement of passing the certification exam may be waived by the Supreme Court).
Nevada:
24/Effective October 1, 2005 the required legal credentials changed to a minimum of two years state bar member and 10 years practice.
25/Effective October 1, 2005 the required legal credentials changed to a minimum of state bar membership and five years practice.
New Jersey:
26/Out of a total of 441 authorized judgeships, there are 283 restricted Superior Court judgeships that require residence within the particular county of assignment at the time of appointment and reappointment; there are 158 unrestricted judgeships for which the Chief Justice makes the assignment of county.
New York:
27/The maximum age of 70 (for Supreme Court judges) may be extended up to three intervals of two years each.
North Carolina:
28/Resident judges of the Superior Court are required to have local residency, but special judges are not.
29/A law degree is not required for judges elected prior to January 1, 1981.
North Dakota:
30/A law degree and state bar membership is required for Municipal Court judges in cities with a population of over 5,000.
Oklahoma:
31/District and associate judges must be state residents for six months if elected, and associate judges must be county residents. Special judges must be state residents, but no local residency requirement is stated. Associate judges must have a law degree and must be a state bar member for two years or be a judge of a court of record. Special judges are not required to have a law degree and no additional legal credentials are stated.
South Carolina:
32/Circuit judges must be county electors and residents of the circuit, but no local residency requirement is stated for Masters-In-Equity.
33/There is no maximum age stated for Maters-In-Equity.
34/Probate Court judges must be county electors.
South Dakota:
35/This applies to law magistrates. Clerk magistrates are not required to have a law degree, but must be a high school graduate or have a GED.
Tennessee:
36/The requirement of the Juvenile and General Sessions Court that judges be qualified to practice law does have grandfathering provisions.
Vermont:
37/This is required only for Superior Court judges, not for assistant judges.
38/Superior Court judges, District Court judges, and assistant judges are assigned to serve as family court judges; the qualifications are the same. Qualifications for Family Court magistrates were not provided.
Virginia:
39/Circuit and District Courts judges must have a law degree or must have completed an approved three-year course of study under the supervision of a practicing attorney.
West Virginia:
40/All magistrates shall have a high school education and must take a course in rudimentary principles of law before assuming duties.

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Sheet 11: Table 10

	Table 10. Judicial Nominating Commissions
State/Name of Commission		Offices encompassed	Authorization	Year created (year revised)	Terms covered
Alabama
	Judicial Commission	Baldwin County Circuit and District Court	Constitutional	1999	I
		Jefferson County Circuit Court	Constitutional	1950	I
		Madison County Circuit and District Court	Constitutional	1974 (1996)	I
		Mobile County Circuit and District Court	Constitutional	1982	I
		Talladega County Circuit and District Court	Constitutional	1996	I
		Tuscaloosa County Circuit and District Court	Constitutional	1990 (2002)	I
Alaska
	Judicial Council	Supreme Court, Superior Court, and District Court	Const./Statute	1959	I/F
		Court of Appeals	Const./Statute	1980 (1985)	I/F
American Samoa
Arizona
	Commission on Appellate Court Appointments	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1974 (1992)	I/F
	Commission on Trial Court Appointments	Maricopa County Superior Court	Constitutional	1974 (1992)	I/F
		Pima County Superior Court	Constitutional	1974 (1992)	I/F
	Arkansas
	California
Colorado
	Appellate Court Nominating Division	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1967	F
	Judicial District Nominating Commission	District Court and County Court	Constitutional	1967	F
	Denver County Court Nominating Commission	Denver County Court	Charter/Ordinance	1960 (2002)	F
Connecticut
	Judicial Selection Commission	Supreme Court, Appellate Court, Superior Court	Const./Statute	1986	I/F/R
Delaware
	Judicial Nominating Committee	All judges (including Chief Magistrate)	Executive Order	1979	I/F/R
	Magistrates Screening Committee	Justices of the Peace (excluding Chief Magistrate)	Executive Order	1979	I/F/R
District of Columbia
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Court of Appeals and Superior Court	Statutory	1973	F/R
Florida
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court and District Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1973	I/F
		Circuit Court and County Court	Constitutional	1973	I
Georgia
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Superior Court, and State Court	Executive Order	1973	I
	Guam
Hawaii
	Judicial Selection Commission	Supreme Court, Intermediate Court of Appeals,	Constitutional	1978	F/R
		Circuit Court, and District Court
Idaho
	Judicial Council	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, District Court	Statutory	1967	I
Illinois
Indiana
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1960	I/F
		Tax Court	Statutory	1985	I/F
		Allen County District Court	Statutory	1983	I/F
		Lake County District Court	Statutory	1973	I/F
		St. Joseph County District Court	Statutory	1973	I/F
Iowa
	State Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court	Constitutional	1962	I/F
		Court of Appeals	Statutory	1976	I/F
	District Judicial Nominating Commission	District Court	Constitutional	1962	I/F
	Magistrate Appointing Commission	District Associate Judge	Statutory	1972	I/F
		Magistrate
Kansas
	Supreme Court Nominating Commission	Supreme Court	Constitutional	1972	I/F
		Court of Appeals	Statutory	1977	I/F
	District Judicial Nominating Commission	District Court	Statutory	1975	I/F
Kentucky
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, and District Court	Constitutional	1976	I
	Louisiana
	Maine
Maryland
	Appellate Judicial Nominating Commission	Court of Appeals and Court of Special Appeals	Executive Order	1970	I/F
	Trial Courts Judicial Nominating Commission	Circuit Court and District Court	Executive Order	1970	I/F/R
Massachusetts
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Judicial Court, Appeals Court, Trial Court, and some clerk-magistrates	Executive Order	1970	I/F
	Michigan
Minnesota
	Commission on Judicial Selection	District Court	Statutory	1983 (`90, `92)	I/F
	Mississippi
Missouri
	Appellate Judicial Commission	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
	Circuit Judicial Commission	City of St. Louis Circuit Court	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
		Jackson County Circuit Court	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
		St. Louis County Circuit Court	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
		Clay County Circuit Court	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
		Platte County Circuit Court	Constitutional	1940 (1976)	I/F
Montana
	Judicial Nominating Committee	Supreme Court and District Court	Statutory	1973 (rev.)	I
		Worker’s Compensation Court	Statutory	1991	I/F/R
		Chief Water Judge	Statutory	1987	I/F/R
Nebraska
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, District Court, County Court, Juvenile Court, and Worker’s Compensation Court	Const./Statute	1972	F
Nevada
	Commission on Judicial Selection	Supreme Court and District Court	Constitutional	1976	I
New Hampshire
	Judicial Selection Commission	Supreme Court and Superior Court	Executive Order	2005	F
New Jersey
New Mexico
	Appellate Judges Nominating Commission	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Constitutional	1988	I/F
	District Judges Nominating Committee	District Courts	Constitutional	1988	I/F
	Metropolitan Court Judges Nominating Committee	Metropolitan Court	Constitutional	1988	I/F
New York
	Nominating Commission	Court of Appeals	Const./Statute	1977	I/F
	State Judicial Screening Committee	Court of Claims	Executive Order	1983	I/F/R
	Departmental Judicial Screening Committee	Supreme Court and Appellate Divisions of the Supreme Court	Executive Order	1983	F/R
	County Judicial Screening Committee	County Court, Surrogates’ Court, and Family Court (non-NYC)	Executive Order	1983	I/R
	Mayor’s Committee on the Judiciary	NYC Criminal Court, NYC Civil Court, and NYC Family Court	Executive Order (Mayor)	1978	I/F
North Carolina
North Dakota
	Judicial Nominating Committee	Supreme Court and District Court	Constitutional	1981	I
Northern Mariana Islands
	Ohio
Oklahoma
	Judicial Nominating Committee	Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals	Constitutional	1967	I/F
		Court of Appeals, District Court, and Worker’s Compensation Court	Statutory	1967	I/F
Oregon
Pennsylvania
	Office of General Counsel for Governor	Appellate Court	Executive Order	1970s	I
	Judicial Advisory Commission	Trial Court	Executive Order	1970s	I
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
	Judicial Nominating Commission	Supreme Court, Superior Court, Family Court, District Court, Worker’s Compensation Court, and Traffic Tribunal	Constitutional	1994	F
South Carolina
	Judicial Merit Selection Commission	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, Family Court, Administrative Law Judge, and Masters-In-Equity	Statutory	1975 (1996)	I/F/R
South Dakota
	Judicial Qualifications Committee	Supreme Court and Circuit Court	Constitutional	1972	I/F
Tennessee
	Judicial Selection Commission	Supreme Court	Statutory	1994	I/F
		Court of Appeals and Court of Criminal Appeals	Statutory	1971	I/F
		Trial Courts	Statutory	1994	I
	Texas
Utah
	Appellate Court Nominating Commission	Supreme Court and Court of Appeals	Const./Statute	1984	F
	Trial Court Nominating Commission	District Court and Juvenile Court	Const./Statute	1984	F
Vermont
	Judicial Nominating Board	Supreme Court, Superior Court, District Court, Environmental Court, and Family Court Magistrates	Const./Statute	1967	I/F
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
	Judicial Advisory Committee	Supreme Court of Appeals, Circuit Court	Executive Order	2002	I
Wisconsin
	Governor’s Advisory Committee on Judicial Selection	Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, and Circuit Court	Constitutional	1973	I/F
Wyoming
	Judicial Nominating Committee	Supreme Court, District Court, and Circuit Court	Constitutional	1973	I/F
Legend:
I=Interim
F=Full
R=Retention
Note: Only those states with Judicial Nominating Commissions are included in this table.
Hawaii:
1/The Chief Justice makes appointments to the District Courts.
Iowa:
2/District judges appoint district associate judges from lists of nominees recommended by the County Magistrate Nominating Commission. The County Magistrate Nominating Commission appoints magistrates.
Maryland:
3/The Trial Courts Judicial Nominating Commission only covers judicial retention in the Circuit Court.
Nevada:
4/Nominations for vacancies are made by a commission with seven permanent members and five temporary members. The temporary members are appointed as each vacancy occurs until nominations have been submitted to the governor.
New York:
5/The Mayor’s Committee on the Judiciary only covers full terms in the New York City Criminal Court and the New York City Family Court.
South Dakota:
6/The committee recommends nominees to the governor to fill all vacancies on the Supreme Court and interim vacancies on the Circuit Court.

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Sheet 12: Table 11

Table 11. Provisions for Judicial Education
		Pre Bench Education / Orientation				Continuing Judicial Education
		Required	Mandated Hours	Sources of Funding		Required	Mandated Hours	Sources of Funding
Alabama
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	None	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~			None	~
Alaska
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	None	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	None	S
American Samoa
	General Jurisdiction Court
	Limited Jurisdiction Court
	Appellate Cout
Arizona
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	72	S/L/T		Yes	16	S/L/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	120	S/L/T		Yes	16	S/L/T
	Appellate Cout	Yes	~	~		Yes	16	S/T
Arkansas
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	12	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	12	S
California
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	120	S			None	S/L
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	~	~	~		~	~	~
	Appellate Cout	Yes	None	S			None	S
Colorado
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	60	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	60	S		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		60	~		Yes	15	S
Connecticut
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	80	S		Yes	16	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	20	~		Yes	15	~*10
	Appellate Cout		None	~			None	~
Delaware
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	23	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	375	S		Yes	23
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	23	S
District of Columbia
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~			None
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		~	~		~	~	~
	Appellate Cout		~	~		~	~	~
Florida
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	80	F		Yes	10	S/F
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	80	F		Yes	10	L/F
	Appellate Cout	Yes	40	F		Yes	10	F
Georgia
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	12	S		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	N/S	S/L/F		Yes	N/S	S/L/F
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	12	S
Guam
	General Jurisdiction Court
	Appellate Cout
Hawaii
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	32	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	32	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	32	S
Idaho
	General Jurisdiction Court		45	S		Yes	None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		45	S		Yes	None	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	None	S
Illinois
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S			None	~
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	~	~	~		~	~
	Appellate Cout		None	~			None	~
Indiana
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	36	S/L/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S/L		Yes	36	S/L/T
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	36	S/T
Iowa
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	13	S		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
Kansas
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	12	S/F
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	12	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	12	S
Kentucky
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	25	S		Yes	25	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	25	S		Yes	25	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	25	S
Louisiana
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	12.5	S/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	12.5	T
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	12.5	T
Maine
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~			12	~
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~			12	~
	Appellate Cout		None	~			12	~
Maryland
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	28	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	28	S
	Appellate Cout	Yes	None	S		Yes	28	S
Massachusetts
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S			None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S			None	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S			None	S
Michigan
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	6.5	S			None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	6.5	S		~	None	S
	Appellate Cout		6.5	S		~	None	S
Minnesota
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	45	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	~	~	~		~	~	~
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	15	S
Mississippi
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	N/S	F		Yes	12	S/F
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	32	F		Yes	18	F
	Appellate Cout	Yes	None	S/F		Yes	12	S/F
Missouri
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	15	S/L
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S/L			15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S			15	S
Montana
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	80	S/L
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
Nebraska
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S			None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S			10	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S			20 (every 2 yrs.)	S
Nevada
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	84	F		Yes	12	F
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	84	F		Yes	12	L/F
	Appellate Cout		16	F/S		Yes	12	F/S
New Hampshire
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	12	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	12	S
New Jersey
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	70	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	35	S/L		Yes	6	S/L
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
New Mexico
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	15	S/F/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	40	S/F		Yes	15	S/F
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S/F/T
New York
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	35	L/S		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	35	S		Yes	12	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	12	S
North Carolina
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	15	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	15	S		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
North Dakota
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	16	L		Yes	8	L
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
Northern Mariana Islands
	General Jurisdiction Court
	Appellate Cout
Ohio
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	20	S/L/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	20	S/L/T
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	20	S/L/T
Oklahoma
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~			None	~
	Appellate Cout		None	~			12	S
Oregon
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	45	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~				~
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	45	T
Pennsylvania
	General Jurisdiction Court		50	S			None	~
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		160	S			32- District, 20- Traffic	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~			None	~
Puerto Rico
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	None	S
	Appellate Cout	Yes	None	S		Yes	None	S
Rhode Island
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	10	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	10	S
	Appellate Cout	Yes	None	S		Yes	10	S
South Carolina
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	14	S		Yes	15	S/T
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	22/80/56	S		Yes	15/18/12	S/T
	Appellate Cout	Yes	6	S		Yes	15	S/T
South Dakota
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	None	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	None	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	None	S
Tennessee
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	S/L		Yes	15	S/L
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	15	S
Texas
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	30	S		Yes	16	S/L
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	80/12-32	S/L		Yes	20/12	S/L
	Appellate Cout	Yes	30	S		Yes	16	S/L
Utah
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	30	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	30	S/T
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	30	S
Vermont
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	100	S		Yes	64	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	100	S		Yes	64	S
	Appellate Cout	Yes	50	S		Yes	64	S
Virginia
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	86	S		Yes	12	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	86	S		Yes	12	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	12	S
Virgin Islands
	General Jurisdiction Court
	Appellate Cout
Washington
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	S		Yes	15	S
West Virginia
	General Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	None	S		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
Wisconsin
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	30	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court	Yes	12	L		Yes	12	L
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	30	S
Wyoming
	General Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	15	S
	Limited Jurisdiction Court		None	~		Yes	15	S
	Appellate Cout		None	~		Yes	15	S
	Legend:
	~=Not applicable
	N/S=None stated
	S=State
	L=Local
	F=Fees
	T=Tuition
	Yes=Yes
	FOOTNOTES:
	Alaska:
	1/The court conducts a mandatory annual judicial training at the Judicial Conference. CLE credits are given if the curriculum is co-developed with the Alaska Bar Association. If funding is available, new judges are sent to the National Judicial College in the first year of appointment to the bench.
	2/Magistrates have an in-state training course and an annual conference.
	Arizona:
	3/Hours are completed during one program spanning several days.
	4/Hours are completed during one program spanning several days.
	5/The number of hours vary as they are determined individually.
	Arkansas:
	6/The Administrative Office of the Courts provides pre-bench training and all judges attend, but it is not required.
	Colorado:
	7/Initial/pre-bench education is a one-time training.
	8/Continuing education is the requirement of the Colorado Bar Association, which requires forty-five hours every three years for all members.
	Connecticut:
	9/There is no credit-based requirement in Connecticut.
	10/Funding comes from a probate administration fund. This is public money.
	11/Although not mandatory, many new appellate judges participate in initial appellate conferences/seminars.
	12/Although not mandatory, many of the appellate judges attend the annual New England Appellate Judges Conference.
	District of Columbia:
	13/By statute, the Chief Judge of the Appellate Court is required to hold an annual judicial training conference.
	Georgia:
	14/This varies by court.
	Indiana:
	15/Initial or pre-bench education is not required, but is provided through the Indiana Judicial Center.
	Iowa:
	16/It is offered but not required by law or rule. Most new judges attend the two-day in-state program and a three-week course at the National Judicial College.
	Kentucky:
	17/These are the number of hours required In a two-year period.
	Louisiana:
	18/New judges orientation is mandatory and is held just before or just after the majority of new judges take office. Orientation generally provides 15 hours of CLE credit.
	19/It is strongly encouraged, but not mandatory.
	Maine:
	20/Although neither pre-bench or continuing education is required, the Judicial Education Committee budgets for judges to attend courses at the National Judicial College and elsewhere and offers a number of seminars for the education of judges.
	Massachusetts:
	21/The Judicial Institute, a statutory body integrated into the organization of the Administrative Office of the Trial Court, conducts educational and training programs. The Judicial Institute is funded by state appropriations. The Flaschner Institute, a non-governmental charitable corporation supported by contributions, grants and contracts, also conducts educational programs for MA judges. While no requirement for on-going judicial education exists, judges are mandated to participate in specified programs and courses developed and identified on the basis of current and future needs of the system. The number of mandated programs varies each year.
	Minnesota:
	22/This is required every three years.
	Missouri:
	23/As with any attorney, judges are required to complete 15 hours per year. Family Court judges and commissioners are required to complete six additional hours per year.
	Nebraska:
	24/Orientation is required, but there is no hourly requirement.
	Nevada:
	25/Family Court judges have an additional 40-hour requirement (role of Family Court judges).
	26/Two of these hours must be ethics/professional conduct.
	27/This is required for attorney judges only. No requirement for non-attorney judges.
	New York:
	28/Biannual cycle - 24 hours are required every two years.
	North Carolina:
	29/Every judge in the general jurisdiction court and the limited jurisdiction court is required to attend a course of instructional orientation for new judges within the first year after appointment or election, which counts toward the thirty-hour biennial continuing education requirements.
	30/Every justice or judge is required to complete thirty hours biennially of continuing legal or judicial education and at least 15 hours of it shall be judicial education.
	Oregon:
	31/None mandatory; but the AOC offers a “New Judge Orientation” program for state judges that is strongly encouraged and attended by most. Limited jurisdiction court judges attend when space is available.
	32/The same rules apply for all lawyers/judges: a mandatory CLE requirement through state bar and rules approved by state Supreme Court. No separate “judge” CLE requirement exists.
	33/Justices of the Peace must have 30 hours of CLE every two years or average 15 hours/year. Municipal judges who are lawyers must have 45 hours of CLE over 3 years or average 15 hours/year to meet the lawyers’ MCLE requirement.
	34/Forty-five hours of CLE are required every 3 years or an average of 15 hours per year.
	Pennsylvania:
	35/Initial education for trial court judges is offered, but is not required.
	36/A four-week certification course and test must be completed. Members of the Pennsylvania Bar are exempt from the course and the test.
	Rhode Island:
	37/The pre-bench requirement is attendance at the National Judicial College.
	South Carolina:
	38/In addition to the minimum of 15 hours of accredited judicial continuing legal education, judicial members attend any educational activity designated as mandatory by the Supreme Court of South Carolina or by the Commission on Continuing Legal Education and Specialization.
	39/This applies to Family Court/Magistrates/Municipal Court, respectively.
	Texas:
	40/A fee assessed in all criminal convictions goes into a fund, Fund 540, which is specifically allocated for Judicial and Court Support Personnel Training. The Court of Criminal Appeals includes in its appropriations request to the legislature a line item for Fund 540. These funds are then available, through a grant application process, to various judicial education entities in the state.
	41/Justices of the Peace are required to have 80 hours of initial/pre-bench education and 20 hours of continuing education. Municipal judges are required to have between 12 and 32 hours of initial/pre-bench education and 12 hours of continuing education.
	Vermont:
	42/Continuing education for appellate court judges, while not mandated, is available and provided on an as-needed basis.
	Washington:
	43/Education requirements are set forth GR.26. Non-compliance may be deemed in violation of the Code of Judicial Conduct and subject to reporting to the Commission on Judicial Conduct.

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Sheet 13: Table 12

Table 12. Judicial Performance Evaluation
	Evaluating Body/Authorization		Evaluation Committee		Evaluation Procedures
Alabama
Alaska
	Alaska Judicial Council/ Statutes: §22.05.100, §22.07.060, §22.10.150, §22.15.155		7 members: 3 state bar appointed attorneys, 3 non-attorneys, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.		Judges are evaluated prior to retention elections. Evaluations are based on forms completed by court participants. Evaluation results are included in election pamphlets that are mailed to all registered Alaskan voters.
American Samoa
Arizona
	Arizona Constitution Article 6, Section 42		30 members: includes the public, lawyers, and judges.		Evaluations based on public comment, hearings, and anonymous survey forms distributed to court participants. Court participant surveys seek evaluation of a judge’s abilities and skills, including narrative comments. A factual report is issued in the judge’s election year.
Arkansas
California
Colorado
	State Commission on Judicial Performance/§13-5.5-101		10 members each: 4 attorneys, 6 non-attorneys. 4-year terms.		State Commission (for appellate judges) or District Commission (for trial judges) prepares evaluation profile on each judge standing for re-election and provides this to the public.
Connecticut
	Judicial Performance Evaluation Program/Established by directive of the Chief Justice		The Advisory Panel consists of judges, attorneys, a law professor, and a state legislator.		Attorney and juror questionnaires are used to solicit information on the judges’ courtroom performance in the areas of demeanor, legal ability, and judicial management skills. Evaluation reports are generated from the input received. The Chief Court Administrator, or designee, conducts individual interviews to aid judges in interpreting the data. Judges are also provided with self-assessment forms to assist them in assessing their own courtroom performance and placing the attorney and juror responses in perspective.
Deleware
District of Columbia
	D.C. Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure/Title 11 Appx. IV433		7 members: 1 appointed by the President of the U.S., 2 (1 must be an attorney) appointed by the Mayor, 1 appointed by the City Council of D.C., 1 appointed by the Chief Judge of the U.S. District Court for D.C. All must be residents of D.C. All serve six-year terms except for the President’s appointee, who serves a five-year term.		Written evaluation upon an active associate judge’s request for reappointment to another fifteen-year term. Committee must determine if the judge is well qualified (automatic reappointment), qualified (subject to nomination and approval), or unqualified.
Florida
	Joint project of the state judiciary and the Florida Bar, authorized by the Supreme Court		~		A confidential means by which attorneys can communicate perceived strengths and weaknesses of judicial performance, thereby assisting judges in eliminating weaknesses and enhancing strengths. Evaluation forms go directly to judges; no committee reviews the evaluations. Evaluations are confidential under Florida Rule of Judicial Administration 2.05(c)(4). Participation is voluntary.
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
	Judicial Performance Committee/Supreme Court Rule 19		Supreme Court special committee on judicial performance; 13 members: 3 non-lawyers, 6 lawyers, the Administrative Director of the Courts, and 3 judges.		Attorneys complete confidential questionnaires.
Idaho
	Magistrates Commission		Magistrates commission consists of judges, attorneys, and elected officials.		Questionnaires distributed to practicing attorneys regarding performance of magistrate judges.
Illinois
	Planning and Oversight Committee for a Judicial Performance Evaluation Program/SCR58		Actual evaluation is contracted out (currently to Bronner Group, L.L.C., Chicago, Illinois).		Details of confidential evaluation procedure determined by contractor.
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Lousiana
Maine
Maryland
	Judicial Administration Section Council/State Bar Association		18 State Bar Association members.		Exit polling of attorneys.
Massachusetts
	Supreme Judicial Court/211§26-26b		Supreme Judicial Court and Chief Justice for Administration and Management.		Judges with four years’ experience are evaluated once every 12-18 months; judges with at least four years experience are evaluated once every 18-36 months. Anonymous questionnaires are given to court participants in a representative sample of cases. Completed evaluations are made available to and discussed with judges.
Michigan
	Supreme Court/§600.238		~		Provides for use of national trial court performance standards by trial judges.
Minnesota
	Joint Supreme Court, Conference of Chief Judges, and Minnesota District Judges Association Committee		Trial and appellate court judges.		Joint committee offers technical assistance to judges and districts. Each judicial district has developed its own evaluation process and procedures. All evaluation processes are voluntary.
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
	Trial Court Administrative Judge		Administrative Judge.		Anonymous questionnaires are distributed to court staff and constituents; these are supplemented with self-assessment questionnaires. Administrative Judge reviews results with the judge under evaluation.
New Jersey
	Judicial Performance Committee/RGA 1:35A-1		At least 6 judges, 3 attorneys, and 2 members of the public. Additional members fixed by Supreme Court. 3-year terms.		During a judge’s review period of approximately nine months, anonymous surveys are sent to all attorneys who appeared before the judge and to appellate judges who have heard cases from the judge under review.
New Mexico
	Judicial Performance Evaluation Commission/ NM Supreme Court		15 members: 8 lay persons and 7 lawyers. The Supreme Court appoints members from nominations submitted by representatives of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.		Confidential written surveys
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennyslvania
Puerto Rico
	Judicial Evaluation Commission		9 members, including a Supreme Court judge, 1 member experienced in administrative/managerial matters, and at least 1 non-attorney. 3-year terms.		Judges are evaluated every three years based on self-evaluations and surveys of attorneys, peers, jurors, and presiding judge. Reports are discussed with judges.
Rhode Island
	Judicial Performance Evaluation Committee		6 judges, 3 state bar members, 2 members of the public familiar with the judicial system. 2-year terms.		All judges are evaluated biannually on the basis of “acceptable, professionally recognized methods of data collection.”
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
	Judicial Evaluation Commission (expires 6/30/2007)/§17-4-201, §4-29-223		12 members: 4 state court judges, 2 non-lawyers appointed by Judicial Council, 3 lawyers appointed by Speaker of the Senate, 3 members appointed from designated organizations by Speaker of the House of Representatives.		All appellate judges are evaluated based on personal interviews, evaluation surveys, self-reported personal information, and other comments and information. A final report of less than 600 words per judge is published not less than 180 days before the qualifying deadline in a general circulation daily newspaper in specified parts of the state.
Texas
Utah
	Utah Judicial Council with Standing Committee on Judicial Performance Evaluation/CJA R3-11, 2-10 6 §78-3-21		14 members: Chief Justice of Supreme Court, 12 members to be elected by judges of various courts, 1 member of the Board of Commissioners. 3-year terms.		N/S
Vermont
	Judicial Performance Evaluation Committee/Supreme Court charge and designation		Under development		Under development
Virginia
	Judicial Performance Evaluation Commission/Rule of Court		8 members appointed by the Chief Justice		Confidential surveys are sent to attorneys and jurors to solicit information on judges’ courtroom demeanor, perceived fairness, knowledge of the law, and clarity of decisions, as well as other areas of judicial behavior. Survey results are provided to the evaluated judge and a mentor or “facilitator” judge, and to the General Assembly at time of re-election.
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Whyoming
Legend:
~=Not applicable
N/S=Not stated
Note: Only those states with official judicial performance evaluations are included in this table.
Note: The following states report judicial performance evaluation programs operated independently by their state bar association: Maine, Missouri, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
FOOTNOTES:
Utah:
1/The evaluation of judges and court commissioners is conducted by the Utah Judicial Council. The Standing Committee on Judicial Performance Evaluation (SCJPE) administers the program and recommends policies and procedures. The membership of the SCJPE consists of two lawyers, one of who serves as chair; three members of the public; one court commissioner; and one judge from each of the five levels of court.
Vermont:
2/A pilot program was implemented. The Judicial Performance Evaluation Committee is currently reviewing the results of the pilot program.
3/The pilot program used attorney questionnaires, litigant exit surveys, self-assessments and caseload management reports.

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Sheet 14: Table 13

Table 13. Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies
	Investigating body					Adjudicating body	Appeals from adjudication are filed with:	Final disciplining body	Point at which reprimands are made public	Can the chief justice suspend during investigation?
		Composition:
	Name	Judges	Lawyers	Lay persons	Legislators
Alabama	Judicial Inquiry Committee	3	2	2		Court of the Judiciary	Supreme Court	Court of the Judiciary	Filing of the complaint with the Court of the Judiciary
Alaska	Committee on Judicial Conduct	3	3	3		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Filing of recommendation with Supreme Court
American Samoa
Arizona	Commission on Judicial Conduct	6	2	3		Commission on Judicial Conduct	Discretionary with Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Commission on Judicial Conduct determines if there is probable cause to bring formal charges.
Arkansas	Judicial Discipline and Disability Committees	3	3	3		Commission	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	At disposition of case
California	Commission on Judicial Performance	3	2	6		Commission on Judicial Performance	Supreme Court has discretionary review	Commission on Judicial Performance	Upon commission determination
Colorado	Committee on Judicial Discipline	4	2	4		Commission on Judicial Discipline	No appeal	Supreme Court	Adjudication
Connecticut	Judicial Review Council	3	3	6		Judicial Review Council; Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Public censure is issued at between 10 and 30 days after notice to the judge, provided that if the judge appeals, there is an automatic stay of disclosure.
	Council on Probate Judicial Conduct	1	1	2		Council on Probate Judicial Conduct	Supreme Court	Supreme Court
Delaware	Preliminary Committee of the Court on the Judiciary	0	4	2		Court on the Judiciary	No appeal	Court on the Judiciary	Upon issuance of opinion and imposition of sanction
	Investigatory Committee of the Court on the Judiciary	7	0	0
District of Columbia	Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure	1	4	2		Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure	Federal judge panel: 3 appointments by Chief Justice of Supreme Court	Commission on Judicial. Disabilities and Tenure	Filing of order with D.C. Court of Appeals
Florida	Judicial Qualifications Commission	6	4	5		Judicial Qualifications Commission	No appeal	Supreme Court	Filing of formal charges by Committee with Supreme Court Clerk
Georgia	Judicial Qualifications Commission	2	3	2		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Formal Hearing
Guam
Hawaii	Commission on Judicial Conduct	0	3	4		Commission on Judicial Conduct	No appeal	Supreme Court	Imposition of public discipline by Supreme Court
Idaho	Judicial Council	2	2	3		Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Filing with Supreme Court
Illinois	Judicial Inquiry Board	2	3	4		Courts Commission	No appeal	Courts Commission	Filing of complaint by Judicial Inquiry Board to Courts Commission
Indiana	Judicial Qualifications Committee	1	3	3		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Institution of Formal Proceedings
Iowa	Judicial Qualifications Commission	1	2	4		Judicial Qualifications Commission	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Application by the commission to the Supreme Court
Kansas	Commission on Judicial Qualifications	6	4	4		Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Reprimand is published by Supreme Court if approved by Supreme Court.
Kentucky	Judicial Conduct Committee	3	1	2		Judicial Conduct Committee	Supreme Court	Judicial Conduct Committee	Application of judge under investigation
Louisiana	Judiciary Commission	3	3	3		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Filing of formal complaint by commission with Supreme Court
Maine	Committee on Judicial Responsibility and Disability	2	2	3		Supreme Judicial Court	No appeal	Supreme Judicial Court	Filing of report to Supreme Judicial Court
Maryland	Commission on Judicial Disabilities	3	3	5		Court of Appeals	~	Court of Appeals	Filing of record by Committee to Court of Appeals
Massachusetts	Commission on Judicial Conduct	3	3	3		Supreme Judicial Court	~	Supreme Judicial Court	After final of formal charges with the Supreme Judicial Court
Michigan	Judicial Tenure Commission	5	2	2		Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Filing of formal complaint by commission with Supreme Court
Minnesota	Board of Judicial Standards	3	2	4		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Filing of formal charges by Committee with Supreme Court
Mississippi	Commission on Judicial Performance	4	1	2		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court
Missouri	Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline	2	2	2		Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Filing of recommendation by Committee to Supreme Court
Montana	Judicial Standards Commission	2	1	2		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Filing of record by Committee with Supreme Court
Nebraska	Commission on Judicial Qualification	4	3	3		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Commission may issue a public reprimand
Nevada	Commission on Judicial Discipline	2	2	3		Commission on Judicial Discipline	Supreme Court	Commission on Judicial Discipline	Upon filing of report by Committee and service upon judge
New Hampshire	Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Conduct	3	2	5			Supreme Court	Supreme Court	On issuance of reprimand
New Jersey	Advisory Committee on Judicial Conduct	2 (retired)	3 (min)	4 (max)		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Filing of formal complaint
New Mexico	Judicial Standards Commission	2 + one magistrate	2	6		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Filing of record by Commission with Supreme Court
New York	Commission on Judicial Conduct	4	1	2		Commission on Judicial Conduct	Court of Appeals	Commission on Judicial Conduct and Court of Appeals	Completion of service of record on respondent
North Carolina	Judicial Standards Commission	3	2	2		Supreme Court	No appeals	Supreme Court	Upon recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court
North Dakota	Commission on Judicial Conduct	2	1	4		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	At formal hearing
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	Board of Commissioners on Grievance and Discipline	7	17	4		Board of Commissioners on Grievance and Discipline	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Adjudication
Oklahoma	Court on the Judiciary Trial Division Council	8	1	0		Court on the Judiciary Trial Division; Council on Judicial Complaints	Court on the Judiciary Division; no appeal from Council on Judicial Complaints	Court on the Judiciary Appellate Division	Filing with clerk of the Appellate Court
	Council on Judicial Complaints	0	2	1
Oregon	Commission of Judicial Fitness and Disability	3	3	3		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court
Pennsylvania	Judicial Conduct Board	3	3	6		Court of Judicial Discipline	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Once a final decision has been made
Puerto Rico	Disciplinary and Removal from office for health reasons	~	5	1		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Filing of formal complaint to the Discipline Commission
Rhode Island	Commission on Judicial Tenure and Discipline	4 (+3 from General Assembly)	3	3		Supreme Court	No appeals	Supreme Court	When Supreme Court affirms a recommendation for reprimand or removal
South Carolina	Commissioners on Judicial Conduct	14	3	2		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Adjudication
South Dakota	Judicial Qualifications Commission	2	3	2		Supreme Court	No appeals	Supreme Court	Filing with the Supreme Court
Tennessee	Court of the Judiciary	9	3	2		Court of the Judiciary	Supreme Court, then General Assembly	Supreme Court or General Assembly	Filing of complaint in Appellate Court Clerk's office
Texas	State Commission on Judicial Conduct	5	2	4		Supreme Court, Commission on Judicial Conduct, or review tribunal consisting of Justices of Courts of Appeals	Supreme Court	Supreme Court, Commission on Judicial Conduct, or review tribunal consisting of Justices of the Courts of Appeals	Convening of formal hearing by the Commission on Judicial Conduct
Utah	Judicial Conduct Commission	2	2	3		Judicial Conduct Commission	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	10 days after filing appeal
Vermont	Judicial Conduct Board	2	2	3		Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Filing of formal charges by Board with Supreme Court
Virginia	Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission	3	2	2		Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Supreme Court	Filing of formal complaint by Committee with Supreme Court
Virgin Islands
Washington	Commission on Judicial Conduct	3	2	6		Supreme Court	No appeal	Committee on Judicial Conduct or Supreme Court	Beginning of fact finding hearing by Committee
West Virginia	Judicial Investigation Committee and Judicial Hearing Board	3 + one magistrate	2	3		Judicial Hearing Board (JHB)	JHB recommends to SCA	Supreme Court of Appeals	Upon decision by Supreme Court of Appeals
Wisconsin	Judicial Commission	2	2	5		Supreme Court	No appeal	Supreme Court	Filing of petitioner formal complaint by Judicial Commission w/Supreme Court
Wyoming	Commission on Judicial Conduct and Ethics	3	3	6		Supreme Court	~	Supreme Court	Filing with Supreme Court
Legend:
~=Not applicable
FOOTNOTES:
California:
1/In cases involving more serious misconduct, the commission may issue a public admonishment or public censure. The nature and impact of the misconduct generally determine the level of discipline. Both public admonishments and public censures are notices sent to the judge describing the improper conduct and stating the findings made by the commission. These notices are also made available to the press and the general public.
District of Columbia:
2/This only applies in cases of removal or involuntary retirement wherein the Chief Justice appoints a three-member federal judge panel to review commission's order of removal.
Florida:
3/This figure is comprised of two judges of each of the District Courts of Appeal, Circuit, and County courts.
4/The Judicial Qualifications Commission investigates and makes recommendations to the Supreme Court for discipline or removal.
5/The Supreme Court power of removal is alternative and cumulative to the power of impeachment and suspension by the Governor and Senate.
New Hampshire:
6/One Clerk of Court is also part of the investigating body.
7/The Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Conduct may admonish, reprimand or order conditions, and the Supreme Court may impose formal discipline.
Ohio:
8/Initial review is carried out by a panel of three commissioners.
Oregon:
9/Technically, the Commission of Judicial Fitness and Disability does not adjudicate disciplinary matters. It hears the evidence and makes recommendations to the Supreme Court, which must review the records, or any stipulation for discipline and can hear additional evidence. Technically, then, there is no appeal. The Supreme Court orders any discipline, including any stipulated sanction.
10/In Oregon, the allegations become public when the Commission issues a notice of public hearing, generally 14 days in advance of the hearing (although it can be less in the public interest). The actual complaint is not made public then, but the notice includes the general nature of the allegations. In a disciplinary case (but not a disability case), the Commission hearing, the evidence received there, and the Commission’s decisions and recommendations are public. The Supreme Court decision is public when the Court files its opinion. There is no reprimand or other sanction until the Supreme Court decision.
Utah:
11/In addition, four legislators are on the commission.
West Virginia
12/The final disciplining body is the same for both the Commission and Judicial Hearing Board.
Wisconsin:
13/The Judicial Conduct and Disability Panel, through an ad hoc three-judge panel (two must be Court of Appeals judges, one can be a retired, reserve judge or Court of Appeals judge appointed as a hearing examiner) makes a report to the Supreme Court.

