References and Glossary

References

Agodini, R., Dynarski, M., Means, B., Murphy, R., & Rosenberg, L. (2005). Analysis plan for the evaluation of the effectiveness of educational technology interventions. Report prepared for Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Bernard, R. M., Abrami, P. C., Lou, Y., Borokhovski, E., Wade, A., Wozney, L., et al. (2004). How does distance education compare with classroom instruction? A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Review of Educational Research, 74(3), 379-439.

Blomeyer, R. Research on virtual schools: Knowledge-building on what we know and what we need to know. Paper presented at the North American Council for Online Learning Symposium, Plano, TX, November 5, 2006.

Chung, S., Chung, M.-J., & Severance, C. (1999, October). Design of support tools and knowledge building in a virtual university course: Effect of reflection and self-explanation prompts. Paper presented at the WebNet 99 World Conference on the WWW and Internet Proceedings Honolulu, HI.

Cook, D. A., Dupras, D. M., Thompson, W. G., & Pankratz, V. S. (2005). Web-based learning in residents' continuity clinics: A randomized, controlled trial. Academic Medicine, 80(1), 90-97.

Dede, C. (Ed.) (2006). Online professional development for teachers: Emerging models and methods. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Publishing Group.

Galvis, A. H., McIntyre, C., & Hsi, S. (2006). Framework for the design and delivery of effective global blended learning experiences. A report prepared for the World Bank Group, Human Resources Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness Unit. Unpublished manuscript.

Gao, T., & Lehman, J. D. (2003). The Effects of Different Levels of Interaction on the Achievement and Motivational Perceptions of College Students in a Web-based Learning Environment. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 14(4), 367-386.

Hron, A., Hesse, F. W., Cress, U., & Giovis, C. (2000). Implicit and explicit dialogue structuring in virtual learning groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70(1), 53-64.

Institute for Higher Education Policy, The (1999). What's the Difference? A Review of Contemporary Research on the Effectiveness of Distance Learning in Higher Education. Washington, DC: The Institute for Higher Education Policy.

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Schlager, M. (2004). Enabling new forms of online engagement: Challenges for e-learning design and research. In T. M. Duffy & J.R. Kirkley (Eds.), Learner-centered theory and practice in distance education: Cases from higher education, (pp. 91-99). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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APPENDIX A: Glossary of Selected Terms in Online Learning

Asynchronous Communication - “Not at the same time.” Often used to refer to communication by e-mail or via a discussion list, where the recipients of the e-mail or the participants in the discussion do not have to be present at the same time and can respond at their own convenience.

Blended Learning - Integration of seemingly distinct approaches, such as formal and informal learning, face-to-face and online experiences, directed learning paths and self-direction, with digital references and collegial connections.

Chat Room - A synchronous, mainly text-based communication facility, offering a Web-based environment where people either drop into a virtual space or arrange to meet there and chat at specific times.

Discussion Forum - A method of building knowledge by means of interaction around topics, especially when done asynchronously online.

Distributed Learning - Orchestrated mixtures of face-to-face and virtual interactions among a group of learners often with an online instructor, facilitator, or coach.

Groupware - Computer technologies used to support group interaction.

E-Learning - The use of Internet technologies to create and deliver rich learning environments that include a broad array of instructions and information resources and solutions.

Online - Communication through technology, especially over the Internet or an intranet.

Podcast - An audio file, most commonly in MP3 format, made available via the Internet in a way that allows software to automatically download it for listening at the user's convenience, i.e. time shifted listening.

Real-Time Video - Display of moving pictures on a computer screen as they happen. A television broadcast could be broadcast on the Internet. The pictures will be displayed as they arrive at the computer, instead of all being stored in a file first.

RSS - Really Simple Syndication. A technology that enables users to subscribe to Websites that change or add content regularly.

Simulation - Predefined but dynamic model of a system or situation that allows the user to pretend to do things that might be impossible, impractical, or dangerous in real life.

Synchronous Communication - “At the same time” digital communication

Threaded Discussion - An asynchronous method of communicating in which comments to an original post are listed below, and indented under, the original post.

Video Conferencing - A system that allows a group of users in different locations to conduct a “virtual conference.”

Web 2.0 - Refers to the shift from a World Wide Web that is “read only” to one described as “Read Write Web.”

Webquest - Activity in which the learner draws on material mainly from different Websites to achieve a specific goal, e.g. researching a topic and producing a short essay or answering a series of questions posed by the teacher.

Wiki - Website where multiple authors can convene online to quickly generate and modify content.

1 This article reported 2 studies.

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