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Sheet 15: Table 14

Table 14. Governance of the Judicial Branch
	Who has administrative authority over judicial branch?				What authority establishes the administrative head of the judicial branch?
	CJ	COLR	Judicial Council		Constitution	Statute	Judicial Council	Source of Authority
Alabama	Yes				Yes			AL Const. AM 328 § 6.10
Alaska	Yes				Yes			AK Const. Art IV § 16
American Samoa
Arizona	Yes				Yes			AZ Const. Art VI § 3
Arkansas		Yes			Yes			AR Const. Amend. 80
California	Yes				Yes			CA Const. Art VI § 6
Colorado	Yes				Yes			CO Const. Art VI § 5
Connecticut	Yes					Yes		C.G.S. § 51-1b(a)
Delaware	Yes				Yes			DE Const. Art IV § 13
District of Columbia	Yes					Yes		DC § 11-1701
Florida	Yes				Yes			FL Const. Art V § 2
Georgia		Yes			Yes			GA Const. Art 6 § 9 Para. 1
Guam
Hawaii	Yes				Yes			HI Const. Art VI § 6
Idaho		Yes			Yes			ID Const. Art 5 § 2
Illinois	Yes				Yes			IL Const. Art 6 § 16
Indiana	Yes				Yes	Yes		IN Const. Art VII § 3
Iowa		Yes			Yes	Yes		IA Const. Art V § 4; Iowa Code § 602.1201
Kansas	Yes				Yes	Yes		KS Const. Art III § 1; K.S. § 20101
Kentucky	Yes				Yes			KY Const. § 110(5(b)
Louisiana	Yes				Yes			LA Const. Art V § 6
Maine	Yes					Yes		4 M.R.S.A. § 1
Maryland	Yes				Yes			MD Const. Art IV § 18B
Massachusetts		Yes			Yes	Yes		MGL C.h. 211 § 3; MA Const. Pt. I, Art 29
Michigan		Yes			Yes			MI Const. Art VI § 3-4
Minnesota	Yes					Yes		MS § 2.724 Subd. 4
Mississippi	Yes					Yes		MSC § 9-3-61; V9-3-39; § 9-21-3
Missouri		Yes			Yes			MO Const. Art V § 4
Montana		Yes			Yes			MT Const. Art VII § 2
Nebraska	Yes				Yes			NE Const. Art V § 1
Nevada	Yes				Yes			NV Const. Art VI § 19
New Hampshire	Yes				Yes			NH Const. Pt. 2 Art. 73-A
New Jersey	Yes				Yes			NJ Const. Art 6 § 7 Pt. 1
New Mexico		Yes			Yes			NM Const. Art 6 § 3
New York	Yes				Yes			NY Const. Art VI § 28
North Carolina		Yes			Yes	Yes		NC Const. Art IV § 13; NCGS § 7A 33, 34
North Dakota	Yes				Yes	Yes		ND Const. Art VI, 33; NDCC § 27-02-05.1
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	Yes				Yes			OH Const. Art IV § 5
Oklahoma	Yes				Yes			OK Const. Art 7 § 6
Oregon	Yes					Yes		ORS § 1.002 (1)
Pennsylvania		Yes			Yes			PA Const. Art V § 10; 42 Pa.C.S. Sec. 1701
Puerto Rico	Yes				Yes	Yes		N/S
Rhode Island	Yes					Yes		RI GL § 8-15-2
South Carolina	Yes				Yes			SC Const. Art V § 4
South Dakota	Yes				Yes			SD Const. Art V § 11
Tennessee		Yes				Yes	Yes	TCA 16-3-501-502; S. Ct. R. 11
Texas		Yes			Yes	Yes		TX Const. Art 5 § 31; TX Gov’t Code Ch. 74
Utah			Yes		Yes			UT Const. Art 8 § 12
Vermont		Yes			Yes			VT Const. Ch. II § 30
Virginia	Yes				Yes			VA Const. Art VI § 4
Virgin Islands
Washington		Yes			Yes			WA Const. Art 4 § 1
West Virginia	Yes				Yes			WV Const. Art 8 § 3
Wisconsin	Yes				Yes			WI Const. Art 7 § 4 (3)
Wyoming	Yes				Yes	Yes		WY Const. Art 5 § 2; W.S. § 52-102
Legend:
SC=Court of last resort
N/S=Not stated
FOOTNOTES:
Tennessee:
1/Judicial branch rule is the other authority that establishes the head of the judicial branch.
Utah:
2/The Judicial Council is the head of the judicial branch.

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Sheet 16: Table 15

Table 15. The Source of Rule Making Authority of Courts of Last Resort by Specific Areas
	Rules of:
	Court administration		Procedure			Discipline
	Appellate	Trial	Appellate	Civil and Criminal	Evidence	Judicial	Attorney	Trial court costs and fees assessment
Alabama	C	C	C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L/C
Alaska	C	C	C	C	C	L/C	C	L/C
American Samoa
Arizona	L/C	L/C	C	C	C	C	C	L/C
Arkansas	C	C	C	C	L/C	C	C	L
California	L	L	L/C	L	C	C	L/C	L
Colorado	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Connecticut	L/C		C		C	L		L
Delaware	C	C	L/C	C	C	C	C	L/C
District of Columbia	L		L	L			L
Florida	C	C	C	C	C	L	C	L
Georgia	C	C	L/C	L/C	L	C	C	L
Guam
Hawaii	C	C	C	C	L	C	C	L
Idaho	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L	L
Illinois	C	C	L/C	L	L/C	C	C	L
Indiana	C	C	C	L/C	L/C	C	C	L
Iowa	L/C	L/C	L/C	L	L	L/C	L/C	L
Kansas	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L	C	L	L
Kentucky	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Louisiana	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	C	C	L/C
Maine	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L
Maryland	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L/C	L	L/C
Massachusetts	C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L
Michigan	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Minnesota	C	C	C	L/C	L	L/C	L/C	L
Mississippi	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Missouri	C	C	L/C	L/C	C	L	C	L
Montana	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Nebraska	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Nevada	C	C	C	L/C	C	L	L	L/C
New Hampshire	C	C	C	C	C	C	L/C	L/C
New Jersey	C	C	C	C	C	L/C	C	L/C
New Mexico	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
New York	C	C	L	L	L	L	L	L
North Carolina	C	L/C	C	L/C	L	L/C	L/C	L
North Dakota	C	C	C	C	C	L	L	L
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Oklahoma	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L
Oregon	L	C	L	L	L	L	L	L
Pennsylvania	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	C	C	L/C
Puerto Rico	C	C	L	L/C	L/C	C	C	L
Rhode Island	L	L	L	L	L	L	L	L
South Carolina	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L
South Dakota	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	C	L
Tennessee	L	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L	L/C
Texas	L/C	L/C	L	L/C	L	C	L	L
Utah	C	C	L/C	L/C	C	L/C	C	L
Vermont	C	C	C	C	C	C	C	L
Virginia	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L	L	L
Virgin Islands
Washington	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L/C	L/C
West Virginia	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L/C	L
Wisconsin	C	C	L/C	L/C	L	L/C	L/C	L
Wyoming	L/C	C	L/C	L/C	L/C	C	L	L/C
Legend:
L=Legislature
C=Constitution
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/Although court costs are generally assessed pursuant to legislation, the Supreme Court has established fees by rule in certain instances (i.e., transcript fees, appellate docket fees, docket fees for post-conviction petitions, etc.).
Alaska:
2/The Supreme Court has the authority to adopt rules governing practice and procedures in state courts. The legislature has the power to amend rules, but not adopt them.
3/The constitution specifies the powers and duties of the Judicial Conduct Commission, and the basis for judicial disqualification is established by law. The Code of Judicial Conduct is promulgated by the Supreme Court.
4/The legislature can set court fees and surcharges for filing and court use; the Supreme Court sets awards for attorneys’ fees and costs.
Arizona:
5/The Supreme Court establishes all rules, but does not establish fees unless given statutory authority.
California:
6/The Judicial Council also has authority.
7/The Judicial Council also has policy setting and rule making authority. The Council’s rules must be consistent with any statutes passed by the legislature. The court may adopt rules for its own procedures not inconsistent with the rules of the Council or statute.
8/The legislature is the higher authority. The Judicial Council rules must not be inconsistent with statute.
Colorado:
9/Rules are established by the Supreme Court; however, some may be modified at the district level.
Connecticut:
10/The appellate courts do not have formal “rules of administration.” The Supreme Court and the Appellate Court are served by the same administrative offices and by one appellate clerk’s office. There is one chief administrative judge for the appellate courts.
11/The Superior Court does not have formal “rules of administration.” The chief court administrator directly, and through the Court Operations’ Division, issues administrative policies for the trial courts and the judicial branch.
12/For the Superior Court, statutes designate the powers and duties of the chief court administrator who serves at the pleasure of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
13/Both the Supreme Court and the Appellate Court have input into the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
14/Superior Court judges establish the rules of civil and criminal procedure.
15/Connecticut has adopted a Code of Judicial Conduct. There also exists a Judicial Review Council within the legislative branch that examines the conduct of judicial officers.
16/The Superior Court has adopted Rules of Professional Conduct for attorneys. Additionally, the courts have adopted Grievance Rules to be followed for the discipline of attorneys.
17/Court costs are assessed by the courts. The Superior Court has the ability to charge fees in connection with the regulation of attorneys.
Delaware:
18/Court costs and fees are set by statute for Justice of the Peace courts. All other court fees and costs are set by individual court rules.
District of Columbia:
19/Trial courts make their own rules of administration under statutory authority provided to them. Some rules are also based on inherent authority.
20/The trial court establishes its own rules of civil procedure. If there is a conflict with federal rules, the Appeals Court establishes rules.
21/Trial courts establish their own rules of evidence under statutory authority provided to them.
22/The DC Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure was created as a part of the Home Rule Charter for the District of Columbia. The responsibility for judicial discipline resides with the Commission.
23/Trial courts establish their own rules concerning trial court costs and fees under the statutory authority provided to them.
Florida:
24/The Judicial Qualifications Commission, established by the Florida constitution, adopts rules, such as its proceedings on judicial discipline. The Supreme Court establishes the Code of Judicial Conduct.
Georgia:
25/This also applies to the Court of Appeals.
26/The advice of the Trial Court Council is also a source of authority.
27/The Supreme Court shall have full power and authority to make all rules. It may, by rules, provide and declare when the court shall sit, how its minutes shall be kept, and how the cases on its dockets shall be apportioned; and it generally may make all regulations as to practice and procedure.
Hawaii:
28/The legislature has given the Supreme Court the authority to modify and add to some statutory fees.
Illinois:
29/Supreme Court Rule 21 (b) allows Chief Judges to enter orders relating to the assignment of judges, times of holding court, etc. Trial judges in each circuit also adopt local administrative rules, usually by a majority vote.
30/The Supreme Court has power to make rules of pleading, practice, and procedure for the Circuit, Appellate, and Supreme courts. Subject to the rules of the Supreme Court, the Circuit and Appellate courts may make rules regulating their dockets, calendars, and business. General rules apply to both civil and criminal proceedings. The rules on proceedings in trial courts, together with the Civil Practice Law and the Code of Criminal Procedure, govern all proceedings in the trial court, except those regulated by statute. The rules on appeals govern all appeals.
Iowa:
31/The Iowa constitution makes a general jurisdictional statement granting to the Supreme Court “supervisory and administrative control over all inferior judicial tribunals.” The legislature codified what that meant to include procedural rule-making authority and disciplinary power over judges and attorneys.
Kansas:
32/The legislature creates rules for civil procedure; the Supreme Court makes case law.
Kentucky:
33/The legislature sets fines and most fees. The Supreme Court can set filing fees, but must notify the legislature when changing them.
Louisiana:
34/The legislature establishes rules of administration for the appellate courts through the enactment of statutes. The Supreme Court also has the constitutional inherent authority to establish rules of administration.
35/The legislature establishes procedure through the enactment of the Louisiana Revised Statutes. Courts promulgate the Uniform Rules of Appellate Procedure sanctioned by the Supreme Court.
36/The legislature has the constitutional authority to establish limits on fees and costs. However, statutes also allow the Supreme Court to establish costs and fees in certain circumstances.
Maryland:
37/Both have equal power.
Massachusetts:
38/Statutory rule making authority is dispersed throughout the judicial department. However, all such rules must be approved by the Supreme Judicial Court.
39/It has never been determined whether procedural rule making authority ultimately resides in the courts, i.e., in the Supreme Judicial Court or in the legislature. Since the mid-1970s a cooperative relationship has developed between the judicial and legislative branches with respect to the adoption of court rules in appropriate circumstances and the enactment or repeal, as necessary, of corollary legislation.
40/The Supreme Judicial Court has adopted, as a court rule, the Code of Judicial Conduct. The legislature has established, by statute, the Commission on Judicial Conduct to investigate allegations of judicial misconduct, including violations of the Code of Judicial Conduct. The Commission adopts its own rules subject to the approval of the Supreme Judicial Court.
41/The Supreme Judicial Court has not established court fees and costs by court rule. The legislature has, at times, established court costs and fees by statute and, at other times, has delegated such authority to judicial personnel.
Mississippi:
42/Under all categories, legislative enactments, which do not impede any court ordered rules, are allowed.
Missouri:
43/The Missouri constitution provides that the rules of practice and procedure, with limited exceptions, may be adopted by the Supreme Court. The general assembly may amend any such rule in a bill limited to that purpose.
44/The basis for discipline is the constitution, and the Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline, which is a constitutional body, investigates allegations of misconduct. The Supreme Court reviews Commission recommendations for discipline and makes the final decision. Within the constitutional language, violations of the Code of Ethics may constitute grounds for discipline, and impeachment is an alternative means of discipline.
Nevada:
45/The court has the authority to establish rules through the adoption of court rules. The legislature has the ability to establish rules by enacting legislation concerning trial court costs and fees assessments.
New Jersey:
46/The court has exercised authority to set costs and fees when the statute specifically gives the court that authority.
New York:
47/Rules of administration for both the trial and appellate courts are established by the chief administrator of the courts on behalf of the Chief Judge of New York State (State Const., Art. VI, § 28). The Chief Judge has delegated back to the appellate courts the power to adopt most administrative rules for their respective courts; the chief administrator’s rules predominately affect the trial courts.
48/The power to promulgate rules of practice and procedure in the courts of the New York State Unified Court System – both trial and appellate, both civil and criminal – is placed in the legislature (State Const., Art. VI, § 30), which in turn has the power to delegate that authority to a court. The legislature has enacted a comprehensive series of practice and procedure statutes for all courts, both civil and criminal, and has also delegated, by statute, to the Court of Appeals, each appellate division, and to the chief administrator of the courts the power to promulgate additional rules of practice and procedure not inconsistent with statute. Individual trial courts retain the power to enact their own rules as long as they are consistent with statute and general rules (as set forth in Art. VI, § 30).
49/Judicial discipline is regulated and enforced by an independent State Commission on Judicial Conduct (State Const., Art. VI, § 22).
North Carolina:
50/The senior resident Superior Court judge and the chief District Court judge have statutory and constitutional administrative authorities over the trial courts in their districts. The Supreme Court also has supervisory authorities.
51/Authority to make rules of procedure and practice for the trial courts is constitutionally placed with the general assembly which has delegated this authority to the Supreme Court, as allowed for in the constitutional provision.
52/The legislature has delineated the grounds for censure or removal; the Supreme Court is authorized, by rule, to prescribe standards of judicial conduct. The legislature has also established the Judicial Standards Commission to investigate allegations of judicial misconduct and to make recommendations for disciplinary action to the Supreme Court.
53/The NC State Bar, established by statute, makes rules regarding attorney discipline that are subject to certain review by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Ohio:
54/The legislature creates the courts and boundaries, creates judgeships, and makes other statutory provisions. The rules of operation are promulgated by the Supreme Court.
Oregon:
55/Although there is a Council of Court Procedures that makes changes to the Oregon Rules of Civil Procedure, the legislature amends them before they go into effect, as they are part of the statutes.
56/Some requirements are statutory, e.g., minimum standards. The actual authority is with the Supreme Court (through state bar association committees usually) to approve the detailed rules and changes.
57/Filing fees are statutory. Fees for certain incidental charges (e.g., costs of duplicating tapes, test costs, etc.) are by Chief Justice Order pursuant to statutory authority.
Pennsylvania:
58/The Supreme Court enacts these rules to ensure the efficient and effective administration of justice. In general, the legislature enacts cost and fee legislation to implement newly passed initiatives.
Puerto Rico:
59/The constitution authorizes the Supreme Court to establish the rules. The
rules should be submitted to the legislature for approval.
South Carolina:
60/SC Code § 14-3-950 requires rules governing practice and procedure in all courts to be submitted to the judiciary committees of both houses. They become effective 90 days after submission unless disapproved by 3/5 of the members of each house voting.
South Dakota:
61/The Supreme Court has authority to adopt rules of practice and procedure, which may then be amended by the legislature.
Tennessee:
62/This also applies to intermediate courts.
63/The legislature authorizes the courts to establish rules of trial court administration.
64/By legislative authority, the Supreme Court appoints an advisory Commission on Rules of Appellate Procedure. Revisions are adopted by court order and sent to the legislature for approval. The Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Court of Criminal Appeals may make and amend rules governing practice not inconsistent with the Commission’s rules.
65/An advisory committee, statutorily created but appointed by the Supreme Court, recommends or submits revisions to the Supreme Court. The court then adopts them by court order and introduces them to the legislature for joint resolution passage.
66/The Legislature gives the authority to the Supreme Court.
67/The legislature has this authority by statute and court rules.
Utah:
68/The rules of administration are the exclusive responsibility of the Utah Judicial Council.
69/The Supreme Court can adopt and amend rules of procedure. The legislature can amend rules of procedure by a 2/3 majority of both houses.
70/The Supreme Court adopts and amends the Code of Judicial Conduct. The legislature provides for the composition and procedures of the Judicial Conduct Commission. The Supreme Court reviews the orders of the Judicial Conduct Commission.
Virginia:
71/The court can make rules not inconsistent with legislative enactments.
72/The court can establish rules that do not conflict with statutory provisions.
73/The Supreme Court promulgates canons of judicial discipline.
74/The Supreme Court can promulgate only rules that are consistent with enactments of the legislature.
75/The legislature has delegated to the Supreme Court the authority to set the amount for certain offenses if they are “pre-paid” before trial.
West Virginia:
76/The legislature may establish rules of civil and criminal procedure, but the court may supercede these rules.
Wisconsin:
77/The legislature and the Supreme Court have independent and complementary roles (see section 751.12 Wisconsin statutes).
78/The rules do not overlap. The legislature establishes the procedures for investigation, and the Supreme Court establishes the Code of Judicial Conduct.
79/The legislature makes its rules of judicial discipline under constitutional authority. The Supreme Court makes its rules of judicial discipline under constitutional and inherent authority.
80/Rules concerning trial court costs and fee assessments are the exclusive domain of the legislature with the exception of the hourly rate of court appointed counsel, which is set by Supreme Court rule.
Wyoming:
81/What the legislature prescribes in terms of fees and costs governs; however, absent legislation preemption, the Supreme Court has established court costs.

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Sheet 17: Table 16

Table 16. Judicial Councils and Conferences
State/Name of council or conference		Authority	Composition	Who appoints members	Term (years)	Year established	Number of standing committees	Role (advisory or policy making)	If advisory, to whom does council/ conference report?
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

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Sheet 18: Table 17

Table 17. Judicial Compensation Commissions
				Does commission review non-judicial positions?	Commission reports to:			Effect of commission recommendation
State, Commission Name, Year Established		Authorization: CN=constitution, ST=statute	Number of members – appointment process		EX	LG	JD
Alabama
	Judicial Compensation Commission (1973)	CN: Amend. 328 § 6.09 and 426; ST: Code §§ 12:10-1 et seq	5 – 1 appointed by governor, 1 by president of the senate, 1 by speaker of the house, 2 by governing body of the state bar; no member shall hold any public or political party office; members serve a four-year term			Yes		Implemented upon confirmation by legislature
Alaska
	State Officers Compensation Commission (1986)	ST: § 39.23.200-400	7 – appointed by governor, subject to confirmation by the legislature; staggered four-year terms; includes 1 business executive, 1 representative of a nonpartisan voters’ organization, 1 person with experience in public administration, 1 labor organization representative; no state employees or holders of public office	Yes		Yes		Advisory
American Samoa
Arizona
	Commission on Salaries for Elective State Officers (1970)	CN: Art. V, §13; ST: Ann. §41-1901-1905	5 – 2 appointed by governor, 1 by president of the senate, 1 by speaker of the house, 1 by Chief Justice; new members appointed biennially; all members appointed from the private sector	Yes	Yes			Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Arkansas
California
Colorado
	State Officials’ Compensation Commission (1973)	ST: §2-3-801-901	9 – 2 appointed by president of the senate and speaker of the house (only these 2 members may be members of the general assembly), 3 appointed by governor and 2 by Chief Justice (these members may not be elected or appointed officials, nor state employees); staggered terms of two and four years	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Advisory
Connecticut
	Compensation Commission for Elected State Officers and Judges (1971)	ST: §2-9a	11- 3 appointed by governor, 2 by president pro tem of the senate, 2 by speaker of the house, 2 by senate majority leader, 2 by house minority leader; no state officials or employees; four-year terms	Yes		Yes		Advisory
Delaware
	Delaware Compensation Commission (1984)	ST: Code Ann., tit. 29, §3301-3304	6 – 2 appointed by governor, 1 by president pro tem of the senate, 1 by speaker of the house; president of Delaware Roundtable and state personnel director shall also be members; no other state officers or employees; six-year terms	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
	State Commission on Compensation (1981)	CN: Art. 5; ST: Code Ann. §45-7-90-96	12 – 4 appointed by governor, 2 by lt. governor, 2 by speaker of the house, 4 by Supreme Court justices; 1 with business background; four-year terms; no state officers or employees	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Advisory
Guam
Hawaii
	Judicial Salary Commission (1989)	CN: Art. 6 §3; ST: Stat. §608-1.5	5 – 1 appointed by governor, 2 by president of the senate, 2 by speaker of the house			Yes		Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Idaho
Illinois
	Compensation Review Board (1984)	ST: Ann. ch. 25 para. 120	12 – 3 appointed by speaker of the house, 3 by house minority leader, 3 by president of the senate, 3 by senate minority leader; no current or past state employees; staggered three-year terms	Yes		Yes		Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Indiana
	Public Officers Compensation Advisory Commission (2004)	ST: IC 2-5-1.5	9 – 2 members appointed by speaker of the house, 2 appointed by president pro tempore of the senate, 2 by governor, 2 by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 1 by Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals; four-year terms, reappointment permitted	Yes		Yes		Advisory
Iowa
	Judicial Compensation Commission (1987)	ST: Code Ann. §602.1514	8 – 4 appointed by governor, 4 by legislative council; no state officials or employees; four-year terms		Yes	Yes		Advisory
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
	Judicial Compensation Commission (1989)	ST: Ann. §13:41-13:49	10 – 1 appointed by governor, 2 by president of the senate, 2 by speaker of the house, 1 by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 1 by Conference of Court of Appeals, 1 by District Judges Association, 1 by City Judges Association, 1 by state bar association; members confirmed by the senate; four-year terms			Yes		Implemented upon confirmation by legislature
Maine
	Judicial Compensation Commission (1995)	ST: Ann., title 4 §1701	3 – selected from registered voters of the state; 1 appointed by governor, 1 by president of the senate, 1 by speaker of the house; staggered four-year terms			Yes		Advisory
Maryland
	Judicial Compensation Commission (1980)	ST: Code Ann. Cts. & Jud. Proc. §1-708	7 – governor appoints 2 from list of 5 submitted by president of the senate, 2 from list of 5 submitted by speaker of the house, 1 from list of 3 submitted by state bar, and 2 at large; staggered six-year terms		Yes	Yes		Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Massachusetts
Michigan
	State Officers Compensation Commission (1984)	CN: Art. 4, §12; Comp. Laws Ann., §15-211-17	7 – appointed by governor; may not be reappointed; cannot be government employee; staggered four-year terms	Yes		Yes		Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Minnesota
	Minnesota State Compensation Council (1983)	ST: Ann. §15A	16 – 2 house members appointed by speaker of the house, 2 senate members appointed by senate majority leader, 1 house member appointed by minority leader, 1 senate member appointed by minority leader, 2 non-judges appointed by chief judge, 1 member appointed by governor from each of the 8 congressional districts (no more than 4 may belong to the same political party); two-year terms	Yes		Yes		May be expressly modified or rejected
Mississippi
Missouri
	Missouri Citizens’ Commission on Compensation for Elected Officials (1996)	CN: Art. 13, §3	22 – 1 randomly selected from each of the 9 congressional districts, 12 appointed by governor, 1 retired judge appointed by Supreme Court; four-year terms	Yes	Yes			Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
	Public Officers Salary Review Commission (1999)	ST: 52:14-15.115	7 – 2 appointed by governor, 1 appointed by president of the senate, 1 by senate minority leader, 1 by speaker of the general assembly, 1 by general assembly minority leader, 1 by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	Yes	Yes	Yes		Advisory
New Mexico
	Judicial Compensation Commission (2005)	ST: Laws of NM, Chapter 85	5 – 1 appointed by the governor, 1 by the president pro tem of the senate, 1 by the speaker of the house, and 1 by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The fifth member is the president of the state bar (or designee) and the chair is the dean of the University of NM School of Law		Yes		Yes	Advisory
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
	Public Officials Compensation Commission (1983)	ST: §292.907-930	7 – 2 appointed by governor, 2 by speaker of the house, 2 by president of the senate, 1 by Chief Justice; four-year terms	Yes		Yes		Advisory
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
	Unclassified pay Plan Board (1978)	Gen. Laws §36-4-16	7 – director of administration, state court administrator, general treasurer, 2 house members appointed by speaker of the house, 2 senate members appointed by senate majority leader; no terms	Yes		Yes		Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
	Executive and Judicial Compensation Commission (1981)	ST: Code Ann. §67-8-1	6 – 1 appointed by governor, 1 by president of the senate, 1 by speaker of the house, 2 by the first 3 appointed members, 1 by the state bar commission; four-year terms	Yes		Yes		Advisory
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
	Citizens’ Commission on Salaries for Elected Officials (1987)	ST: Code §43.03.305	16 – 9 drawn by lot from voter lists, 7 appointed by speakers of senate and house; four-year terms	Yes	Yes			Becomes law unless rejected by legislature
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Note: Only those states with Judicial Compensation Commissions are included in this table.
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/Probate Court and Municipal Court judges are not reviewed.
Connecticut:
2/Probate judges are not reviewed.
Georgia:
3/One member appointed by the lieutenant governor and one member appointed by the speaker of the house are to have labor-management relations experience.
Oregon:
4/Justices of the Peace, County Court judges, and Municipal Court judges are not reviewed.

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Sheet 19: Table 18

Table 18. Preparation and Submission of the Judicial Branch Budget

Who within the judicial branch has final approval of the budget request?

Where is the budget request submitted?

What is the executive branch role in the judicial budget request?

Is the judicial appropriation filed as a separate bill?

Can the executive branch withhold funds that have been appropriated to the judicial branch?

Budget Period

Judicial branch budget as a % of the total state general fund budget

Judicial control of the budget

COLR

CJ

JC

AOC

Other

Executive

Legislature

No comments permitted

Can comment, but not amend

Can amend

Annual

Biennial

Number of budget line items

Can the judicial branch move funds between line items?

Can unexpended appropriation from the state general fund be retained from one fiscal year to the next?

Alabama

Yes

Yes

Yes

Oct 1-Sep 30

2.0

Varies

With approval

Alaska

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.5

3

Yes

American Samoa

Arizona

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.7

25

With approval

Arkansas

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.5

8

Yes

California

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.5

8

Yes

Colorado

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.7

70

Yes

Connecticut

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

3

5

Delaware

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.6

87

District of Columbia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Oct 1-Sep 30

3

5

Yes

Florida

Yes

Yes

Jul 1- Jun 30

0.6

Varies

Yes

Georgia

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

7

Guam

Hawaii

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.8

6

Yes

Idaho

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.2

1

~

Illinois

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

Less than 1

99

Yes

Indiana

Yes

Yes

Occurs occasionally

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.4

Varies

Iowa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.3

2

Yes

Kansas

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

1

~

Kentucky

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

3

3

Yes

Louisiana

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.06

61

Yes

Maine

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.3

442

Yes

Massachusetts

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.3

148

Yes

Michigan

Yes

Yes

Yes

Oct 1-Sep 30

0.6

31

Yes

Minnesota

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.7

3

Yes

Mississippi

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

7

Yes

Missouri

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.2

14

Yes

Montana

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

6

Yes

Nebraska

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.4

79

Yes

Nevada

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.88

Varies

Yes

New Hampshire

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1.3

42

Yes

New Jersey

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.1

80

Yes

New Mexico

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.4

3

Yes

New York

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Apr 1-Mar 31

1.5

90

Yes

North Carolina

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.6

75

Yes

North Dakota

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2

10

Yes

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.4

1

~

Oklahoma

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

2

Yes

Oregon

Yes

Yes

Occurs occasionally

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2

2

Pennsylvania

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.59

36

Yes

Puerto Rico

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.4

5

South Carolina

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.33

Varies

Yes

South Dakota

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.8

2

Yes

Tennessee

Yes

Yes

Occurs occasionally

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.05

30

Yes

Texas

Yes

Yes

Governor can veto individual line items

Sep 1-Aug 31

0.4

62

With approval

Utah

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

5

5

Vermont

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2

2

Yes

Virginia

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

1

12

With approval

Virgin Islands

Washington

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

4

Varies

West Virginia

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2.8

N/S

Yes

Wisconsin

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

0.85

23

With approval

Wyoming

Yes

Yes

Jul 1-Jun 30

2

4

Yes

Legend:

NR=No response

N/S=Not stated

~=Not applicable

Yes=Yes

FOOTNOTES:

Alaska:

1/Trial court administrators prepare the budget.

Arizona:

2/The Chief Justice and Vice Chief Justice review the budget.

Arkansas:

3/This only applies when specific authority is granted in the appropriation bill.

4/Judicial salaries are contained in a general bill with salaries of all elected officials; other judicial appropriations are separate.

California:

5/Nearly the entire judicial branch budget is appropriated on an annual basis. However, approximately six percent of the budget (FY 2003-2004) consists of special funds that are continuously appropriated.

Delaware:

6/The Council of Court Administrators and Chief Justices review the budget.

District of Columbia:

7/The Executive Office of the District of Columbia Courts functions as the Administrative Office of the Courts.

8/The Joint Committee on Judicial Administration reviews the budget.

9/Only funds within the Defender Services Account roll-over.

10/Following 30 days notice, the courts can reallocate up to $1 million for operations and up to 4% for capital.

Florida:

11/Roll-over is restricted to trust funds only.

Georgia:

12/The Judicial Council of Georgia reviews the budget.

13/Funds must have been encumbered by June 30.

Hawaii:

14/Individual courts prepare the budget.

Idaho:

15/General funds do not roll-over, but “other” funds do.

Kentucky:

16/The Chief Justice reviews the budget.

17/Only agency and federal funds can roll-over. General funds dollars lapse in the Court Operations budget but do not lapse in the Local Facilities Budget.

Louisiana:

18/The Judicial Budgetary Control Board reviews the budget.

Maryland:

19/The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals reviews the budget.

Michigan:

20/The Supreme Court works with the Department of Management and Budget’s Budget Office on the initial submission.

21/Funds can be rolled over if provided by statute. Funds can also be rolled forward as a work project request requiring approval of both the Executive and the Legislative branch.

Minnesota:

22/The Intercourt Committee reviews the budget.

Mississippi:

23/Roll-over restricted to special funds; general funds do not roll-over.

Montana:

24/Funds can roll-over only if appropriation authority is biennial and if it is necessary to move money back from the second year to cover shortages in the first year.

Nevada:

25/Roll-over is restricted to non-state funds.

New Jersey:

26/Roll-over funds are authorized and restricted by the language in the annual Appropriation Act.

New Mexico:

27/The AOC prepares the Magistrate Court budget. Appellate and District courts prepare their own budgets.

28/The Budget Committee of the Chief Judges Council reviews the budget.

New York:

29/Individual courts prepare the budget.

30/Roll-over only occurs if funds are reappropriated by the legislature.

Ohio:

31/There is no central judicial branch review of the budget.

Oregon:

32/General funds do not roll-over, but “other” funds do.

South Carolina:

33/The Chief Justice/Finance Office prepares and reviews the budget.

Texas:

34/Individual courts prepare the budget.

35/There is no central judicial branch review of the budget.

36/Roll-over allowed between years in the biennium only, not from one biennium to the next.

Utah:

37/The Judicial Council reviews the budget.

38/Funds may only roll-over with legislative approval.

Virginia:

39/Roll-over is subject to approval by the Governor’s Budget Office.

Washington:

40/Roll-over is limited to Public Safety and Education Account and Judicial Information System Account funds.

Wisconsin:

41/Roll-over is limited to continuing program revenue appropriations only.

Wyoming:

42/The AOC prepares the budget for the Supreme Court and the Circuit Court; District Courts prepare their own budgets.

43/The is no central judicial branch review of the budget.

44/Funds cannot roll-over from one biennial budget cycle to another.

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Sheet 20: Table 19

TABLE 19. Funds Dedicated to the Judicial Branch

Source of revenue for dedicated funds

Dedicated funds are used for

Dedicated funds are used for

Can dedicated funds be retained from one year to the next?

Fines and Fees

Personnel

Judicial performance evaluation

Court-annexed ADR

Civil

Criminal

Other

Judicial

Non-judicial

Facilities

Security

Technology

Education

Other

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

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Sheet 21: Table 20

Table 20. Trial Court Expenditures and Funding Sources for Selected Expenditure Items

Source of salaries for:

Source of salaries for (cont.):

Equipment

Language interpreters

Court record for appeal

Judicial

Clerks of court

Trial court administrators

Court reporters

Research Attorney/Law Clerk

Adult probation

Juvenile probation/ detention

Other court personnel

Travel expenses

General operating expenses

Buildings/ real property

Security

Information technology

Other capital

Pretrial services

Indigent defense

Foreign

Sign

Court-annexed ADR

Criminal

Civil

Child support enforcement

Guardianship

CASA/GAL

Court-ordered treatment

ADA compliance

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

S

C

C

S/F

S

C

S/F

S

S

S

S

US

C

LJ

District

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

S

C

C

S/F

S

C

S/F

S

S

S

S

US

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Alaska

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LG

District

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

~

S

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

S/C

C

C

C

S/C/F/US

S/C/F/US

C

C

C

C

C

S/C/F

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C/F

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

S/C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

C

C

C

S/C/F

S/C

~

S

S/C

S

S

S

S

C

LJ

District

C

C

C

~

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S

S/C

S

C

C

~

C

LJ

City

C

C

~

~

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

S/C

S/C

~

~

~

C

California

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

C

S/C

S/C

S

S/C

C

S

S/C

S/C

S/C

S/C

S

S

S

S

S/US

C

Colorado

GJ

District

S

S

S

S

S/US

S/US

S/US

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

GJ

Denver Probate

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

GJ

Denver Juvenile

S

S

S

S

~

S/US

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

GJ

Water

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

County

S

S

S

S

S/US

S/US

S/US

S

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

LJ

Probate

F

F

F

~

~

~

F

F

F

C

~

F

F

~

F

F

F

F

F

~

C

Delaware

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

F

F

S

S

LJ

Court of Chancery

S

F

S/F

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

~

~

~

S

LJ

Justice of the Peace

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Family

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

F

F

S

S

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

S

S

S

S

S

S

S/F

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

F

F

S

S

LJ

Alderman’s

C

C

N/S

C

N/S

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

N/S

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

US

US

US

US

~

US

US

US

US

US

US

US

US

~

US

US

US

US

US

US

US

Florida

GJ

Circuit

S

C

S

S

~

S

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S/US

S/C

LJ

County

S

C

S

S

~

S

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S/US

S/C

Georgia

GJ

Superior

S

C

S/C

S/C

~

~

S/C/F

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/C/US

S/C

C

C/US

C

C

C

C

S

C

LJ

Juvenile

S/C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Civil

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

C

~

C

LJ

State

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Probate

C

C

~

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Magistrate

C

C

~

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

County Recorder’s

C

C

~

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

District

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

Idaho

GJ

District

S

C

S

S

S/C

S/C

S/C

S

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Magistrate’s Division

S

C

S

S

~

S/C

S/C

S

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Illinois

GJ

Circuit

S

S/C

S/C

S

C/F/S/US

C/F/S/US

S/C

S/C

C/F/US

C

C/F

S/C/F

C

C/F/S/US

C

C

C

S/C

S/C

C

~

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

S/C

C

C

C

~

~

C

S

C

C

~

F/US

~

~

S/C

~

~

C

C

~

~

GJ

Probate

S/C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

County

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

City and Town

C

C

C

~

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

LJ

Small Claims of Marion County

C

C

C

~

~

~

F

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

~

~

~

C

Iowa

GJ

District

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S/F

C

S

S

S

C

Kansas

GJ

District

S

S

S

S

C

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

S

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

~

S/C

LJ

District

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

~

S/C

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

S/F

F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

S/F

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F

F/C

GJ

Juvenile & Family

S

F/C

F/C

S/F/C

~

S/F/C

F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

S/F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/US

F/C

LJ

Justice of the Peace

S/F/C

~

~

~

~

~

F/C

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

N/S

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City & Parish

S/F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

S/F/C

S/F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/S

F/C

F/C

F/C

F/C

F

F/C

Maine

GJ

Superior

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

GJ

District

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

LJ

Probate

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

S

S

S/C

F/C

~

~

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

~

S

S

S/C

S/C

~

S/C

LJ

District

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Orphan’s

S

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

District Court Dept

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Housing Court Dept

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Land Court Dept

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

S

C

C

C

S

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

S/C/US

C

GJ

Claims

S

C

S/C

S/C

~

~

S/C

S/C

S/C

S/C

C

S/C

S/C

~

S/C

S/C

S/C

S/C

S/C

~

C

LJ

District

S

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Probate

S/C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Minnesota

GJ

District

S

S/C

S

S

~

~

S/C

S

S/C

C

S/C

S

S/C

~

S

S

S

S/C

S/C

~

S/C

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

S

C

S/C

C

N/S

C

S/C

S/C

S

C

C

S/C

C

N/S

C

C

C

C

C

S

C

LJ

Chancery

S

C

S/C

C

N/S

C

S/C

S/C

S

C

C

S/C

S/C

N/S

N/S

C

C

~

~

S

C

LJ

County

C

C

C

C

N/S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

N/S

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

~

~

N/S

N/S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

N/S

N/S

C

C

~

~

N/S

C

LJ

Justice

C

C

~

~

N/S

N/S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

N/S

N/S

C

C

~

~

N/S

C

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

S

S/C

S/C

S/C

~

S/C

S/C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

S

S/C/US

S

S/F

S/F

~

S/C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

~

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

F/C

C

C

C

S

S

~

~

~

C

Montana

GJ

District

S

C

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

GJ

Workers’ Compensation

S

S

~

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

S

~

~

~

~

S

S

~

~

GJ

Water

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Justice's Court

C

C

~

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

~

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

City

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

Nebraska

GJ

District

S

C

C

S

S

S/C

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S/C

LJ

Separate Juvenile

S

C

C

S

S

S/C

C

S

C

C

~

S/C

C

C

C

S

S

C

C

~

S/C

LJ

County

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

C

~

S

C

C

C

S

S

S

S

~

S/C

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

~

~

~

~

S

S

~

Nevada

GJ

District

S

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

N/S

C

C

~

N/S

LJ

Justice

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

~

N/S

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

~

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

N/S

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

Parties

Parties

~

S

LJ

District

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

Parties

Parties

~

S

LJ

Probate

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

Parties

Parties

~

S

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

S

C

S/C

S

S

S/C

~

S

S

S

S

S/US

S

LJ

Tax

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

S

~

C

C

C

C

C

S

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

New Mexico

GJ

District

S

S

S

S/Attorneys

S

S/C

S

S

S

C

S/C

S/F

S

S

S

S

S

S/Parties

S/Parties

S/US

S

LJ

Magistrate

S

S

~

~

C

~

S/F

S

S/F

S

S

S/F

S

~

S

S

S

~

~

~

S

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

New York

GJ

Supreme

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

GJ

County

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

GJ

Court of Claims

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

LJ

Surrogates’

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

~

S

S

~

~

~

C

LJ

Family

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

LJ

District*39

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

LJ

City

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

S

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of NY

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

S

S

C

C

LJ

Criminal Ct of the City of NY

C

C

S

~

C

S

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

S

S/F

S

S/F

S/F

S/C

S/C

LJ

District

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

S

S/F

S

S/F

S/F

S/C

S/C

North Dakota

GJ

District

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

C

S

S

S

~

~

S

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

N/S

N/S

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S

S

C

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

S/C

S/C

F/C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

F/C

C

C

S/C/F

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

LJ

Municipal

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

F/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

County

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

F/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

Court of Claims

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Mayor’s

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

Oklahoma

GJ

District

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Tax Review

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

S

~

S

S

C

C

S

S/US

S

C

S/C

S

S

C

S

S

S

S/C

S/C

S/C

S/US

GJ

Tax

S

~

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

County

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

Justice

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

Pennsylvania

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

S

C

S

C

~

~

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C/US

C

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

S

C

S

C

~

~

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

US

C

LJ

Magisterial District Judge

S

C

S

~

~

~

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

S

C

S

~

~

~

S

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

~

C

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

S/US

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

F

F

F

F

~

~

F

F

F

S

S

F

F

~

~

Attorneys

Attorneys

F

F

~

S/F

LJ

District

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Family

S/US

S

S

S

~

~

S/US

S/US

S

S

S

S

S

S/US

S

S

S

S/Attorneys

S/Attorneys

S/US

S

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

S

C

~

S

S

~

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

S/US/C

S/C

~

S

S/C

S/C

~

~

~

C

LJ

Family

S

C

~

S

~

S

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

S/US/C

S/C

~

S

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

LJ

Magistrate

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

US/C

C

C

S/C

S/C

S/C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Probate

C

C

~

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

S/C

S/C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

US/C

C

C

S/C

S/C

S/C

C

C

~

C

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

C

C

C

S

S

~

C

LJ

Magistrate

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

~

C

C

C

S

S

~

C

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

S

C

C

S

S

C

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

C

S

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/US

C

GJ

Chancery

S

C

C

S

S

C

C

S

S

C

C

S

S

C

S

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/US

C

GJ

Criminal

S

C

C

S

C

C

C

S

S

C

C

S

S

C

S

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/US

C

GJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Juvenile

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S

S

C

C

C

S/US

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

S

S

C

C

C

S/US

C

LJ

General Sessions

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S

S

C

C

C

S/US

C

Texas

GJ

District

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

S/C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

LJ

County-level

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

LJ

Justice of the Peace

C

C

~

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

~

C

Utah

GJ

District

S

S

S

S/F

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S

F

F

S/US

S

LJ

Justice

C

C

C

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C/F

C/F/S

C/F

C

C

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Juvenile

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S/C

S

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S

Vermont

GJ

Superior

S

S

S

S

~

~

C

S

S/C

C

S/C

S/US/C

C

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S/C

GJ

District

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

GJ

Family

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Probate

S

S

~

S

~

~

S

S

S/C

C

C

C

C

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Environmental

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

LJ

Judicial Bureau

S

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

~

S

S

S

~

~

S

S

S

S

~

S

Virginia

GJ

Circuit

S

S/C

~

~

~

~

S/C

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

~

S/C

S

S

S/C

S/C

~

S/C

LJ

District

S

S

~

~

~

~

S

S

S

C

C

S/C

C

~

S/C

S

S

~

~

~

S/C

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

S/C

C

C

C

~

S/C

C

S/C

C

C

C

S/C

C

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

LJ

District

C/F

C/F

C/F

~

C/F

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

C

C/F

C

C

C

C

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C

C

C/F

~

C/F

~

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C/F

C

C

C

C

~

C

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

S

C

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

C

C

S

C

C

S

S

S

S

S

S

C

LJ

Magistrate

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Family

S

C

C

~

~

~

S

S

S

S

C

S

S

~

~

S

S

C

C

S

S

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

S

C

S

S

~

~

C

S

C

C

C

S

C

~

S/C

S/C

S/C

F

F

~

C

LJ

Municipal

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

~

~

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

~

C/F

C/F

C/F

C/F

~

C/F

Wyoming

GJ

District

S

C

~

S

~

~

S/C

S

S/C

C

C

S/C

S/C

~

~

S/C

S/C

C

C

S/C

C

LJ

Circuit

S

S

~

~

~

~

S

S

S

C

S/US/C

S

C

~

~

S

S

Litigant

Litigant

~

N/S

LJ

Municipal

C

C

~

~

~

~

C

C

C

C

C

S/C

C

~

~

C

C

C

C

~

~

Legend:

GJ=General jurisdiction

LJ=Limited jurisdiction

~=Not applicable

NR=No response

N/S=Not stated

S=State

C=County/Locality

F=Fees

US=Federal

FOOTNOTES:

Alabama:

1/Circuit and District Court funding is unified. The total budget for both courts is $151 million.

Alaska:

2/The court system does not break down trial court costs between the Superior and District courts. Total expenses equaled $44 million in FY 2004.

3/Although the judicial branch is generally not responsible for providing foreign language interpreters, there are some instances where it is provided. It that case 60 percent of the funding comes from the state and 40 percent from the federal government.

Colorado:

4/The expenses for the Denver Juvenile Court are included in the Denver District Court budget.

5/The expenses for the Water and County Courts are included in the District Court budget.

Connecticut:

6/Approximately 93 percent of the Probate Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

Delaware:

7/Approximately 2.4 percent of the total Court of Common Please budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

District of Columbia:

8/The Superior Court receives funding directly from Congress.

Florida:

9/Circuit and County Court funding is unified. The total budget for both courts is $331 million.

Hawaii:

10/Expenditures are tracked by geographical circuits rather than by levels of court.

Idaho:

11/The expenses for the Magistrate’s Division are included in the District Court budget.

Kentucky:

12/The remainder of Circuit Court expenditures are paid by federal funds.

Louisiana:

13/Approximately 15 percent of the Juvenile and Family Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

14/Approximately 53 percent of the Justice of the Peace Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

15/Approximately 48 percent of the City and Parish Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

Montana:

16/Includes $11.5 million of variable costs, which are primarily public defender costs paid by the judiciary.

Nebraska:

17/The Worker’s Compensation Court is funded by a cash fund which is supported by assessments against Workers’ Compensation insurers, self insured employers and intergovernmental risk management pools.

Nevada:

18/Approximately four percent of the Justice Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

New Hampshire:

19/The remainder of Superior Court expenditures are paid by federal funds.

New Jersey:

20/The Superior Court generates approximately $60 million in fees that are returned to the general fund.

New Mexico:

21/Approximately one percent of the District Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

22/Approximately 13 percent of the Magistrate Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

New York:

23/The expenses for the County Court are included in the Supreme Court budget.

24/The state funds the Town and Village Resource Center and the Justice Court Assistance Program for the Town and Village Courts.

Oregon:

25/The remainder of Circuit Court expenditures are paid by federal and grant funds.

26/Some Circuit Courts cover security improvements with their operating budget, which is funded by the state.

Rhode Island:

27/Approximately 90 percent of the Worker’s Compensation Court budget is generated by assessment fees that are paid by insurance carriers and self-insured employers and that are based on gross premiums of Worker’s Compensation insurance.

28/The remainder of Family Court expenditures are paid by federal funds.

South Dakota:

29/The expenses for the Magistrate Court are included in the Circuit Court budget.

Utah:

30/Approximately three percent of the Juvenile Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

Washington:

31/These are fiscal year 2000 expenditures. All dollar amounts exclude the cost of indigent defense. Total indigent defense expenditures are estimated at $79 million and are paid by the counties/localities with some cost recoupment from fees levied as part of the judgment and sentence for convictions in the District and Municipal Courts.

West Virginia:

32/The state pays for the court record for appeal only in cases where the defendant is indigent.

33/Approximately 12 percent of the Family Court budget is generated by fees and surcharges.

Wisconsin:

34/The county/locality pays the indigent defense costs for those who do not meet the state public defencer indigency standards, but the judge has determined are indigent.

---

Sheet 22: Table 21

Table 21. Clerks of Appellate Courts: Numbers and Method of Selection

Number of

Minimum Qualifications

Minimum Qualifications (continued)

Clerks

Deputy Clerks

Method of appointment

Term of office

Bar admission

Bondable

College degree

Law degree

Legal experience

Managerial experience

Other

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

1

IAC

AP

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

1

IAC

AP

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

2

IAC

AP

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

6

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

California

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

IAC

Courts of Appeal

6

IAC

AP

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IAC

AP

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

8

COLR

AP

IAC

Appellate Court

shared

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

1

COLR

AP

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

1

Executive officer subject to CJ’s approval

AP

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

District Courts of Appeal

5

IA

AP

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

6

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

Civil service

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

shared

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Appellate Court

5

IA

AP

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

1

CJ

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

IAC

Tax Court

shared

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

2

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Courts of Appeal

5

IA

AP

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

1

Tenure after 6 months

–

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

1

IA

AP

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

2

SC

5

IAC

Appeals Court

1

IA

5

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC, IA

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

IA

AP

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

1

Elected

6

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Appellate Division of Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

1

SC

AP

IAC

Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Terms of Supreme Court

4

IA

AP

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Courts of Appeals

12

Elected

4

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

1

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

shared

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

1

CJ

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Superior Court

1

PJ

AP

IAC

Commonwealth Court

1

PJ

AP

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

1

PJ

AP

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

1

CJ with approval of state senate

5

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

6

COLR

Court of Appeals

1

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

1

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

4

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

1

SC

4

IAC

Courts of Appeals

14

IA

4

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

1

Appellate court administrator with approval of justices

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

Appellate court administrator with approval of judges

AP

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

IA

AP

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Courts of Appeals

3

IA

AP

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

1

SC

AP

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

IAC

Court of Appeals

shared

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

1

SC

AP

Legend:

SC=Court of last resort

IA=Intermediate appellate court

AP=At pleasure

CJ=Chief Justice

PJ=Presiding Judge

N/S=Not Stated

FOOTNOTES:

Connecticut:

1/There is one chief clerk, one deputy clerk, and six assistant clerks.

2/The chief clerk is hired by the Supreme Court; the deputy and assistant clerks are hired by the chief clerk.

Georgia:

3/The court’s practice is to appoint an attorney.

4/One individual serves in dual capacity as clerk and court administrator.

Maine:

5/The term of office is subject to a collective bargaining contract.

Massachusetts:

6/The clerk of the Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) for the Commonwealth is appointed by the justices for a five-year term; the jurisdiction of the court’s purely appellate function comes under the Commonwealth Office. The clerk of the SJC for Suffolk County is elected to a six-year term by the voters of Suffolk County; this office processes bar applications, bar disciplines and complaints which by statute fall within the court’s original jurisdiction (for the most part, concurrently with the trial court).

Missouri:

7/The court’s practice has been to appoint an attorney.

Ohio:

8/The clerk of the Court of Common Pleas is also clerk of the Court of Appeals.

Oregon:

9/The state court administrator is the clerk of the appellate courts.

Puerto Rico:

10/The first intermediate appellate court of Puerto Rico was established in November 1992, but abolished in August, 1993. A Circuit Court of Appeals was later established by law in the Judicial Branch’s Reorganization Plan of July 28, 1994. The Circuit Court of Appeals consists of 33 judges and is divided into seven circuits.

Tennessee:

11/The court of last resort appoints one chief clerk to serve all three appellate courts. The court of last resort also appoints three chief deputy clerks, one serving the court of last resort and the intermediate appellate court in each region.

Utah:

12/The appellate court administrator must have a law degree and is selected by the state court administrator with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the court of last resort and the presiding judge of the intermediate appellate court.

Vermont:

13/The clerk is the same as state court administrator.

Wisconsin:

14/Court position descriptions are currently under review.

---

Sheet 23: Table 22

Table 22. Appellate Court Clerks’ Office: Staffing and Responsibilities by Function

Appointments/assignments for:

Attorney matters

Court records

Facilities

Finance

Finance (cont)

Judicial matters

Legal staff

Liaison for the court

Research

Total staff

Administrative meetings

Sitting justices

Supplemental justices

Administrative staff

Admissions

Registration

Bar grievance

Court-annexed ADR

Data processing

Records management

Facilities management

Property control

Security

Accounting

Accounts payable

Audits

Budget preparation

Payroll

Purchasing

Human resources

Information technology

Judicial education

Judicial qualifications

Law libraries

Legal research

Commissions and boards

Community outreach

Legislature

Court Statistics

Research/ Planning

Other

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

13

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

6

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

8

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

12

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

14

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division One

22

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Total

None

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division Two

10

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

14

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

California

COLR

Supreme Court

22

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 1st District

30

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Total

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 2nd District

37

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 3rd District

23

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 4th District

12

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 5th District

17

None

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 6th District

10

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Total

None

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

6

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

9

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

16

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Appellate Court

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

5

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

N/S

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

Total

Total

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

IAC

First District Court of Appeal

17

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Second District Court of Appeal

16

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Third District Court of Appeal

13

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeal

15

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeal

10

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

10

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals

11

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

13

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

None

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

None

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

7

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

16

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

IAC

First District Court of Appeals

29

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Second District Court of Appeals

13

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Third District Court of Appeals

20

Shared

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Total

None

Total

Total

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeals

7

Total

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeals

14

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

14

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

IAC

Tax Court

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

8

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

16

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

7

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals

13

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

42

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

First Circuit Court of Appeals

16

Shared

Total

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Second Circuit Court of Appeals

14

Total

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Third Circuit Court of Appeals

74

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals

14

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

18

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

9

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

15

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

3

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

~

Suffolk Office

4

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

None

Total

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

IAC

Appeals Court

16

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

6

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

57

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

10

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

15

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

N/S

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, Eastern

N/S

Shared

N/S

N/S

N/S

None

None

None

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Total

Total

None

Shared

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

None

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

IAC

Court of Appeals, Southern

25

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, Western

12

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

6

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

6

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

22

Shared

Total

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

14

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

28

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

Total

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

N/S

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

8

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals

10

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

36

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st

277

Total

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

Total

Total

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd

136

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd

36

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th

37

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Shared

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

12

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

10

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

None

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

7

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

14

Total

None

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

5

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

N/S

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

N/S

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

None

N/S

None

None

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

None

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

N/S

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

43

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

6

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

3

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

N/S

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

12

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

N/S

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

N/S

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

Total

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

9

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

22

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

IAC

Superior Court

44

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Commonwealth Court

54

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

N/S

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

N/S

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

N/S

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

Total

None

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

5

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

16

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

3

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Total

Total

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

33

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

COLR

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

9

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

13

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

6

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

9

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

12

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

13

Shared

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

10

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

4

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

5

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

14

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

20

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

5

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

8

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

3

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 13th District

5

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, 14th District

9

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

27

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Total

None

IAC

Court of Appeals

35

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Total

None

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

2.5

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

12

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals

14.5

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

12

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

IAC

Court of Appeals, Division I

12

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals, Division II

IAC

Court of Appeals, Division III

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

13

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

15

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

IAC

Court of Appeals

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

2

Shared

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Legend:

COLR=Court of last resort

IAC=Intermediate appellate court

NR=No response

N/S=Not stated

Total=Total responsibility

Shared=Shared responsibility

None=No responsibility

~=Not applicable

FOOTNOTES:

Alabama:

1/The clerk’s office of the Court of Criminal Appeals has total responsibility for case management, which involves administrative functions associated with appellate cases (e.g. docketing, notices, etc.).

Alaska:

2/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Arkansas:

3/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

California:

4/The clerk’s office of the Courts of Appeal, 3rd District has shared responsibility for travel and training.

Colorado:

5/The clerk’s office of the Court of Appeals has total responsibility for case processing.

Connecticut:

6/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Hawaii:

7/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Idaho:

8/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Indiana:

9/One clerk’s office serves all three appellate courts.

Iowa:

10/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Kansas:

11/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Louisiana:

12/The clerk’s office of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals has total responsibility for disaster planning and safety.

Massachusetts:

13/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Judicial Court has two locations. The responsibilities of the main, or Commonwealth, office are represented here as the responsibilities for the Supreme Judicial Court. The second location is the Suffolk office.

Minnesota:

14/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Mississippi:

15/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Nebraska:

16/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

Nevada:

17/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court has shared responsibility for rule drafting.

New York:

18/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court, 2nd Appellate Division has total responsibility for the general clerk’s office.

19/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court, 4th Appellate Division has shared responsibility for legal research.

North Dakota:

20/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court has total responsibility for case processing.

Ohio:

21/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court has total responsibility for case management.

Oklahoma:

22/One clerk’s office serves all three appellate courts.

Oregon:

23/The state court administrator (SCA) is the appellate courts’ court administrator (formerly “clerk”) by statute. The SCA has delegated many appellate court clerk

functions to the Appellate Court Services Division (32 staff) and the Appellate Court Record Section, in particular.

Tennessee:

24/One clerk’s office serves all three appellate courts.

Washington:

25/The Court of Appeals, Division Two and Court of Appeals, Division Three are not included as those courts did not respond.

26/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court has total responsibility for case flow management.

27/The clerk’s office of the Court of Appeals, Division One has total responsibility for calendar preparation/ management.

West Virginia:

28/The clerk’s office of the Supreme Court of Appeals has shared responsibility for drafting and promulgating court rules.

Wisconsin:

29/One clerk’s office serves both appellate courts.

---

Sheet 24: Table 23

Table 23. Provision of Law Clerks to Appellate Court Judges
			Number of:
			Clerks for Chief Justices/Judges	Clerks for each associate justice/judge	Central law staff
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	4
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	4	4	1
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	3	3	0
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	2
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	8
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division One	2	3.5	27
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division Two
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	5
California
	COLR	Supreme Court	8	5	43
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 1st District	2	2	Varies
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 2nd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 3rd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 4th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 5th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 6th District
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	16
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	3
	IAC	Appellate Court	2	2	1
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	1	3
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals	3	2	6
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	6
	IAC	First District Court of Appeal	2	2	19
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeal
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	6
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	5
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	5
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals	2	2	0
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	1
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	19
	IAC	First District Court of Appeals	2	2	88
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeals
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	7
	IAC	Tax Court	3	~	0
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	6.5
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	6
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	4
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	14
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	7
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	8
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	19
	IAC	First Circuit Court of Appeals	3	2	55
	IAC	Second Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court	3	2	1
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals	2	2	0
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals	2	2	8
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court	2	2	20
	~	Suffolk Office
	IAC	Appeals Court	2	1	18
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	17
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	80
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	1.5	4
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	15
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	8
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	5
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	5
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Eastern	2	2	2
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Southern
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Western
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	17
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	2
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	1
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	19
New Hampshire
	COLR	Supreme Court	2.5	2	2.5
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court	4/5	3	5
	IAC	Appellate Division of Superior Court	2	1/2	27
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	0
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	14
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals	4	3	15.5
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st	1	1	110
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	1
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	2	7
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	5
	IAC	Temporary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	10
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District	2	2	Varies
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	5
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals	2	2	5
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	2	2	1
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court	1/2	1/2	4
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2 staff attorneys	Varies	5
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court	6	6	~
	IAC	Superior Court	4	4	22
	IAC	Commonwealth Court	6	4	2/3
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court	4	3	10
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	1	19
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	2	9
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	9
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	3
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	8
	COLR	Court of Appeals	2	2	3
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	2	2	3
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	3
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	3	3	14
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District	2	2	0
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 13th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 14th District
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	2
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	2	4
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	4
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	10
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	9
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	8
	IAC	Courts of Appeals, Division I	2	2	Varies
	IAC	Courts of Appeals, Division II
	IAC	Courts of Appeals, Division III
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals	4	4	Varies
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court	1	1	4
	IAC	Court of Appeals	1	1	15
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	2	1
Legend:
COLR=Court of last resort
IAC=Intermediate appellate court
~=Not applicable
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/Justices may have three positions. No more than two can be staff attorneys; the remainder may be law clerks.
California:
2/A pilot project in the Fifth District allows three per justice.
Florida:
3/This is the total number of central law staff for all five courts of appeal in Florida. Individual courts have varying numbers of staff; the Fourth District has six.
Illinois:
4/Seven attorneys are in the research department; ten in the administrative office of the courts, and two in the clerk’s office.
Indiana:
5/Judges may, at their own discretion, have more than three clerks.
Kentucky:
6/One attorney serves as Supreme Court administrator and general counsel.
Louisiana:
7/In addition, an attorney serves as executive counsel.
Michigan:
8/The Court of Appeals has 40 temporary, 32 permanent, and eight supervisory staff.
Montana:
9/Associate justices have two clerks each; three other justices share two “floating” clerks.
New Jersey:
10/The Chief Justice has four or five clerks, one or two of who handle death penalty appeals.
New York:
11/The Court of Appeals has one chief court attorney, one deputy chief court attorney, 1.5 principal court attorneys, seven senior court attorneys, and five court attorneys.
Oregon:
12/There are seventeen clerks in total: seven judges have two clerks each; two judges have one clerk; there is one motions clerks.
Pennsylvania:
13/The Supreme Court does not employ central staff attorneys.
Rhode Island:
14/The law clerks assigned to the Supreme Court judges serve as the central law staff (total law clerks: 11).
Texas:
15/Generally, two law clerks and one permanent staff attorney are assigned to the Chief Justice and each justice of the Supreme Court, and one law clerk and one staff attorney are assigned to the presiding judge and each judge on the Court of Criminal Appeals.
16/Generally, two legal staff are employed for the Chief Justice and each justice of the 14 Courts of Appeals. These legal staff are distributed between law clerks and staff attorneys as determined by each Court of Appeals. The current trend is to staff with permanent attorneys, rather than law clerks.
Virginia:
17/Five are part-time employees.
Washington:
18/Division I with 10 judges has seven and one-half attorneys; Division II with seven judges has four, and Division III with five judges has one. Their duties vary.
West Virginia:
19/Clerks screen applications, but do not draft opinions or orders.

---

Sheet 25: Table 24

Table 24. Administrative Office of the Courts: Staffing by Function

State Court Administrator

Total AOC staff (FTEs)

Number of staff by function

Title

Appointed by

Appointing Authority

Authorized

Funded

Court services

Education & training

Facilities

Finance

Human resources

IT

Legal services

Management

Research & planning

Security

Other

Alabama

76

Alaska

83

American Samoa

Arizona

434

Arkansas

79

California

491

Colorado

98

Connecticut

150

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

496

Georgia

91

Guam

Hawaii

214

Idaho

37

Illinois

136

Indiana

55

Iowa

60

Kansas

46

Kentucky

745

Louisiana

77

Maine

Maryland

398

Massachusetts

154

Michigan

113

Minnesota

187

Mississippi

14

Missouri

233

Montana

31

Nebraska

23

Nevada

29

New Hampshire

44

New Jersey

619

New Mexico

68

New York

223

North Carolina

271

North Dakota

22

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

42

Oregon

186

Pennsylvania

308

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

145

South Carolina

21

South Dakota

32

Tennessee

72

Texas

58

Utah

99

Vermont

29

Virginia

135

Virgin Islands

Washington

164

West Virginia

40

Wisconsin

123

Wyoming

9

---

Sheet 26: Table 25

Table 25. Administrative Office of the Courts: Staffing and Responsibilities for Trial Court Functions

Assignments for:

Court-annexed ADR

Court records

Facilities

Finance

Judicial matters

Legal services

Legal staff

Liaison for the court

Programs

Research

Technical assistance to courts

Name

Year Created

Authority

Sitting judges

Supplemental judges

Collection of legal financial obligations

Data processing

Records management

Emergency management

Facilities management

Security

Accounting

Audits

Budget preparation

Purchasing

Human resources

Information technology

Education

Performance evaluation

Representation/ general counsel

Other

Law libraries

Legal research

Legislature

Ombudsman

Public information

Foster care review

Probation –adult

Probation –juvenile

Performance measurement

Court staitstics

Research/ Planning

Other

Alabama

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Alaska

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

American Samoa

Arizona

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Arkansas

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total: Interpreters, record audits, Court Appointed Special Advocates

California

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared: Improving court services

Colorado

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Connecticut

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Delaware

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared: Interpreters W Staff training

District of Columbia

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Florida

None

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Georgia

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Guam

Hawaii

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Idaho

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total: Court leadership Shared: Media relations

Illinois

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Indiana

None

Total

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Iowa

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total: Judicial Qualifications Commission; judicial retirement system

Kansas

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Kentucky

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Louisiana

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Total: New judgeship review; court cost review

Maine

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Total: Family/child services; interpreters; staff Jud. Conf. committees

Massachusetts

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Michigan

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Minnesota

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

Total: Child support magistrates Shared: Interpreters; guardians ad litem

Mississippi

None

None

N/S

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

N/S

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Missouri

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Montana

None

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

Total

Nebraska

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Nevada

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

New Hampshire

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

New Jersey

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total: Printing Shared: Volunteer management; Interpreters

New Mexico

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

New York

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

North Carolina

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

North Dakota

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Total

Total

Total

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Oklahoma

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Oregon

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared: Interpreters

Pennsylvania

None

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

Puerto Rico

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

None

None

None

None

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

Total

South Carolina

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Total

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

South Dakota

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Total

Total

Tennessee

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

Total

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Texas

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

None

None

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Utah

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

None

Total

Total

None

None

None

Total

Total

Vermont

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Virginia

None

Total

Total

None

Shared

None

Shared

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Total

Total

Total

None

Total

Total

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Virgin Islands

Washington

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

None

Shared

None

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Total

Total

West Virginia

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

N/S

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Wisconsin

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

None

None

Shared

Shared

Total

Total

Shared

None

None

Total

Total

Wyoming

None

None

None

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Shared

Total

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

Shared

Shared

None

None

None

Shared

N/S

Legend:

NR=No response

N/S=Not stated

---

Sheet 27: Table 26

Table 26. Chief Justices/Judges: Authority and Responsibilities

Responsibilities

Title

Method of appointment

Term

Source of authority

Receives extra compensation?

Reduced opinion writing obligation?

Assignment of

Establish special committees

Select quasi-judicial officers

Other

Cases to judges

Judges to panels

Temporary judges

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

PE

6

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

CS

ID

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

SN

ID

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

3

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

2

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

5

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

1

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

NP

8

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

4

California

COLR

Supreme Court

GU

12

IAC

Courts of Appeal

GU

12

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

ID

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

AP

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

GNL

8

IAC

Appellate Court

SCJ

ID

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

GU

12

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

JN

4

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

2

IAC

District Courts of Appeal

CS

2

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

2

IAC

Court of Appeals

SN

2

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

GNL

10

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

GNL

10

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

2

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

3

IAC

Appellate Court

CS

1

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

JN

5

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

3

IAC

Tax Court

~

~

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

8

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

2

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

ID

IAC

Court of Appeals

SC

ID

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

4

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

DU

IAC

Courts of Appeal

SN

DU

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

GU

7

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

GU

ID

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

GU

ID

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

GE

To age 70

IAC

Appeals Court

GE

To age 70

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

2

IAC

Court of Appeals

SC

2

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

GU

6

IAC

Court of Appeals

GU

3

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

DU

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

4

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

2

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

2

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

NP

8

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

GN

DU

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

2

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

Rotation

2

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

5

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

GL

DU

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

SCJ

AP

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

2

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

2

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

GN

14

IAC

Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court

GN

DU

IAC

Appellate Terms of Supreme Court

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

NP

8

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

AP

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

5

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

PE

6

IAC

Courts of Appeals

CS

Calendar year

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

DU

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

CS

5

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

CS

5

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

6

IAC

Court of Appeals

SCJ

2

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

DU

IAC

Superior Court

CS

5

IAC

Commonwealth Court

CS

5

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

GL

To age 70

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

SCJ

At pleasure

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

GN

Life

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

LA

10

IAC

Court of Appeals

LA

6

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

COLR

Court of Appeals

CS

1 term

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

CS

1 term

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

PE

6

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

PE

6

IAC

Courts of Appeals

PE

6

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

2

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

GNL

6

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

IAC

Court of Appeals

CS

4

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

IAC

Courts of Appeals

CS

2

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

SN

1

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

SN

Until declined

IAC

Court of Appeals

SC

3

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

CS

4

ABBREVIATIONS:

AP = At pleasure

CS = Court selection

DS = District

DU = Duration of service

GE = Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council

GL = Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature

GN = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission

GNE = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council

GNL = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature

GU = Gubernatorial appointment

ID = Indefinite

JN = Judicial nominating commission appoints

LA = Legislative appointment

NP = Non-partisan election

PE = Partisan election

RE = Retention election

SC = Court of last resort appoints

SCJ = Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints

SN = Seniority

SW = Statewide

FOOTNOTES:

Alaska:

1/A judge must run for a retention election at the next election, immediately following the third year from the time of initial appointment.

District of Columbia:

2/Initial appointment is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the tenure commission. Those found “well qualified” are automatically reappointed. If a judge is found to be “qualified” the President may nominate the judge for an additional term (subject to Senate confirmation). If the President does not wish to reappoint the judge, the District of Columbia Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates.

3/the geographic basis of selection is the District of Columbia.

Florida:

4/Five justices are selected by region (based on the District Courts of Appeal) and two justices are selected statewide.

Iowa:

5/The Chief Justice serves either eight years or the duration of his/her term.

Louisiana:

6/The person selected by the Supreme Court is prohibited from running for that judgeship; an election is held within one year to serve the remainder of the term.

7/Louisiana uses a blanket primary, in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The two top vote getters compete in the general election.

Massachusetts:

8/There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent.

9/The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of nine people elected by geographical area and presided over by the Lieutenant Governor.

10/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.

11/Chief Justice, in the appellate courts, is a separate judicial office from that of an Associate Judge. Chief Justices are appointed, until age 70, by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Executive (Governor’s) Council.

Michigan:

12/Candidates may be nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot.

Missouri:

13/Terms are two years in length in the Western and Southern districts; one year in length in the Eastern district.

Montana:

14/If the justice/judge is unopposed, a retention election is held.

Nebraska:

15/Chief Justices are selected statewide while Associate Justices are selected by district.

16/The Chief Justice/Judge is selected by a majority vote of the Court of Appeals with ratification of the selection by the Supreme Court.

Nevada:

17/The term may be split between eligible justices.

New Hampshire:

18/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.

New Jersey:

19/All Superior Court judges, including Appellate Division judges, are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term. Among all the judges, the Chief Justice designates the judges of the Appellate Division.

New York:

20/The Presiding Judge of each Appellate Division must be a resident of the department.

North Dakota:

21/The Governor may appoint from a list of names or call a special election at his discretion.

22/Selection is done by the judges of both the Supreme and District courts.

23/The term of the Chief Justice is five years or until the judge’s term expires, whichever occurs first.

Ohio:

24/Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations.

25/Selection is done by the judges of each district.

Puerto Rico:

26/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.

Rhode Island:

27/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure.

South Dakota:

28/Initial selection is by district, but retention selection is statewide.

Virginia:

29/Gubernatorial appointment is for interim appointments.

Washington:

30/The Chief Judge is chosen by the Division judges. The Presiding Chief Judge is chosen by court selection, but the position rotates among the three divisions.

31/The term of the Presiding Chief Judge is one year.

West Virginia:

32/Appointment is effective only until the next election year; the appointee may run for election to any remaining portion of the unexpired term.

---

Sheet 28: Table 27

Table 27. Appellate Court Jurisdiction

Appeal by Right

Appeal by Permission

Death Penalty

Original Proceeding/Other Appellate Matter

Criminal

Civil

Administrative agency

Criminal

Civil

Administrative agency

Appeal

Application for writ

Application for writ

Bar/judiciary

Certified questions/ advisory opinions

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

California

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeal

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Court

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

District Courts of Appeal

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Court

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

IAC

Tax Court

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeal

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

IAC

Appeals Court

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Appellate Division of Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Terms of Supreme Court

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeals

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Superior Court

IAC

Commonwealth Court

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

IAC

Courts of Appeals

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeals

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

---

Sheet 29: Table 28

Table 28. The Structure of Appellate Court Panels
			Number of Panels	Size	Membership	Frequency of Rotation
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	5	Permanent	~
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court	Rotating	3	Rotating	VA
	IAC	Court of Appeals	7	3	Rotating	3 times/ year
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	4	3
California
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	VA	3	Rotating	Case/ calendar
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating	3 times/ year
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Court
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court	10	3	Rotating	By case
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	Daily
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court	VA	~	Rotating	VA
	IAC	District Courts of Appeal	VA	3		VA
Georgia					Rotating
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating	Yearly
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	VA
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Court	VA	3	Rotating	By case
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	5	3	Permanent	~
	IAC	Tax Court
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating	Monthly
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3 or 4	3	Rotating
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	4	3	Rotating	Monthly
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeal	VA	3 or 5	Rotating	Monthly
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	VA
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court	1	7	Permanent	~
	IAC	Appeals Court	7	3	Rotating	Monthly
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	9	3	Rotating	Monthly
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court	VA	3	Rotating	Monthly
	IAC	Court of Appeals	4	3	Rotating	Monthly
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	Rotating	Every 6 weeks
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating	Every 6 weeks
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals			Rotating
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	5	Rotating	By case
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	2	3	Rotating	3 months
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court	2	3	Rotating	12 months
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Division of Superior Court	8 parts of 4-5 judges	2 to 3	Rotating
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	By case
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court	VA	~	Rotating	Daily
	IAC	Appellate Terms of Supreme Court
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	5	3	Rotating	VA
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Temorary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	Weekly
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals	4	3	Rotating	Annually
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court	VA	3	Rotating	Discretionary
	IAC	Superior Court
	IAC	Commonwealth Court	VA	3	Rotating	Discretionary
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Circuit Court of Appeals	11	3	Rotating	Yearly
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	3	3	Rotating	Quarterly
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Appeals	3	3	Permanent	~
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals	3	3	Permanent	~
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	VA
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	Monthly
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court		3	Rotating	Monthly
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court	3	3	Permanent	~
	IAC	Court of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	VA
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeals	VA	3	Rotating	Varies by division
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals	4	3		By case
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court
Legend:
COLR=Court of last resort
IAC=Intermediate appellate court
VA=Varies
~=Not applicable
Note: Only those courts that sit in panels are included in this table.
FOOTNOTES:
Arizona:
1/Rotating panels are used for select categories of cases.
2/Five are in Division 1; two are in Division 2.
Arkansas:
3/Rotation occurs every four weeks during submissions.
California:
4/Court of Appeals: divisions of three judges are permanent; divisions of four or more rotate within the division.
Colorado:
5/Court of Appeals: the panels draft all opinions and then submit drafts to full court for final approval.
District of Columbia:
6/These decisions are made by a “motions division” of three judges who are assigned to consider matters such as this. In addition to panels selected to hear cases scheduled for argument/submissions without argument after briefing, there is a monthly three-judge panel selected to consider and decide substantive and policy-implicating procedural motions and other matters.
Florida:
7/Oral arguments and merit panel are en banc. Five are on the original writ panel.
Illinois:
8/An exception is the “Industrial Division” intermediate appellate court, which sits in a panel of five.
9/In Cook County there are six divisions of four judges each. They sit in rotating panels of three.
Kansas:
10/Court of Appeals: panels may be supplemented by other judges from time to time, and the composition of a panel may vary from case to case.
11/The Chief judge designates as necessary- rotation occurs once every four weeks.
Missouri:
12/There are four panels in the western district, five in the eastern district, and two in the southern district.
13/Panels are made up of three members in western and eastern districts; the southern district has one three-member panel and one four-member panel.
14/Rotation occurs yearly in the eastern and southern districts; quarterly in the western district.
New Jersey:
15/Rotation occurs yearly for parts; panels rotate by case.
New York:
16/Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court: Panels are made up of four members in the Second Division; five in First, Third, and Fourth Departments.
Oregon:
17/Rotation occurs at the discretion of the Chief Judge.
Pennsylvania:
18/Members are appointed by the President Judge.
Rhode Island:
19/For purposes of the initial review of a petition, the Court does not sit in panels. If the matter is assigned for argument (i.e., after granting a writ of certiorari), the Court by Rule may sit in a panel of three, although the general practice is to hear all matters en banc.
Vermont:
20/The court sits in panels on “fast track” cases.
Wisconsin:
21/Panels are permanent in District 3. Judges in Districts 1, 2, and 4 rotate.

---

Sheet 30: Table 29

Table 29. Reviewing Appeals by Permission

Number of judges

Decision to grant permission is made by justices/judges sitting

Deciding whether to grant permission

Necessary to grant permission

En banc

Panel

Single justice/judge

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

9

5

Yes

Yes

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

Sometimes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

California

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

IAC

Courts of Appeal

3

2

Yes

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

3

3

Yes

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

IAC

Appellate Court

9

2

Yes

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

3

3

Yes

Yes

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

3

1 or 2

Yes

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

5

4

Yes

IAC

District Courts of Appeal

3

2

Yes

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

1

Yes

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

IAC

Appellate Court

3

2

Yes

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

1

1

Yes

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

4

4

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

7

1

Yes

IAC

Courts of Appeal

3

2

Yes

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

VA

VA

Yes

Yes

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

7

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

VA

VA

Yes

Yes

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

7

2 or 3

Yes

IAC

Appeals Court

1

1

Yes

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

VA

VA

Yes

Yes

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

5

1

Yes

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

2

2

Yes

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

5

2

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

1

1

Yes

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

7 (civil)

2 (civil)

Yes

Yes

IAC

Appellate Division of Supreme Court

4 or 5

3

Yes

IAC

Appellated Terms of Supreme Court

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

7

4

Yes

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

9

5

Yes

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

5

3

Yes

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

7

3

Yes

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

3

3

Yes

IAC

Superior Court

3

Majority

Yes

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

4

4

Yes

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

5

2

Yes

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

5

2

Yes

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

5

2

Yes

COLR

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

3

2

Yes

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

9

4

Yes

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

9

4

Yes

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

3

1

Yes

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

4

1

Yes

Yes

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

5

5

Yes

Commissioner

IAC

Courts of Appeals

1

1

Commissioner

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

5

3

Yes

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

3 to 4

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

3

2

Yes

Yes

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

5

3

Yes

Legend:

COLR=Court of last resort

IAC=Intermediate appellate court

VA=Varies

~=Not applicable

Note: Only those courts with discretionary jurisdiction are included in this table.

FOOTNOTES:

Alaska:

1/A single justice or Court of Appeals judge makes a recommendation to the full court, which then votes en banc.

California:

2/This is theoretically possible in habeas cases, but not done by single justices.

District of Columbia:

3/Usually one is necessary to grant review, two are necessary for interlocutory appeals only.

Hawaii:

4/Discretionary jurisdiction only applies if assigned by Supreme Court.

Louisiana:

5/Any one justice may issue order, however, four must concur to render judgment (LA Constitution, Art. 5, Sect. 2 & 3).

Maine:

6/The court sits in panel during sentence review cases only.

Massachusetts:

7/Direct appellate review may be granted by two justices of the Supreme Judicial Court or by a majority of justices of the appellate court. M.R.A.P. 11. Further appellate review may be granted by three justices of the Supreme Judicial Court or by a majority of the justices of the appeals court or by a majority of the justices of the appeals court deciding the case. M.R.A.P 27.1.

Mississippi:

8/The decision depends upon the emergency nature of the situation.

New Hampshire:

9/The court does not sit in panels to decide whether to grant review, but a case may be heard and decided by three-judge panel.

New Jersey:

10/Court of Appeals: This applies to interlocutory appeals only. The presiding judge of a panel makes the final determination as to whether a matter will be decided by two or three judges.

New Mexico:

11/In Court of Appeals, for interlocutory appeals, one calendaring judge may grant review; to deny review, one judge must concur.

New York:

12/Court of Appeals: A single judge grants review for criminal cases.

13/Appellate Divisions of Supreme Court: This varies by department.

Washington:

14/The decision is made by a panel in reviews from trial courts and by a commissioner in reviews from the Court of Appeals.

15/At the Court of Appeals a commissioner rules on a motion for discretionary review.

Wisconsin:

16/A commissioner makes a recommendation on review. If there is no objection during conference, the recommendation is accepted. If there is an objection to a petition for review, the court votes and three of the seven members must agree to grant review. If a justice who initially voted to grant review makes a motion to dismiss as improvidently granted, it is dismissed when at least four members agree to do so. Petitions to bypass and certification are granted by a vote of four.

17/Either a panel of three or one judge may make the decision to grant or deny discretionary petitions for leave to appeal, determined by case type and interpreted through statute.

---

Sheet 31: Table 30

Table 30. Expediting Procedures in Appellate Cases

Types of expedited appeals

Types of expedited procedures

Adoption

Child abuse/ neglect

Child custody

Child in need of assistance

Child placement

Termination of parental rights

Original/ extraordinary writs

Advance queue

Expedited briefing

Special calendars

Submission on briefs

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division One

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division Two

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

California

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 1st District

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 2nd District

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 3rd District

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 4th District

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 5th District

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 6th District

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Court

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

First District Court of Appeal

IAC

Second District Court of Appeal

IAC

Third District Court of Appeal

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeal

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeal

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

First District Court of Appeals

IAC

Second District Court of Appeals

IAC

Third District Court of Appeals

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeals

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeals

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

IAC

Tax Court

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

First Circuit Court of Appeals

IAC

Second Circuit Court of Appeals

IAC

Third Circuit Court of Appeals

IAC

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals

IAC

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

IAC

Appeals Court

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals, Eastern

IAC

Court of Appeals, Southern

IAC

Court of Appeals, Western

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Superior Court

IAC

Commonwealth Court

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

COLR

Court of Appeals

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 13th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 14th District

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division I

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division II

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division III

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

IAC

Court of Appeals

Wyoming

COLR

Supreme Court

---

Sheet 32: Table 31

Table 31. Oral Argument in Appellate Cases

Live streaming allowed

Argument is automatically scheduled for:

Time limit (each side in minutes)

Must formally request oral argument

Archiving of oral argument required

Oral argument is part of the public record

Video

Audio

Appeal by right

Appeal by permission

Death penalty

Original proceeding/other appellate matter

Alabama

COLR

Supreme Court

30

Yes

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

30

Yes

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

30

Yes

Alaska

COLR

Supreme Court

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Yes

American Samoa

COLR

High Court, Appellate Division

Arizona

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division One

20

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeal, Division Two

25

Yes

Arkansas

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

20

Yes

California

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 1st District

30

Yes

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 2nd District

30

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 3rd District

15

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 4th District

15

Yes

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 5th District

30

IAC

Courts of Appeal, 6th District

30

Yes

Colorado

COLR

Supreme Court

15 or 30

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Yes

Connecticut

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Appellate Court

20

Delaware

COLR

Supreme Court

20 or 25

District of Columbia

COLR

Court of Appeals

15, 30, or 45

Florida

COLR

Supreme Court

NR

Yes

IAC

First District Court of Appeal

20

Yes

IAC

Second District Court of Appeal

20

Yes

IAC

Third District Court of Appeal

10, 15, 20

Yes

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeal

10, 15, 20

Yes

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeal

15 (criminal), 20 (civil)

Yes

Georgia

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Yes

Guam

COLR

Supreme Court

Hawaii

COLR

Supreme Court

30

N/S

IAC

Intermediate Court of Appeals

30

N/S

Idaho

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

Illinois

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Yes

IAC

First District Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Second District Court of Appeals

15

Yes

IAC

Third District Court of Appeals

15

Yes

IAC

Fourth District Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Fifth District Court of Appeals

10 (criminal), 20 (civil)

Yes

Indiana

COLR

Supreme Court

30

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

Yes

IAC

Tax Court

N/S

Yes

Iowa

COLR

Supreme Court

10

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

10

Yes

Kansas

COLR

Supreme Court

15

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Kentucky

COLR

Supreme Court

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Louisiana

COLR

Supreme Court

20-40

IAC

First Circuit Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Second Circuit Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Third Circuit Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals

20

Yes

IAC

Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

15

Yes

Maine

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

20

Maryland

COLR

Court of Appeals

30

IAC

Court of Special Appeals

30

Massachusetts

COLR

Supreme Judicial Court

15

~

Suffolk Office

IAC

Appeals Court

15

Michigan

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

Yes

Minnesota

COLR

Supreme Court

20 (appel.), 25 (resp.)

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

30 (appel.), 20 (resp.)

Yes

Mississippi

COLR

Supreme Court

20-30

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

20

Yes

Missouri

COLR

Supreme Court

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, Eastern

IAC

Court of Appeals, Southern

20 (Appel.), 15 (resp.)

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, Western

10 or 15

Montana

COLR

Supreme Court

40 (appel.), 30 (resp.)

Nebraska

COLR

Supreme Court

10

IAC

Court of Appeals

10

Nevada

COLR

Supreme Court

15

Yes

New Hampshire

COLR

Supreme Court

15

New Jersey

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Appellate Division of Superior Court

30

Yes

New Mexico

COLR

Supreme Court

30

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

Yes

New York

COLR

Court of Appeals

Court discretion

Yes

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st

Court discretion

Yes

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd

15 or 30

Yes

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd

10

Yes

IAC

Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th

30

Yes

North Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

North Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

30 (appel.), 20 (resp.)

IAC

Temporary Court of Appeals

Northern Mariana Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Ohio

COLR

Supreme Court

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

30

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

15

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

15

Oklahoma

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Yes

COLR

Court of Criminal Appeals

Court discretion

IAC

Court of Civil Appeals

20

Yes

Oregon

COLR

Supreme Court

15 or 30

IAC

Court of Appeals

15 or 30

Pennsylvania

COLR

Supreme Court

Court discretion

IAC

Superior Court

15

Yes

IAC

Commonwealth Court

10 or 15

Puerto Rico

COLR

Supreme Court

Court discretion

Yes

IAC

Circuit Court of Appeals

Court discretion

Yes

Rhode Island

COLR

Supreme Court

10 or 30

South Carolina

COLR

Supreme Court

Court discretion

N/S

IAC

Court of Appeals

30-Oct

South Dakota

COLR

Supreme Court

20

Tennessee

COLR

Supreme Court

30

Yes

COLR

Court of Appeals

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

15

Yes

Texas

COLR

Supreme Court

30

Yes

IAC

Court of Criminal Appeals

15

Yes

IAC

Court of Appeals, 1st District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 2nd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 3rd District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 4th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 5th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 6th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 7th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 8th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 9th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 10th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 11th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 12th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 13th District

IAC

Court of Appeals, 14th District

Utah

COLR

Supreme Court

20

IAC

Court of Appeals

15

Vermont

COLR

Supreme Court

5 or 15

Yes

Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court

Varies

IAC

Court of Appeals

10 or 15

Yes

Virgin Islands

COLR

Supreme Court

Washington

COLR

Supreme Court

20

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division I

10

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division II

IAC

Courts of Appeals, Division III

West Virginia

COLR

Supreme Court of Appeals

30

Yes

Wisconsin

COLR

Supreme Court

30

IAC

Court of Appeals

30

Wyoming

30

COLR

Supreme Court

FOOTNOTES:

Alaska:

1/The Supreme Court automatically schedules oral argument for election redistricting cases and judicial bypass of

Arizona:

2/The Supreme Court automatically schedules oral argument for death penalty cases.

California:

3/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 45 minutes.

Colorado:

4/The time limit for oral argument in the Supreme Court depends on the number and/or complexity of the issues in the case.

Delaware:

5/The time limit for oral argument in the Supreme Court is 20 minutes per side if the court is in panel and 25 minutes per side if the court is sitting en banc.

District of Columbia:

6/The time limit for oral argument in the Supreme Court is 15 minutes for cases on the summary calendar, but oral argument must be requested; the time limit is 30 minutes for cases on the regular calendar; and 45 minutes for cases heard en banc.

Florida:

7/The First District Court of Appeal time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 30 minutes.

Georgia:

8/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument in domestic relations cases is 10 minutes; the time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 30 minutes.

9/The Supreme Court automatically schedules oral argument for death penalty cases and for granted writs of certiorari.

Illinois:

10/The Supreme Court time limit for death penalty cases is 30 minutes.

Kentucky:

11/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 30 minutes.

Lousiana:

12/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument varies by case type: attorney discipline and criminal cases have 20 minutes, judicial discipline and civil cases have 30 minutes, and death penalty cases have 40 minutes.

13/The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals automatically schedules oral argument for election cases.

Massachusetts:

14/The time limit for oral argument is 20 minutes for first-degree murder.

Michigan:

15/The time limit for oral argument is 15 minutes for cases in which only one side appears and for cases argued on application for leave to appeal.

Mississippi:

16/The Supreme Court automatically schedules oral argument for death penalty cases.

Missouri:

17/The Court of Appeals, Eastern District is not included as that court did not respond.

18/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 20 minutes.

New Jersey:

19/The Supreme Court automatically schedules oral argument for some appeals as of right and for disciplinary matters.

New Mexico:

20/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument is 20 minutes for writs, attorney discipline, and judicial discipline.

21/The Court of Appeals automatically schedules oral argument for expedited bench decision cases.

New York:

22/The Appellate Division, 2nd Department time limit for oral argument is 15 minutes for cases in which there was no trial or hearing and 30 minutes for appeals in which there was a trial or hearing.

Ohio:

23/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument in death penalty cases is 30 minutes.

Pennsylvania:

24/The Commonwealth Court time limit for oral argument is 7.5 – 10 minutes if court sits in panels and 15 minutes if court sits en banc.

Rhode Island:

25/The Supreme Court time limit for oral argument is 30 minutes for plenary matters and 10 minutes for summary matters.

Texas:

26/The Supreme Court generally schedules oral argument in most cases where a petition for review is granted and some mandamus cases.

27/The time limit for oral argument varies by court.

Virginia:

28/The time limit for oral argument is 10 minutes for appellant in criminal petition cases, 15 minutes on merit appeals.

29/Oral argument must be formally requested on criminal petition cases.

30/Oral argument is automatically scheduled unless the case was summarily affirmed or defaulted or oral argument was waived.

Washington:

31/The Court of Appeals, Division Two and Court of Appeals, Division Three are not included as those courts did not respond.

---

Sheet 33: Table 32

Table 32. Type of Appellate Court Hearing Administrative Agency Appeals
	Medical malpractice	Workers' compensation	Public service	Unemployment insurance	Public welfare	Insurance	Tax review	Other agencies
Alabama	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Alaska	~	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR
American Samoa
Arizona	~	COLR & IAC	~	IAC	~	~	~	~
Arkansas	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	~	~	~	~
California	~	IAC	IAC-COLR	~	~	~	~	~
Colorado	~	IAC	COLR	IAC	IAC	~	IAC	~
Connecticut	~	IAC	~	~	~	~	~	~
Delaware	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
District of Columbia	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	~	~	COLR
Florida	~	IAC	IAC-COLR	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC
Georgia	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Guam
Hawaii	COLR	COLR	COLR	COLR	~	~	~	COLR
Idaho	~	COLR	COLR	COLR	~	~	~	~
Illinois	~	IAC	IAC	~	~	~	~	IAC
Indiana	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	~	~	IAC	~
Iowa	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Kansas	~	IAC	~	~	~	~	IAC	COLR
Kentucky	~	IAC	~	~	~	~	~	~
Louisiana	~	IAC	COLR	~	~	~	~	IAC
Maine	~	COLR	COLR	~	~	~	~	~
Maryland	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Massachusetts	~	IAC-COLR	~	~	~	~	~	~
Michigan	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Minnesota	~	COLR	IAC	IAC	~	~	COLR	~
Mississippi	~	~	COLR	~	~	~	~	~
Missouri	~	IAC	~	IAC	~	~	IAC	~
Montana	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Nebraska	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	~	IAC	IAC
Nevada	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
New Hampshire	~	COLR	COLR	COLR	~	COLR	COLR	COLR
New Jersey	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC
New Mexico	~	IAC	COLR	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC
New York	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	~	IAC	IAC	IAC
North Carolina	~	IAC	IAC	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	~
North Dakota	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	~	IAC-COLR	IAC-COLR	~	~	~	IAC-COLR	~
Oklahoma	~	~	IAC-COLR	IAC-COLR	~	COLR	IAC-COLR	~
Oregon	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	COLR	IAC
Pennsylvania	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC	COLR or IAC
Puerto Rico	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC
Rhode Island	~	COLR	COLR	~	IAC	~	~	~
South Carolina	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
South Dakota	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Tennessee		~	IAC	~	~	~	~	~
Texas	~				~	~	~	~
Utah	~	IAC	COLR	IAC	~	~	COLR	IAC-COLR
Vermont	~	COLR	COLR	COLR	~	~	COLR	COLR
Virginia	~	IAC	~	~	~	COLR	~
Virgin Islands
Washington	~	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC	IAC
West Virginia	~	COLR	~	~	~	~	~	~
Wisconsin	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Wyoming	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
FOOTNOTES: (from Table 27)
District of Columbia:
1/The court of last resort hears appeals, if the agency provided a trial-type hearing in a contested case; otherwise the general jurisdiction court will hear the appeal.
Florida:
2/Actions concerning medical licensing disciplinary proceedings by the Department of Professional Regulation are appealed to the intermediate appellate court.
3/Final agency actions regarding recovery of overpayments of welfare fraud appeals are heard by the intermediate appellate court.
Georgia:
4/If the case is brought by discretionary application such as worker’s compensation or unemployment insurance, any one of three judges on the division may grant the application. On a direct appeal, a dissent of one judge on the panel causes the case to be reviewed by that division, the next division in succession, and a seventh judge. If the majority of the panel, or a majority of the seven-judge court, determines the case should be heard by all 10 judges, then the case will be reviewed by all 10 judges.
5/These cases are tried in general jurisdiction court or as an alternative process with appeal in a general jurisdiction court.
Hawaii:
6/The court of last resort may transfer a case to the intermediate appellate court.
7/Cases are heard by a Tax Appeal Court (a specialized court) presided over by a Circuit Court judge.
Idaho:
8/Cases are initially brought to a medical malpractice hearing panel (conclusions are not binding); a case may be filed in the District Court (general jurisdiction).
Indiana:
9/The cases are heard in Tex Court (intermediate appellate court).
Kansas:
10/Rate cases go to the intermediate appellate court.
Missouri:
11/Tax review cases may be transferred to the Supreme Court.
New Hampshire:
12/Petition for writ of certiorari must be filed to the Superior or Supreme Court (concurrent jurisdiction).
New Jersey:
13/The court of last resort may, on its own motion, certify any action or class of actions for appeal, or the litigant may move for certification of an appeal pending in the appellate division.
14/Appeals from county boards of taxation are heard by the Tax Court (limited jurisdiction).
New York:
15/Appeals of final decisions of all administrative agencies go to either the Supreme Court or the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in Article 78 proceedings.
North Carolina:
16/Cases go to Superior Court; some to the intermediate appellate court; the court of last resort hears general rate cases from the Utilities Commission.
Oklahoma:
17/These cases go to Worker’s Compensation Court (limited jurisdiction).
Tennessee:
18/Cases are heard by the Chancery Court of Davidson County (general jurisdiction).
Washington:
19/Most administrative agency rulings are appealed first to the Superior Court (general jurisdiction) and then to the intermediate appellate court. Only cases meeting specific statutory criteria are reviewed by the intermediate appellate court directly from the administrative ruling.
Wisconsin:
20/Cases are taken to the Circuit Court (general jurisdiction) and are required to go through a medical mediation panel, organized through the administrative office of the courts.
Whyoming:
21/Medical malpractice tribunals have been eliminated.
22/District Courts may hear appeals or certify directly to the court of last resort.

---

Sheet 34: Table 33

Table 33. Presiding Judges: Selection
					Geographic jurisdiction	Selection
			Title	Source		Method	Term
Alabama
	GJ	Circuit	Presiding Judge	Statue/Rules	Ind. Circuit	CS (2)	3
	LJ	District	~	~	~	PCJ 3	1
	LJ	Municipal	Presiding Judge	Statue/Rules	City	MA	AP
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~	~	~
Alaska
	GJ	Superior	Presiding Judge	Statue/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	1
	LG	District	Presiding Judge	Statue/Rules	Ind. Circuit	~	~
American Samoa
	GJ	High Court, Trial Division
	LG	District
	LG	Village
Arizona
	GJ	Superior	Presiding Judge	Const/Rules/Order	County	SC	5
	GJ	Tax
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	Presiding Judge of the Peace	Administrative Order	County	CS (9)	2
	LJ	Municipal	Presiding Judge	Administrative Order	City	CS	LD
Arkansas
	GJ	Circuit	Administrative Judge	Rules	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
	LJ	District	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	City	~	~	~
California			Presiding Judge	Statute/Rules	County	CS	1 (13)
	GJ	Superior
Colorado
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	Mult. Circuits	SCJ	AP
	GJ	Denver Probate	Presiding Judge	Chief Justice	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
	GJ	Denver Juvenile	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
	GJ	Water	Water Court Judge	Chief Justice	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
	LJ	County	Presiding County Court Judge	Chief Justice	County	CS (16)	AP
	LJ	Municipal	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
Connecticut
	GJ	Superior	Administrative Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	CA	AP
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~	~	~
Delaware
	GJ	Superior	~	~	~	GU	12
	LJ	Court of Chancery	~	~	~	GU	12
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	Chief Magistrate	Constitution	State	GI	4
	LJ	Family	~	~	~	GI	12
	LJ	Court of Common Pleas	~	~	~	GI	12
	LJ	Alderman’s	~			~	~
District of Columbia
	GJ	Superior	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	District	SCJ	4
Florida
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	CS (20)	2
	LJ	County	Chief Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	~	~
Georgia
	GJ	Superior	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind. Circuit	CS	LD
	LJ	Juvenile	Chief Judge	Rules	County	SN (22)	LD
	LJ	Civil	Chief Judge	Rules	County	SN	LD
	LJ	State	Chief Judge	Rules	County	SN	LD
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Magistrate	Chief Magistrate	Rules	County	Elected	4
	LJ	County Recorder’s	Chief Judge	Rules	County	SN	LD
	LJ	Municipal	Chief Judge	Rules	City	~	~
Guam
	GJ	Superior
Hawaii
	GJ	Circuit	Administrative Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
	LJ	District	Administrative Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
Idaho
	GJ	District	Admin. District Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SC (26)	3 (26)
	LJ	Magistrate’s Division	Admin. District Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	~	~
Illinois
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Circut Judge	Constitution	Ind. Circuit	CS	VA
Indiana
	GJ	Superior and Circuit	VA	VA	VA	VA	VA
	GJ	Probate	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	County	~	~	~	VA	VA
	LJ	City and Town	~	~	~	VA	VA
	LJ	Small Claims of Marion County	~	~	~	VA	VA
Iowa
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SCJ (32)	2
Kansas
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Statute/Rules	Ind. Circuit	SC	2
	LJ	Municipal	Chief Judge (2)	Appointing Authority	City	MS	AP
Kentucky
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind/Mult Circuit	CS (34)	8
	LJ	District	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind/Mult Circuit	CS (34)	4
	GJ	Family
Louisiana
	GJ	District	Chief Judge (may vary)	Rules	Ind. Circuit	VA	VA
	GJ	Juvenile & Family	Chief Judge (may vary)	Rules	Ind. Circuit	VA	VA
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	~	~	~	~	`
	LJ	Mayor’s	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	City & Parish	Chief Judge (may vary)	Rules	County or City	VA	VA
Maine
	GJ	Superior	NR	NR	NR	SCJ	AP
	GJ	District	NR	NR	NR	SCJ	AP
	LJ	Probate	NR	NR	NR	~	~
Maryland
	GJ	Circuit	Administrative Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	SN (38)	AP
	LJ	District	Administrative Judge	N/S	Ind. District	SCJ (39)	AP
	LJ	Orphan’s	~	~	~	LD	LD
Massachusetts
	GJ	Superior Court Dept	Regional Admin Justice	Appointing Authority	Region	SC (44)	5
	LJ	District Court Dept	First Justice	Statute	Division	SC (44)	5
	LJ	Probate & Family Court Dept	First Justice	Statute	Division	SC (44)	5
	LJ	Juvenile Court Dept	First Justice	Statute	Division	SC (44)	5
	LJ	Housing Court Dept	First Justice	Statute	Division (3)	SC (44)	5
	LJ	Boston Municipal Court Dept	First Justice	Statute	Division	SC (44)	5
	LJ	Land Court Dept	Chief Justice	Statute	State	SC (44)	5
Michigan
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind. Circuit	SC	2
	GJ	Claims	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind. Circuit	SC	2
	LJ	District	Chief Judge	Rules	Ind. Circuit	SC	2
	LJ	Probate	Chief Judge	Rules	County	SC	2
	LJ	Municipal	Chief Judge	Rules	City	SC	2
Minnesota
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	Ind. Circuit	SC	2
Mississippi
	GJ	Circuit	Senior Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SN	DU
	LJ	Chancery	Senior Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SN	DU
	LJ	County	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~		~	~	~
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	~	~
Missouri
	GJ	Circuit	Presiding Judge	Constitution	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
	LJ	Municipal	VA	Constitution	City	~	~
Montana
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Constitution	Ind. Circuit	VA	VA
	GJ	Workers’ Compensation	~	~	~	~	~
	GJ	Water	Chief Water Judge	Statute	State	SCJ (49)	4
	LJ	Justice's Court	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	City	~	~	~	~	~
Nebraska
	GJ	District	Presiding Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	1
	LJ	Separate Juvenile	Presiding Judge	N/S	County	CS	1
	LJ	County	Presiding Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	1
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	Presiding Judge	N/S	State	CS	1
Nevada
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	VA	VA
	LJ	Justice	Chief or Admin Judge	Statute	Township	CS	1
	LJ	Municipal	Chief or Admin Judge	City Charter	City (4)	VA	VA
New Hampshire
	GJ	Superior	Supervisory Judge	Chief Justice	County	SCJ	To age 70
	LJ	District	Justice	Statute	City	GE	To age 70
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~
	LJ	Family Division
New Jersey
	GJ	Superior	Assignment Judge	Rules	Vicinage	SCJ	AP
	LJ	Tax	Presiding Judge	Statute	State	SCJ	AP
	LJ	Municipal	Presiding Judge		Vicinage	MU	3
New Mexico
	GJ	District	Chief Judge	Statute	Ind. District	CS	3
	LJ	Magistrate	Chief Magistrate	Policy directive	Court	CA	VA
	LJ	Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County	Chief Judge	Statute	Ind. District	CS	3
	LJ	Municipal	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Probate	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
New York
	GJ	Supreme	District Admin Judge (7)	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	GJ	County	District Admin Judge	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	GJ	Court of Claims	Presiding Judge	N/S	State	(53	N/S
	LJ	Surrogates’	District Admin Judge	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	LJ	Family	District Admin Judge (8)	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	LJ	District	District Admin Judge	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	LJ	City	District Admin Judge	N/S	Ind. District	(53	N/S
	LJ	Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.	Administrative Judge	N/S	City	(53	N/S
	LJ	Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.	Administrative Judge	N/S	City	(53	N/S
North Carolina
	GJ	Superior	Senior Resident Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SN	8
	LJ	District	Chief District Ct. Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	AP
North Dakota
	GJ	District	Presiding Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	CS	3
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
Northern Mariana Islands
	GJ	Superior
Ohio
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	Admin or Presiding Judge	Statute/Rules	County	CS	1
	LJ	Municipal	Admin or Presiding Judge	Statute/Rules	County or City	CS	1
	LJ	County	Admin or Presiding Judge	Statute/Rules	VA	~	~
	LJ	Court of Claims	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Mayor’s	~	~	~	~	~
Oklahoma
	GJ	District	N/S	N/S	N/S	CS	VA
	LJ	Municipal Court Not of Record	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Municipal Criminal Court of Record	N/S	N/S	N/S	MU	VA
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	N/S	N/S	N/S	GU	2
	LJ	Tax Review	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
Oregon
	GJ	Circuit	Presiding Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SCJ	2
	GJ	Tax	Tax Court Judge	Statute	State	NP (59)	DU
	LJ	County	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
Pennsylvania
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	President Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SN (61)	5
	LJ	Philadelphia Municipal	President Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	CS	5
	LJ	Magisterial District Judge	(10	(10	(10	~ (62)
	LJ	Philadelphia Traffic	President/Admin Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	GU	5 or AP
Puerto Rico
	GJ	Court of First Instance	NR	NR	NR	~	~
Rhode Island
	GJ	Superior	Presiding Judge	Statute	State	GU	Life
	LJ	Workers’ Compensation	Chief Judge	Statute	State	~	~
	LJ	District	Chief Judge	Statute	State	GU	Life
	LJ	Family	Chief Judge	Statute	State	GU	Life
	LJ	Probate	N/S	N/s	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Traffic Tribunal	Chief Judge	Statute	State	~	~
South Carolina
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	Ind. Circuit (11)	SCJ	6 months
	LJ	Family	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	Circuit	SCJ	6 months
	LJ	Magistrate	Chief Magistrate	Chief Justice	County	SCJ	6 months
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	Chief Judge	Chief Justice	City	~	~
South Dakota
	GJ	Circuit	Presiding Circuit Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	SCJ (66)	AP
	LJ	Magistrate	~	~	~	~	~
Tennessee
	GJ	Circuit	Presiding Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	1
	GJ	Chancery	Presiding Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	1
	GJ	Criminal	Presiding Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	1
	GJ	Probate	N/S	N/S	N/S	~	~
	LJ	Juvenile	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	General Sessions	~	~	~	LD	LD
Texas
	GJ	District	Admin. District Judge	Statute	County	VA	2
	LJ	County-level	Admin. County Ct. Judge	Statute	County	~	~
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	Presiding Judge	VA	City	VA	VA
Utah
	GJ	District	Presiding Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Juvenile	Presiding Judge	Statute	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
Vermont
	GJ	Superior	Admiministrative Judge for Trial Courts	Statute/Order	State	SC (72)	4 (72)
	GJ	District	(13	(13	(13	(72	(72
	GJ	Family	(13	(13	(13	(72	(72
	LJ	Probate	(13	(13	(13	~	~
	LJ	Environmental	(13	(13	(13	(72	(72
	LJ	Judicial Bureau	(13	(13	(13	(72	(72
Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
	LJ	District	Chief Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	2
Virgin Islands
	GJ	Superior
Washington
	GJ	Superior	Presiding Judge	Rules	Jud. District	VA	VA
	LJ	District	Presiding Judge	Rules	County	CS	VA
	LJ	Municipal	Presiding Judge	Rules	City	CS	1
West Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	CS	AP
	LJ	Magistrate	Chief Judge	N/S	County	PJ	AP
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Family	Chief Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	~	~
Wisconsin
	GJ	Circuit	Chief Judge	Statute	Mult. Circuit (14)	SC (76)	2
	LJ	Municipal (15)	Presiding Judge	VA	City	LD (78)	LD
Wyoming
	GJ	District	~	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Circuit	Supervising Judge	N/S	Ind. Circuit	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	~	~
Legend:
GJ=General jurisdiction
LJ=Limited jurisdiction
VA=Varies
NR= No response
N/S=Not stated
~=Not applicable
ABBREVIATIONS: (from table 6)
AP = At pleasure
CA = Court administrator appointment
CC = City or town council/commission appointment
CO = County board/commission appointment
CS = Court selection
DU = Duration of service
GE = Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council
GL = Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature
GN = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission
GNE = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council
GNL = Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature
GU = Gubernatorial appointment
JN = Judicial nominating commission appoints
LA = Legislative appointment
LD = Locally determined
MA = Mayoral appointment
MC = Mayoral appointment with consent of city council
MM = Mayoral appointment with consent of governing municipal body
MU = Governing municipal body appointment
NP = Non-partisan election
PE = Partisan election
PJ = Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints
PJS = Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints with approval of the court of last resort
RA = Reappointment
RE = Retention election
SC = Court of last resort appoints
SCJ = Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints
SN = Seniority
"Presiding Judge" is defined as the judge responsible for the administrative management of a court.
FOOTNOTE: (Table 28)
Idaho:
1/The Administrative District Judge of the District Court makes state and county budget recommendations.
Kansas:
2/Only the three largest Municipal Courts have a Chief Judge.
Massachusetts:
3/Four divisions are multi-city; one comprises only the City of Boston.
Nevada:
4/The municipalities often have different boundaries than the general city geographic boundaries. The court only has jurisdiction within the municipality boundaries.
5/One district Chief Judge has ultimate decision on appeals of personnel matters.
New Jersey:
6/The assignment judge recommends to the Chief Justice the assignment of judges to court divisions.
New York:
7/Within New York City, there are six presiding judges of the Supreme Court. Each presiding judge, titled Administrative Judge, has administrative authority over a county or counties. The responsibilities of the Administrative Judge are the same as that of the District Administrative Judge with the exception of the following: the Administrative Judge does continue to hear cases, but has a reduced caseload and the Administrative Judge does establish standing or special committees of judges.
8/Within New York City, there is one Administrative Judge of the New York City Family Court. The administrative Judge has administrative authority over the entire city, and the responsibilities of the Administrative Judge are the same as that of a District Administrative judge with the exception that the Administrative Judge can establish standing or special committees of judges.
Oregon:
9/The Presiding Judge in the largest courts has a reduced caseload.
Pennsylvania:
10/The Common Pleas Court President Judge for each judicial district is also the President Judge for all Magisterial District Judges Courts in the judicial district.
South Carolina:
11/The 9th Circuit has a Chief Judge for every county in the circuit.
Texas:
12/Local administrative judges may request that judges be assigned; however, assignments are made by the regional presiding judges.
Vermont:
13/Vermont employs one statewide Administrative Judge that oversees all of the trial courts.
Wisconsin:
14/Except for District 1, which is an individual circuit (Milwaukee County).
15/This court is only in Milwaukee.
FOOTNOTE (Table 6)
Alabama:
1/The counties of Baldwin, Jefferson, Madison, Mobile, and Tuscaloosa use gubernatorial appointment from the recommendations of the Judicial Nominating Commission.
2/If a court cannot agree, the Supreme Court decides.
3/The Presiding Circuit Judge appoints with the advice and consent of the majority of the Circuit Court judges.
Alaska:
4/A judge must run for retention at the next election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment.
5/Judges are selected on a statewide basis, but run for retention on a district-wide basis.
6/Judges must run for retention at the first general election held more than one year after appointment.
Arizona:
7/Maricopa and Pima counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The method for submitting names for the other 13 counties varies.
8/Maricopa and Pima counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The other 13 counties hold non-partisan elections.
9/There is one justice of the peace per precinct. In Maricopa County the presiding judge of the Superior Court presides over and administers the Justice Court. In the remaining counties having four or more justices of the peace, a presiding justice of the peace is chosen by a vote of the justices of the peace in that county, with the advice and consent of the presiding judge of the Superior Court of that county.
10/Municipal court judges are usually appointed by the city or town council except in Yuma, where judges are elected.
Arkansas:
11/The office can be held until December 31 following the next general election and then the judge must run in a non-partisan election for the remainder of the term.
California:
12/If unopposed for reelection, incumbent’s name does not appear on the ballot unless a petition was filed not less than 83 days before the election date indicating that a write-in campaign will be conducted for the office. An unopposed incumbent is not declared elected until the election date. This is for the general election; different timing may apply for the primary election (see Elec. Code §8203).
13/The term is not less than one year.
Colorado:
14/Judges are chosen by the Supreme Court from among District Court judges.
15/The mayor appoints Denver County Court judges.
16/District Court judges appoint the presiding judge of the County Court.
Delaware:
17/The Magistrate Screening Commission recommends candidates.
District of Columbia:
18/The Judicial Nomination Commission nominates for Presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. Not less than six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. A judge found “well qualified” is automatically reappointed for a new term of 15 years; a judge found “qualified” may be renominated by the President (and subject to Senate confirmation). A judge found “unqualified” is ineligible for reappointment or if the President does not wish to reappoint a judge, the Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates.
19/The geographic basis for selection is the District of Columbia.
Florida:
20/Circuit and County Court judges select the presiding judge.
Georgia:
21/Juvenile Court judges are appointed by Superior Court judges in all but one county, in which juvenile judges are elected. Associate judges (formerly referees) must be a member of the state bar or law school graduates. They serve at the pleasure of the judge(s).
22/Most Juvenile Courts have only one judge, therefore no presiding judge.
23/Probate judges are selected in non-partisan elections in 66 of 159 counties.
24/Magistrate judges are selected in nonpartisan elections in 41 of 159 counties.
Hawaii:
25/Selection occurs by means of Chief Justice appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with consent of the Senate.
Idaho:
26/The Supreme Court appoints the administrative judge for up to three years if the District Court judges are unable to elect one.
27/The Magistrate Commission consists of the administrative judge, three mayors and two electors appointed by the governor, and two attorneys (nominated by the district bar and appointed by the state bar). There is one commission in each district.
Illinois:
28/There exists a unit less than county in Cook County.
Indiana:
29/Non-partisan elections are used in the Superior Courts in Allen and Vanderburgh counties. Nominating commissions are used in St. Joseph County and in some courts in Lake County. In those courts that use the nominating commission process for selection; retention elections are used as the method of retention.
30/Non-partisan elections are used in the Circuit Courts in Vanderburgh County.
Iowa:
31/This applies to district judges only. Associate judges are selected by the district judges and retention is by a retention election. Magistrates are selected and retained by appointment from the County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission. The County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission consists of three members appointed by the county board and two elected by the county bar, presided over by a District Court judge.
32/The Chief Justice appoints with approval of the Supreme Court.
Kansas:
33/Seventeen districts use gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission for selection and retention elections for retention. Fourteen districts use partisan elections for selection and retention.
Kentucky:
34/In addition, there are 16 chief regional judges (eight circuit, eight district) selected by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court for regional administration of cases.
Louisiana:
35/Depending on the amount of time remaining, selection may be by election following a Supreme Court appointment.
36/Louisiana uses a blanket primary in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The top two vote getters compete in the general election.
Maine:
37/At least one judge who is a resident of the county in which the district lies must be appointed from each of the 13 districts.
Maryland:
38/In addition to the chief judge, there are circuit and county administrative judges. The administrative judges are appointed by the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals. Presiding judges for trial are assigned by the county administrative judges.
39/Administrative judges are appointed by the Chief Judge of the District Court with the approval of the Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals.
40/Two exceptions are Hartford and Montgomery counties where Circuit Court judges are assigned.
Massachusetts:
41/There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent.
42/The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of eight people elected by geographical area and presided over by the lieutenant governor.
43/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
44/The administrative head of the trial court is the “Chief Justice for Administration and Management.” Each department has a Chief Justice appointed by the “CJAM” to a five-year term.
Missouri:
45/Gubernatorial appointment occurs in 40 partisan circuits; gubernatorial appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission takes place in five non-partisan circuits.
46/Partisan elections occur in 40 circuits; gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with a non-partisan election takes place in five circuits.
47/Partisan elections take place in 40 circuits; retention elections occur in five metropolitan circuits.
48/Associate circuit judges are selected on a county basis.
Montana:
49/Selection occurs through Chief Justice appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission.
50/Other judges are designated by the District Court judges.
New Hampshire:
51/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
New Jersey:
52/In multi-municipality, joint, or countywide municipal courts, selection is by gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate.
New York:
53/District administrative judges for the trial courts outside of New York City are selected by the chief administrative judge in consultation with the deputy chief administrative judge for the courts outside of New York City and the presiding judge of the appropriate appellate division. The method of selection for administrative judges for the courts within New York City is not stated.
54/Mayoral appointment occurs in New York City.
55/The appointment is made by the County Chief Executive Officer with confirmation by District Board of Supervisors.
56/Housing judges are appointed by the Chief Administrator of the courts.
Ohio:
57/Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations.
Oklahoma:
58/This applies to district and associate judges; special judges are selected by the district judges.
Oregon:
59/There is one Tax Court judge that is elected for a full term or appointed by the governor for an unexpired term.
60/The geographic basis for selection is the municipality for those judges that are elected. Judges that are either appointed or are under contract may be from other cities.
Pennsylvania:
61/The presiding judge is selected by the court if there are eight or more judges.
62/Supervisory authority is retained by the President Judge of the respective judicial district pursuant to Rule 17 of the Rules Governing Standards of Conduct of Magisterial District Judges.
Rhode Island:
63/There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure.
South Carolina:
64/The governor may appoint a candidate if the unexpired term is less than one year.
65/In addition to Circuit Court judges, the Circuit Court has masters-in-equity whose jurisdiction is in matters referred to them in the Circuit Court. Masters-in-equity are selected by gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, retained by gubernatorial appointment with the consent of the senate, and the geographic basis for selection is the state.
South Dakota:
66/The Circuit Court presiding judge serves the entire court, including the Magistrate Division.
Tennessee:
67/Each county legislative body has the discretion to require elections to be non-partisan.
68/The selection method used to fill an unexpired term is established by a special legislative act.
Utah:
69/There are no expired terms; each new judge begins a new term.
70/Appointment is by the local government executive with confirmation by the local government legislative body (may be either county or municipal government).
71/County judges are retained by retention election; municipal judges are reappointed by the city executive.
Vermont:
72/There is one presiding judge for all trial courts.
73/Superior and District Court judges serve as Family Court judges.
Virginia:
74/Circuit Court judges appoint.
Washington:
75/Full-time municipal judges must stand for non-partisan election.
Wisconsin:
76/The Chief Judge of a district can appoint a presiding judge in each multi-judge circuit.
77/A permanent vacancy in the office of municipal judge may be filled by temporary appointment of the municipal governing body or jointly by the governing bodies of all municipalities served by the judge.
78/There is only one multi-judge Municipal Court.

---

Sheet 35: Table 34

Table 34. Presiding Judges: Responsibilities

Does the presiding judge:

Does the presiding judge: (continued)

Receive extra compensation

Continue to hear cases

Have a reduced caseload

Assign

Supervise

Judges to divisions

Special cases to judges

Manage visiting judges

Establish special committees

Select quasi-judicial officers

Non-judicial employees

Fiscal affairs of court

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Alaska

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LG

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

VA

VA

VA

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

~

Yes

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

California

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Colorado

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Denver Probate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Denver Juvenile

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Water

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Delaware

GJ

Superior

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Court of Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice of the Peace

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Alderman’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Florida

GJ

Circuit

VA

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

VA

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Georgia

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Civil

N/S

N/S

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

State

N/S

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County Recorder’s

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Idaho

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate’s Division

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Illinois

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

GJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City and Town

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Small Claims of Marion County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Iowa

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kansas

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

Yes

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Juvenile & Family

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City & Parish

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Maine

GJ

Superior

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

GJ

District

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

LJ

Probate

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Orphan’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Housing Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Land Court Dept

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Claims

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Minnesota

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Chancery

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

LJ

Municipal

VA

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Montana

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Workers’ Compensation

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Water

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice's Court

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Nebraska

GJ

District

LJ

Separate Juvenile

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nevada

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

Yes

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

Yes

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Tax

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Mexico

GJ

District

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

New York

GJ

Supreme

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Court of Claims

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Surrogates’

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

City

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

North Dakota

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Claims

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Oklahoma

GJ

District

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Tax Review

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Pennsylvania

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magisterial District Judge

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Chancery

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Criminal

Yes

Yes

Yes

V

Yes

GJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Juvenile

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

General Sessions

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Texas

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County-level

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

N/S

N/S

Yes

N/S

Utah

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Vermont

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

District

GJ

Family

LJ

Probate

LJ

Environmental

LJ

Judicial Bureau

Virginia

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Family

Yes

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Wyoming

GJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Circuit

~

Yes

~

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

FOOTNOTES:

Idaho:

1/The Administrative District Judge of the District Court makes state and county budget recommendations.

Kansas:

2/Only the three largest Municipal Courts have a Chief Judge.

Massachusetts:

3/Four divisions are multi-city; one comprises only the City of Boston.

Nevada:

4/The municipalities often have different boundaries than the general city geographic boundaries. The court only has jurisdiction within the municipality boundaries.

5/One district Chief Judge has ultimate decision on appeals of personnel matters.

New Jersey:

6/The assignment judge recommends to the Chief Justice the assignment of judges to court divisions.

New York:

7/Within New York City, there are six presiding judges of the Supreme Court. Each presiding judge, titled Administrative Judge, has administrative authority over a county or counties. The responsibilities of the Administrative Judge are the same as that of the District Administrative Judge with the exception of the following: the Administrative Judge does continue to hear cases, but has a reduced caseload and the Administrative Judge does establish standing or special committees of judges.

8/Within New York City, there is one Administrative Judge of the New York City Family Court. The administrative Judge has administrative authority over the entire city, and the responsibilities of the Administrative Judge are the same as that of a District Administrative judge with the exception that the Administrative Judge can establish standing or special committees of judges.

Oregon:

9/The Presiding Judge in the largest courts has a reduced caseload.

Pennsylvania:

10/The Common Pleas Court President Judge for each judicial district is also the President Judge for all Magisterial District Judges Courts in the judicial district.

South Carolina:

11/The 9th Circuit has a Chief Judge for every county in the circuit.

Texas:

12/Local administrative judges may request that judges be assigned; however, assignments are made by the regional presiding judges.

Vermont:

13/Vermont employs one statewide Administrative Judge that oversees all of the trial courts.

Wisconsin:

14/Except for District 1, which is an individual circuit (Milwaukee County).

15/This court is only in Milwaukee.

---

Sheet 36: Table 35

Table 35. Trial Court Clerks: Selection and Management Responsibilities

Number of clerks that are:

Number that serve by:

Management responsibilities

Management Responsibilities (continued)

Case-related

Records

Staff

Elected

Appointed by judicial branch

Appointed by non-judicial branch body

Region

District

Individual Court

Budget

Strategic Planning

Caseflow

Fines and fees

Jury selection

Facilities

Human Resources

Court record

Property records

Vital records

Media relations

Court reporters

Court appointed counsel

Court Interpreters

Statistical data

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

68

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

256

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Alaska

GJ

Superior

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

LG

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

15

15

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

80

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

62

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

75

3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

City

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

California

GJ

Superior

~

~

~

58

~

~

~

~

~

~

Colorado

GJ

District

62

22

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Denver Probate

~

~

~

1

GJ

Denver Juvenile

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Water

7

7

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

69

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

NS

NS

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

13

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

310

~

~

Yes

Yes

Delaware

GJ

Superior

3

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice of the Peace

20

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

3

1

1

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

3

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Alderman’s

1 or 2

~

~

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Florida

GJ

Circuit

67

20

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Georgia

GJ

Superior

159

41

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Juvenile

29

28

14

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Civil

N/S

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

State

12

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

County Recorder’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

1

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Idaho

GJ

District

44

7

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate’s Division

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Illinois

GJ

Circuit

102

17

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

92

VA

Yes

Yes

GJ

Probate

4

2

Yes

LJ

County

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

City and Town

43

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Small Claims of Marion County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Iowa

GJ

District

99

8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kansas

GJ

District

105

14

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

380

5

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

120

30

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

67

24

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Juvenile & Family

4

1

5

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City & Parish

2

71

18

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Maine

GJ

Superior

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

GJ

District

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

LJ

Probate

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

24

3

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

12

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Orphan’s

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

15

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District Court Dept

62

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

14

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

12

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Housing Court Dept

6

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

8

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Land Court Dept

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

83

57

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Claims

1

1

Yes

LJ

District

N/S

131

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

N/S

43

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

4

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Minnesota

GJ

District

80

10

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

82

40

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Chancery

82

32

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

12

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

86

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

110

5

6

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

300-400

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Montana

GJ

District

56

6

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Workers’ Compensation

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Water

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice's Court

N/S

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

5

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

City

N/S

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nebraska

GJ

District

93

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Separate Juvenile

3

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

93

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Nevada

GJ

District

16

1

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

N/S

N/S

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

4

3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

11

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

36

3

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

10

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

1

15

Yes

Yes

LJ

Tax

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

1 or 2 per court

15

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Mexico

GJ

District

13

13

1

VA

Yes

Yes

VA

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

~

~

~

1

1

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

New York

GJ

Supreme

45

9

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

County

37

Yes

Yes

VA

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Court of Claims

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Surrogates’

66

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

86

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

City

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.

1, 471

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

100

12

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

100

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

North Dakota

GJ

District

30

11

12

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

42

11

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

88

N/S

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

33

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

1

6

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Claims

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Mayor’s

1

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Oklahoma

GJ

District

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Tax Review

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

~

~

~

27

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Tax

~

~

~

1

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

County

~

~

~

N/S

N/S

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

N/S

N/S

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Pennsylvania

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

60

61

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magisterial District Judge

~

~

~

61

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

~

~

~

1

~

~

~

~

~

~

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

N/R

N/R

N/R

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

4

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

1

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

4

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

4

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

46

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

61

7

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

95

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Chancery

95

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Criminal

95

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Probate

1

~

~

Yes

LJ

Juvenile

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

General Sessions

N/S

N/S

N/S

Yes

Yes

Yes

Texas

GJ

District

254

19

456

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County-level

254

9

300

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

827

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Utah

GJ

District

13

8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

6

~

VA

~

~

~

~

LJ

Juvenile

12

8

Yes

Yes

~

Yes

Vermont

GJ

Superior

14

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

District

14

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Family

14

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

18

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Environmental

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Judicial Bureau

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Virginia

120

GJ

Circuit

195

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

35

1

3

4

30

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

55

LJ

Municipal

124

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

55

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

55

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Family

55

1

Yes

Yes

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

72

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

235

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Wyoming

GJ

District

23

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Circuit

116

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

FOOTNOTES: (Table 29)

Alabama:

1/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and District Courts.

2/Only the larger municipalities have trial court administrators.

Alaska:

3/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Superior and District Courts.

Arizona:

4/Some of the larger Justice of the Peace and Municipal Courts have trial court administrators.

Arkansas:

5/The District Court has a total of 124 clerks of court that are either elected or appointed by the judiciary.

6 The City Court has a total of 93 clerks of court that are either elected or appointed by the judiciary.

Colorado:

7/The District Court clerks of court also serve the County Court.

8/The District Court trial court administrators also serve the County court, and three trial court administrators serve as District and County Court clerks.

9/Clerks of court and trial court administrators are not specifically assigned to the Water Court; they oversee all functions of the District Courts, which includes the Water Court.

Florida:

10/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Circuit and County Courts.

Georgia:

11/One hundred twenty-five Superior Court clerks also serve the Juvenile Court.

Hawaii:

12/The chief court administrator in each circuit is both the clerk of court and the trial court administrator.

Idaho:

13/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the District Court and the Magistrate’s Division.

Indiana:

14/Whether or not the Superior and Circuit Courts have a trial court administrator and the method of selection for the trial court administrator vary by county.

Kentucky:

15/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and District Courts.

Louisiana:

16/Many of the City and Parish Court trial court administrators also serve as clerks of court.

Mississippi:

17/Nineteen of the 82 Circuit Court clerks of court also serve the County Courts.

Missouri:

18/The Municipal Courts use the terms clerk of court and trial court administrator interchangeably. Many of these positions are part-time, and the title and method of selection vary based on municipal ordinance.

New York:

19/Twenty clerks of court serve both the Supreme and County Courts.

20/Trial court administrators serve both the Supreme and County Courts.

North Carolina:

21/Trial court administrators serve both the Superior and District Courts.

North Dakota:

22/Trial court administrators serve both the District and Municipal Courts.

Ohio:

23/Clerks of court are appointed by the bench in counties with less than 100,000 residents, but are elected in counties with populations of 100,000 or more.

Oregon:

24/The presiding judge appoints the trial court administrator.

Pennsylvania:

25/The clerk of court and trial court administrator for Philadelphia County serve the Philadelphia Municipal Court.

South Carolina:

26/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and Family Courts.

South Dakota:

27/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Circuit and Magistrate Courts.

Texas:

28/These are court coordinators who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the court.

29/The Municipal Court has approximately 1,345 clerks of court that are either appointed by the bench or by a non-judicial branch government body.

Utah:

30/Clerks of court are appointed by the trial court administrator. Nine clerks of court and five trial court administrators serve both the District and Juvenile Courts.

Vermont:

31/Clerks of court are appointed by the state court administrator.

32/Vermont employs one statewide trial court administrator that oversees all trial courts and is appointed by the state court administrator.

Washington:

33/The District and Municipal Courts use the terms clerk of court and trial court administrator interchangeably.

Wyoming:

34/The Municipal Court has a total of 81 clerks of court that are either appointed by the judicial branch or are hired by the city.

---

Sheet 37: Table 36

Table 36. Trial Court Administrators: Selection and Management Responsibilities

Number that serve by:

Management responsibilities

Management Responsibilities (continued)

Appointed by:

Case-related

Records

Staff

SCA

PJ

Other

Region

District

Individual Court

Budget

Caseflow

Fines and fees

Jury selection

Facilities

Court record

Property records

Vital records

Media relations

Court reporters

Court appointed counsel

Court Interpreters

Statistical data

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

Yes

5

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

Yes

~

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Alaska

GJ

Superior

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

LG

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

15

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

California

GJ

Superior

Yes

58

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Colorado

GJ

District

Yes

22

Yes

GJ

Denver Probate

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Denver Juvenile

Yes

1

Yes

GJ

Water

Yes

7

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Delaware

GJ

Superior

Yes

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice of the Peace

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

1

1

Yes

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Alderman’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Florida

GJ

Circuit

Yes

20

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Georgia

GJ

Superior

Yes

41

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

Yes

28

14

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Civil

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

State

~

~

~

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

County Recorder’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

Yes

Idaho

GJ

District

Yes

7

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate’s Division

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Illinois

Yes

17

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

VA

GJ

Probate

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City and Town

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Small Claims of Marion County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Iowa

GJ

District

Yes

8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kansas

GJ

District

Yes

14

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

5

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

Yes

30

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

24

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Juvenile & Family

Yes

Yes

5

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City & Parish

Yes

18

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Maine

GJ

Superior

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

GJ

District

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

LJ

Probate

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

Yes

3

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Orphan’s

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

District Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Housing Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Land Court Dept

Yes

1

Yes

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

Yes

57

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Claims

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

131

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

43

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Minnesota

GJ

District

Yes

1

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

Yes

40

Yes

Yes

LJ

Chancery

Yes

32

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

12

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

6

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

300-400

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Montana

GJ

District

~

~

Yes

~

6

Yes

GJ

Workers’ Compensation

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Water

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Justice's Court

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Nebraska

GJ

District

~

~

~

~

LJ

Separate Juvenile

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Nevada

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

3

LJ

Probate

Yes

1

Yes

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

Yes

Yes

15

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Tax

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Yes

15

Yes

New Mexico

GJ

District

Yes

13

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

Yes

1

1

Yes

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

New York

GJ

Supreme

Yes

9

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

County

~

~

~

~

~

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Court of Claims

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Surrogates’

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Family

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

Yes

12

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

North Dakota

GJ

District

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

N/S

N/S

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

33

LJ

County

Yes

6

Yes

LJ

Court of Claims

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Mayor’s

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Oklahoma

GJ

District

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Tax Review

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

27

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

Yes

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Justice

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

Pennsylvania

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

Yes

61

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magisterial District Judge

Yes

Yes

61

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

Yes

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

1

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Family

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

Yes

7

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Criminal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

GJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Juvenile

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

General Sessions

N/S

N/S

N/S

Yes

Texas

GJ

District

Yes

19

456

Yes

LJ

County-level

Yes

9

300

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Utah

GJ

District

Yes

8

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

Yes

6

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

VA

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

8

Yes

Yes

~

Yes

Yes

Vermont

GJ

Superior

Yes

1

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

District

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

GJ

Family

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Environmental

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Judicial Bureau

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Virginia

GJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

Yes

4

30

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

55

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

124

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

N/S

LJ

Family

Yes

1

Yes

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Yes

10

Yes

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Wyoming

GJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

FOOTNOTES: (Table 29)

Alabama:

1/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and District Courts.

2/Only the larger municipalities have trial court administrators.

Alaska:

3/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Superior and District Courts.

Arizona:

4/Some of the larger Justice of the Peace and Municipal Courts have trial court administrators.

Arkansas:

5/The District Court has a total of 124 clerks of court that are either elected or appointed by the judiciary.

6 The City Court has a total of 93 clerks of court that are either elected or appointed by the judiciary.

Colorado:

7/The District Court clerks of court also serve the County Court.

8/The District Court trial court administrators also serve the County court, and three trial court administrators serve as District and County Court clerks.

9/Clerks of court and trial court administrators are not specifically assigned to the Water Court; they oversee all functions of the District Courts, which includes the Water Court.

Florida:

10/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Circuit and County Courts.

Georgia:

11/One hundred twenty-five Superior Court clerks also serve the Juvenile Court.

Hawaii:

12/The chief court administrator in each circuit is both the clerk of court and the trial court administrator.

Idaho:

13/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the District Court and the Magistrate’s Division.

Indiana:

14/Whether or not the Superior and Circuit Courts have a trial court administrator and the method of selection for the trial court administrator vary by county.

Kentucky:

15/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and District Courts.

Louisiana:

16/Many of the City and Parish Court trial court administrators also serve as clerks of court.

Mississippi:

17/Nineteen of the 82 Circuit Court clerks of court also serve the County Courts.

Missouri:

18/The Municipal Courts use the terms clerk of court and trial court administrator interchangeably. Many of these positions are part-time, and the title and method of selection vary based on municipal ordinance.

New York:

19/Twenty clerks of court serve both the Supreme and County Courts.

20/Trial court administrators serve both the Supreme and County Courts.

North Carolina:

21/Trial court administrators serve both the Superior and District Courts.

North Dakota:

22/Trial court administrators serve both the District and Municipal Courts.

Ohio:

23/Clerks of court are appointed by the bench in counties with less than 100,000 residents, but are elected in counties with populations of 100,000 or more.

Oregon:

24/The presiding judge appoints the trial court administrator.

Pennsylvania:

25/The clerk of court and trial court administrator for Philadelphia County serve the Philadelphia Municipal Court.

South Carolina:

26/Clerks of court serve both the Circuit and Family Courts.

South Dakota:

27/Clerks of court and trial court administrators serve both the Circuit and Magistrate Courts.

Texas:

28/These are court coordinators who are responsible for the day-to-day operations of the court.

29/The Municipal Court has approximately 1,345 clerks of court that are either appointed by the bench or by a non-judicial branch government body.

Utah:

30/Clerks of court are appointed by the trial court administrator. Nine clerks of court and five trial court administrators serve both the District and Juvenile Courts.

Vermont:

31/Clerks of court are appointed by the state court administrator.

32/Vermont employs one statewide trial court administrator that oversees all trial courts and is appointed by the state court administrator.

Washington:

33/The District and Municipal Courts use the terms clerk of court and trial court administrator interchangeably.

Wyoming:

34/The Municipal Court has a total of 81 clerks of court that are either appointed by the judicial branch or are hired by the city.

---

Sheet 38: Table 37

Table 37. Initial Hearing of Administrative Agency Appelas by Type of Trial Court
	Medical malpractice	Workers' compensation	Public service utilities	Unemployment insurance	Public welfare	Insurance	Tax review	Other agencies
Alabama	~	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ
Alaska	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
American Samoa
Arizona	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Arkansas	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	GJ
California	GJ	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Colorado	~	~	~	~	~	GJ	~	~
Connecticut	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	~
Delaware	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
District of Columbia	~	~	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ
Florida	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Georgia	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Guam
Hawaii	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	~	~
Idaho	~	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Illinois	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	IA
Indiana	GJ	~	~	~	~	~	~	GJ
Iowa	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Kansas	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Kentucky	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Louisiana	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ
Maine	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Maryland	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Massachusetts	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Michigan	~	LJ	LJ	LJ	LJ	LJ	LJ	LJ
Minnesota	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Mississippi	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Missouri	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ
Montana	GJ	GJ	GJ	~	~	~	GJ	GJ
Nebraska	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Nevada	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
New Hampshire	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
New Jersey	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
New Mexico	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
New York	~	~	~	~	GJ	~	GJ	GJ
North Carolina	~	~	~	GJ	~	~	~	~
North Dakota	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	~	~	~	GJ	~	~	~	~
Oklahoma	~	~	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	~	~
Oregon	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Pennsylvania	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Puerto Rico	~	~	~	~	~	~	~	~
Rhode Island	~	~	~	LJ	~	GJ	LJ	GJ
South Carolina	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
South Dakota	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Tennessee		GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Texas	GJ	GJ or LJ	GJ or LJ	GJ or LJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ
Utah	GJ	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Vermont	GJ	~	~	~	GJ	GJ	~	~
Virginia	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ or LJ
Virgin Islands
Washington	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
West Virginia	~	~	GJ	GJ	~	~	GJ	GJ
Wisconsin	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ	GJ
Wyoming	~	GJ	GJ	GJ	~	GJ	GJ	~
Legend:
SC=Court of last resort
IA=Intermediate appellate court
GJ=General jurisdiction court
LJ=Limited jurisdiction court
~=Not applicable
FOOTNOTES: (Table 27)
District of Columbia:
1/The court of last resort hears appeals, if the agency provided a trial-type hearing in a contested case; otherwise the general jurisdiction court will hear the appeal.
Florida:
2/Actions concerning medical licensing disciplinary proceedings by the Department of Professional Regulation are appealed to the intermediate appellate court.
3/Final agency actions regarding recovery of overpayments of welfare fraud appeals are heard by the intermediate appellate court.
Georgia:
4/If the case is brought by discretionary application such as worker’s compensation or unemployment insurance, any one of three judges on the division may grant the application. On a direct appeal, a dissent of one judge on the panel causes the case to be reviewed by that division, the next division in succession, and a seventh judge. If the majority of the panel, or a majority of the seven-judge court, determines the case should be heard by all 10 judges, then the case will be reviewed by all 10 judges.
5/These cases are tried in general jurisdiction court or as an alternative process with appeal in a general jurisdiction court.
Hawaii:
6/The court of last resort may transfer a case to the intermediate appellate court.
7/Cases are heard by a Tax Appeal Court (a specialized court) presided over by a Circuit Court judge.
Idaho:
8/Cases are initially brought to a medical malpractice hearing panel (conclusions are not binding); a case may be filed in the District Court (general jurisdiction).
Indiana:
9/The cases are heard in Tex Court (intermediate appellate court).
Kansas:
10/Rate cases go to the intermediate appellate court.
Missouri:
11/Tax review cases may be transferred to the Supreme Court.
New Hampshire:
12/Petition for writ of certiorari must be filed to the Superior or Supreme Court (concurrent jurisdiction).
New Jersey:
13/The court of last resort may, on its own motion, certify any action or class of actions for appeal, or the litigant may move for certification of an appeal pending in the appellate division.
14/Appeals from county boards of taxation are heard by the Tax Court (limited jurisdiction).
New York:
15/Appeals of final decisions of all administrative agencies go to either the Supreme Court or the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in Article 78 proceedings.
North Carolina:
16/Cases go to Superior Court; some to the intermediate appellate court; the court of last resort hears general rate cases from the Utilities Commission.
Oklahoma:
17/These cases go to Worker’s Compensation Court (limited jurisdiction).
Tennessee:
18/Cases are heard by the Chancery Court of Davidson County (general jurisdiction).
Washington:
19/Most administrative agency rulings are appealed first to the Superior Court (general jurisdiction) and then to the intermediate appellate court. Only cases meeting specific statutory criteria are reviewed by the intermediate appellate court directly from the administrative ruling.
Wisconsin:
20/Cases are taken to the Circuit Court (general jurisdiction) and are required to go through a medical mediation panel, organized through the administrative office of the courts.
Wyoming:
21/Medical malpractice tribunals have been eliminated.
22/District Courts may hear appeals or certify directly to the court of last resort.

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Sheet 39: Table 38

Table 38. Specialized Jurisdiction: Problem Solving Courts
	Type of problem solving courts
	Community	Drug	Domestic Violence	Mental Health	Veterans	Re-entry	Teen	Other
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

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Sheet 40: Table 39

Table 39. Tribal Courts
	Number of:
State	Federally recognized tribes	Tribal justice forums	CFR courts	State jurisdiction under Public Law 280	Treatment “as if” under Public Law 280
Alabama	1	1	~	~	~
Alaska	225	32	~	Mandatory	~
Arizona	20	37	~	Optional	~
Arkansas
California	105	9	1	Mandatory	~
Colorado	2	2	1	~	Parts of the Southern Ute Reservation
Connecticut	2	5	~	~	Mashentucket Pequot Tribe
Delaware
Georgia	2	2	~	Optional	~
Hawaii
Idaho	5	5	~	Optional	~
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa	1	1	~	Optional	~
Kansas	4	4	~	~	Statewide
Kentucky
Louisiana	4	3	~	~	~
Maine	4	4	~	~	Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, and Houlton Tribes
Maryland
Massachusetts	1	1	~	~	Gay Head Wampanoag Tribe
Michigan	12	14	~	~	~
Minnesota	6	15	~	Mandatory (except Red Lake)	~
Mississippi	1	1	~	~	~
Montana	7	7	~	Optional	~
Nebraska	4	3	~	Mandatory	~
Nevada	17	17	2	Optional	~
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico	21	25	~	~	~
New York	7	8	~	~	Statewide
North Carolina	1	2	1	~	~
North Dakota	4	5	~	Optional	~
Ohio
Oklahoma	38	39	17	~	~
Oregon	9	10	~	Mandatory (except Warm Springs Reservation)	Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians; Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon; Klamath Tribe; Coquille Tribe
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island	1	1	~	~	Narragansett Tribe
South Carolina	1	1	~	~	~
South Dakota	8	8	~	Optional	~
Tennessee
Texas	3	3	~	~	Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo; Alabama and Coushatta Tribe; Texas Band of Kickapoo Indians
Utah	5	3	1	Optional	~
Vermont
Virginia
Washington	29	28	~	Optional	~
West Virginia
Wisconsin	11	11	~	Mandatory (except Menominee)	~
Wyoming	2	1	~	~	~
Totals:	562	309	23	~	~
Legend:
~=Not applicable
Note: Only those states with federally recognized tribes are included in this table.
FOOTNOTES:
1/The number of Federally Recognized Tribes was obtained from the Federal Register (67 F.R. 46327), July 12, 2002. Transtate tribes are counted in the state where the tribal office or capital is located.
2/The number of tribal justice forums was compiled from the National American Indian Court Judges Association (NAICJA) database of all known tribal justice forums operating in the United States. These may include “…traditional forums for dispute resolution, trial courts, appellate courts, alternative dispute resolution systems, and inter-tribal systems established by inherent tribal authority whether or not they constitute a court or record.” In some cases a court serves more than one tribe; in other cases a tribal justice system contains more than one type of justice forum. Appellate courts are not consistently listed separately in the database.
3/Court of Indian Offenses (CFR) are “federally recognized" and were established by the Department of the Interior in 1884. These courts are held to be instrumentalities of the federal government.
4/For most of Indian Country, in terms of area and population, the Department of Justice provides general felony law enforcement concerning crimes by or against Indians. Tribal law enforcement agencies act as first responders to felony and misdemeanor crime. Further, tribal courts are vested with jurisdiction over crimes by Indians and have authority to stop, detain, and transport non-Indian offenders to federal or state law enforcement agencies. Other areas of Indian Country are under Public Law 280, which delegated general law enforcement authority over crimes by and against Indians to the states. In these areas, Indian tribes retain their original, inherent jurisdiction over misdemeanor crimes by Indians and may stop, detain, and transport other offenders to the relevant federal or state authorities. Public Law 280, enacted in 1953, was the first comprehensive federal legislation to introduce state criminal jurisdiction into Indian Country. Public Law 280 identified six mandatory states where state criminal jurisdiction over offenses by Indians would immediately supplant federal Indian Country criminal jurisdiction. It also identified optional states that were permitted to assume complete or partial jurisdiction over crimes committed by Indians within Indian Country. For more detailed information about the application of Public Law 280, see Carole Goldberg-Ambrose, Planting Tail Feathers: Tribal Survival and Public Law 280 (UCLA American Studies Center: 1997)(with Tim Seward).
5/Since Public Law 280 was enacted, several land settlement, restoration, and recognition acts have provided for state jurisdiction “in accordance with” Public law 280 (in mandatory states) or “as if” it had been properly assumed under Public Law 280 (in optional states). In some post-1953 federal statutes delegating jurisdiction to states, there is no reference to Public Law 280. Prior to Public Law 280 the following states were delegated similar jurisdiction: New York (civil and criminal statewide) and Kansas (criminal).
Alaska:
6/Concurrent jurisdiction is authorized over the Annette Islands Reservation by the Metlakatla Indian Community.
Arizona:
7/Arizona accepted jurisdiction over air and water pollution only. The state subsequently repealed the provision concerning water pollution because this jurisdiction is almost entirely regulatory in nature.
8/Jurisdiction was conferred upon Arizona over Pascua Yaqui Tribe, later retroceded (25 U.S.C.§1300f(c)).
Colorado:
9/The applicable statute is Pub.L.98-290, May 21, 1984, 98 Stat.201 Sec. 5.
Connecticut:
10/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§1755.
Florida:
11/Florida assumed full Public Law 280 jurisdiction, except for the Miccosukee Reserve Area Act of 1999 (16 U.S.C. § 410).
Idaho:
12/Idaho accepted jurisdiction over seven subject areas and full Public Law 280 jurisdiction with tribal consent. Idaho Code §§67-5101 to 67-5103 (1963).
Iowa:
13/Iowa assumed civil jurisdiction over the Sac and Fox Reservation, Tama County. Partial criminal jurisdiction has been delegated to Iowa in an earlier and separate federal statute.
Kansas:
14/This includes Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska, Kickapoo of Kansas, Prairie Band of Potawatomi Indians, and Sac and Fox of Missouri.
Maine:
15/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§1725.
Massachusetts:
16/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§1771e.
Minnesota:
17/Jurisdiction over the Nett Lake reservation has been retroceded.
Montana:
18/In Montana, the governor was empowered to proclaim state criminal or civil jurisdiction at the request of any tribe and with the consent of affected counties. Tribal consent was revocable within two years of the governor’s proclamation. Mont. Stat. Ann. §§2-1-301 through 2-1-306 (1963). The confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes consented to jurisdiction under this provision, some of which was subsequently retroceded by the state.
Nebraska:
19/Jurisdiction over the Omaha and Winnebago reservations have been retroceded.
Nevada:
20/Nevada originally accepted full Public Law 280 jurisdiction, but permitted individual counties to exclude themselves from acceptance of jurisdiction. This provision was amended in 1971 to require tribal consent. A 1975 amendment provided for retrocession except for those tribes already subject to the Act who consented to continue. Nev. Rev. Stat. §41.430 (1968). Jurisdiction now has been retroceded for most reservations.
New York:
21/Includes Cayuga Nation, Oneida Nation, Onondaga Nation, Seneca Nation, Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians, Tuscarora Nation, and St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians.
North Dakota:
22/North Dakota accepted civil jurisdiction only, subject to tribal or individual consent. N.D. Cent. Code §§27-19-01 to 27-10-13 (1963). Both the condition of individual acceptance and the condition of tribal acceptance (§§27-19-05, 27-19-06) have been declared invalid under federal law. Criminal jurisdiction over Devils Lake Reservation was delegated to North Dakota prior to Public Law 280 in a separate federal statute.
Oregon:
23/Jurisdiction over the Umatilla reservation has been retroceded.
24/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§714e(c).
25/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§713f(c)(6).
26/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§566e.
27/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§715(d).
Rhode Island:
28/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§1708.
South Dakota:
29/South Dakota assumed jurisdiction over criminal offenses and civil causes of action arising on highways, and conditioned acceptance of full Public Law 280 jurisdiction on federal government reimbursement to the state for the cost of the additional jurisdiction assumed. S.D. Compiled Laws Ann. §§1-1-12 to 1-1-21 (1957). This acceptance was ruled invalid in Rosebud Sioux Tribe v. South Dakota, 900 F.2d 1164 (8th Cir. 1990).
Texas:
30/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§ 13009-4(f).
31/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§736(f).
32/The applicable statute is 25 U.S.C.§ 1300b-15.
Utah:
33/In 1971, Utah passed legislation accepting jurisdiction subject to subsequent tribal consent. No tribe has consented.
Washington:
34/Washington assumed full Public Law 280 jurisdiction over non-Indians and over Indians on trust land. Jurisdiction over Indians on trust land was limited to eight subject areas unless a tribe consents to full Public Law 280 jurisdiction. Wash. Rev. Code Ann. §§37.12.010, 37.12.21, 37.12.30, 37.12.40 (1963) – 37.12.050 and 37.12.070 (1957) (§37.12.020 repealed by Laws1963, ch.36, §6). Washington has retroceded jurisdiction for a number of tribes, including the Port Madison Reservation, the Quinault Reservation, the Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation, Quileute Reservation and the Swinomish Tribal Community, and the Colville Tribe.
Wisconsin:
35/Wisconsin retroceded jurisdiction over the Menominee Reservation in connection with the Menominee Restoration Act (Public Law 93-197).

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Sheet 41: Table 40

Table 40. Media Cameras and Audio Coverage in the Courtroom
					Limitation on Coverage
	State -Effective Date/Court	Who must consent?	Who may object?	Effect of objection	Cameras and audio	Type of proceedings	Type of participants
Alabama – 2/1/76
	Appellate courts	Attorneys, parties present, and judge	Witness, attorney, party, or judge	Personal exclusion	4 SP, 2 TV	~	Objecting participant
	Trial courts	Judge, accused, prosecution, plaintiffs, and defendants	Witness, juror, attorney, or party	Personal exclusion	~	~	Objecting participant
Alaska – 1/15/90
	All courts	Judge, victim, all parties in family proceedings	~	~	2 AS, 2 SP, 2 TV	Conferences of counsel	Jurors, except for return of verdict
American Samoa
Arizona – 7/1/83
	All courts	Judge	Party, witness	Judge’s discretion	At judge’s discretion	Juvenile court, adoption proceedings, conference of counsel	Adversely impacted witnesses, jurors
Arkansas – 3/8/82
	Supreme, Appeals, and Circuit	Judge	Party, attorney, or witness	Total exclusion for party or attorney, personal exclusion for witness	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel, juvenile and domestic relations proceedings	Objecting witness, jurors, victims of sex offenses, undercover police, informants, minors without parental consent
California – 7/1/84
	All courts	Judge	~	~	1 SP, 1 TV	Proceedings held in chambers or closed to public, jury selection, conferences of counsel	Jurors, spectators
Colorado – 12/1/85
	Supreme, Appeals, District, Denver Probate, Denver Juvenile, Water, and County	Judge	Witness, party	Judge’s discretion	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV (2 TV with permission)	Pretrial hearings other than advisements and arraignments, voir dire, conferences of counsel	Jury
Connecticut – 1982
	Appellate courts	Appellate jurists	Counsel or pro se party of record	Decision to permit/ exclude coverage rests with the appellate jurists	1 AS, 1 SC, 1 TV	Limited to civil and criminal trials in the Supreme Court. Camera coverage is excluded from the following: family relations matters, cases involving trade secrets recess, cases involving sexual offense charges, cases closed to the public to comply with provisions of state law, during recesses, conferences of jurors	~
	Superior	Administrative judge and trial judge	Participants in the trial	Trial judge may prohibit broadcasting, television, recording, or photographing of any participant at the trial	1 AS, 1 SC, 1 TV	Camera coverage is excluded from the following: family relations matters; sentencing hearings unless previously broadcast, televised, recorded, or photographed; trials involving trade secrets; in jury trials, all proceedings held in the absence of the jury; trials of sexual offense charges; trials of cases which were closed to the public to comply with the provisions of state law; during recesses; conferences of jurors	Jury
Delaware – 5/1/82
	Supreme	None required	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Family relations, Board on Professional Responsibility	~
Florida – 1/1/93
	Appellate courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 2 SP, 2 TV	Conference of counsel	~
	Trial courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conference of counsel	~
Georgia
	Supreme – 5/12/77	~	~	~	4 SP, 4 TV	~	~
	Superior and State – 5/12/77	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	~	Jurors
	Juvenile – 3/21/91	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 TV, 1 SP	~	Juvenile
	Probate – 7/1/85	Judge	~	~	1AS, 1 TV, 1 SP	~	~
	Magistrate – 12/19/02	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 TV, 1 SP	~	~
Guam
Hawaii – 12/7/87
	Appellate courts	None required	Party, judge	Hearing	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV (2 SP, TV with judge’s permission)	Conferences of counsel, proceedings in judicial chambers, confidential cases, proceeding closed by the judge for good cause	Jurors
	Trial courts	Judge	Party, judge	Hearing	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV(2 SP, TV with judge’s permission)	Conferences of counsel, proceedings in judicial chambers	Jurors
Idaho
	Supreme Court	~	Court	Total exclusion	~	Conferences of counsel	~
	Court of Appeals –11/12/81	~	Court	Total exclusion	~	~	~
Illinois – 1/2/85
	Appellate courts	None required	Judge	Total exclusion	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel	~
Indiana – 1996
	Supreme Court	None required	~	~	2 AS, 2 SC, 2 TV	~	~
Iowa – 1/1/82
	All courts	Judge	Witness, victim	Personal exclusion	1 AS, 2 SP, 2 TV	Juvenile dissolution, adoption, child custody, trade secrets, voir dire, conferences of counsel	Jurors (except return of verdict)
Kansas – 1988
	All courts	~	Judge, witness, victim, informant, undercover agent, relocated witness, juvenile	Personal exclusion, total exclusion possible by judge	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel, audio, evidentiary suppression hearing, trade secrets	Jurors, accused while in restraints
Kentucky – 7/1/81
	Appellate courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 2 TV	Conferences of counsel	~
	Trial courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel	~
Louisiana – 4/30/85
	Appellate courts	Judge	Party, attorney	Presiding judge makes non-reviewable decision	1 AS, 2 SC, 1 SP, 2 TV	Private proceedings, proceedings in chambers, recess, conferences between counsel and client or co-counsel	~
Maine – 3/13/84
	Appellate court	Court	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	~	~
Maryland
	Appellate courts – 7/1/82 Trial courts – 7/1/84	All parties except a government party, judge	Party, witness, juror	Hearing	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Divorce and custody, evidence suppression proceedings, cases involving trade secrets, private hearings, conferences of counsel, criminal cases	Determined by judge
Massachusetts- 1/1/83
	All courts	Judge	~	~	1 SP, 1 TV	Voir dire, hearing of motions to suppress or dismiss or of probable cause, conferences of counsel	Persons likely to incur harm due to coverage, jurors
Michigan – 3/1/89
	All courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 3 SC, 2 SP, 3 TV	Conferences of counsel	Witnesses as determined by judge, jurors
Minnesota
	Appellate courts – 9/28/83	~	~	~	2 SP, 1 TV	~	~
	Trial court – 4/18/83	Judge and all parties	Witness	Personal exclusion	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Voir dire, hearings away from jury, judge not present, child custody, divorce, sex crimes, and trade secrets	Objecting witness, jurors, informants, relocated witnesses, and undercover agents
Mississippi – 7/1/03
	All courts	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Divorce, child custody, support, guardianship, conservatorship, commitment, waiver of parental consent to abortion, adoption, delinquency and neglect of minors, determination of paternity, termination of parental rights, domestic abuse, motions to suppress evidence, proceedings involving trade secrets, jury selection, conferences of counsel, and in camera proceedings	Jurors, potential jurors, police informants, minors, undercover agents, relocated witnesses, victims and families of victims of sex crimes, and victims of domestic abuse
Missouri – 8/21/95
	All courts	Judge	Any participant	Partial/personal exclusion	1 AS, 2 SC, 1 SP, 1 TV	Private, juvenile, or family proceedings; jury selection; conferences of counsel or bench	Jurors
Montana – 4/18/80
	Supreme and District	No consent required	~	~	~	~	~
Nebraska
	Supreme – 10/1/83 Appeals – 1/1/92	No consent required	Any person authorized by Chief Justice	At discretion of Chief Justice	1 AS, 1 SC,1 TV	Conferences of counsel	None
	Trial courts	All trial courts subject to Supreme Court Rule 18 prohibiting cameras and recording in the courtroom.	~	~	~	~	~
Nevada – 5/30/88
	All courts	Judge	Attorneys, participants	Court’s discretion	1 AS, 1 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel, voir dire (only public proceedings)	Jury
New Hampshire -3/97
	Supreme and Superior	Judge	~	~	~	~	~
	District and Probate	Court Judge	~	~	~	~	~
New Jersey
	Appellate courts– 10/8/80 Superior and Tax – 6/9/81 Municipal – 9/1/86	Judge	~	~	1 AS, 2 SC, 2 TV	Conferences of counsel, charges of sexual contact or sexual penetration, juvenile cases, termination of parental rights cases, domestic violence proceedings, child abuse/neglect matters, cases involving custody of children, trade secrets	Jury
New Mexico
	Supreme, Appeals, and District – 1/1/83 Bernalillo County Metropolitan – 3/1/87	No consent required	~	~	2 AS, 2 SP, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel or bench, jury selection, admissibility hearings	Jury, certain witnesses at discretion of court
New York – 1/1/81
	Appellate courts	Court	Counsel and parties, for good cause only	Court’s discretion	1 AS, 2 SC, 2 TV	Conferences of counsel	~
North Carolina – 6/13/90
	All courts	No consent required	~	~	1 AS, 1 SC, 2 TV	Proceedings involving children or families, probable cause hearings, evidence suppression, trade secrets, proceedings in camera, proceedings before clerks of court and magistrates, jury selection, conferences of counsel	Jury, certain categories of witnesses
North Dakota – 7/1/80
	All courts	Court	Any party or any person specifically authorized by judge	Total/ partial exclusion on good cause shown	1 AS, 1 SC, 1 TV	Prosecution of sex offenses	Certain witnesses, juveniles if illegal sexual activity is part of the offense
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio – 1/1/82
	Supreme Court	Chief Justice	~	~	Existing feed or determined by court	Proceedings while court not in session	~
	Courts of Appeal	Chief Judge	~	~	1 portable camera	Proceedings while court not in session, conferences of counsel	~
					1 AS, 1 SC
	Common Pleas, Municipal, and County	Judge	Victims, witnesses	Personal exclusion	1 AS, 1 SC, 1 TV	Conferences of counsel	Jurors
Oklahoma –2/22/82
	All courts	Judge; accused in criminal trial	Party, witness, juror	Personal exclusion	~	Private proceedings	~
Oregon
	Appellate courts – 8/1/1994 Circuit – 8/1/90 Tax, County, Justice, and Municipal	Judge	Sex offense victim, party	Personal Exclusion	1 TV	At victim’s request, in sex offense proceedings, proceedings in chambers, proceedings without the jury, voir dire, conferences of counsel and bench conferences, family/ children proceedings, mental commitment, trade secret, stalking order proceedings, recesses, any juror anywhere during the course of the trial	Jurors, some witnesses
Pennsylvania - 10/1/80
	Commonwealth, Common Pleas, and Philadelphia Municipal	All parties, witnesses	Any party or witness	Total exclusion for party, personal exclusion for witness	1 TV	Only civil, non-jury proceedings may be recorded	~
Rhode Island – 3/8/93
	Supreme, Superior, Workers’ Compensation, and District	Judge	Any participant	Personal exclusion	1 AS, 2 SC, 2 TV	Hearings taking place outside presence of jury, conferences of counsel, voir dire	Jurors
	Family, Probate, and Municipal	No consent required	Any participant	Personal exclusion	1 AS, 2 SC, 1 TV	Hearings taking place outside presence of jury, conferences of counsel, voir dire, juvenile/ adoption proceedings	Jurors, juveniles
South Carolina – 10/21/93
	All courts	Judge	~	~	2 SC, 2 TV, 1 radio recorder	Procedures which are closed to the public; conferences of counsel	Juveniles
South Dakota – 7/24/01
	Supreme Court	No consent required	Party	At discretion of court	1 AS, 4 SC, 2 SP, 2 TV	Conferences between attorneys and their clients, co-counsel, or justices; in-chambers court conferences	~
Tennessee – 1/1/96
	Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Court of Criminal Appeals, Circuit, Chancery, Criminal, Probate, Municipal, and General Sessions	Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 30, the presiding judge has the discretion to refuse, limit, terminate, or temporarily suspend media coverage of an entire case or portions thereof, in order to (i) control the conduct of the proceedings before the court; (ii) maintain decorum and prevent distractions; (iii) guarantee the safety of any party, witness or juror; and (iv) ensure the fair administration of justice in the pending cause.			1 AS, 2 SC, 2 TV	Jury selection, closed proceedings, conferences of counsel, any proceeding when jury out, out-of-court activities of sequestered jurors	Jurors, juveniles
	Juvenile Court	Accused parties; witnesses	Witness, accused party (criminal case), any party (civil case)	Total exclusion if party, partial exclusion if witness	1 AS, 2 SC, 2TV	Jury selection, closed proceedings, conferences of counsel, any proceeding when jury out, out-of-court activities of sequestered jurors	Jurors, juveniles
Texas – Unknown
	Appellate courts and District	Court	Any party	At discretion of court	~	~	~
Utah – 4/1/97
	Appellate courts	Court	Any party	Total exclusion at discretion of court	1 SC, 1 TV	~	~
	Trial courts	Judge	Any party	Personal or total exclusion at discretion of court	SC only	~	Jurors
Vermont – 3/12/92
	Appellate court	No consent required	~	~	1 AS, 1 SP with 2 SC, 2 TV	Conferences of counsel or bench	~
	Superior, District, Probate, Family (except juvenile) Environmental, and Judicial Bureau	No consent required	Party or witness	Total exclusion if court grants motion	1 AS, 1 SP with 2 SC, 1 TV	Court recesses, conferences of counsel	Jurors
Virginia – 7/1/92
	All courts	No consent required	Parties	Partial/total at discretion of judge	1 AS, 1 SP with 2 SC	Jury selection, conferences of counsel, family proceedings, juvenile proceedings, trade secrets, sex offenses, in camera proceedings	Certain categories of witnesses, jurors, juveniles
Virgin Islands
Washington – 9/20/76
	All courts	Judge	~	~	~	~	~
West Virginia - 2/1/89
	Appellate court	AOC Information Services Director	Parties, witnesses, counsel	Partial exclusion	1 AS, 2 SP, 1 TV	Proceedings closed to public, conferences of counsel	~
	Circuit and Magistrate	Presiding judge; presiding magistrate	Parties, witnesses, counsel	Partial exclusion	1 AS, 2 SP, 1 TV	Proceedings closed to public, conferences of counsel	~
Wisconsin – 7/1/79
	All courts	No consent required	Any participant	Partial/total exclusion at discretion of judge but presumption favors coverage	1 AS, 3 SP, 3 TV	Conferences of counsel, recesses of court	Jurors (unless they consent)
Wyoming
	Appellate court – 9/2/82 Trial courts – 12/27/91	Court	Any participant	Personal exclusion	~	Conferences of counsel	Jury
Legend:
AS=Audio systems
SC=Still cameras
SP=Still photographers
TV=Television cameras
~=Not applicable
Note: Only those states and courts that allow media coverage are included in this table.
Alaska:
1/Interlocutory appellate review is available.
Colorado:
2/A party may seek review of ruling by original proceeding, if otherwise appropriate. Any party or media representatives aggrieved by any decision of the court concerning coverage may seek review by original proceeding or if otherwise appropriate.
Hawaii:
3/Interlocutory appellate review is available.
Idaho:
4/The start date for the Supreme Court in Boise was 8/27/79 and10/1/80 for the Supreme Court on circuit.
Iowa:
5/Only victims of sex offenses get automatic exclusion; other victim and witness objections are presumed valid but may be rebutted.
Nevada:
6/Rule 238 recognizes that it may be impossible not to photograph some jurors as part of the proceedings, but the media may not deliberately photograph the jury.
New Jersey:
7/Any party or media representative aggrieved by any decision of the court concerning coverage may move for leave to appeal to the Appellate Division.
New Mexico:
8/This was amended effective 9/1/89.
North Dakota:
9/This was amended effective 7/1/95.
Oklahoma:
10/This was amended effective 11/1/97.
Tennessee:
11/The rules listed on this table for Tennessee were formerly articulated in its Canons of Judicial Conduct (Supreme Court Rule 10, Canon 3(A)(7)). Several Tennessee courts adopted rules for the media pursuant to those guidelines and have kept those rules despite the removal of media guidelines from the Canons in 1996. The media rules adopted by the individual types of courts tend to be more limiting than the rules listed on the table
Utah:
12/Only still photography is allowed in trial courts.
13/Still photography in the juvenile courts is subject to the same regulations as in district court but becomes applicable only in hearings designated by statute or rule as public hearings.

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Sheet 42: Table 41

Table 41: Making the Trial Record

Methods used to create the verbatim record:

Methods used to create the verbatim record:

Who retains the record?

Who prepares the record?

With CAT or real-time technology

Without CAT or real-time technology

Audio recording

Video recording

The record is the property of:

Is this a Court of record?

Court reporter

Contractor

Staff

Steno type

Voicewriting

Steno type

Voicewriting

Digital

Analog

Digital

Analog

Other

Recorder

Court

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Probate

Alaska

GJ

Superior

Yes

LG

District

Yes

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

Yes

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

LJ

City

California

GJ

Superior

Yes

Colorado

GJ

District

Yes

GJ

Denver Probate

Yes

GJ

Denver Juvenile

Yes

GJ

Water

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

Probate

Delaware

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

Court of Chancery

LJ

Justice of the Peace

LJ

Family

Yes

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

LJ

Alderman’s

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

Yes

Florida

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

Georgia

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

LJ

Civil

LJ

State

Yes

LJ

Probate

LJ

Magistrate

LJ

County Recorder’s

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

Idaho

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Magistrate’s Division

Yes

Illinois

GJ

Circuit

Yes

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

Yes

GJ

Probate

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

LJ

City and Town

LJ

Small Claims of Marion County

Iowa

GJ

District

Yes

Kansas

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

Yes

GJ

Juvenile & Family

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

LJ

Mayor’s

LJ

City & Parish

Yes

Maine

GJ

Superior

GJ

District

LJ

Probate

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Orphan’s

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

Yes

LJ

District Court Dept

Yes

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

Yes

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

Yes

LJ

Housing Court Dept

Yes

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

Yes

LJ

Land Court Dept

Yes

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

Yes

GJ

Claims

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Minnesota

GJ

District

Yes

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Chancery

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Justice

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Montana

GJ

District

Yes

GJ

Workers’ Compensation

GJ

Water

Yes

LJ

Justice's Court

LJ

Municipal

Yes

LJ

City

Nebraska

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Separate Juvenile

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

Nevada

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Justice

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

Tax

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

New Mexico

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Probate

New York

GJ

Supreme

Yes

GJ

County

Yes

GJ

Claims

Yes

LJ

Surrogates’

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

City

Yes

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.

LJ

Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.

LJ

Town & Village Justice

Yes

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

North Dakota

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

LJ

County

Yes

LJ

Court of Claims

Yes

LJ

Mayor’s

Yes

Oklahoma

GJ

District

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

LJ

Tax Review

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

Yes

GJ

Tax

Yes

LJ

County

LJ

Justice

LJ

Municipal

Pennsylvania

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

Yes

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

Yes

LJ

Magisterial District Judge

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

Workers’ Compensation

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

LJ

Probate

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

Yes

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Family

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

Yes

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

GJ

Chancery

GJ

Criminal

Yes

GJ

Probate

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

General Sessions

Texas

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

County-level

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

LJ

Municipal

Yes

Utah

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Justice

LJ

Juvenile

Yes

Vermont

GJ

Superior

Yes

GJ

District

Yes

GJ

Family

Yes

LJ

Probate

Yes

LJ

Environmental

Yes

LJ

Judicial Bureau

Yes

Virginia

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

District

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

Yes

LJ

District

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Yes

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Family

Yes

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Wyoming

GJ

District

Yes

LJ

Circuit

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Legend:

GJ=General jurisdiction

LJ=Limited jurisdiction

~=Not applicable

NR=No response

N/S=Not stated

Yes=Yes

FOOTNOTES:

California:

1/Audio recording is permitted in traffic, misdemeanor, small claims, and limited civil cases when a court reporter is unavailable.

Oregon:

2/These courts are not required to make a record, but they may choose to do so.

Pennsylvania:

3/While these courts generally use court reporters (or audio equipment in some counties) for making the trial record, they may allow/order alternative recording methods in individual cases.

South Carolina:

4/Video recording is permitted in those courts that allow video conferencing.

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Sheet 43: Table 42

TABLE 42. Court Interpreters
	Certification* Requirements			What non-certified statuses are available?			Funding source for interpreters in case types
	Pass written exam	Pass oral exam	Post-Certification Requirements	Deemed proficient in language	Who deems proficient?	Other	Civil	Criminal	Domestic Relations	Juvenile	Traffic
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

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Sheet 44: Table 43

TABLE 43. Courts and Guardians
	Certification Requirements for Guardians*						Review/audits of Guardians
	Private/Professional	Family	Public	Who certifies	How often re-certified		Who conducts a review of the Guardian's actions?	How often?
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
* A guardian is defined by the National Guardianship Association as "An individual or organization named by order of the court to exercise any or all powers and rights over the person and/or the estate of an individual. The term includes conservators and certified private or public fiduciaries."

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Sheet 45: Table 44

Table 44. Grand Juries: Composition and Functions
	Indictment required for all felonies?	Grand jury size	Size of quorum	Number needed to indict	Statutory term	Special duties
Alabama	Yes	18	13	12	Less than 50,000 population, not less than two per year; over 50,000 population, minimum of four per year	Inspect jails, examine county treasurer and education superintendent bookkeeping
Alaska	Yes	12 to 18	12	Majority	Up to four months, unless extended for good cause	Investigate and make recommendations about public safety and welfare
American Samoa
Arizona		12 to 16	9	9	County grand jury, up to 120 days; statewide grand jury, six months	Investigate corruption of public officers
Arkansas		16	12	12	1 year maximum	Inspect prisons, investigate corruption of public officers
California		23/19/11	14/12/8	14/12/8	1 year	Investigate operation of local government, public records
Colorado		23/12	12/9	12/9	12 months, may be extended by six months	~
Connecticut		1/3	~	~	Varies	~
Delaware	Yes	15/10	9/7	9/7	Serve for three months in NCC, and one year in Kent and Sussex	~
District of Columbia	Yes	16 to 23	16	12	Up to 18 months, may be extended by six months	~
Florida	Yes	15 to 21	12	12	12 months, may be extended by six months	Investigate political corruption, election rules violations
Georgia		16 to 23	16	12	Coterminous with term of court for which summoned	Inspect jails, public buildings, offices of superior and probate courts, county treasurer, district attorney, school superintendent; appoint committee to inspect other county offices and officers
Guam
Hawaii		16	8	3/4, but not less than 8 of the jurors present	1 year	~
Idaho		16	12	12	6 months	~
Illinois		16	12	9	18 months maximum	Inspect jails
Indiana		6	5	5	Up to six months, may be extended up to two years	Submit status report on county homes and correctional facilities
Iowa		7	5	5	1 year, may be extended until investigation completed	Inspect public prisons, county institutions, places of detention, investigate misconduct of public officers
Kansas		15	12	12	3 months, may be extended to six	~
Kentucky		12	9	9	20 court days, 90 days for special grand jury	Investigate public corruption, election rules violations
Louisiana		12	9	9	4 to 8 months, one year in Cameron Parish	Inspect jails and other public facilities
Maine	Yes	13 to 23	13	12	1 year maximum	~
Maryland		23	13	12	Coterminous with term of court for which summoned	Inspect local jail conditions
Massachusetts		23	12	12	3 months, may be extended	~
Michigan		13 to 17	13	9	6 months, may be extended up to one year	~
Minnesota		16 to 23	16	12	1 year maximum	Inspect prison management, investigate public corruption
Mississippi		20	15	12	6 months	Inspect county offices, jails, tax books
Missouri	Yes	12	12	9	Up to six months; may be extended 60 days to complete work	Inspect public buildings, investigate conduct of public officers
Montana		11	11	8	Varies	Inspect prisons, county books and records, investigate public corruption
Nebraska		16	12	12	Varies	Inspect county jails
Nevada		17	12	12	1 year	Inspect prisons and public records, investigate conduct of public officers
New Hampshire		23	12	12	30 days maximum
New Jersey		23	12	12	20 weeks maximum	Investigate public affairs and conditions
New Mexico	Yes	12	12	8	3 months	Inspect jails
New York	Yes	16 to 23	16	12	No set term	Investigate conduct of public officers
North Carolina		12 to 18	12	12	1 year (if judge finds burden on jurors and their employers is too great, may fix term at six months)	Inspect jails and other county offices or agencies
North Dakota	Yes	8 to 11	8	6	10 days	Inspect prisons, investigate public corruption
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	Yes	15	9	12	Up to four months, may be extended to nine months	Inspect jails
Oklahoma		12	12	9	18 months, may be extended by six months	Investigate public officer conduct, prison management
Oregon	Yes	7	5	5	Varies by county	Inspect jails and youth detention facilities
Pennsylvania		23	15	~	18 months, may be extended by six months	~
Puerto Rico		N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S	N/S
Rhode Island		13 to 23	13 to 23	12	18 months maximum	~
South Carolina	N/S	18	12	12	2 year maximum	Investigate conduct of public officers
South Dakota	Yes	6 to 10	6	6	18 months maximum	Inspect prisons, investigate conduct of public officers, examine public records
Tennessee	Yes	13	12	12	Foreperson serves for two years. The other 12 serve until dismissed by the judge or until the next term.	Inspect conditions and management of prisons and other county buildings, investigate conduct of public officers, inquire into county treasury
Texas		12	9	9	Varies	~
Utah	Yes	9 to 15	9	3/4 of jury	18 months, may be extended by six months	~
Vermont	Yes	18 to 23	18	12	6 months	~
Virginia		5 to 7	5	4	1 year, may be extended by six months	~
Virgin Islands
Washington		12	12	3/4 of jury	60 days, may be extended by 60 days	Investigate public corruption
West Virginia	Yes	16	15	12	1 term (4 months), may be extended	~
Wisconsin		17	14	12	~	31 consecutive days, or time necessary to complete proceedings
Wyoming	Yes	12	9	9	Inspect jails	Up to 1 year, may be extended by six months
Legend:
~=Not applicable
N/S=Not stated
Yes=Yes
*Unless waived by the accused
"No"=not required, but available
Note: Grand juries in all states have the power to investigate crimes. In all but two states, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, grand juries also return indictments.
FOOTNOTES:
California:
1/In counties with populations exceeding four million, there are 23 members on a grand jury, with 14 as the number needed for a quorum and to indict; in counties having a population less than 20,000, there are 11members on the grand jury, with eight as the number needed for a quorum and to indict; in all other counties, there are 19 members on the grand jury, with 12 as the number needed for a quorum and to indict.
Colorado:
2/Upon motion by district attorney and for good cause, a grand jury may consist of 23 jurors, with 12 as the number needed for a quorum and to indict; otherwise, grand juries consist of 12 members, with nine as the number needed for a quorum and to indict.
Connecticut:
3/The grand jury is composed of judges.
Delaware:
4/In New Castle County a grand jury consists of 15 members, with indictment by nine. In Kent and Sussex Counties a grand jury is composed of 10 members, with indictment by seven.
District of Columbia:
5/A defendant may waive his/her right to a grand jury in non-capital cases.
Florida:
6/A grand jury indictment is required for capital felonies, but optional for other felonies.
7/Statewide, a grand jury consists of 18 jurors, with15 as the number needed for a quorum, and 12 as the number needed to indict.
Michigan:
8/For multi-county grand juries, the Court of Appeals shall designate the number of jurors to be drawn. (MCL 767.7e)
Missouri:
9/Grand juries may be called by the Circuit Court.
Nevada:
10/Every public offense must be prosecuted by indictment or information, except removal of civil officer, offenses arising in militia, and offenses tried in municipal or justice court.
Rhode Island:
11/A grand jury indictment is required in capital and life imprisonment cases only.
Wisconsin:
12/Wisconsin has not convened a grand jury in at least 30 years, although the grand jury statute is still on the books. As a practical matter, it serves no function.

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Sheet 46: Table 45

Table 45. Trial Juries: Qualifications and Source Lists for Juror Service
State/Statutory authority	Permissible sources of master list	Minimum age (years)	Time since prior jury service	Are convicted felons disqualified	Residency requirement	English required**
Alabama § 12-16-60	May include VR, DL, and other lists such as UC, TR, and MVR	19	~	Yes, if lost right to vote for any crime involving moral turpitude	1 year county resident	Yes
Alaska §09.20.050	DL, and applicants for permanent fund income*	18	1 year or no more than 3 months in a two-year period	Yes	District resident	Yes
American Samoa
Arizona §21	VR, DL, and persons from other lists as determined by the Supreme Court*	18	Varies	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	Resident of jurisdiction
Arkansas §16-31-101	VR*, DL	18	2 years	Yes	County resident, registered voter	Yes
California CCP 190-237	May include, in addition to other lists, customer mailing lists, TD, UC, VR, DL	18	1 year	Yes, and those whose civil rights have not been restored, also "malfeasance in office”	County resident	Yes
Colorado §13-71	VR supplemented with DL and non-driver identification cards, and modified by other lists	18	1 year	No, except as grand jurors	County resident- more than 50% of time	Yes
Connecticut §51-217	TR, VR, DL*, Department of Labor	18	3 years (juror must request excuse)	Yes, for 7 years following conviction or a defendant in a pending felony case	Electors and state residents	Yes
Delaware § 4501	VR* and DL	18	~	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	County resident	Yes
District of Columbia §11-1906	TR, DL, VR*, and names from other sources or lists as may be provided in the jury system plan	18	2 years	Yes	Resident of DC	Yes
Florida §5-40	DHSMV database and volunteers who execute an affidavit at the office of the clerk, even if not on the DHSMV database list*	18	1 year	Yes, includes bribery, forgery, perjury, and larceny, unless civil rights are restored, and any person under prosecution for any crime	County resident
Georgia §15-12	DL, non-driver ID cards, and VR, supplemented with other sources if necessary to assure a fairly representative cross section*; discretion exercised by the board of jury commissioners	18	No more than 4 weeks in one year	Yes, including service as grand jurors	Grand juror - citizen of county 6 months prior to service
Guam
Hawaii §612	VR, supplemented with other lists such as TR, DL	18	1 year	Yes, unless pardoned	Resident of circuit	Yes
Idaho §2-201	VR supplemented with names from other lists, such as UC, TR, DL MVR, “which the Supreme Court from time to time designates”*	18	No more than 10 days in two years	Yes, if lost the right to vote because of felony conviction and has not had that right reinstated	County resident	Yes
Illinois 705 ILCS 305	VR, DL, Illinois Disabled Person ID card*, and Illinois ID Card holder	18	~	Yes, free from all legal exception	County resident	Yes
Indiana §33-28	VR, supplemented with other lists such as UC, TR, CD, DL, TD, MVR*	18	1 year	Yes, and rights not restored or any person under a sentence, except in Lake County, which is felony conviction only	County resident	Yes
Iowa §607A.4	VR, DL*; may use other lists including, but not limited to, UC, which the jury commission or jury manager determines suitable	18	Not to exceed 3 months of service in a two-year period	Yes, unless civil rights restored	County resident or division of county	Yes
Kansas §43-155	VR, DL*; lists of state-issued non-drivers’ identification cards may be used	18	1 year	Yes, within 10 years of conviction, guilty plea, or nolo contendre to felony charge	County resident for at least 20 days, qualifications of elector	Yes
Kentucky §29A	VR, TR, DL*	18	24 months	Yes, and rights not restored or presently under indictment	County resident	Yes
Louisiana S.Ct.R.25; La. CCrP, Art. 401 et seq.	VR, DL (discretionary), sometimes supplemented with other lists as determined by each judicial district	18	2 years; District Courts may change this to four	Yes, or presently under indictment	1 year parish resident	Yes
Maine S. 1201-A	DL, Volunteers* (these lists may be supplemented with names from other lists specified by the Supreme Judicial Court), ID card holders	18	No more than 15 days in five years	~	County resident	Yes
Maryland §8-207	DL, non-driver ID cards	18	3 years	Yes, or a charge pending for crime exceeding $500 or six months punishment	Qualified to vote in county	Yes
Massachusetts §8-207	Numbered resident list*	18	3 years	Convicted of felony within past 7 years, or defendant in felony case, or is in custody of correctional institution	District resident	Yes
Michigan §600.1307a	DL, personal identification cardholder lists*	18	1 year	Must not be under sentence for felony at time of selection	County resident	Yes
Minnesota §593	VR, DL*, and personal identification cardholder list. Source list may be supplemented with names from other lists specified in the jury administration plan	18	2 years	Yes, unless civil rights restored	County resident	Yes
Mississippi §13-5-1	VR*	21	2 years	Convicted of an infamous crime, bootleggers, habitual drunkards, and common gamblers	Qualified elector or 1 year as resident freeholder	Yes
Missouri §494.4	"One or more public records"* plus DL, VR on request	21	1 year	Yes, unless civil rights restored	County resident or resident of city not within a county	Yes
Montana §3-15	VR*	18	1 year	Malfeasance in office or any felony or high crime	Registered elector
Nebraska §25-1601	VR, DL*	19	Not more than 4 weeks in any five year period	Yes, and all other legal exceptions	County resident	Yes
Nevada §6.045	VR*, other lists; discretion exercised by county jury commissioners	18	1 year	Yes, if convicted of treason, felony, or other infamous crime (unless civil rights restored)	Qualified elector	Yes
New Hampshire §500A	DL, VR	18	3 years	Yes, unless annulled	~	Yes
New Jersey §2B:20	DL*, VR*, TR*, and homestead rebate filers*	18	3 years	Yes	County resident	Yes
New Mexico §38-5-1	VR, DL*	18	3 years	Yes	County resident
New York §16-506	VR, DL, TR, UC, unemployment, welfare, and volunteers	18	4 years	Yes	County resident	Yes
North Carolina §9-3	VR, DL*, may use other sources deemed to be reliable	18	2 years	Yes, or pleaded nolo contendre to indictment charging a felony	State citizen, county resident	Yes
North Dakota §27.091-08	Actual voters, supplemented with other lists such as UC, TR, DL, and MVR, which the Supreme Court designates	18	2 years	Yes, if also lost right to vote	County and state resident	Yes
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio §2313.06 §1901.25, §1907.28	VR, DL*	18, eligible if driver	1 year	Yes	County or municipality’s territory
Oklahoma §38s28	DL, Volunteers*	18	2 years	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	State residents and qualified electors
Oregon ORS Ch. 10	VR, DL, “and any other sources approved by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that will furnish a fair cross section”*	18	2 years	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	County resident
Pennsylvania Chapter 45 of the Judicial Code 42 PA.C.S. §4501 et seq	VR*, may supplement with lists such as TD, CD, TR, persons participating in any state, local or federal program, school census list, and volunteers	18	3 years if service more than 3 days, 1 year otherwise	Yes	Commonwealth citizen, county resident	Yes
Puerto Rico LPRA title 34A, rule 96	List of actual voters	18	1 year	Yes, as well as “offense of moral turpitude”	Resident of PR 1 year and 90 days within judicial district
Rhode Island §9-9-1.1	VR*, MVR, TR, unemployment lists	18	3 years	Yes, until sentence completion	Resident (30 days)
South Carolina §14-7-110 et seq	DL, VR*; discretion exercised by a jury commission composed of civil servants	18	3 years	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	County resident	Yes
South Dakota §16-13-10	VR, supplemented with DL*	18	2 years	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	State citizen, and jury or county resident	Yes
Tennessee §22-1-101	TR, DL, VR, or other available and reliable sources, “but shall not include the VR as the sole or primary source;” discretion exercised by a jury commission composed of civil servants	18	2 years	Yes, if convicted of infamous offenses, theft, or perjury	County resident for 12 months
Texas Gov. Code, Ch. 62	VR, DL*	18	3 months County Court; 6 months District Court	Yes, and if under indictment or other legal accusation for misdemeanor theft or a felony	State citizen, county resident, and qualified elector	Yes
Utah §78-46-7	DL*, VR*	18	2 years	Yes, unless expunged	County resident	Yes
Vermont VSA title IV, §962	VR, Census, and other general source of names	18	No more than 3 times in two years	Yes	Resident of court's geographical jurisdiction	Yes
Virginia §8.01-337	VR, and, where feasible, DL, CD, TD, TR, and “other such lists as approved by the chief judge of the circuit”*	18	3 years	Yes, and treason	1 year commonwealth resident, 6 months local; excludes military stationed in Virginia	Yes
Virgin Islands
Washington RCW 2.36.070	VR*, DL*	18	1 year (only if served more than two weeks)	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	County resident	Yes
West Virginia §52-1-8	Not less than two of the following: TR, VR, DL or chauffeurs license*	18	2 years	Yes, and perjury, false swearing or other infamous crime	County resident	Yes
Wisconsin §756	DL*, may be supplemented with other lists, including, but not limited to, VR, TD, UC, TR, high school graduates, and welfare lists	18	4 years	Yes, unless civil rights are restored	Resident of Circuit Court area	Yes
Wyoming §1-11-101	VR*, DL	18	Remainder of jury term, and next term in court’s discretion	Yes, unless pardoned or civil rights restored	County resident 30 days	Yes
Legend:
~=Not applicable
Note: All states require jurors to be U.S. Citizens.
**Must be able to read, speak, and understand English.
ABBREVIATIONS:
CD=City/County directories
DL=Driver’s license
MVR=Motor vehicle registration
TD=Telephone directory
TR=Tax roll
UC=Utility customer
VR=Voter registration
*=Mandatory list
Definition:
UJSSA: The National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, the Uniform Jury Selection and Service Act (1970).
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/All counties use an automated one-step juror summoning and qualification program, which uses the state’s driver’s license list, except for Montgomery County and Tuscaloosa County, which use the voter’s registration list.
Arkansas:
2/A judge may waive this requirement for persons found otherwise capable.
California:
3/The VR and DL lists alone, if purged of duplicate names, shall be considered a representative cross section.
Florida:
4/The Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles (DHSMV) database is used rather than the “drivers’ license” list, because that is discriminatory for persons with disabilities and other individuals who do not drive.
Indiana:
5/Indiana has adopted the UJSSA.
6/Discretion exercised by court-appointed commissioners.
Iowa:
7/Manually signed mode of English is acceptable.
Louisiana:
8/A judge may disqualify a juror when there is reasonable doubt of his/her competency.
Maine:
9/Maine has adopted the UJSSA.
Maryland:
10/In cases where petit juror service is less than five days, the limitation is reduced to one year.
Massachusetts:
11/G.L. c 234A §4 does not require the ability to read English.
Mississippi:
12/Mississippi has adopted the UJSSA.
Missouri:
13/Any person who has served on a state or federal petit or grand jury within the preceding year shall be excused upon timely application to the court.
New Hampshire:
14/By statute, perspective juror must state on the juror qualification form whether he/she is a citizen of United States and resident of the county. The Constitution requires the trial for a crime to be held in the county or judicial district it was committed in.
New Mexico:
15/Article VII, Section 3 of the New Mexico constitution declares that the right of citizens to sit on juries shall not be denied because of inability to read, speak or write English or Spanish.
North Dakota:
16/North Dakota has adopted the UJSSA.
Ohio:
17/The list is compiled through random selection followed by a personal interview with two-member citizen jury commission.
Oklahoma:
18/Discretion is exercised by a jury commission except in Oklahoma and Tulsa counties.
Puerto Rico:
19/An individual must be able to read and write Spanish to be eligible.
Utah:
20/The Judicial Council shall designate one or more regularly maintained lists of persons as the source for the master lists. In San Juan County, the Council has designated the Navajo Tribal Roll as a third source list.
West Virginia:
21/The ability to communicate in American Sign Language is acceptable.
Wisconsin:
22/Each year the Department of Transportation prepares and transmits by county a master list of all persons licensed or holding DOT identification cards in that county. Each county has the option of using the master list only, or in combination with any other comparable list, from which to randomly select potential jurors.
23/A one-day rule exists in those jurisdictions that choose to adopt it in which jurors are not required to do more than a day in any two-year period.

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Sheet 47: Table 46

Table 46. Trial Juries: Exemptions, Term of Service, and Fees
	Exemptions				Juror Compensation:
	Age	Professions: Judicial Officers (JO), Public Officials (PO), Elected Legislators (EL), Physicians (DR), Attorneys (AT)	Term of Service	Paid by employer?	Paid by Court:
					Base pay (per day)	Increase at X day of service
Alabama	N/S	~	Varies	Yes	$10	~
Alaska	70 and request in writing	JO, health exemption if expected to last more than two years, teachers from schools failing to make adequate yearly progress under the No Child Left Behind Act	Varies		$12.50 for half day. Anchorage: $5.00 for half day, then $12.50 for half day thereafter	Only in Anchorage, where the regular rate of $12.50 is paid only on service after first half day
American Samoa
Arizona	N/S	No exemptions	Varies		$12	~
Arkansas	N/S	No exemptions	24 days		$15, $35 if sworn	~
California	N/S	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial		$15	No fee for first day, $15 thereafter.
Colorado	N/S	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial	Yes First 3 days	$50	State pays for all days after third day
Connecticut	70	JO and EL disqualified while General Assembly in session. Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Comptroller, Attorney General	~	Yes First 5 days only	$50	$0 for 5 days, then $50
Delaware	N/S	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial		$20	No fee for first day, $20 thereafter
District of Columbia	N/S	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial	Yes	$30	$4 for first day, $30 thereafter
Florida	70	JO, PO, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, cabinet officer, clerk of court	1-day/1-trial		$30	$15 for 1st 3 days, $30 thereafter
Georgia	70	EL while General Assembly is in session. Permanently mentally or physically disabled	No more than 4 weeks in one year		$5-$35 – varies by county	~
Guam
Hawaii	N/S	JO, PO, EL, DR, AT, police, active military, clergy, dentists, fire fighters, any person who has served as juror in Hawaii within one year preceding the time of filling out the juror qualification form	1-day/1trial, not more often than once a year		$30	~
Idaho	70 and request in writing	No exemptions	10 days		$10	$5 for half day $10 for more than half day
Illinois	N/S	No exemptions	~		$4 - $15.50, as determined by county board	~
Indiana	65	JO, PO, EL and active military, dentists, veterinarians, police, and firefighters	1-day/1-trial		$15-17.50 for reporting for jury duty, $40 if sworn	~
Iowa	N/S	No exemptions	Not more than 3 months in a two-year period		$10	~
Kansas	N/S	Persons required elsewhere for public welfare, health, or safety. Observers of the Sabbath shall be exempt from jury service on Saturday	No person shall sit as juror more than once per year		$10	~
Kentucky	None	No exemptions	No more than 30 days in 24 months		$12.50: $5 service plus $7.50 expenses	~
Louisiana	70	No exemptions	Varies by district court local rules	Yes 1 day of wages during jury service	$12	~
Maine	N/S	Governor, JO, AT, physicians and dentists providing active patient care, sheriffs, active military	No more than 15 days of service in a five-year period		$10	~
Maryland	70 and request in writing	No exemptions, except military	No more than 1 term or trial in three years		$15-30 depending on jurisdiction	~
Massachusetts	70 and request in writing	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial	Yes First 3 days	$50	Employer pays first 3 days, then state pays $50/day
Michigan	70	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial		$25 for first full day and 12.50 for half day	$40 after first day for a full day, and $20 for half day
Minnesota	70	JO	Varies based on jurisdiction		$20	~
Mississippi	65	No exemptions	No more than 1 week in two years, unless deficiency of jurors		$25	~
Missouri	N/S	DR, JO, active military, less than age 21, felonies, unable to speak, read, or write English (except hearing or sight impairment), mental or physical infirmity	No more than 2 days in 5 circuits, 20 days in 40 circuits		$6	~
Montana	N/S	No exemptions	1 year on jury list.		$12-$25	$12 per day for reporting, $13 additional per day if sworn
Nebraska	65	JO, court clerks, jailers, sheriffs, husband and wife not allowed on same panel, and parties to a pending suit	No more than 4 calendar weeks in five years	Yes	$35	~
Nevada	70, 65 if lives 65+ miles from court	EL and legislative employee during session	1 year		$40 per day after 2nd day of selection, and $40 per day for each day of service
New Hampshire	70	JO, EL while in session	No more than 30 days, unless completing a trial		$10 per half day	~
New Jersey	75 and request in writing	No exemptions	Varies from 1 day to 1 week		$5	$40 per day after third day
New Mexico	N/S	No exemptions	Varies		State minimum wage	~
New York	N/S	No exemptions	5 days or until end of trial	Partial	$40	~
North Carolina	65	No exemptions	Varies by county: 1 week or 1-day/1-trial		$12	$12 for first 5 days, then $30 per day
North Dakota	N/S	No exemptions	No more than 10 days in two years or one trial		$25	$25 for first day, $50 per day thereafter
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio	Older than 75, if requested	Members of the Amish community	2 weeks or one trial		Varies among counties	After 10 days
Oklahoma	70	JO, sheriffs, jailers, police, AT, EL	18 days or one trial		$20	~
Oregon	70	No exemptions	No more than 10 days, but changing to 1-day/1-trial		$10 first 2 days	On 3rd day, increases to $25
Pennsylvania	N/S	No exemptions except active military, and families of criminal homicide victims	3 days		$9 first 3 days	On 4th day, increases to $25
Puerto Rico	N/S	PO, JO, EL, DR, AT, military, public employees, clergy, school employees, hospital/medical employees, morticians, employees of prisons, employees of ships/shippers, carrier employees, police, news employees, public transportation employees, small business owners, US District Court jurors	No more than 3 months total in a year; no more than 1 month in a row unless hearing a case		$6 per day. $8 per day if juror travels from Culebra or Vieques	~
Rhode Island	N/S	EL, JO, AT, sheriffs, marshals, police, firemen, active military, probation/ parole officers, clerk of court, staff of the Jury Commissioner’s Office	½ days or end of trial		$15	~
South Carolina	65	"Any person employed within the walls of any courthouse"	1-day/1-trial		$2-12.50	~
South Dakota	N/S	Clergy if conflicts with religious beliefs, penitentiary employees	N/S		$10 appearance fee, $50 per day if empanelled	~
Tennessee	65	EL, AT, DR, teachers, firemen, national guard, pharmacists, PO, JO, sole proprietors of businesses, nurses, certified public accountants, persons not fully possessed of sight or hearing, clergy	Varies	Yes	$10 minimum; may be supplemented by local body	~
Texas	70	Officer or an employee of the senate, house of representatives, or any department commission, board, office, or other agency in the legislative branch of state government, active-duty military, students, parents needing to care for children younger than 10, primary caretaker of invalid person	N/S		Not less than $6 for the first day	Not less than $40 for the 2nd and subsequent days
Utah	None	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial		$18.50	Day 1= $18.50; subsequent days=$49
Vermont	N/S	No exemptions	Must appear for venire for no more than 3 times in two years or one trial		Between $15 and $30	Varies
Virginia	70	President and Vice President of U.S., JO, EL, PO, AT, sheriffs, police, correctional employees, sole proprietors	Must be available for 1 full term of court; actual length varies		$30	~
Virgin Islands
Washington	N/S	No exemptions	Varies among counties		$10 - $25, varies among counties	~
West Virginia	65	No exemptions	30 days or one full trial		$40	~
Wisconsin	N/S	No exemptions	1-day/1-trial or 1 time in 4 years		$16 minimum per day	~
Wyoming	72	EL, elected PO, police, firemen	Varies		$30	$30 for first 5 days, then $50 at discretion of the court
Legend:
~=Not applicable
N/S=Not stated
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/Jury service rarely exceeds five days.
2/Full-time employees are entitled to their regular wages from employers, less any amount received as a juror fee by the juror from the state.
Alaska:
3/The term of service depends on the population of the locality. No more than five consecutive days are required in Anchorage. Terms range from 30 or 90 days to one year in other areas.
Arizona:
4/The counties of La Paz, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, and Pinal employ a 1-day/1-trial policy.
Arkansas:
5/No juror shall be required to report for more than six months, nor for more than 24 days, unless completing a trial on which the juror has been selected to serve.
Colorado:
6/Fees include expenses to unemployed jurors.
Connecticut:
7/An Employer pays full-time employed jurors’ regular wages for the first five days. Part-time employed jurors and unemployed jurors are reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses.
Florida:
8/If the juror continues to receive compensation from his/her employer while serving on a jury, then the juror is not entitled to juror fees for the first three days of service, but will receive $30 per day after the third day.
Georgia:
9/A person 70 years or older can request to have their name removed from the juror list.
10/The first grand jury at the fall term of the Superior Court of the several counties shall fix an expense allowance for jurors between $5 and $35.
Idaho:
11/In any two-year period, no juror will be required to serve as a juror in more than one proceeding, nor be required to be available for service for more than six months, nor be required to attend court as a prospective juror for more than 10 days.
12/If a juror must travel more than 30 miles to attend court, then they will receive $10 for a half-day, rather than $5.
Louisiana:
13/All exemptions were eliminated in 1994.
14/This varies by local district court rule. Some districts use 1-day/1-trial while other may require a term of service from one to three weeks.
15/Jurors are compensated twelve dollars for civil cases, not less than $12 for criminal cases nor more than $25 for each day of attendance in court. Orleans Parish civil cases are $16.
Massachusetts:
16/Fees include expenses to unemployed jurors. Such expenses may be paid from the first day of service.
Minnesota:
17/In jurisdictions with populations greater than 100,000 the juror’s maximum term of service is two weeks or one trial. In jurisdictions with populations less than 100,000 but more than 50,000 the maximum term is two months or one trial. In smaller jurisdictions the maximum term is four months or one trial.
Missouri:
18/A county can increase the base pay. If the county increases the base pay to $18 per day, the state pays $6 per day. The statute allows one circuit to have a graduated amount (no payment for the first two days, $50 per day thereafter).
Nebraska:
19/An employer may not subject an employee to loss of pay for missing work for jury duty; however, the employer may deduct from the employee’s wages the amount paid by the court to the employee.
Nevada:
20/If drawn from the jury box, a juror is liable to respond to a venire at any time unless the juror has been called and actually served in attendance on a jury in the previous year.
21/Jurors also receive mileage and lodging allowance if travel is more than 65 miles from the court.
New Jersey:
22/The term of service is determined by the assignment judge, but cannot be more than one week per Supreme Court policy. Eleven of 21 counties have one or two day terms of service. Once selected, a juror will not be called again for three years.
New Mexico:
23/No juror will be called to a venire more than six months in any year, or, in counties with populations over 300,000, no more than three months in any year. No juror will be called as a member of a panel for more than six weeks in any year, unless engaged in a trial. After actual service on a jury panel, a juror will not be liable to serve again for 36 months.
New York:
24/Employers with more than 10 employees pay $40 for the first three days; thereafter, the state pays. If the employer pays the entire salary the state pays nothing. Jurors who work for employers with 10 or fewer employees (who do not pay regular wages while on jury duty) or jurors who are not employed receive $40 per day from the state.
Ohio:
25/After 10 days the juror fee increases to 1.5 times the normal rate or $15, whichever is greater.
Pennsylvania:
26/If a juror serves a term of more than three days, that juror will not be liable to serve again for three years. If the juror serves a term of less than three days, the juror will not be liable to serve again for one year.
Tennessee:
27/In counties with a population over 600,000 juror service is limited to no more than 15 days in any year, unless necessary to complete a trial.
28/Employer must pay the juror the regular compensation the juror would have received for that day, had the juror not been required to serve jury duty. The employer may deduct from the juror’s pay the amount paid to the juror as juror fees. Small employers with less than five employees do not have to pay employees for the time they serve on jury duty.
Wyoming:
29/After serving on a trial, a juror is exempt for the rest of that jury term. The court has discretion to allow the juror to remain exempt for the next jury term as well.

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Sheet 48: Table 47

Table 47. Trial Juries: The Allocation of Peremptory Challenges

Number of peremptory challenges

Criminal

Civil

Capital

Felony

Misdemeanor

Additional

Additional

State

Defense

State

Defense

State

Defense

Per Alternate

Multiple Parties

Civil Cases

Per Alternate

Multiple Parties

Alabama

GJ

Circuit

12

12

6

6

3

3

1

6/def

6

1

Yes

LJ

District

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Probate

Alaska

GJ

Superior

~

~

10

10

3

3

1 or 2

Yes

3

1

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

3

3

1 or 2

Yes

3

1

Yes

American Samoa

GJ

High Court, Trial Division

LG

District

LG

Village

Arizona

GJ

Superior

10

10

6

6

6

6

0

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

GJ

Tax

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

2

2

0

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

2

2

0

Yes

~

~

~

Arkansas

GJ

Circuit

10

12

6

8

3

3

1

3

1

N/S

LJ

City

LJ

District

California

GJ

Superior

20

20

20/10

20/10

10/6

10/6

1

Yes

6

1

Yes

Colorado

GJ

District

10

10

5

5

3

3

1

Yes

4

1

Yes

GJ

Denver Probate

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

4

N/S

N/S

GJ

Water

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

4

N/S

N/S

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

3

3

N/S

N/S

1

N/S

N/S

GJ

Water

GJ

District, Denver Juvenile, Denver Probate

Connecticut

GJ

Superior

25

25

15/6

15/6

3

3

Yes

N/S

3

1

Yes

LJ

Probate

Delaware

GJ

Superior

12

20

6

6

6

6

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

6

6

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Common Pleas

~

~

~

~

6

6

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

GJ

Court of Chancery

LJ

Family

LJ

Alderman's

District of Columbia

GJ

Superior

~

~

10

10

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Florida

GJ

Circuit

10

10

10/6

10/6

3

3

1

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

3

3

1

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

Georgia

GJ

Superior

10

20

6

12

2

4

Yes

Yes

6/3

1

Yes

LJ

Civil

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

3

1

Yes

LJ

State

~

~

~

~

2

4

Yes

Yes

6/3

1

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

~

~

3

3

1

Yes

3

1

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

County Recorder's

LJ

Juvenile

Guam

GJ

Superior

Hawaii

GJ

Circuit

~

~

12/3

12/3

3

3

1

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

Idaho

GJ

District

10

10

10/6

10/6

4

4

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrates Division

Illinois

GJ

Circuit

14

14

7

7

5

5

1

Yes

5

1

Yes

Indiana

GJ

Superior and Circuit

20

20

10

10

5

5

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

Small Claims Court of Marion County

LJ

City and Town

GJ

County

~

~

10

10

5

5

Yes

3

Yes

Iowa

GJ

District

~

~

10/6

10/6

4

4

N/S

N/S

4

N/S

N/S

Kansas

LJ

Municipal

GJ

District

12

12

12/8/6

12/8/6

3

3

1

Yes

3

1

Yes

Kentucky

GJ

Circuit

8

8

8

8

3

3

1

1

3

1

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

3

3

1

1

3

1

Yes

GJ

Family

Louisiana

GJ

District

12

12

12/6

12/6

6

6

Yes

Yes

6/3

Yes

Yes

LJ

City and Parish

LJ

Justice of the Peace

LJ

Mayor's

Maine

GJ

Superior

~

~

10/8

10/8

4

4

1

Yes

3

1

Yes

GJ

District

LJ

County Probate

Maryland

GJ

Circuit

10

20

5

10

4

4

2

Yes

4

1 per 3

Yes

LJ

District

LJ

Orphan's

Massachusetts

GJ

Superior Court Dept

~

~

12/4

12/4

4

4

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

N/S

LJ

District Court Dept

~

~

2

2

2

2

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

N/S

LJ

Boston Municipal Court Dept

~

~

2

2

2

2

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

N/S

LJ

Housing Court Dept

LJ

Juvenile Court Dept

LJ

Land Court Dept

LJ

Probate & Family Court Dept

Michigan

GJ

Circuit

~

~

12/5

12/5

5

5

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

Probate

~

~

5

5

5

5

Yes

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

3

Yes

GL

Court of Claims

Minnesota

GJ

District

~

~

9/3

15/5

3

5

Yes

2

Yes

Mississippi

GJ

Circuit

12

12

6

6

6

6

Yes

4

1

Yes

LJ

Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

4

1

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

4/2

4/2

Yes

4/2

1

Yes

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

2

2

Yes

2

1

Yes

LJ

Probate

Missouri

GJ

Circuit

9

9

6

6

2

2

1 per 2

Yes

3

1 per 2

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

2

2

1 per 2

Yes

~

~

~

Montana

GJ

District

8

8

6/3

6/3

6/3

6/3

1

Yes

4

1 per 2

N/S

LJ

Justice's Court

~

~

~

~

6/3

6/3

1

Yes

4/2

1 per 2

N/S

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

6/3

6/3

1

Yes

4/2

1 per 2

N/S

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

6/3

6/3

1

Yes

4/2

1 per 2

N/S

GL

Water

GL

Worker's Compensation

Nebraska

GJ

District

12

12

6

6

3

3

1

Yes

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

3

3

1

Yes

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

Separate Juvenile

LJ

Worker's Compensation

Nevada

GJ

District

8

8

4

4

4

4

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

4

4

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

New Hampshire

GJ

Superior

10

20

15/3

15/3

3

3

N/S

Yes

3

N/S

Yes

LJ

District

LJ

Probate

LJ

Family Division

New Jersey

GJ

Superior

12

20

12

20

10

10

N/S

Yes

6

N/S

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Tax

New Mexico

GJ

District

8

12

3

5

3

5

Yes

2/party

5/3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

2/1

2/1

Yes

2/party

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County

~

~

~

~

2/1

2/1

Yes

2/party

1

Yes

Yes

LJ

Probate

LJ

Municipal

New York

GJ

Supreme

20

20

20/15/10

20/15/10

10

10

N/S

N/S

3

N/S

N/S

GJ

County

20

20

20/15/10

20/15/10

10

10

N/S

N/S

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

10

10

N/S

N/S

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

City

~

~

~

~

10

10

N/S

N/S

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.

~

~

~

~

10

10

N/S

N/S

~

~

~

LJ

Town & Village Justice

~

~

~

~

10

10

N/S

N/S

3

N/S

N/S

LJ

Court of Claims

LJ

Surrogates

LJ

Family

North Carolina

GJ

Superior

14

14

6

6

6

6

1

Yes

8

2

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

8

2

Yes

North Dakota

GJ

District

~

~

6/4

6/4

6/4

6/4

Yes

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Northern Mariana Islands

GJ

Superior

Ohio

GJ

Court of Common Pleas

6

6

4

4

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Court of Claims

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Mayor's

Oklahoma

GJ

District

9

9

5

5

3

3

1

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

Court of Tax Review

LJ

Municipal Court Not of Record

LJ

Municipal Criminal Court of Record

Oregon

GJ

Circuit

12

12

6

6

6/3

6/3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

2

2

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

6

6

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

County

GJ

Tax

Pennsylvania

GJ

Common Pleas

20

20

7

7

5

5

1 per 2

Yes

4

Yes

LJ

Magistrail District Judge

LJ

Philadelphia Municipal

LJ

Philadelphia Traffic

Puerto Rico

GJ

Court of First Instance

~

~

10/5

10/5

5

5

1

Yes

~

~

~

Rhode Island

GJ

Superior

~

~

6

6

3

3

Yes

Yes

1

N/S

LJ

Family

~

~

6

6

~

~

Yes

Yes

1

N/S

LJ

Worker's Compensation

LJ

District

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Probate

LJ

Traffic Tribunal

South Carolina

GJ

Circuit

5

10

5

10

5

5

Yes

Yes

4

N/S

N/S

LJ

Family

~

~

~

~

6

6

Yes

Yes

6

N/S

N/S

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

6

6

Yes

Yes

~

~

~

LJ

Probate

LJ

Magistrate

South Dakota

GJ

Circuit

20

20

20/10

20/10

3

3

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LG

Magistrate

Tennessee

GJ

Circuit

15

15

8

8

3

3

1 per def

Yes

4

Yes

Yes

GJ

Chancery

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

~

4

Yes

Yes

GJ

Criminal

15

15

8

8

3

3

1 per def

Yes

~

~

~

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Juvenile

Texas

GJ

District

15

15

10

10

5

5

Yes

Yes

6

LJ

County-level

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

LJ

Justice of the Peace

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

~

~

~

Utah

GJ

District

10

10

4

4

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

N/S

LJ

Justice

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

~

~

~

LJ

Juvenile

Vermont

GJ

Superior

~

~

6

6

6

6

Yes

Yes

6

1

Yes

GJ

District

~

~

6

6

6

6

Yes

Yes

6

1

Yes

GJ

Family

LJ

Probate

LJ

Environmental

LJ

Judicial Bureau

Virginia

GJ

Circuit

4

4

4

4

3

3

Yes

3

Yes

LJ

District

Virgin Islands

GJ

Superior

Washington

GJ

Superior

12

12

6

6

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

District

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

1

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

3

3

Yes

Yes

3

1

Yes

West Virginia

GJ

Circuit

~

~

2

6

4

4

Yes

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

LJ

Magistrate

~

~

~

~

4

4

Yes

Yes

2

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

LJ

Family

Wisconsin

GJ

Circuit

~

~

6/4

6/4

4

4

1

Yes

3

1

Yes

LJ

Municipal

Wyoming

GJ

District

12

12

8

8

4

4

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Circuit

~

~

~

~

4

4

Yes

Yes

3

Yes

Yes

LJ

Municipal

~

~

~

~

4

4

Yes

Yes

~

~

~

Legend:

GJ=General jurisdiction

LJ=Limited jurisdiction

N/S=Not stated

~=Not applicable

Note: Only those courts that hold jury trials are included in this table.

Note:

The following states do not have a death penalty statute: Alaska, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

FOOTNOTES:

Alaska:

1/One additional challenge if one or two alternates selected; two additional challenges if three or four alternates selected.

Arizona:

2/If one or two alternates selected, one additional challenge. If three or four are selected, then two additional challenges. If five or six are selected, then three additional challenges.

California:

3/Twenty challenges for a penalty of life in prison, six challenges for a penalty of 90 days or less, 10 challenges for other offenses.

Connecticut:

4/Fifteen peremptory challenges if offense is punishable for life, six for other.

5/If alternates are selected in a trial where the possible maximum punishment is death, five additional challenges will be allowed; if the maximum possible is life, three additional challenges. If the offense is a felony, but no life sentence, two additional challenges shall be allowed, and one additional challenge for all other offenses.

Delaware:

6/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge will be granted. If three or four alternates are selected, two additional challenges will be granted. If five or six alternates are selected, three additional challenges will be granted.

District of Columbia:

7/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge will be granted. If three or four alternates are selected, two additional challenges will be granted. If five or six alternates are selected, three additional challenges will be granted.

Florida:

8/Ten challenges allowed for each side when the defendant faces life imprisonment; six for all other cases.

9/When multiple defendants are tried jointly, each will have the number of challenges allowed if tried alone.

Georgia:

10/Six challenges are allowed for each side when a party requests a jury of 12 (minimum of $10,000 at stake); three challenges for all other cases.

Hawaii:

11/Twelve challenges allowed for each side when the defendant faces life imprisonment; three for all other cases.

12/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge shall be granted. If three or four alternates are selected, two additional challenges shall be granted. If five or six alternates are selected, three additional challenges shall be granted.

Idaho:

13/Each side has 10 peremptory challenges if the charges offense has a life term as the maximum sentence; otherwise, each side has 6 peremptory challenges.

14/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge shall be allowed. If more than two are selected, two additional challenges shall be allowed.

Indiana:

15/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge shall be granted. If three or four alternates are selected, two additional challenges shall be granted.

Iowa:

16/Ten if a class A felony.

Kansas:

17/After July 1, 1993, 12 for off-grid or any severity Level 1, eight for severity Level 2-6 person felonies, or greater non-person felony or severity Level 2 or 3 drug felony, six for any other felony.

Louisiana:

18/Louisiana’s criminal statutes provide that some felonies are punishable “with or without hard labor: For those punishable without hard labor, the state and the defense have six peremptory challenges each.

19/The number of challenges allotted must be equal on both sides.

20/If a trial is by a jury of 12, each side is allowed six peremptory challenges. If a trial is by a jury of six, each side is allowed three peremptory challenges.

Maine:

21/Ten if charged with murder.

22/One additional challenge shall be allowed if one or two alternates are selected. Two additional challenges shall be allowed if three alternates are selected.

Massachusetts:

23/Twelve challenges if the offense is punishable by life imprisonment, otherwise four.

24/If the offense is punishable by life, one additional challenge for each additional juror for each defendant.

25/In a criminal case the Commonwealth gets as many challenges as equal the whole number to which all the defendants in the case are entitled.

26/If one or two alternates are selected, one additional challenge shall be granted. If three or four alternates are selected, two additional challenges shall be granted.

Michigan:

27/Twelve challenges if tried for life imprisonment, otherwise five.

Minnesota:

28/Nine for state, 15 for defense if life imprisonment possible.

Mississippi:

29/In capital cases, one challenge shall be allowed per alternate selected. In all other cases, one challenge shall be allowed for every two alternates selected. There is one challenge total in justice courts.

30/Four for 12-person jury, two for six-person.

Missouri:

31/One Municipal Court has jurisdiction to hold jury trials in municipal ordinance cases.

Montana:

32/Six challenges for 12-person jury, three for six-person jury.

33/Two for six-person jury, not to exceed a total of four challenges if jury less than 12 persons.

Nevada:

34/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

New Hampshire:

35/If offense is first-degree murder, then 15 per side.

New Jersey:

36/New Jersey does not use felony and misdemeanor classifications, but instead uses degrees of crime (first – fourth). In specifying the number of peremptory challenges, NJSA 2B: 23-13 lists 14 crimes for which a defendant will, at trial, receive 20 peremptory challenges and the state will receive 12 peremptory challenges. In trials for other crimes, both the state and the defendant receive 10 peremptory challenges each.

New Mexico:

37/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

38/Five for 12-person jury, three for six-person.

39/One for petty misdemeanors, two for others.

New York:

40/Twenty for Class A felony; 15 for Class B or C felony, 10 for all other.

North Dakota:

41/Six challenges for 12-person jury, four for six-person jury.

42/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected.

43/Four challenges for a nine-person or six-person jury.

44/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected.

Ohio:

45/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

46/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected.

Oregon:

47/Six challenges if tried before a jury of 12, three challenges if tried before a jury of six.

48/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

Pennsylvania:

49/May be varied to achieve a fair distribution of challenges.

Puerto Rico:

50/Ten peremptory challenges if punishable by life imprisonment, five for all other felonies.

Rhode Island:

51/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if more than two are selected.

52/Peremptory challenges not to exceed 1/3 of qualified jurors (qualified jurors are jurors who are not subject to challenge for cause).

South Carolina:

53/Each defendant is entitled to two challenges per alternate selected. The prosecution is entitled to one per alternate.

South Dakota:

54/Twenty peremptory challenges when life imprisonment is a potential penalty, 10 challenges for all other charges.

55/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

Tennessee:

56/Each party is entitled to one challenge per additional juror, up to the maximum.

Texas:

57/The state and the defendant shall have one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, and two additional challenges if three or four alternates are selected.

Utah:

58/Each side shall have one additional challenge per alternate chosen.

Vermont:

59/Each side shall have one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, and two additional challenges if three or four alternates are selected.

Virginia:

60/One challenge shall be allowed to each party for every two additional alternate jurors selected.

Washington:

61/Each party shall have one additional challenge per alternate juror selected.

62/Each side is entitled to one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two additional challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three if five or six alternates are selected.

West Virginia:

63/Each side is entitled to one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two additional challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three if five or six alternates are selected

64/Each side is entitled to one additional challenge if up to three alternates are selected and two challenges if four or more alternates are selected.

Wisconsin:

65/Six peremptory challenges per side for life sentence; otherwise, four peremptory challenges per side.

Wyoming:

66/Each party shall be allowed one additional challenge if one or two alternates are selected, two challenges if three or four alternates are selected, and three challenges if five or six alternates are selected.

---

Sheet 49: Table 48

Table 48. Trial Juries: Size and Verdict Rules
			Trial Type
			Felony			Misdemeanor			Civil
				Decision-Rule			Decision-Rule			Decision-Rule
			Size	Unanimous	Other	Size	Unanimous	Other	Size	Unanimous	Other
Alabama
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	District
	LJ	Municipal
	LJ	Probate
Alaska
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	District	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
American Samoa
	GJ	High Court, Trial Division
	LG	District
	LG	Village
Arizona
	GJ	Superior	12/8	Yes		8	Yes		8		3/4
	GJ	Tax
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		~	~	~
Arkansas
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		3/4
	LJ	City
	LJ	District
California
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		3/4
Colorado
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	GJ	Denver Probate	~	~	~	~	~	~	6	Yes
	GJ	Denver Juvenile
	GJ	Water	~	~	~	~	~	~	6	Yes
	LJ	County	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal
Connecticut
	GJ	Superior	6	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Probate
Delaware
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	~	~	~	12	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Court of Common Pleas	~	~	~	12	Yes		6	Yes
	GJ	Court of Chancery
	LJ	Alderman's
	LJ	Family
District of Columbia
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		6	Yes
Florida
	GJ	Circuit	6	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	County	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
Georgia
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		6	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	Civil	~	~	~	~	~	~	6	Yes
	LJ	State	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Probate	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal
	LJ	Juvenile
	LJ	County Recorder's
Guam
	GJ	Superior
Hawaii
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	District
Idaho
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		12/6		3/4
	LJ	Magistrates Division
Illinois
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12/6	Yes
Indiana
	GJ	Superior and Circuit	12/6	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	GJ	County	6	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	City and Town
	LJ	Small Claims Court of Marion County
Iowa
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12/6	Yes		8	Yes	7/8
Kansas
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		12/6	Yes	5/6
	LJ	Municipal
Kentucky
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		3/4
	LJ	District	~	~		6	Yes		6		5/6
	GJ	Family
Louisiana
	GJ	District	12	Yes	10/12	6	Yes		12		5/6, 9/12
	LJ	City and Parish
	LJ	Justice of the Peace
	LJ	Mayor's
Maine
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		8		3/4
	LJ	District
	LJ	County Probate
Maryland
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	District
	LJ	Orphan's
Massachusetts
	GJ	Superior Court Dept	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	District Court Dept	6	Yes		6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Probate & Family Court Dept	6	Yes		6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Juvenile Court Dept
	LJ	Land and Court Dept
	LJ	Housing Court Dept
Michigan
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	District	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Probate	12	Yes		6	Yes		~	~	~
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	GJ	Court of Claims
Minnesota
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes	5/6
Mississippi
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		6	Yes		12		3/4
	LJ	Chancery	~	~	~	~	~	~	12		3/4
	LJ	County	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal
Missouri
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		3/4
	LJ	Municipal
Montana
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		2/3
	LJ	Justice's Court	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		2/3
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		2/3
	LJ	City	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		2/3
	GJ	Worker's Compensation
	GJ	Water
Nebraska
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes	5/6
	LJ	County	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes	5/6
	LJ	Separate Juvenile
	LJ	Worker's Compensation
Nevada
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		3/4
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		3/4
	LJ	Municipal
New Hampshire
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		6	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	District
	LJ	Probate
	LJ	Family Division
New Jersey
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12/6		5/6
	LJ	Municipal
	LJ	Tax
New Mexico
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	Magistrate	~	~		6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Metropolitan Ct. of Bernalillo County	~	~		6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Probate
	LJ	Metro Ct. of Bernalillo Co.
New York
	GJ	Supreme	12	Yes		12	Yes		6		5/6
	GJ	County	12	Yes		12	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	District	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	City	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Civil Ct. of the City of N.Y.	~	~	~	~	~		6		5/6
	LJ	Criminal Ct. of the City of N.Y.	~	~	~	6	Yes	~	~	~	~
	LJ	Town & Village Justice	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Court of Claims
North Carolina
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	District	~	~	~	~	~	~	12	Yes
North Dakota
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12/6	Yes		9/6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal
Northern Mariana Islands
	GJ	Superior
Ohio
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	12	Yes		8	Yes		12/8		3/4
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	8	Yes		8		3/4
	LJ	County	~	~	~	8	Yes		8		3/4
	LJ	Court of Claims	~	~	~	~	~	~	8		3/4
	LJ	Mayor's
Oklahoma
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		12/6	Yes
	LJ	Court of Tax Review
	LJ	Municipal Court Not of Record
	LJ	Municipal Criminal Court of Record
Oregon
	GJ	Circuit	12		10/12	6	Yes		12/6		3/4
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	County
	GJ	Tax
Pennsylvania
	GJ	Court of Common Pleas	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	Magisterial District Judge
	LJ	Philadelphia Municipal
	LJ	Philadelphia Traffic
Puerto Rico
	GJ	First Instance	12		9	12		9	~	~	~
Rhode Island
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Family	12	Yes		~	~	~	6	Yes
	LJ	District
	LJ	Worker's Compensation
	LJ	Probate
	LJ	Municipal
	LJ	Traffic Tribunal
South Carolina
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	Magistrate	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		~	~	~
	LJ	Family
	LJ	Probate
South Dakota
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	Magistrate
Tennessee
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	GJ	Chancery	~	~	~	~	~	~	12	Yes
	GJ	Criminal	12	Yes		12	Yes		~	~	~
	LJ	General Sessions
	LJ	Juvenile
	LJ	Municipal
Texas
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		12		10/12
	LJ	County-level	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Justice of the Peace	~	~	~	6	Yes		6		5/6
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		~	~	~
Utah
	GJ	District	12/8	Yes		6/4	Yes		8		3/4
	LJ	Justice	~	~	~	6/4	Yes		~	~	~
	LJ	Juvenile
Vermont
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	GJ	Family
	LJ	Probate
	GJ	District	12	Yes		12	Yes		12	Yes
	LJ	Judicial Bureau
	LJ	Environmental
Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		7	Yes		7/5	Yes
	LJ	District
Virgin Islands
	GJ	Superior
Washington
	GJ	Superior	12	Yes		12	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	District	~	~		6	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	Municipal	~	~		6	Yes		12		5/6
West Virginia
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		12	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Magistrate	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	12	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Family
Wisconsin
	GJ	Circuit	12	Yes		6	Yes		12		5/6
	LJ	Municipal
Wyoming
	GJ	District	12	Yes		6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Circuit	~	~	~	6	Yes		6	Yes
	LJ	Municipal	~	~	~	6	Yes		~	~	~
Legend:
GJ=General jurisdiction
LJ=Limited jurisdiction
~=Not applicable
Note: Only those courts that hold jury trials are included in this table.
FOOTNOTES:
Arizona:
1/A twelve-member jury is required if the death penalty or a sentence of 30 years or more are being sought.
Arkansas:
2/The number of juror may by fewer if the parties agree.
California:
3/The number of juror may by fewer if the parties agree.
Connecticut:
4/A twelve-member jury is used in capital cases, but the defendant may elect otherwise.
District of Columbia:
5/There may be 12 juror, if the court deems it necessary.
Florida:
6/Capital and eminent domain cases require a 12-member jury (unanimous verdict).
Georgia:
7/In State Court civil trials, a 12-member jury may be demanded if damages are greater than $25,000, otherwise the jury consists of six members.
Hawaii:
8/The applies to crimes punishable by six months or more.
9/May stipulate that the jury consist of any number less than 12 or that a verdict on finding of a stated majority of jurors is taken as the verdict or finding of the jury.
10/Can stipulate to six-member with 5/6-rule.
Idaho:
11/Limited to six in cases involving less than $500.00.
Illinois:
12/In civil trials, six jurors if damages are less than $15,000, unless 12 jurors are requested.
Indiana:
13/Twelve for class A. B. and C felonies, or enhanced penalty; six for other felonies.
14/Only tries class D felonies.
Iowa:
15/In misdemeanor trials, 12-member jury if "serious" or "aggravated," six if "simple."
16/In civil trials, 7/8-rule applies after six hours of deliberation.
Kansas:
17/In civil trials, 12-member jury if damages are greater than $10,000, otherwise six.
18/In civil trials, 5/6-rule if 12 jurors, otherwise must be unanimous.
Louisiana:
19/Capital cases and cases where punishment necessarily is confinement at hard labor -12 jurors. Cases where punishment may be confinement at hard labor=six jurors.
20/Capital cases and cases where punishment necessarily is confinement at hard labor - unanimous; cases where punishment may be confinement at hard labor -10/12.
21/Parties may stipulate to a six-person jury.
Minnesota:
22/Court has discretion to seat as many as 12 jurors, when the circumstances warrant.
23/If deliberate more than six hours.
Missouri:
24/In practice, juries consist of 12 members. However, if the case is tried before an associate judge, the parties agree upon a number of jurors.
Nebraska:
25/In civil trials, 5/6-rule after six hours deliberation.
Nevada:
26/Parties may stipulate to a jury of 4-8.
New Jersey:
27/Juries in criminal cases consist of 12 persons. Except in trials for crimes punishable by death, parties may stipulate in writing that the jury shall consist of less than 12 persons.
28/Juries in civil cases consist of six persons unless party demands a jury of 12, or court chooses 12 jurors when good cause is shown.
North Dakota:
29/In class A misdemeanor, defendant may make motion for 12 jurors.
30/A civil jury must consist of six qualified jurors unless any party makes a demand for a jury of nine.
Ohio:
31/Twelve person only when action for appropriation of right-of-way by a corporation.
Oklahoma:
32/In cases where imprisonment is authorized for more than six months, all jurors must concur in the verdict.
33/In civil trials, 12-member jury if damages are greater than $10,000, otherwise six.
Oregon:
34/In murder or aggravated murder trials, verdict must be at least 11 of 12 jurors.
35/Six person if cause of action less than $10,000.00.
Pennsylvania:
36/Upon consent, may be less than 12, but not less than six.
37/Twelve is subject to waiver.
Texas:
38/Parties may agree to fewer than 12 jurors.
39/An unanimous verdict is required for awards of exemplary damages.
Utah:
40/A 12-member jury is required for a capital offense.
41/For misdemeanors: if potential sentence is over six months, then six jurors, if shorter than six months, then four jurors.
42/Four jurors in civil case with damages less than $20,000.
Virginia:
43/Five persons from a panel of 11 shall constitute a jury in a civil case when the amount involved (exclusive of interest and costs) does not exceed the maximum jurisdictional limits. Seven persons from a panel of 13 shall constitute a jury in all other civil cases except that when a special jury is allowed, 12 persons from a panel of 20 shall constitute a jury.
Washington:
44/In non-capital cases, defendant may elect trial before a six-member jury.
45/In a civil trial, may demand a 12-member jury. The court shall seat not less than six and not more than 12 jurors. The decision rule for a 12-person jury is 10/12.
West Virginia:
46/In medical malpractice claims, jury of 12. 9/12 required for verdict.
Wisconsin:
47/In civil or traffic cases, jury shall consist of six, unless a party requests a greater number not to exceed 12. The court on its own motion may require a greater number, not to exceed 12.
Wyoming:
48/In civil trials, six-member jury unless demand made for 12.

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Sheet 50: Table 49

Table 49: Juror Trial Procedures and Practices

State pattern jury instructions

Juror note taking

Juror submission of questions to witnesses

Juror discussion before deliberations

Preliminary instruction on the law

Final instructions before closing argument

Criminal

Civil

Civil

Criminal

Civil

Criminal

Civil

Criminal

Civil

Criminal

Civil

Criminal

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

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Sheet 51: Table 50

Table 50. Sentencing Procedures in Capital and Non-Capital Felony Cases
		Capital felony cases:
	Is this a death penalty state?	Original sentence set by:	Unanimous jury required	LWOP if no jury agreement	Judge can alter jury sentence
Alabama		Judge with jury recommendation			Yes
Alaska		No death penalty	~	~	~
American Samoa
Arizona		Jury	Yes
Arkansas		Jury	Yes	Yes
California		Jury	Yes	Yes	Yes
Colorado		Jury	Yes	Yes	Yes
Connecticut		Jury	Yes	Yes
Delaware		Judge with jury recommendation	Yes		Yes
District of Columbia		No death penalty	~	~	~
Florida		Judge with jury recommendation			Yes
Georgia		Judge with jury recommendation	Yes		Yes
Guam
Hawaii		No death penalty	~	~	~
Idaho		Jury	Yes	Yes
Illinois		Jury, if waived then judge	Yes
Indiana		Jury	Yes
Iowa		No death penalty	~	~	~
Kansas		Jury	Yes		Yes
Kentucky		Judge with jury recommendation	Yes		Yes
Louisiana		Jury	Yes	Yes	Yes
Maine		No death penalty	~	~	~
Maryland		Jury	Yes
Massachusetts		No death penalty	~	~	~
Michigan		No death penalty	~	~	~
Minnesota		No death penalty	~	~	~
Mississippi		Jury	Yes	Yes
Missouri		Jury	Yes	Yes
Montana		Judge with jury input	Yes		Yes
Nebraska		3 judge panel if jury determines 1 or more aggravators	Yes		~
Nevada		Jury	Yes
New Hampshire		Jury	Yes	Yes
New Jersey		Jury	Yes	Yes
New Mexico		Jury	Yes
New York		Jury	Yes
North Carolina		Jury	Yes
North Dakota		No death penalty	~	~	~
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio		Judge with jury recommendation	Yes		Yes
Oklahoma		Jury	Yes		Yes
Oregon		Jury	Yes
Pennsylvania		Judge or jury	Yes	Yes
Puerto Rico		No death penalty	~	~	~
Rhode Island		No death penalty	~	~	~
South Carolina		Jury	Yes	Yes	Yes
South Dakota		Jury	Yes	Yes
Tennessee		Jury	Yes
Texas		Jury	Yes
Utah		Jury	Yes
Vermont		No death penalty	~	~	~
Virginia		Jury	Yes		Yes
Virgin Islands
Washington		Jury	Yes	Yes
West Virginia		No death penalty	~	~	~
Wisconsin		No death penalty	~	~	~
Wyoming		Jury	Yes
Legend:
LWOP=Life without parole
~=Not applicable
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/Jury must be unanimous in guilt phase, but unanimity is not required (10 of 12 jurors) in sentencing recommendation phase.
Arkansas:
2/Jury verdict must contain written findings of certain enumerated aggravating circumstances.
California:
3/Sentence can only be reduced.
Colorado:
4/If judge determines jury’s death sentence to be “clearly erroneous,” may sentence defendant to life imprisonment.
District of Columbia:
5/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
Georgia:
6/Where there is a trial by jury, the judge may not impose the death sentence unless the verdict contains at least one statutory aggravating circumstance and a recommendation that such a sentence be imposed.
7/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
Idaho:
8/Sentence is life without parole if the jury finds aggravating circumstances, but does not impose the death penalty.
Illinois:
9/Sentencing phase is bifurcated into a phase to the existence of statutory aggravating factors justifying eligibility for the death penalty followed by a separate phase to determine whether the penalty will actually be imposed.
Indiana:
10/If state seeks increased penalty under repeat offender statute, then trial jury shall reconvene to assess penalty. Otherwise, judge determines sentence.
Louisiana:
11/Can alter downwards under certain circumstances.
12/Unless waived.
Maine:
13/The judge has the discretion to sentence without a hearing for Class D and E felonies.
Maryland:
14/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
Mississippi:
15/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
Missouri:
16/See §557.036: Requires separate sentencing except where defendant waives jury sentencing or defendant is principle offender, persistent offender, dangerous offender, persistent sexual offender, or predatory sexual offender.
Montana:
17/The jury must unanimously find at least one aggravating factor before the judge may pronounce a death sentence.
Nevada:
18/Jury decides punishment for first-degree murder whether or not death penalty is sought.
New Hampshire:
19/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
New Mexico:
20/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
North Carolina:
21/Jury renders a sentence recommendation, and the judge imposes such sentence.
Ohio:
22/Upon jury recommendation of death sentence, court must find beyond a reasonable doubt that aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors before imposing sentence.
Oklahoma:
23/A separate sentencing hearing is conducted only if the defendant is a repeat offender; prior convictions are then taken into account.
Oregon:
24/The judge has the discretion to sentence at the time of the verdict.
South Carolina:
25/Before pronouncing death sentence, judge must verify that death penalty was warranted under the evidence of the case and was not a result of prejudice, passion, or any other arbitrary factor.
South Dakota:
26/Court may order a separate sentencing hearing, but it is not mandatory.
Texas:
27/Requires a jury determination even when defendant pleads guilty.
Utah:
28/If the jury is unable to agree on death sentence, the court shall instruct the jury to determine by a ten to two vote whether the penalty of life imprisonment without parole should be imposed. If the jury is unable to agree on life without parole, the court will sentence to life imprisonment.
West Virginia:
29/Though the state does not have death penalty, certain offenses are considered capital felonies and carry penalty of life with or life without mercy (eligibility for parole). In these cases, the jury determines the sentence, which the judge may not alter.
Wyoming:
30/If the jury is not unanimous on death sentence, then they must decide on sentence of life without parole. If the jury not unanimous on life without parole, then judge gives life sentence.

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Sheet 52: Table 51

Table 51. Active Sentencing Commissions
	Commission Name	Authority	Sentencing commission characteristics
			Established	Membership	Responsibilities
Alabama
	Sentencing Commission		2000	16 voting members including the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or another sitting or retired judge, governor and attorney general or their designees, 1 district attorney, 2 active or retired circuit judges, 1 active or retired district judge, 1 victim or immediate family member of a victim of a violent felony, chairs of House and Senate Judiciary Committees or their designees, 1 private criminal defense attorney, 1 other private attorney specializing in criminal law, 1 county commissioner, commissioner of Department of Corrections and chair of Board of Pardons and Parole or their designees, 1 academic; advisory council consisting of representatives from state and non-state agencies and organizations; 4-year terms, or term of public office or position	Review existing sentencing structure and recommend changes to the legislature to create a fair, efficient, and uniform system of sentencing; provide accurate information to parties involved in a criminal case about the length and nature of sentence; prevent prison overcrowding and premature release of prisoners; provide judges with flexibility and meaningful discretion in sentencing; create a wider array of sentencing options in appropriate cases; limit the discretion of district attorneys in determining the charge or crime
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
	Sentencing Commission		1993	9 voting members composed of 3 judges, 2 prosecuting attorneys, 2 public defenders, and 2 private citizens appointed by the governor to five-year terms. The chair of the House Judiciary Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee serve as non-voting members	Evaluate effect of sentencing laws and make revisions to sentencing standards
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
	Sentencing Accountability Commission		1983	11 members including 4 members of the judiciary appointed by the Chief Justice; attorney general or designee; public defender or designee; commissioner of corrections; 4 other members-at-large with knowledge of Delaware sentencing practices, including 2 appointed by governor, 1 by president pro tempore of senate, and 1 by speaker of the house; 4-year terms	Develop and recommend sentencing guidelines emphasizing accountability of the offender to the criminal justice system and accountability of the criminal justice system to the public, and ensuring certainty and consistency of punishment commensurate with seriousness of offense and with due regard for resource availability and cost
District of Columbia
	Sentencing Commission		1998	N/S	Conduct an annual review of sentencing data, policies, and practices in the District of Columbia; ensure appropriateness of all felony sentences; provide for the use of intermediate sanctions in appropriate cases; make such other recommendations appropriate to enhance the fairness and effectiveness of criminal sentencing policies and practices
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
	Sentencing Commission		1989	17 members including 3 judges, 1 representative of the attorney general, chief court service officer, 1 community corrections representative, 1 corrections representative, 1 defense attorney, 1 Parole Board representative, 1 district attorney, 1 public defender, 4 legislators, and 2 members of the public appointed by the governor	Implement and enforce Kansas Sentencing Guidelines
Kentucky
	Blue Ribbon Commission on Sentencing		2005	N/S	N/S
Louisiana
	Sentencing Commission		1987	19 voting members including 1 house member appointed by house speaker, chairman of House Committee on Administration of Criminal Justice, 1 senate member appointed by senate president, chairman of Senate Committee on Judiciary; 2 district attorneys, 2 criminal defense attorneys, 2 sheriffs, 1 Court of Appeal judge, 5 District Court judges, 1 City Court judge, 1 Supreme Court justice, 1 felony victim or family member of felony victim, all appointed by governor subject to senate confirmation and serving terms concurrent with that of governor; 4 nonvoting members	Conduct annual review of state sentencing structure; recommend legislation to achieve a uniform sentencing policy
Maine
Maryland
	State Commission on Criminal Sentencing Policy		1999	19 members including chairman appointed by governor; chief judge of Court of Appeals or designee who is a judge or former judge of the Court of Appeals or the Court of Special Appeals; 1 Circuit Court judge; 1 District Court judge; attorney general or designee; 1 state’s attorney; public defender or designee; 1 criminal defense attorney; 2 senate members, including at least 1 member of Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee, appointed by senate president; 2 house members, including at least 1 member of House Judiciary Committee, appointed by house speaker; secretary of Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services or designee; 1 representative from Victims’ Advocacy Group, 1 representative from law enforcement, 1 expert in criminal justice or corrections policy, 1 representative of local correctional facilities, and 2 representatives of the public, appointed by governor; staggered 4-year terms	Adopt existing sentencing guidelines for sentencing within the limits established by law; adopt guidelines to identify defendants appropriate for participation in corrections options programs; monitor circuit court sentencing practice and adopt changes to the guidelines consistent with legislative intent; conduct guidelines training and orientation for system participants and other interested parties; provide formal fiscal and statistical information on proposed legislation concerning sentencing and correctional practice
Massachusetts
	Sentencing Commission		1994	9 voting members and 6 nonvoting members including judicial representatives, attorneys, and law enforcement officers	Recommend Guideline system to legislature and provide other evaluations of sentencing efficiency
Michigan
	Guidelines Advisory Committee		1995	19 members including legislators, judges, law enforcement and corrections officers, and private citizens	Review, revise and recommend guidelines to legislature
Minnesota
	Sentencing Guidelines Commission		1978	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 1 Court of Appeals judge, 2 District Court judges appointed by the Chief Justice, public defender, county attorney, representatives from law enforcement and corrections, and 2 members of the public chosen by the governor. 4 year terms	Establish guidelines and modify as necessary
Mississippi
Missouri
	Sentencing Advisory Commission		1990	11 including 1 appointment by speaker of house, 1 by president pro tem of senate, 6 by governor from following: Public Defender Commission; citizens' organizations; Board of Probation and Parole; prosecutors, and members of state bar. 2 members appointed by Supreme Court	Establish system of recommended sentences and study its implementation
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
	Commission to Review Criminal Sentencing		2004	15 members including 2 senate members from different political parties, appointed by senate president; 2 general assembly members from different political parties appointed by speaker; attorney general or designee; commissioner of corrections or designee; public defender or designee; Chief Justice or designee; chairman of state Parole Board or designee; president of New Jersey County Prosecutors Association or representative; president of New Jersey State Bar association or representative; 1 public member appointed by senate president; 1 public member appointed by speaker of general assembly; 2 public members from different political parties, appointed by governor; members serve during their terms of public office or until the commission expires	Review statutory law pertaining to criminal sentences and make recommendations for legislation to ensure these sentences are fair and proportionate to other sentences imposed for criminal offenses
New Mexico
	Sentencing Commission		2003	23 members including representatives of all 3 branches of government and community organizations	Advise executive, judicial, and legislative branches on policy matters relating to criminal and juvenile justice; make recommendations to the legislature to improve the criminal and juvenile justice systems; annually assess, monitor, and report to the legislature on the impact of any enacted sentencing standards and guidelines on state and local correctional resources and programs and the need for further sentencing reform; monitor any enacted sentencing guidelines with respect to uniformity and proportionality; conduct research; review proposed legislation and conduct impact estimates
New York
North Carolina
	Sentencing and Policy Advisory Commission		1990	28 members: Chief Justice appointee (chair); 1 judge each: Court of Appeals, Superior Court, District Court; 3 each: house and senate; attorney general; 1 each: district attorney, defense attorney, sheriff, police chief, county commissioner; 1 representative each: academic, bar, business, community sentencing, corrections, Crime Control and Public Safety Department, Justice Fellowship Task Force, Parole Commission, public, Victim Assistance Network; 1 appointee each: lieutenant governor, commission chair.	Revamp sentencing laws by recommending structured sentencing policies; develop comprehensive community corrections strategy; outline correctional costs; study restitution policies, evaluate sentencing laws and policies, and availability of sentencing options; develop corrections simulation model; gather/maintain statistical data; report on recidivism
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
	Criminal Sentencing Commission		1991	31 members: Chief Justice of Supreme Court, 1 appellate judge, 3 Municipal or County Court judges, 6 Court of Common Pleas judges (3 must be juvenile judges), superintendent of state highway patrol, state public defender, director of youth services, director of rehabilitation and corrections, sheriff; 1 county prosecutor; 1 municipal prosecutor, 1 juvenile prosecutor, 2 defense attorneys, 2 police chiefs, 1 crime victim, 1 state bar member, 1 county commissioner, 1 mayor, 2 senators; 2 representatives	Recommends/implements sentencing structure; study criminal statutes, sentencing patterns, and correctional study impact of sentencing structure; review and advise General Assembly in implementation/ revision of laws
Oklahoma
	Sentencing Commission		1997	10 members, staggered 5 year terms: 1 Supreme Court justice; 1 indigent defender; 2 state representatives (1 Rep & 1 Dem); 2 state senators (1 Rep & 1 Dem); 1 DA; AG; director of state finance; 1 defense attorney is gubernatorial appointee	Establish sentencing criteria; classify criminal offenses; promulgate matrices; long-range planning/recommendations; monitor and review criminal justice and corrections system; review proposed legislation; collect and maintain statistical data
Oregon
	Criminal Justice Commission		1985	7 voting members; 1 senator and 1 representative as nonvoting members: 4-year term. No more than 4 members from either political party or geographic region	Amends sentencing guidelines, develops and maintains state criminal justice policy
Pennsylvania
	Commission on Sentencing		1978	11 members: 2 members of house and 2 from the senate, 4 judges of record chosen by the Chief Justice, a district attorney, a defense attorney, and a professor of law or criminologist chosen by the governor. 2-year terms	Adopts guidelines for sentencing, systematically monitors compliance with guidelines and mandatory sentencing laws. Also serves as a clearinghouse for sentencing practices and in a consulting capacity to courts and state agencies. Makes recommendations to general assembly on sentencing/corrections and studies effectiveness of sentencing
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
	Corrections Commission			9 members, including 3 appointed by the governor from industry, retail, and labor; 2 senators, 1 from each political party; 2 house members, 1 from each political party; 2 appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court; each member serves at the pleasure of the appointing authority	Assist Department of Corrections in examining criminal justice issues and developing initiatives to address problems in corrections and the criminal justice system; undertake a continuing study of criminal sanctions in South Dakota, which shall include a review of current felonies, felony sentences, and sentencing options
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
	Sentencing Commission		1983	27 members: 2 members of house and senate, representatives from corrections, Board of Pardons, legal defender, attorney general, sheriff's association, police, a rehabilitation professional, 2 victim's rights members, a citizen, 3 judges, one appellate, the director of youth corrections, chair of Youth Parole Authority, 2 juvenile judges, a juvenile prosecutor, and juvenile rehabilitation professional	Develop guidelines and propose recommendations to Legislature, Governor, and Judicial Council about sentencing and release policies for juveniles and adults; enhance discretion of judges while preserving role of Board of Pardons
Vermont
Virginia
	Criminal Sentencing Commission		1994	17 members: 6 judges/justices, attorney general, 1 person appointed by Chief Justice as chairperson, 3 people appointed by the speaker of the house of delegates, 2 people appointed by the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections, and 4 people appointed by the governor	Develop statewide guidelines; prepare worksheets to record reasons for departure; prepare guidelines for determining appropriate candidates for alternative sanctions; develop risk assessment instrument; forecasts, study felony statutes for judge and jury sentencing; report on work annually to the General Assembly, Governor, and Chief Justice
Virgin Islands
Washington
	Sentencing Guidelines Commission		1981	20 members include directors of corrections and financial management, chairman of Indeterminate Sentence Board, 2 prosecuting attorneys, 2 defense attorneys, 4 Superior Court judges, 4 lay persons, one chief law enforcement officer, 1 county elected government official, 1 city elected government official, 1 administrator of Juvenile Court Services	Evaluate state sentencing policy; recommend changes in sentencing ranges to state legislature; study criminal code and propose changes; serve as information center for sentencing practices; assume powers/duties of juvenile dispositions standards commission; evaluate disposition standards; solicit comments and make recommendations; report to governor and legislature on 1) racial disproportionality in sentencing; 2) facility capacity; and 3) recidivism rates
West Virginia
Wisconsin
	Sentencing Commission		2002	21 members representing criminal justice agencies and groups from across the state	Provides sentencing data and information to courts, policymakers, practitioners, and the public; makes recommendations about sentencing policy to all three branches of state government
Wyoming
Legend:
N/S=Not stated
~=Not applicable
Note: Only those states with Sentencing Commissions/Sentencing Guidelines are included in this table.
DEFINITION:
Commissions may be either a body that reviews actual individual sentences (review) or a policy-making body that develops and maintains guidelines for future use (advisory).
FOOTNOTES:
Alabama:
1/The deadline to recommend is either 2006 or 2008 (a revision has passed in the House, but may not have reached the Senate). Some or all of the guidelines were recommended in 2004 and passed by the House in 2005, but may not have reached a vote in the Senate.
Louisiana:
2/The advisory sentencing guidelines became voluntary in 1995.
Wisconsin:
3/Temporary advisory sentencing guidelines were enacted in 2002.

---

Sheet 53: Table 52

Table 52. External Information Exchanges

Criminal History Repository

State Dept of Justice

Law Enforcement Agencies

Corrections/Jail

Public Defenders

Prosecutors

Private Attorneys

Probation/Parole

Social Services

Revenue/Finance

Motor Vehicles

Schools

Health/Mental Health/Treatment

Vital Statistics

Immigration Services

Other Courts

Local Executive Branch

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Electronic

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Paper

Real-time

XML

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

---

Sheet 54: Table 53

Table 53. IT Responsibilities by Selected Function

Is the Chief Information Officer responsible for:

Is the Chief Information officer responsible for:

Does your AOC have a CIO?

Who does CIO report to?

Part of senior management team?

FTE IT Staff

IT Budget

IT Standards

Hardware Acquisition

Systems Development

Records management

Staff IT Training

Statistical Reporting

WAN Management

Desktop Support

Server Support

Web Site Support

Data Center

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Legend

CJ = Chief Justice

SCA = State Court Administrator

CC = Clerk of Court

TCA = Trial Court Administrator

Notes

1) FTE includes AOC employees and not local court employees, contract staff or outsourced staff

---

Sheet 55: Table 54

Table 54. IT Responsibilities by Selected Function: Communications

Is the Chief Information Officer responsible for:

Is the Chief Information Officer responsible for:

Video conferencing

Video arraignment

Video distance learning

Video streaming of proceedings

Video court record

Audio Streaming

Audio court record

VOIP*

Phones

Email system

Satellite broadcast

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

---

Sheet 56: Table 55

Table 55. E-filing: Appellate Courts
					Tool
			Statewide	Mandatory	In-house	Vendor name	Year Implemented	CMS/DMS Integration	E-Service of process	Addl Fee for E-filing	Statewide
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division One
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division Two
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
California
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 1st District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 2nd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 3rd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 4th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 5th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 6th District
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Court
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeal
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeals
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Tax Court
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Second Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court
	IAC	Appeals Court
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Eastern
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Southern
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Western
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court
New Hampshire
	COLR	Supreme Court
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Division of the Superior Court
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Temporary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Superior Court
	IAC	Commonwealth Court
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 13th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 14th District
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division I
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division II
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division III
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court

---

Sheet 57: Table 56

Table 56. E-filing: Trial Courts

Civil

Criminal

Domestic Relations

Juvenile

Traffic

Tool

Tool

Tool

Tool

Tool

Statewide

Mandatory

In-house

Vendor name

CMS/DMS Integration

E-Service of process

Addl Fee for E-filing

Statewide

Mandatory

In-house

Vendor name

CMS/DMS Integration

E-Service of process

Addl Fee for E-filing

Statewide

Mandatory

In-house

Vendor Name

CMS/DMS Integration

E-Service of process

Addl Fee for E-filing

Statewide

Mandatory

In-house

Vendor name

CMS/DMS Integration

E-Service of process

Addl Fee for E-filing

Statewide

Mandatory

In-house

Vendor name

CMS/DMS Integration

E-Service of process

Addl Fee for E-filing

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

---

Sheet 58: Table 57

Table 57. Remote Online Public Access

Case level information

Fee for non party?

Scheduling information

Case level documents

Fee for non party?

Online certified copies

Fee?

Case event alerts

Fee?

Case tracking

Fee?

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Alert = Subscription to CMS for noticication of any action against a party in any case

Tracking = Notification of events in a specfic case

---

Sheet 59: Table 58

Table 58. Case Management Systems: Appellate Courts
			Statewide	In-house	Vendor Name	Integrated with DMS*	Database Product Name
Alabama
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
Alaska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
American Samoa
	COLR	High Court, Appellate Division
Arizona
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division One
	IAC	Court of Appeal, Division Two
Arkansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
California
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 1st District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 2nd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 3rd District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 4th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 5th District
	IAC	Courts of Appeal, 6th District
Colorado
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Connecticut
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Court
Delaware
	COLR	Supreme Court
District of Columbia
	COLR	Court of Appeals
Florida
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeal
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeal
Georgia
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Guam
	COLR	Supreme Court
Hawaii
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Intermediate Court of Appeals
Idaho
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Illinois
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Second District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth District Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth District Court of Appeals
Indiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Tax Court
Iowa
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Kansas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Kentucky
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Louisiana
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	First Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Second Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Third Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
	IAC	Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals
Maine
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court
Maryland
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Court of Special Appeals
Massachusetts
	COLR	Supreme Judicial Court
	IAC	Appeals Court
Michigan
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Minnesota
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Mississippi
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Missouri
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Eastern
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Southern
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Western
Montana
	COLR	Supreme Court
Nebraska
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Nevada
	COLR	Supreme Court
New Hampshire
	COLR	Supreme Court
New Jersey
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Appellate Division of the Superior Court
New Mexico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
New York
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 1st
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 2nd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 3rd
	IAC	Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. 4th
North Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
North Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Temporary Court of Appeals
Northern Mariana Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Ohio
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
Oklahoma
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Court of Civil Appeals
Oregon
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Pennsylvania
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Superior Court
	IAC	Commonwealth Court
Puerto Rico
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Rhode Island
	COLR	Supreme Court
South Carolina
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
South Dakota
	COLR	Supreme Court
Tennessee
	COLR	Supreme Court
	COLR	Court of Appeals
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
Texas
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Criminal Appeals
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 1st District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 2nd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 3rd District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 4th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 5th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 6th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 7th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 8th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 9th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 10th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 11th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 12th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 13th District
	IAC	Court of Appeals, 14th District
Utah
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Vermont
	COLR	Supreme Court
Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Virgin Islands
	COLR	Supreme Court
Washington
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division I
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division II
	IAC	Court of Appeals, Division III
West Virginia
	COLR	Supreme Court of Appeals
Wisconsin
	COLR	Supreme Court
	IAC	Court of Appeals
Wyoming
	COLR	Supreme Court
DMS = Document Management System

---

Sheet 60: Table 59

Table 59. Case Management Systems: Trial Courts

Civil

Criminal

Domestic Relations

Juvenile

Traffic

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Integrated with DMS*

Database Product Name

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Integrated with DMS*

Database Product Name

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Integrated with DMS*

Database Product Name

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Integrated with DMS*

Database Product Name

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Integrated with DMS*

Database Product Name

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

DMS = Document Management System

Integrated = electronic access to documents from within the case management system

---

Sheet 61: Table 60

Table 60. Back Office Systems
			Which systems do Chief Information Officers manage/support for:
			Human Resources	Payroll	Purchasing	Financial	Budgeting	Asset Tracking
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

---

Sheet 62: Table 61

Table 61. Infrastructure Hosting
			Servers	Data Center	E-mail	Wide-Area Network	Phones
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Virgin Islands
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

---

Sheet 63: Table 62

Table 62. Jury Management Systems

Internet Services

Interactive Phone (IVR) Services

Electronically Merged/De-dupe Source Lists

Statewide

In-house

Vendor Name

Submit Qualification Questionaire

Request Exemption

Request Deferral

Request Exemption

Request Deferral

Voter Registration

Department of Motor Vehicles

Vital Statistics

State Income Tax

Property Tax Roll

Alabama

Alaska

American Samoa

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Guam

Hawaii

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Northern Mariana Islands

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Puerto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Virgin Islands

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming